Editing Demographics of Madagascar

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox place demographics|place=[[Madagascar]]|image=File:Madagascar single age population pyramid 2020.png|image_size=350|caption=Population pyramid of Madagascar in 2020|size_of_population=28,172,462 (2022 est.)|nation=Malagasy|official=Malagasy, French|age_0–14_years=38.86%|age_65_years=3.47%|growth=2.27% (2022 est.)|birth=28.68 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)|death=6 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)|net_migration=0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)}}

[[Demography|Demographic]] features of the [[population]] of [[Madagascar]] include [[population density]], [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]], education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

[[Madagascar]]'s population is predominantly of mixed [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] and [[East Africa|East-Africa]]n origin.

Since the country's independence in 1960, three general census of population and dwellings (RGPH) have been conducted by the national statistics office INSTAT under the supervision of the ministry of economy. The first census in 1975 counted 7.4 million [[Malagasy people]], the second one in 1993 censused 12.3 million citizens and the 18h May to 10 June 2018 census numbered 25 674 186 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.instat.mg/p/resultats-definitifs-du-rgph-3-2018-troisieme-recensement-general-de-la-population-et-de-lhabitation |title=Résultats définitifs du RGPH-3 2018 {{!}} Troisième Recensement Général de la Population et de l'Habitation |date=May 4, 2021 |website=INSTAT |language=fr}}</ref>

==Population==
[[Image:Madagascar-demography.png|thumb|300px|right|Demographics of Madagascar, Data of [[Our World in Data]], year 2022; number of inhabitants in millions.]]
[[Image:Madagascar popdens 2004.png|thumb|300px|Population density of Madagascar as of 2004]] 
The problem with population estimation in Madagascar is that data is very old and limited.  The last population census was carried out in 1993, after an initial 1975 census.  There was an attempt at a census in 2009, but this attempt ultimately failed due to political instability.  Therefore, the demographic situation is inferred but reliability of any estimates from any source has a large margin of error.
According to {{UN_Population|source}} the total population was {{UN_Population|Madagascar}} in {{UN_Population|Year}}, compared to only 4,084,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 43.1%, 53.8% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 3.1% was 65 years or older.<ref name="WPP 2010">[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065230/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |date=May 6, 2011 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Total<br>population
! colspan="3" | Population percentages
|-
! aged 0–14
! aged 15–64
! aged 65+
|-
| 1950
| 4 084 000
| {{percentage bar|38.2}}
| {{percentage bar|58.6}}
| {{percentage bar|3.2}}
|-
| 1955
| 4 548 000
| {{percentage bar|40.2}}
| {{percentage bar|56.6}}
| {{percentage bar|3.2}}
|-
| 1960
| 5 104 000
| {{percentage bar|42.6}}
| {{percentage bar|54.1}}
| {{percentage bar|3.3}}
|-
| 1965
| 5 764 000
| {{percentage bar|44.6}}
| {{percentage bar|52.0}}
| {{percentage bar|3.4}}
|-
| 1970
| 6 549 000
| {{percentage bar|45.1}}
| {{percentage bar|51.3}}
| {{percentage bar|3.6}}
|-
| 1975
| 7 502 000
| {{percentage bar|45.6}}
| {{percentage bar|50.6}}
| {{percentage bar|3.8}}
|-
| 1980
| 8 609 000
| {{percentage bar|45.9}}
| {{percentage bar|50.5}}
| {{percentage bar|3.6}}
|-
| 1985
| 9 785 000
| {{percentage bar|45.1}}
| {{percentage bar|51.6}}
| {{percentage bar|3.3}}
|-
| 1990
| 11 281 000
| {{percentage bar|44.7}}
| {{percentage bar|52.1}}
| {{percentage bar|3.2}}
|-
| 1995
| 13 129 000
| {{percentage bar|44.5}}
| {{percentage bar|52.4}}
| {{percentage bar|3.1}}
|-
| 2000
| 15 364 000
| {{percentage bar|45.3}}
| {{percentage bar|51.6}}
| {{percentage bar|3.1}}
|-
| 2005
| 17 886 000
| {{percentage bar|44.6}}
| {{percentage bar|52.3}}
| {{percentage bar|3.1}}
|-
| 2010
| 20 714 000
| {{percentage bar|43.1}}
| {{percentage bar|53.8}}
| {{percentage bar|3.1}}
|}

