Editing Demographics of Latvia

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox place demographics
 | place  = [[Latvia]]
|image=[[File:Latvia single age population pyramid 2020.png|350px]]
|caption=Latvia [[population pyramid]] in 2020
|size_of_population={{decrease}} 1,861,900 (1 June 2024)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRS/IRS010m/table/tableViewLayout1/|website=Statistikas datubāzes|access-date=3 July 2024|title=Population and key vital statistics 1995M01–2024M05 }}</ref>
|growth={{decrease}} −1.1% (2023)<ref>{{cite web|title=Latvia Population (2023) – Worldometer|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/latvia-population/|access-date=12 November 2023|website=www.worldometers.info|language=en|archive-date=17 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217182133/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/latvia-population/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|birth=8.5 births/1,000 population (2022)<ref>{{cite web|title=IRS010. Population at the beginning of year, population change and key vital statistics 1920–2023 (per 1000 population)|url=https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRS/IRS010/|access-date=12 November 2023|website=Statistikas datubāzes|archive-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112120445/https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRS/IRS010/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|death=16.4 deaths/1,000 population (2022)<ref>{{cite web|title=IRS010. Population at the beginning of year, population change and key vital statistics 1920–2023 (per 1000 population)|url=https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRS/IRS010/|access-date=12 November 2023|website=Statistikas datubāzes|archive-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112120445/https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRS/IRS010/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|fertility=1.6 children born/woman (2023)<ref>{{cite web|title=Latvia Demographics (2023) – Worldometer|url=https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/latvia-demographics/|access-date=12 November 2023|website=www.worldometers.info|language=en|archive-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112105109/https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/latvia-demographics/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|infant_mortality=2.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2023)<ref>{{cite web|title=Latvia Demographics (2023) – Worldometer|url=https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/latvia-demographics/|access-date=12 November 2023|website=www.worldometers.info|language=en|archive-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112105109/https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/latvia-demographics/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|life=76.1 years (2023)<ref>{{cite web|title=Latvia Demographics (2023) – Worldometer|url=https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/latvia-demographics/|access-date=12 November 2023|website=www.worldometers.info|language=en|archive-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112105109/https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/latvia-demographics/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|life_male=71.7 years (2023)<ref>{{cite web|title=Latvia Demographics (2023) – Worldometer|url=https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/latvia-demographics/|access-date=12 November 2023|website=www.worldometers.info|language=en|archive-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112105109/https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/latvia-demographics/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|life_female=80.2 years (2023)<ref>{{cite web|title=Latvia Demographics (2023) – Worldometer|url=https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/latvia-demographics/|access-date=12 November 2023|website=www.worldometers.info|language=en|archive-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112105109/https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/latvia-demographics/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|total_mf_ratio=0.86 male(s)/female (2022)<ref>{{cite web|title=IRD010. Population number and share by sex and main age groups in regions, cities, municipalities and 21 development centres at the beginning of year 1970–2022|url=https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRD/IRD010/|access-date=12 November 2023|website=Statistikas datubāzes|archive-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112120444/https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRD/IRD010/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|sr_at_birth=1.06 male(s)/female (2022)<ref>{{cite web|title=IRD040. Population in regions and cities by age and gender at the beginning of year 1971–2022|url=https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRD/IRD040/|access-date=12 November 2023|website=Statistikas datubāzes|archive-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112120440/https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRD/IRD040/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|sr_under_15=1.06 male(s)/female (2022)<ref>{{cite web|title=IRD010. Population number and share by sex and main age groups in regions, cities, municipalities and 21 development centres at the beginning of year 1970–2022|url=https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRD/IRD010/|access-date=12 November 2023|website=Statistikas datubāzes|archive-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112120444/https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRD/IRD010/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|sr_15-64_years=0.97 male(s)/female (2022)<ref>{{cite web|title=IRD010. Population number and share by sex and main age groups in regions, cities, municipalities and 21 development centres at the beginning of year 1970–2022|url=https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRD/IRD010/|access-date=12 November 2023|website=Statistikas datubāzes|archive-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112120444/https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRD/IRD010/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|sr_65_years_over=0.50 male(s)/female (2022)<ref>{{cite web|title=IRD010. Population number and share by sex and main age groups in regions, cities, municipalities and 21 development centres at the beginning of year 1970–2022|url=https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRD/IRD010/|access-date=12 November 2023|website=Statistikas datubāzes|archive-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112120444/https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRD/IRD010/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|net_migration=11.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022)<ref>{{cite web|title=IRS010. Population at the beginning of year, population change and key vital statistics 1920–2023 (per 1000 population)|url=https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRS/IRS010/|access-date=12 November 2023|website=Statistikas datubāzes|archive-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112120445/https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRS/IRS010/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|nation=''noun'': Latvian(s) ''adjective'': Latvian
|major_ethnic= [[Latvians]] (62,4%) (2023)<ref>{{cite web|title=IRE031. Population by ethnicity in regions, State cities and municipalities at the beginning of year (after administrative-territorial reform in 2021) 2021–2023|url=https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRE/IRE031/|access-date=12 November 2023|website=Statistikas datubāzes|archive-date=5 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605130806/https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRE/IRE031/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|minor_ethnic=[[Russians]] (23.7%), [[Belarusians]] (3.0%), [[Ukrainians]] (3.0%) (2023)<ref>{{cite web|title=IRE031. Population by ethnicity in regions, State cities and municipalities at the beginning of year (after administrative-territorial reform in 2021) 2021–2023|url=https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRE/IRE031/|access-date=12 November 2023|website=Statistikas datubāzes|archive-date=5 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605130806/https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRE/IRE031/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|official=[[Latvian language|Latvian]]
|spoken=[[Latvian language|Latvian]] (62.0%), [[Russian language|Russian]] (34.6%) (2022)<ref>{{cite web|title=PIA77. Mother tongue and language used at home by region in 2022 (per cent of the population in the relevant group)|url=https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_OD/OSP_OD__apsekojumi__pieaug_izgl/PIA77.px/access-date=2023-11-12|website=Statistikas datubāzes}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
}}
[[File:Population of latvia 22.jpg|thumb|Population of Latvia (in millions) from 1935 to 2022]]
As of 1 May 2024, [[Latvia]] had a total population of 1,862,700.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population on 1 May |url=https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRS/IRS010m/table/tableViewLayout1/ |website=data.stat.gov.lv |access-date=3 July 2024}}</ref>
[[Demography|Demographic]] features of the [[population]] of the historical territory of [[Latvia]] include [[population density]], [[Ethnic group|ethnic background]], education level, health of the populace, economic status, [[Religion in Latvia|religious affiliations]] and other aspects of the population.