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2019) (Unrevised data. Data refer to projections based on the 1993 Population
Census.):<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2020/|title=UNSD - Demographic and Social Statistics}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| Total
| 12 668 593
| 12 919 924
| 25 588 517
| {{percentage bar|100}}
|-
| 0–4
| 2 140 990
| 2 208 330
| 4 349 320
| {{percentage bar|17.00}}
|-
| 5–9
| 2 046 090
| 2 055 178
| 4 101 267
| {{percentage bar|16.03}}
|-
| 10–14
| 1 787 232
| 1 715 544
| 3 502 776
| {{percentage bar|13.69}}
|-
| 15–19
| 1 395 251
| 1 354 185
| 2 749 436
| {{percentage bar|10.74}}
|-
| 20–24
| 894 670
| 1 035 834
| 1 930 504
| {{percentage bar|7.54}}
|-
| 25–29
| 791 824
| 871 146
| 1 662 969
| {{percentage bar|6.50}}
|-
| 30–34
| 723 266
| 769 648
| 1 492 914
| {{percentage bar|5.83}}
|-
| 35–39
| 657 405
| 701 492
| 1 358 897
| {{percentage bar|5.31}}
|-
| 40–44
| 529 353
| 577 400
| 1 106 753
| {{percentage bar|4.33}}
|-
| 45–49
| 499 305
| 520 776
| 1 020 081
| {{percentage bar|3.99}}
|-
| 50–54
| 446 371
| 379 375
| 825 746
| {{percentage bar|3.23}}
|-
| 55–59
| 292 937
| 246 664
| 539 601
| {{percentage bar|2.11}}
|-
| 60–64
| 163 388
| 178 418
| 341 806
| {{percentage bar|1.34}}
|-
| 65-69
| 111 931
| 108 062
| 219 993
| {{percentage bar|0.86}}
|-
| 70-74
| 91 962
| 89 849
| 181 811
| {{percentage bar|0.71}}
|-
| 75-79
| 53 430
| 56 044
| 109 474
| {{percentage bar|0.43}}
|-
| 80-84
| 29 565
| 33 412
| 62 977
| {{percentage bar|0.25}}
|-
| 85+
| 13 625
| 18 568
| 32 193
| {{percentage bar|0.13}}
|-
! width="50"|Age group 
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| 0–14
| 5 974 312
| 5 979 052
| 11 953 364
| {{percentage bar|46.71}}
|-
| 15–64
| 6 393 768
| 6 634 937
| 13 028 705
| {{percentage bar|50.92}}
|-
| 65+
| 300 513
| 305 935
| 606 448
| {{percentage bar|2.37}}
|}

===UN population projections===
UN medium variant projections:<ref name="WPP 2010"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year!!Projected population
|-
|2015||23,852,000
|-
|2020||27,365,000
|-
|2025||31,217,000
|-
|2030||35,333,000
|-
|2035||39,643,000
|-
|2040||44,132,000
|-
|2045||48,782,000
|-
|2050||53,561,000
|-
|2060||65,280,000
|}