==History==
[[File:Ethnic Composition Latvia.jpg|thumb|Ethnic Composition of Latvia 1863–1935]]
[[Latvia]] was settled by Baltic tribes some three millennia ago. The territories along the eastern Baltic first came under foreign domination at the beginning of the 13th century, with the formal establishment of Riga in 1201 under the German [[Teutonic Knights]].

Latvia, in whole or in part, remained under foreign rule for the next eight centuries, finding itself at the crossroads of all the regional superpowers of their day, including [[Denmark]] (the Danes held on lands around the [[Gulf of Riga]]), [[Sweden]], and [[Russia]], with southern (Courland) Latvia being at one time a vassal to Poland-Lithuania as well as Latgale falling directly under Poland-Lithuania rule. Through all this time, Latvia remained largely under Baltic German hegemony, with Baltic Germans comprising the largest land-owners, a situation which did not change until Latvia's independence.

Historically, Latvia has had significant [[German people|German]], [[Russian people|Russian]], [[Jews|Jewish]], [[Polish people|Polish]], [[Belarusians in Latvia|Belarusian]] and [[Lithuanians|Lithuanian]] minorities. The majority (roughly two thirds) of Latvians, under Swedish influences, adopted Lutheranism, while the minority (the remaining third) of Latvians under Poland-Lithuania, Latgale in particular, retained Catholicism. [[Aglona]], in Latgale, has been the site of annual Catholic pilgrimage for centuries, even through to today. During the [[Second World War]] the Jewish population was largely decimated by [[Nazi Germany]] as part of the [[holocaust]].  