==Vital statistics==
Registration of vital events in Madagascar is not complete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|-
! style="width:80pt;"|Period
! style="width:80pt;"|Live births per year
! style="width:80pt;"|Deaths per year
! style="width:80pt;"|Natural change per year
! style="width:80pt;"|CBR{{efn-lr|name=h}}
! style="width:80pt;"|CDR{{efn-lr|name=h}}
! style="width:80pt;"|NC{{efn-lr|name=h}}
! style="width:80pt;"|TFR{{efn-lr|name=h}}
! style="width:80pt;"|IMR{{efn-lr|name=h}}
|-
|1950
|192,000
|96,000
|96,000
|48.6
|24.4
|24.2
|7.30
|140.1
|-
|1951
|196,000
|99,000
|98,000
|48.5
|24.3
|24.1
|7.30
|138.8
|-
|1952
|201,000
|100,000
|101,000
|48.4
|24.2
|24.3
|7.30
|137.4
|-
|1953
|206,000
|102,000
|104,000
|48.4
|23.9
|24.5
|7.30
|135.5
|-
|1954
|211,000
|103,000
|108,000
|48.4
|23.7
|24.7
|7.30
|133.4
|-
|1955
|216,000
|104,000
|111,000
|48.3
|23.3
|24.9
|7.30
|131.2
|-
|1956
|221,000
|106,000
|115,000
|48.2
|23.1
|25.1
|7.30
|130.0
|-
|1957
|226,000
|107,000
|119,000
|48.1
|22.7
|25.4
|7.30
|128.4
|-
|1958
|231,000
|108,000
|123,000
|47.9
|22.3
|25.6
|7.30
|126.7
|-
|1959
|236,000
|109,000
|127,000
|47.6
|22.0
|25.7
|7.30
|124.9
|-
|1960
|240,000
|109,000
|131,000
|47.3
|21.5
|25.8
|7.30
|122.9
|-
|1961
|  245,000
|  110,000
|  135,000
|47.0
|21.1
|25.9
|7.30
|121.4
|-
|1962
|  250,000
|  111,000
|  139,000
|46.7
|20.7
|26.0
|7.30
|119.5
|-
|1963
|  255,000
|  112,000
|  143,000
|46.5
|20.4
|26.1
|style="color:blue" |7.31
|117.9
|-
|1964
|  261,000
|  112,000
|  148,000
|46.3
|20.0
|26.4
|7.31
|116.4
|-
|1965
|  267,000
|  114,000
|  153,000
|46.1
|19.7
|26.5
|7.31
|114.9
|-
|1966
|  275,000
|  115,000
|  160,000
|46.4
|19.4
|27.0
|7.31
|113.8
|-
|1967
|  284,000
|  116,000
|  168,000
|46.6
|19.0
|27.6
|7.30
|112.0
|-
|1968
|  294,000
|  117,000
|  177,000
|46.9
|18.6
|28.2
|7.30
|109.8
|-
|1969
|  305,000
|  118,000
|  187,000
|47.2
|18.3
|28.9
|7.29
|107.3
|-
|1970
|  317,000
|  119,000
|  197,000
|47.6
|18.0
|29.7
|7.27
|105.8
|-
|1971
|  331,000
|  121,000
|  210,000
|48.4
|17.7
|30.7
|7.25
|103.9
|-
|1972
|  341,000
|  123,000
|  218,000
|48.3
|17.4
|30.9
|7.22
|101.6
|-
|1973
|  349,000
|  124,000
|  225,000
|47.9
|17.0
|30.9
|7.19
|99.8
|-
|1974
|  356,000
|  125,000
|  231,000
|47.5
|16.7
|30.8
|7.15
|98.8
|-
|1975
|  364,000
|  127,000
|  237,000
|47.2
|16.5
|30.7
|7.10
|98.4
|-
|1976
|  373,000
|  131,000
|  243,000
|46.9
|16.4
|30.5
|7.04
|99.7
|-
|1977
|  383,000
|  134,000
|  249,000
|46.7
|16.3
|30.3
|6.98
|100.9
|-
|1978
|  392,000
|  137,000
|  255,000
|46.4
|16.3
|30.1
|6.90
|102.0
|-
|1979
|  400,000
|  141,000
|  259,000
|46.0
|16.2
|29.8
|6.81
|103.1
|-
|1980
|  406,000
|  145,000
|  262,000
|45.4
|16.2
|29.2
|6.73
|104.2
|-
|1981
|  412,000
|  149,000
|  263,000
|44.8
|16.2
|28.6
|6.64
|105.4
|-
|1982
|  422,000
|  153,000
|  269,000
|44.5
|16.2
|28.4
|6.55
|106.5
|-
|1983
|  431,000
|  157,000
|  273,000
|44.2
|16.1
|28.1
|6.48
|107.3
|-
|1984
|  442,000
|  161,000
|  280,000
|44.1
|16.1
|28.0
|6.41
|107.4
|-
|1985
|  453,000
|  164,000
|  289,000
|44.0
|16.0
|28.1
|6.35
|106.9
|-
|1986
|  463,000
|  167,000
|  296,000
|43.8
|15.8
|28.0
|6.31
|105.7
|-
|1987
|  481,000
|  169,000
|  312,000
|44.1
|15.5
|28.6
|6.29
|103.8
|-
|1988
|  495,000
|  171,000
|  325,000
|44.2
|15.2
|29.0
|6.21
|101.4
|-
|1989
|  510,000
|  171,000
|  339,000
|44.2
|14.9
|29.4
|6.18
|98.5
|-
|1990
|  529,000
|  172,000
|  357,000
|44.5
|14.5
|30.0
|6.16
|95.5
|-
|1991
|  544,000
|  172,000
|  372,000
|44.4
|14.0
|30.4
|6.12
|92.7
|-
|1992
|  560,000
|  172,000
|  388,000
|44.3
|13.6
|30.7
|6.08
|90.0
|-
|1993
|  577,000
|  170,000
|  407,000
|44.3
|13.1
|31.3
|6.04
|87.1
|-
|1994
|  595,000
|  171,000
|  424,000
|44.3
|12.7
|31.6
|5.99
|84.5
|-
|1995
|  613,000
|  172,000
|  441,000
|44.2
|12.4
|style="color:blue"|31.8
|5.95
|81.8
|-
|1996
|  627,000
|  172,000
|  455,000
|43.8
|12.0
|31.7
|5.89
|79.0
|-
|1997
|  638,000
|  171,000
|  467,000
|43.2
|11.6
|31.6
|5.80
|76.1
|-
|1998
|  645,000
|  169,000
|  476,000
|42.3
|11.1
|31.2
|5.68
|73.1
|-
|1999
|  653,000
|  169,000
|  483,000
|41.5
|10.8
|30.7
|5.55
|70.3
|-
|2000
|  655,000
|  168,000
|  487,000
|40.4
|10.4
|30.0
|5.40
|67.8
|-
|2001
|  665,000
|  167,000
|  498,000
|39.8
|10.0
|29.8
|5.32
|64.9
|-
|2002
|  673,000
|  168,000
|  505,000
|39.1
|9.7
|29.3
|5.23
|62.6
|-
|2003
|  685,000
|  167,000
|  519,000
|38.7
|9.4
|29.3
|5.17
|60.2
|-
|2004
|  699,000
|  165,000
|  533,000
|38.3
|9.1
|29.2
|5.13
|58.0
|-
|2005
|  715,000
|  166,000
|  549,000
|38.0
|8.8
|29.2
|5.10
|55.8
|-
|2006
|  731,000
|  164,000
|  567,000
|37.8
|8.5
|29.3
|5.06
|53.9
|-
|2007
|  746,000
|  165,000
|  582,000
|37.4
|8.3
|29.2
|5.00
|52.0
|-
|2008
|  760,000
|  165,000
|  595,000
|37.1
|8.1
|29.0
|4.93
|50.2
|-
|2009
|  776,000
|  165,000
|  611,000
|36.7
|7.8
|28.9
|4.87
|48.6
|-
|2010
|  783,000
|  168,000
|  616,000
|36.0
|7.7
|28.3
|4.76
|47.1
|-
|2011
|  784,000
|  166,000
|  618,000
|35.1
|7.4
|27.6
|4.61
|45.8
|-
|2012
|  787,000
|  170,000
|  618,000
|34.3
|7.4
|26.9
|4.47
|44.6
|-
|2013
|  795,000
|  170,000
|  625,000
|33.7
|7.2
|26.5
|4.36
|43.4
|-
|2014
|  801,000
|  171,000
|  630,000
|33.1
|7.1
|26.0
|4.25
|42.3
|-
|2015
|  814,000
|  175,000
|  639,000
|32.8
|7.0
|25.7
|4.18
|41.3
|-
|2016
|  836,000
|  174,000
|  662,000
|32.8
|6.8
|25.9
|4.16
|40.3
|-
|2017
|  850,000
|  178,000
|  672,000
|32.5
|6.8
|25.7
|4.11
|39.3
|-
|2018
|  862,000
|  181,000
|  681,000
|32.1
|6.7
|25.4
|4.04
|38.2
|-
|2019
|  948,000
|  212,000
|  736,000
|33.6
|7.5
|26.1
|4.22
|45.2
|-
|2020
|  964,000
|  228,000
|  737,000
|33.3
|7.9
|25.4
|4.17
|45.2
|-
|2021
|  977,000
|  236,000
|  741,000
| 32.9
|7.9
| 25.0
|4.10
|45.2
|-
|2022
|  989,000
|  235,000
|  754,000
| 32.5
|7.7
|24.8
| 4.04
|45.1
|-
|2023
|  1,001,000
|  235,000
|  766,000
|32.1
|7.5
|24.6
|3.97
|45.0
|-
| colspan="10" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:left" | {{notelist-lr |refs=<ref name="h">'''CBR''' = crude birth rate (per 1000); '''CDR''' = crude death rate (per 1000); '''NC''' = natural change (per 1000); '''TFR''' = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); '''IMR''' = infant mortality rate per 1000 births</ref>}}
|}
Source: [[UN DESA]], World Population Prospects, 2022<ref>{{cite UN WPP|2022|rows=2165:2236|cols=X,AE,S,AH,S,AA,AV}}</ref>