Recently{{when?|date=April 2023}} introduced immigration law in Latvia provides framework for immigration through investment in various financial areas or real estate. In 2012, solely 2,435<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.immigration-residency.eu/faq/latvia-real-estate-statistics-residence-permit-requests-history/|title=Statistics{{Snd}} residence permit requests|website=Immigration-residency.eu|date=2013|access-date=22 June 2015|archive-date=22 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622050138/http://www.immigration-residency.eu/faq/latvia-real-estate-statistics-residence-permit-requests-history/|url-status=live}}</ref> applications for residence permit by investment in real estate were received by Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs. The main immigrant countries are [[Russia]], [[Belarus]], [[Ukraine]] and [[Lithuania]] (Lithuania is in the [[European Union]], thus no investment is needed). Moreover, Latvia receives residence permit applications from people of nationalities such as [[Afghans]], [[Chinese people|Chinese]], [[Libyans]] and people from various other distant countries.{{Historical populations
| type =
| percentages = pagr
| footnote = Source:<ref>{{cite web|title=Number of Resident Population in Latvia|url=http://www.csb.gov.lv/node/30756|website=Central Statistics Office of Latvia|access-date=14 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508075113/http://www.csb.gov.lv/node/30756|archive-date=8 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Population Census 2011 – Key Indicators|url=http://www.csb.gov.lv/node/33613|website=Central Statistics Office of Latvia|access-date=14 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529220509/http://www.csb.gov.lv/node/33613|archive-date=29 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Latvijas 2021. gada tautas un mājokļu skaitīšanas galvenie rezultāti|url=https://stat.gov.lv/lv/statistikas-temas/iedzivotaji/iedzivotaju-skaits/publikacijas-un-infografikas/15008-tautas|url-status=dead|access-date=19 January 2023|archive-date=19 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119212359/https://stat.gov.lv/lv/statistikas-temas/iedzivotaji/iedzivotaju-skaits/publikacijas-un-infografikas/15008-tautas}}</ref>
| 1863 | 1240988
| 1897 | 1929387
| 1914 | 2552000
| 1920 | 1596131
| 1925 | 1844805
| 1930 | 1900045
| 1935 | 1950936
| 1943 | 1760162
| 1950 | 1943146
| 1959 | 2079948
| 1970 | 2351903
| 1979 | 2502816
| 1989 | 2666567
| 2000 | 2377383
| 2011 | 2070371
| 2021 | 1893223
| 2024 | 1862700
}}

Over 130,000 persons have been naturalized as Latvian citizens since 1995 and 182,375 persons, as of 2022, live in Latvia with non-citizen's passports. Large numbers of Russians, as well as some Ukrainians and [[Belarusians]] remained in Latvia after the fall of the Soviet Union.

According to the provisional results of the Population and Housing Census 2011, the total population of Latvia on 1 March 2011 was 2,067,887. Since the previous census in 2000 the country's population decreased by 309,000 or 13%.<ref name="csb.gov.lv">{{cite web|url=http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistikas-temas/population-census-2011-key-indicators-33613.html|title=Population Census 2011{{Snd}} Key Indicators{{Snd}} Latvijas statistika|website=Csb.gov.lv|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-date=10 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610225219/http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistikas-temas/population-census-2011-key-indicators-33613.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Based on the Population and Housing Census 2021, the total population of Latvia on 1 January 2021 was 1,893,223. Since the previous census in 2011 the country's population decreased by 174,664 or 8.5%. The proportion of ethnic Latvians increased to 62.7% of the population.<ref name="stat.gov.lv">{{Cite web |title=Latvijas 2021. gada tautas un mājokļu skaitīšanas galvenie rezultāti |url=https://stat.gov.lv/lv/statistikas-temas/iedzivotaji/iedzivotaju-skaits/publikacijas-un-infografikas/15008-tautas |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=stat.gov.lv |language=lv |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119212359/https://stat.gov.lv/lv/statistikas-temas/iedzivotaji/iedzivotaju-skaits/publikacijas-un-infografikas/15008-tautas |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Livonians]] are the other indigenous ethnic group, with about 250 of them remaining.<ref>{{cite web|title=Livonians (Livs) {{!}} On Latvia|url=https://www.onlatvia.com/livonians-livs-56|access-date=6 May 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412123231/https://www.onlatvia.com/livonians-livs-56|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Latgalians (modern)|Latgalians]] are a distinctive subgroup of Latvians inhabiting or coming from [[Latgale|Eastern Latvia]].

According to rankings provided by the United States Census Bureau—International Data Base (IDB)—Country Rankings, Latvia is estimated to have a population of 1,249,812 in the year 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/rank.php|title=International Data Base Country Rankings|website=Census.gov|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329060848/https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/rank.php|archive-date=29 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{GraphChart
| width = 600
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle = year
| yAxisTitle = million
| yAxisMin =
| yGrid = 0,1
| xGrid = 10
| legend =
| type = line
| x = 1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022