===Demographic and Health Surveys===
[[Image:Family Madagascar.jpg|thumb|300px|Many rural regions of Madagascar have high birthrates]] 
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/dhs#_r=&collection=&country=&dtype=&from=1890&page=9&ps=&sk=&sort_by=nation&sort_order=&to=2014&topic=&view=s&vk=|title=MEASURE DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys|website=microdata.worldbank.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dhsprogram.com/Where-We-Work/Country-Main.cfm?ctry_id=23&c=Madagascar&Country=Madagascar&cn=&r=1|title=The DHS Program - Country Madagascar|website=dhsprogram.com|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan=2| Year
! colspan=2| Total
! colspan=2| Urban
! colspan=2| Rural
|-
! CBR !! TFR
! CBR !! TFR
! CBR !! TFR
|-
| 1992
| style="text-align:right;"| 43.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.13 (5.2)
| style="text-align:right;"| 34.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.84 (3.0)
| style="text-align:right;"| 45.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.69 (5.8)
|-
| 1997
| style="text-align:right;"| 42.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.97 (5.2)
| style="text-align:right;"| 34.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.19 (3.8)
| style="text-align:right;"| 45.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.66 (5.8)
|-
| 2003–04
| style="text-align:right;"| 35.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.2 (4.7)
| style="text-align:right;"| 28.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.7 (3.4)
| style="text-align:right;"| 37.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.7 (5.1)
|-
| 2008–09
| style="text-align:right;"| 33.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.8 (4.2)
| style="text-align:right;"| 24.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.9 (2.5)
| style="text-align:right;"| 34.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.2 (4.5)
|-
|2011
| style="text-align:right;"|34.9
| style="text-align:right;"|5.2
| style="text-align:right;"|23.7
| style="text-align:right;"|3.0
| style="text-align:right;"|36.0
| style="text-align:right;"|5.4
|-
|2013
| style="text-align:right;"|30.6
| style="text-align:right;"|4.4
| style="text-align:right;"|24.0
| style="text-align:right;"|3.0
| style="text-align:right;"|31.2
| style="text-align:right;"|4.5
|-
|2016
| style="text-align:right;"|30.9
| style="text-align:right;"|4.1
| style="text-align:right;"|23.8
| style="text-align:right;"|2.7
| style="text-align:right;"|31.7
| style="text-align:right;"|4.3
|-
|2021
| style="text-align:right;"|32.3
| style="text-align:right;"|4.3 (3.8)
| style="text-align:right;"|27.6
| style="text-align:right;"|3.2 (2.8)
| style="text-align:right;"|33.4
| style="text-align:right;"|4.6 (4.1)
|-
|}

Fertility data as of 2008-2009 (DHS Program):<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR236/FR236.pdf|title=Madagascar Health and Demographic Survey 2008-2009|date=2009|website=Madagascar Health and Demographic Survey}}</ref>

{{GraphChart
| width = 450
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=years
| yAxisTitle= ‰
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| hAnnotatonsLine=
| hAnnotatonsLabel=
| legend=
| type = line
| x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021

| y1= 25.8,26.2,26.5,26.8,27.0,27.3,27.6,28.0,28.1,28.3,28.4,28.7,28.8,29.0,29.2,29.3,29.5,29.7,30.1,30.7,31.1,31.6,31.8,32.2,32.6,32.7,
32.8,33.0,33.1,33.0,32.7,32.5,32.3,32.1,31.4,31.1,30.6,30.3,30.1,29.8,29.3,29.0,28.5,28.2,28.0,28.1,28.2,28.1,28.2,28.5,28.9,29.4,29.6,30.2,
30.7,31.2,31.2,31.0,30.8,30.8,30.8,30.6,30.3,31.1,31.6,31.8,31.7,31.7,31.3,31.1,30.5,30.0

| y1Title=Natural change (per 1000)
}}
{{GraphChart
| width = 450
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=years
| yAxisTitle= ‰
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| hAnnotatonsLine=
| hAnnotatonsLabel=
| legend=
| type = line
| x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021

| y1= 140.1,138.8,137.4,135.5,133.4,131.2,130.0,128.4,126.7,124.9,122.9,121.4,119.5,117.9,116.4,114.9,113.8,112.0,109.8,107.3,105.8,103.9,101.6,99.8,98.8,98.4,
99.7,100.9,102.0,103.1,104.2,105.4,106.5,107.3,107.4,106.9,105.7,103.8,101.4,98.5,95.5,92.7,90.0,87.1,84.5,81.8,79.0,76.1,73.1,70.3,67.8,64.9,62.6,60.2,58.0,55.8,53.9,52.0,50.2,48.6,47.1,45.8,44.6,43.4,42.3,41.3,40.3,39.3,38.2,37.2,36.3,35.4

| y1Title=Infant Mortality (per 1000 live births)
}}
{{GraphChart
| width = 450
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=years
| yAxisTitle= TFR
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| hAnnotatonsLine=
| hAnnotatonsLabel=
| legend=
| type = line
| x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021

| y1= 7.30,7.30,7.30,7.30,7.30,7.30,7.30,7.30,7.30,7.30,7.30,7.30,7.30,7.31,7.31,7.31,7.31,7.30,7.30,7.29,7.27,7.25,7.22,7.19,7.15,7.10,7.04,6.98,6.90,6.81,6.73,6.64,
6.55,6.48,6.41,6.35,6.31,6.29,6.21,6.18,6.16,6.12,6.08,6.04,5.99,5.95,5.89,5.80,5.68,5.55,5.40,5.32,5.23,5.17,5.13,5.10,5.06,5.00,4.93,4.87,4.76,4.61,
4.47,4.36,4.25,4.18,4.16,4.11,4.04,3.98,3.92,3.85

| y1Title=Total Fertility Rate
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:100pt;"| Region
! style="width:100pt;"| Total fertility rate
! style="width:100pt;"| Percentage of women age 15–49 currently pregnant
! style="width:100pt;"| Mean number of children ever born to women age 40–49
|-
|[[Analamanga]]|| 3.4 || 5.7 || 4.3
|-
|[[Vakinankaratra]]|| 5.3 || 7.4 || 6.0
|-
|[[Itasy Region|Itasy]]|| 5.5 || 6.7 || 6.9
|-
|[[Bongolava]]|| 3.8 || 6.9 || 5.4
|-
|[[Haute Matsiatra]]|| 6.4 || 7.5 || 6.8
|-
|[[Amoron'i Mania]]|| 6.1 || 5.3 || 6.7
|-
|[[Vatovavy-Fitovinany|Vatovavy Fitovinany]]|| 6.5 || 10.3 || 6.5
|-
|[[Ihorombe]]|| 5.9 || 10.6 || 5.5
|-
|[[Atsimo-Atsinanana|Atsimo Atsinanana]]|| 6.3 || 11.4 || 6.0
|-
|[[Atsinanana]]|| 3.0 || 9.2 || 4.1
|-
|[[Analanjirofo]]|| 4.6 || 6.6 || 5.7
|-
|[[Alaotra-Mangoro|Alaotra Mangoro]]|| 5.0 || 9.1 || 5.5
|-
|[[Boeny]]|| 4.5 || 9.1 || 4.9
|-
|[[Sofia Region|Sofia]]|| 4.4 || 10.7 || 5.9
|-
|[[Betsiboka]]|| 4.7 || 10.5 || 6.1
|-
|[[Melaky]]|| 4.7 || 12.2 || 5.5
|-
|[[Atsimo Andrefana]]|| 6.2 || 13.2 || 6.3
|-
|[[Androy]]|| 6.4 || 10.8 || 5.6
|-
|[[Anosy Region|Anosy]]|| 5.5 || 8.6 || 5.7
|-
|[[Menabe]]|| 4.8 || 11.3 || 5.9
|-
|[[Diana Region|Diana]]|| 3.7 || 6.8 || 4.9
|-
|[[Sava Region|Sava]]|| 4.5 || 6.3 || 5.0
|}