| y1 = 1.73,1.85,1.88,1.91,1.85,1.86,1.87,1.88,1.9,1.9,1.91,1.92,1.93,1.94,1.95,1.95,1.96,1.97,1.98,2,1.94,1.75,1.75,1.76,,,1.55,1.72,1.86,1.89,1.88,1.89,1.9,1.91,1.94,1.97,2,2.04,2.07,2.08,2.1,2.14,2.17,2.2,2.23,2.26,2.28,2.29,2.31,2.33,2.35,2.37,2.39,2.4,2.43,2.45,2.46,2.48,2.49,2.5,2.51,2.51,2.52,2.54,2.55,2.57,2.59,2.61,2.64,2.67,2.67,2.66,2.64,2.59,2.54,2.5,2.47,2.44,2.42,2.4,2.38,2.35,2.32,2.3,2.28,2.25,2.23,2.21,2.19,2.16,2.12,2.07,2.04,2.02,2,1.99,1.97,1.95,1.934,1.920,1.907,1.893, 1.88
 
| y1Title = population (million)
}}

{{GraphChart
| width = 600
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=years
| yAxisTitle = ‰
| yAxisMin = -30
| yAxisMax = 30
| yGrid = 0,1
| xGrid = 10
| hAnnotatonsLine =0
| hAnnotatonsLabel =
| legend =
| type = line
| x = 1920,1921,1922,1923,1924,1925,1926,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932,1933,1934,1935,1936,1937,1938,1939,1940,1941,1942,1943,1944,1945,1946,1947,1948,1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022

| y1 =
-2.6,6.0,7.2,8.2,6.9,7.3,7.2,6.7,6.2,3.8,5.6,5.3,5.7,4.3,3.2,3.5,4.0,3.4,4.9,4.6,3.6,3.4,3.6,3.5,,,1.1,1.3,4.8,5.3,4.7,4.7,5.0,4.3,5.5,5.9,6.1,6.1,6.8,5.9,6.7,6.6,5.3,5.0,5.3,3.7,3.8,3.4,3.3,2.9,3.3,3.8,3.2,2.4,2.8,1.9,1.7,1.4,1.2,1.0,1.4,1.4,2.5,3.2,2.9,2.1,4.1,3.8,3.3,2.4,1.2,-0.0,-1.5,-4.9,-6.9,-7.0,-5.9,-6.0,-6.6,-5.6,-5.0,-5.7,-5.3,-4.9,-5.1,-4.9,-4.7,-4.3,-3.1,-3.6,-4.8,-4.8,-4.4,-4.0,-3.5,-3.3,-3.3,-4.0,-5.0,-4.7,-5.9, -9.0

| y2 = ,-1.7,60.5,10.3,5.4,-41.6,-0.9,0.3,-0.4,0.1,-1.1,-0.4,0,0,-0.1,0.9,-0.4,0.1,0.1,0.2,6.4,-34.6,-108.8,-6.5,2.3,,,,93.7,70.4,10.8,-6.2,-1.6,-0.5,3.2,8,8,8.3,16.2,5.4,0.6,4.8,9.1,8.4,7.7,8.4,9.1,5.8,2.2,6.7,6.4,4.1,2.3,5.1,5.3,6.1,6.7,5.1,3.9,4.9,3.2,0.9,0.9,1.3,2.2,3.4,4,2.7,5.5,7.6,6.9,-0.3,-3.7,-4.3,-17.4,-10.7,-9.2,-6.7,-4.1,-3.4,-3.4,-2.4,-6.4,-8.6,-4.5,-5,-7.1,-5.2,-4.5,-4.8,-9.8,-15.1,-17.4,-10.1,-6.4,-7.8,-4.5,-5.3,-5.6,-3.2,-2.9,-0.5,1.4


| y1Title=Natural change (per 1000)
| y2Title=Crude migration change (per 1000)
}}

{{GraphChart
| width = 350
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle = years
| yAxisTitle = TFR
| yAxisMin =
| yGrid = 0,1
| xGrid = 10
| hAnnotatonsLine = 2.1
| hAnnotatonsLabel =
| legend =
| type = line
| x = 1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021, 2022

| y1= 1.99,2.01,1.91,1.85,1.79,1.74,1.76,1.80,1.83,1.88,2.01,2.04,2.03,1.96,2.00,1.96,1.93,1.88,1.86,1.87,1.90,1.90,1.98,2.13,2.15,2.09,2.21,2.21,2.16,2.04,2.00,1.85,1.74,1.52,1.41,1.27,1.18,1.13,1.11,1.18,1.24,1.22,1.25,1.32,1.29,1.38,1.46,1.54,1.59,1.47,1.36,1.34,1.45,1.53,1.65,1.71,1.74,1.70,1.61,1.61,1.55, 1.57