===Life expectancy===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Period
!Life expectancy in<br />Years
!Period
!Life expectancy in<br />Years
|-
|1950–1955
|36.3
|1985–1990
|49.9
|-
|1955–1960
|38.8
|1990–1995
|52.7
|-
|1960–1965
|41.2
|1995–2000
|56.7
|-
|1965–1970
|43.5
|2000–2005
|60.0
|-
|1970–1975
|46.0
|2005–2010
|62.2
|-
|1975–1980
|48.1
|2010–2015
|64.5
|-
|1980–1985
|49.7
|
|
|}
Source: ''UN World Population Prospects''<ref>{{cite web|title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations|url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|access-date=2017-07-15}}</ref>

==Ethnicity==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2025}}
{{further|Malagasy peoples}}
{{see also|French people in Madagascar|Chinese people in Madagascar|Indians in Madagascar}}
[[File:Map of various tribes in Madagascar.jpg|thumb|200px|Distribution of major Malagasy tribes]]
The island of [[Madagascar]] is predominantly populated by people broadly classified as belonging to the [[Malagasy peoples|Malagasy]] [[ethno-linguistic]] group. This group is further subdivided a number of ethnic groups, often into the standard eighteen. In addition, communities of [[Indians in Madagascar|Indians]], [[Arabs]] and [[Somali people|Somalis]] in Madagascar have long been established on the island and have assimilated into local communities to varying degrees, in some places having long since become identified "Malagasy" ethnic groups, and in others maintaining distinct identities and cultural separation. More recent arrivals include [[French people in Madagascar|Europeans]] and [[Chinese people in Madagascar|Chinese]] immigrants.

Madagascar was probably uninhabited prior to [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] settlement in the early centuries AD. Austronesian (particularly [[Malay world|Malay]]) features are most predominant in the central highlands peoples, while coastal peoples are phenotypically more [[East Africa]]n, sometimes with minor Arab, Somali, European and Indian admixtures. The largest coastal groups are the [[Betsimisaraka people|Betsimisaraka]] (1,500,000) and the [[Tsimihety]] and [[Sakalava]] (700,000 each). Malagasy society has long been polarized between the politically and economically advantaged highlanders of the central plateaux and the people along the coast. For example, in the 1970s there was widespread opposition among coastal ethnics against the policy of "Malagasization" which intended to phase out the use of the French language in public life in favour of a more prominent position for the [[Malagasy language]], whose orthography is based on the Merina dialect. 

[[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indians]] in Madagascar descend mostly from traders who arrived in the newly independent nation looking for better opportunities. The majority of them came from the west coast of India known as [[Indians in Madagascar|Karana]] (Muslim) and [[Banians|Banian]] (Hindu). The majority speak [[Hindi]] or [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], although some other Indian languages are also spoken. {{As of|2007|alt=Nowadays}} the younger generations speak at least three languages, including French, Gujarati and Malagasy. A large number of the Indians in Madagascar have a high level of education, particularly the younger generation.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}

A sizeable number of [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]] also reside in [[Madagascar]], mostly of French descent.

==Languages==
[[Malagasy language|Malagasy]] (official, and national language), [[French language|French]] (official).

==Religion==
[[File:Antsirabe - église.JPG|thumb|right|[[Roman Catholic]] cathedral in [[Antsirabe]].]]
{{further|Malagasy mythology}}
{{see also |Madagascar#Religion|Christianity in Madagascar|Islam in Madagascar|Hinduism in Madagascar|Bahá'í Faith in Madagascar|History of the Jews in Madagascar}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = left
| caption = Religion in Madagascar (2020) according to the [[Pew Research Center]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/madagascar/religious_demography|title = Religions in Madagascar &#124; PEW-GRF}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Christian]]
| value1 = 85.4
| color1 = Blue
| label3 = [[Muslim]]
| value3 = 3
| color3 = Green
| label2 = [[Animism|Folk religions]]
| value2 = 4.6
| color2 = Beige
| label4 = Unaffiliated/Other
| value4 = 7
| color4 = Grey
}}

According to the 1993 national census, 41% of Malagasies practised Christianity and 52% practise traditional religion,<ref name=BGNote>{{cite web |last = Bureau of African Affairs |title = Background Note: Madagascar |publisher = U.S. Department of State |date = 3 May 2011 |url = https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5460.htm |access-date =24 August 2011}}</ref> which tends to emphasize links between the living and the ''razana'' (ancestors); by 2020, only 4.5% of Malagasies exclusively practised folk religions and 85% were [[Christianity in Madagascar|Christian]] (according to the [[Pew Research Center]]).<ref name=pew>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/madagascar#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2015 |title=Religions in Madagascar &#124; PEW-GRF |publisher=Globalreligiousfutures.org |access-date=20 September 2017 |archive-date=9 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109064122/http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/madagascar#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>  The [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] noted that in 2020, 58.1% of the population is [[Christian]], 2.1% is [[Muslim]] and 39.2% practices traditional faiths, while 0.6% of the population is [[Irreligious|non-religious]] or adheres to other faiths.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=137c | title= ARDA website, 2023-08-08 }}</ref>

Madagascar's traditional religions tend to emphasize links between the living and the dead. They believe that the dead join their ancestors in the ranks of divinity and that ancestors are intensely concerned with the fate of their living descendants. This spiritual communion is celebrated by the Merina and Betsileo reburial practice of [[famadihana]], or "turning over the dead". In this ritual, relatives' remains are removed from the family tomb, rewrapped in new silk shrouds, and returned to the tomb following festive ceremonies in their honor. In the festivities, they eat, drink, and literally dance with the dead. After one or two days of celebrating, they shower the body with gifts and rebury it.
   
Malagasy [[Christianity in Madagascar|Christians]] are roughly 50% [[Catholic]] and 50% [[Protestant]] (mainly [[Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar|Reformed Protestant Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar (FJKM)]], [[Lutheran]], and [[Anglican]]) or [[Roman Catholic]], but there are also smaller groups such as members of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (Mormons), [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], [[Seventh-day Adventists]], [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Madagascar|Eastern Orthodox Christians]] and evangelicals.<ref name="US State Dept 2022 report">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/Madagascar/ US State Dept 2022 report]</ref> Many [[syncretism|incorporate]] the cult of the dead with their other religious beliefs and bless their dead at church before proceeding with the traditional burial rites. They also may invite a pastor to attend a famadihana. A historical rivalry exists between the predominantly Catholic masses, considered to be underprivileged, and the predominantly Protestant Merina aristocrats, who tend to prevail in the civil service, business, and professions.
   
Followers of [[Islam]] constitute approximately 3% of the population in 2022, according to the US Department of State;<ref name="US State Dept 2022 report"/> there are also small numbers of [[Hindus]] and [[Jews]].
   
[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Madagascar|The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] had more than 13,000 members in 42 [[Ward (LDS Church)|congregations]] in Madagascar in 2013.<ref>{{citation |url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/madagascar |title=Madagascar |department=Facts and Statistics |work=Newsroom |publisher=LDS Church |access-date=2013-03-10}}</ref>

[[Jews in Madagascar|A small community]] started practicing [[Judaism]] in 2010, and formally converted in 2016 with the assistance of Kulanu, a nonprofit organization focusing on remote Jewish communities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2016/11/25/united-states/in-madagascar-worlds-newest-jewish-community-seeks-to-establish-itself|title=In Madagascar, 'world's newest Jewish community' seeks to establish itself|date=2016-11-25|website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2016/06/05/global/in-remote-madagascar-a-new-community-chooses-to-be-jewish|title=In remote Madagascar, a new community chooses to be Jewish|date=2016-06-05|website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref>

==References==

<references />{{Commons category|Demographics of Madagascar}}

==See also==

* Matthew E. Hules, et al. (2005). The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages. ''American Journal of Human Genetics, 76:894-901, 2005.''

{{Ethnic groups in Madagascar}}
{{Africa in topic|Demographics of}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Demographics Of Madagascar}}
[[Category:Demographics of Madagascar| ]]
[[Category:Society of Madagascar]]