| y1Title=Total fertility rate
}}

== Population ==

=== Age structure ===
[[File:Approximate demographic evolution in Latvia.png|thumb|400px|Approximate demographic evolution in Latvia, 1920–2011. ''NB. the amount of time between each year in the diagramme is not the same which gives a somewhat garbled image of the evolution.'']]
{|
! style="width:80pt;" |Census year
! style="width:80pt;" |Children
! style="width:80pt;" |Working age
! style="width:80pt;" |Pensioners
|-
| 1897
| style="text-align:right;" | 41.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 52.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 6.2
|-
| 1920
| style="text-align:right;" | 38.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 52.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 8.6
|-
| 1935
| style="text-align:right;" | 30.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 60.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 9.2
|-
| 1943
| style="text-align:right;" | 29.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 60.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 10.3
|-
| 1959
| style="text-align:right;" | 30.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 63.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 6.8
|-
| 1970
| style="text-align:right;" | 23.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 56.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 20.7
|-
| 1979
| style="text-align:right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align:right;" | 58.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 19.9
|-
| 1989
| style="text-align:right;" | 22.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 56.6
| style="text-align:right;" | 20.7
|-
| 2000
| style="text-align:right;" | 18.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 58.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 23.1
|-
| 2011
| style="text-align:right;" | 14.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 64.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 21.8
|-
| 2021
| style="text-align:right;" | 16.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 61.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 22.1
|}

==Vital statistics==
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm#2001|title=Demographic and Social Statistics|website=[[United Nations Statistics Division]]|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-date=27 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227194033/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm#2001|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://data1.csb.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/iedz/iedz__iedzskaits__ikgad/ISG010.px/table/tableViewLayout1/|title=ISG010. Iedzīvotāju skaits, tā izmaiņas un dabiskās kustības galvenie rādītāji}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Source: Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia<ref>{{cite web|title=Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia|url=https://www.csp.gov.lv/en|access-date=19 May 2021|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519222224/https://www.csp.gov.lv/en|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|-
! style="width:40pt;" |
! style="width:70pt;" |Average population
! style="width:70pt;" |Live births
! style="width:70pt;" |Deaths
! style="width:70pt;" |Natural change
! style="width:70pt;" |Crude birth rate (per 1000)
! style="width:70pt;" |Crude death rate (per 1000)
! style="width:70pt;" |Natural change (per 1000)
! style="width:70pt;" |Crude migration change (per 1000)
! style="width:70pt;" |Total fertility rate
! style="width:70pt;" |Infant mortality rate (per 1000 births)
! style="width:70pt;" |Life expectancy at birth (males)
! style="width:70pt;" |Life expectancy at birth (females)
|-
|1920
|1,727,000
|29,434
|33,891
| style="color: red" | −4,457
|17.0
|19.6
| style="color: red" | −2.5
| 73.7
| style="color: blue" |
|128.4
|
|
|-
|1921
|1,850,000
|36,420
|25,331
|11,089
|19.7
|13.7
|5.9
| 11.9
| style="color: blue" |
|93.2
|
|
|-
|1922
|1,883,000
|41,146
|27,553
|13,593
|21.9
|14.6
|7.2
| 6.6
| style="color: blue" |
|90.8
|
|
|-
|1923
|1,909,000
|41,796
|26,080
| style="color: blue" |15,716
|21.9
|13.7
| −41.7
| style="color: blue"|8.2

| style="color: blue" |
|88.4
|
|
|-
|1924
|1,845,000
|41,172
|28,399
|12,773
|style="color: blue" |22.3
|15.4
|6.9
| −0.4
| style="color: blue" |
|100.8
|50.7
|56.9
|-
|1925
|1,857,000
|41,314
|27,683
|13,631
|22.3
|14.9
|7.3
| 0.2
| style="color: blue" |
|107.2
|
|
|-
|1926
|1,871,000
|41,073
|27,557
|13,516
|22.0
|14.7
|7.2
| −0.8
| style="color: blue" |
|87.9
|
|
|-
|1927
|1,883,000
|41,610
|28,941
|12,669
|22.1
|15.4
|6.7
| −0.3
| style="color: blue" |
|95.7
|
|
|-
|1928
|1,895,000
|39,126
|27,299
|11,827
|20.7
|14.4
|6.2
| −3.6
| style="color: blue" |
|96.3
|
|
|-
|1929
|1,900,000
|35,673
|28,512
|7,161
|18.8
|15.0
|3.7
| 1.6
| style="color: blue" |
|106.7
|
|
|-
|1930
|1,910,000
|37,835
|27,110
|10,725
|19.8
|14.2
|5.6
| −0.4
| style="color: blue" |
|90.0
|
|
|-
|1931
|1,920,000
|36,972
|26,891
|10,081
|19.3
|14.0
|5.2
| 0.5
| style="color: blue" |
|86.3
|
|
|-
|1932
|1,931,000
|37,366
|26,342
|11,024
|19.4
|13.6
|5.7
| −1.6
| style="color: blue" |
|89.3
|
|
|-
|1933
|1,939,000
|34,576
|26,319
|8,257
|17.8
|13.6
|4.2
| −0.1
| style="color: blue" |
|76.4
|
|
|-
|1934
|1,947,000
|33,383
|27,065
|6,318
|17.2
|13.9
|3.2
| −0.1
| style="color: blue" |
|95.1
|55.1
|60.6
|-
|1935
|1,953,000
|34,419
|27,660
|6,759
|17.6
|14.2
|3.4
| 0.7
| style="color: blue" |
|78.9
|55.0
|61.0
|-
|1936
|1,961,000
|35,468
|27,646
|7,822
|18.1
|14.1
|3.9
| −0.3
| style="color: blue" |
|80.1
|
|
|-
|1937
|1,968,000
|34,863
|28,083
|6,780
|17.7
|14.3
|3.4
| 1.7
| style="color: blue" |
|85.0
|
|
|-
|1938
|1,978,000
|36,386
|26,703
|9,683
|18.4
|13.5
|4.9
| 6.2
| style="color: blue" |
|68.1
|
|
|-
|1939 
|2,000,000
|36,932||27,827||9,105
|18.5||13.9||4.6
| −34.6
| style="color: blue" |
|70.2
|
|
|-
|1940
|1,940,000
|37,493||30,355||7,138
|19.3||15.7||3.6
| −99.0
| style="color: blue" |
|73.2
|
|
|-
|1941
|1,755,000
|36,295||30,434||5,861
|20.7||17.3||3.4
| −6.2
| style="color: blue" |
|81.7
|
|
|-
|1942
|1,750,000
|36,370||29,940||6,430
|20.7
|17.1
|3.6
| 2.1
| style="color: blue" |
|81.1
|
|
|-
|1943
|1,760,000
|35,915||29,904||6,011
|20.4
|16.9
|3.5
|
| style="color: blue" |
|93.4
|
|
|-
|1944
|
| || ||
| || ||
|
| style="color: blue" | 2.30
|
|
|
|-
|1945
|
|26,217||32,230|| style="color: red" |−6,013
| || ||
| 
| style="color: blue" |
|111.1
|
|
|-
|1946
| style="color: red"|1,553,577
|30,544||32,266|| style="color: red" |−1,722
|18.7||style="color: red" |19.7|| style="color: red" |−1.0
| 106.0
| style="color: blue" |
|93.9
|
|
|-
|1947
|1,716,773
|34,832||32,435||2,397
|19.5||18.2||1.3
| 80.0
| style="color: blue" |
|108.7
|
|
|-
|1948
|1,856,419
|35,402||26,500||8,902
|18.9||14.2||4.7
| 11.7
|
|79.3
|
|
|-
|1949
|1,886,792
|35,671
|25,640
|10,031
|18.9
|13.6
|5.3
| −6.7
|
|83.3
|
|
|-
|1950
|1,884,077
|33,137
|24,250
|8,887
|17.6
|12.9
|4.7
| −1.6
|
|70.0
|
|
|-
|1951
|1,889,974
|32,764
|23,898
|8,866
|17.3
|12.6
|4.7
| −0.1
|
|69.6
|
|
|-
|1952
|1,898,577
|32,278
|22,680
|9,598
|16.9
|11.9
|5.0
| 2.5
|
|52.9
|
|
|-
|1953
|1,912,837
|30,986
|22,761
|8,225
|16.1
|11.8
|4.3
| 9.4
|
|46.8
|-
|1954
|1,939,138
|33,202
|22,500
|10,702
|17.0
|11.5
|5.5
| 8.6
|
|45.9
|
|
|-
|1955
|1,966,567
|32,968
|21,330
|11,638
|16.6
|10.8
|5.8
| 8.8
|
|42.0
|
|
|-
|1956
|1,995,354
|32,590
| style="color: blue" |20,339
|12,251
|16.1
|10.1
|6.0
| 16.9
|
|33.9
|
|
|-
|1957
|2,040,978
|33,714
|21,087
|12,627
|16.4
|10.3
|6.1
| 6.3
|
|32.3
|
|
|-
|1958
|2,066,368
|35,068
|20,910
|14,158
|16.9
|10.1
|6.8
| −0.2
|
|29.5
|65.2
|72.4
|-
|1959
|2,079,948
|35,028
|22,601
|12,427
|16.7
|10.8
|5.9
| 5.7
|
|30.8
|
|
|-
|1960
|2,104,128
|35,468
|21,314
|14,154
|16.7
|10.0
|6.7
| 9.3
|1.99
|27.0
|
|
|-
|1961
|2,137,830
|35,993
|21,759
|14,234
|16.7
|10.1
|6.6
| 7.3
|2.01
|24.1
|66.1
|73.5
|-
|1962
|2,167,531
|35,061
|23,592
|11,469
|16.1
|10.8
|5.3
| 7.7
|1.91
|24.2
|
|
|-
|1963
|2,195,640
|33,843
|22,703
|11,140
|15.3
|10.3
|5.0
| 8.9
|1.85
|25.9
|67.0
|74.0
|-
|1964
|2,226,198
|33,053
|21,165
|11,888
|14.8
|style="color: blue"|9.4
|style="color: blue" |5.4
| 7.6
|1.79
|22.0
|
|
|-
|1965
|2,255,048
|31,212
|22,780
|8,432
|13.8
|10.1
|3.7
| 5.9
|1.74
|18.9
|66.6
|74.4
|-
|1966
|2,276,789
|31,974
|23,350
|8,624
|14.0
|10.2
|3.8
| 1.8
|1.76
|17.0
|
|
|-
|1967
|2,289,645
|32,232
|24,362
|7,870
|14.0
|10.6
|3.4
| 6.7
|1.80
|17.3
|
|
|-
|1968
|2,312,795
|32,693
|25,104
|7,589
|14.1
|10.8
|3.3
| 6.1
|1.83
|18.9
|
|
|-
|1969
|2,334,443
|32,915
|26,229
|6,686
|14.0
|11.2
|2.8
| 4.7
|1.88
|17.7
|65.5
|74.2
|-
|1970
|2,351,903
|34,333
|26,546
|7,787
|14.6
|11.3
|3.3
| 2.9
|2.01
|17.7
|66.0
|74.4
|-
|1971
|2,366,424
|35,239
|26,275
|8,964
|14.8
|11.1
|3.7
| 4.7
|2.05
|15.9
|65.4
|74.6
|-
|1972
|2,386,353
|35,007
|27,296
|7,711
|14.6
|11.4
|3.2
| 4.6
|2.03
|16.0
|65.0
|75.0
|-
|1973
|2,404,995
|34,008
|28,139
|5,869
|14.1
|11.6
|2.5
| 6.5
|1.96
|15.8
|65.2
|74.7
|-
|1974
|2,426,642
|34,920
|28,143
|6,777
|14.3
|11.5
|2.8
| 5.9
|1.99
|18.4
|
|
|-
|1975
|2,447,730
|34,810
|30,042
|4,768
|14.2
|12.2
|2.0
| 4.9
|1.96
|20.3
|64.2
|74.3
|-
|1976
|2,464,529
|34,644
|30,373
|4,271
|14.0
|12.3
|1.7
| 3.5
|1.93
|20.1
|64.4
|74.3
|-
|1977
|2,477,449
|34,240
|30,869
|3,371
|13.8
|12.4
|1.4
| 4.8
|1.88
|18.3
|64.5
|74.2
|-
|1978
|2,492,697
|34,258
|31,261
|2,997
|13.7
|12.5
|1.2
| 3.0
|1.86
|18.1
|63.7
|73.9
|-
|1979
|2,503,145
|34,683
|32,162
|2,521
|13.8
|12.8
|1.0
| 1.2
|1.86
|18.3
|63.6
|73.9
|-
|1980
|2,508,761
|35,534
|32,100
|3,434
|14.1
|12.8
|1.3
| 1.0
|1.88
|15.3
|63.6
|74.2
|-
|1981
|2,514,640
|35,732
|32,090
|3,642
|14.2
|12.7
|1.5
| 2.3
|1.88
|16.0
|63.9
|74.4
|-
|1982
|2,524,202
|37,477
|31,234
|6,243
|14.8
|12.3
|2.5
| 2.9
|1.97
|13.9
|64.0
|74.5
|-
|1983
|2,537,958
|40,572
|32,330
|8,242
|15.9
|12.7
|3.2
| 3.1
| style="color: blue" |2.12
|15.9
|63.9
|74.5
|-
|1984
|2,554,063
|40,847
|33,406
|7,441
|15.9
|13.0
|2.9
| 3.4
| style="color: blue" |2.14
|12.9
|64.4
|74.2
|-
|1985
|2,570,030
|39,751
|34,166
|5,585
|15.4
|13.2
|2.2
| 4.7
|2.08
|13.0
|65.5
|74.5
|-
|1986
|2,587,716
|41,960
|31,328
|10,632
|16.1
|12.0
|4.1
| 5.3
| style="color: blue" |2.21
|12.8
|66.3
|75.0
|-
|1987
|2,612,068
| style="color: blue" |42,135
|32,150
|9,985
|16.0
|12.2
|3.8
| 7.3
| style="color: blue" |2.21
|11.3
|
|
|-
|1988
|2,641,097
|41,275
|32,421
|8,854
|15.6
|12.2
|3.4
| 5.9
| style="color: blue" |2.16
|11.0
|66.3||75.1
|-
|1989
|2,665,770
|38,922
|32,584
|6,338
|14.6
|12.2
|2.4
| −1.5
|2.04
|11.3
|65.3||75.2
|-
|1990
| style="color: blue" |2,668,140
|37,918
|34,812
|3,106
|14.2
|13.1
|1.1
| −4.8
|2.00
|13.7
|64.2||74.6
|-
|1991
| style="color: red" |2,658,161
|34,633
|34,749
| style="color: red" | −116
|13.1
|13.1
| style="color: red" |0.0
| −5.7
|1.86
|15.7
|63.8||74.8
|-
|1992
| style="color: red" |2,643,000
|31,569
|35,420
| style="color: red" | −3,851
|12.1
|13.5
| style="color: red" | −1.4
| −20.3
|1.74
|17.6
|63.3||74.8
|-
|1993
| style="color: red" |2,585,675
|26,759
|39,197
| style="color: red" | −12,438
|10.4
|15.3
| style="color: red" | −4.9
| −12.4
|1.52
|16.2
|61.6||73.8
|-
|1994
| style="color: red" |2,540,904
|24,256
| style="color: red"|41,757
| style="color: red" | −17,501
|9.6
|16.6
| style="color: red" | −7.0
| −8.9
|1.41
|15.7
|60.7||72.9
|-
|1995
| style="color: red" |2,500,580
|21,595
|38,931
| style="color: red" | −17,336
|8.7
|15.7
| style="color: red" | −7.0
| −5.4
|1.27
|18.8
|60.8||73.1
|-
|1996
| style="color: red" |2,469,531
|19,782
|34,320
| style="color: red" | −14,538
|8.1
|14.0
| style="color: red" | −5.9
| −4.1
|1.18
|15.9
|63.9||75.6
|-
|1997
| style="color: red" |2,444,912
|18,830
|33,533
| style="color: red" | −14,703
|7.7
|13.8
| style="color: red" | −6.1
| −3.8
|1.13
|15.3
|64.2||75.9
|-
|1998
| style="color: red" |2,420,789
|18,410
|34,200
| style="color: red" | −15,790
|7.6
|14.2
| style="color: red" | −6.6
| −2.3
| style="color: red" |1.12
|15.0
|64.1||75.5
|-
|1999
| style="color: red" |2,399,248
|19,396
|32,844
| style="color: red" | −13,448
|8.1
|13.7
| style="color: red" | −5.6
| −1.7
|1.18
|11.3
|64.9||76.2
|-
|2000
| style="color: red" |2,381,715
|20,302
|32,205
| style="color: red" | −11,903
|8.6
|13.6
| style="color: red" | −5.0
| −6.9
|1.25
|10.3
|64.6||75.8
|-
|2001
| style="color: red" |2,353,384
|19,726
|32,991
| style="color: red" | −13,265
|8.4
|14.1
| style="color: red" | −5.7
| −8.1
|1.22
|11.0
|64.2||75.5
|-
|2002
| style="color: red" |2,320,956
|20,127
|32,498
| style="color: red" | −12,371
|8.7
|14.1
| style="color: red" | −5.4
| −3.9
|1.25
|9.8
|64.4||75.9
|-
|2003
| style="color: red" |2,299,390
|21,151
|32,437
| style="color: red" | −11,286
|9.2
|14.2
| style="color: red" | −5.0
| −4.9
|1.32
|9.4
|65.4||75.7
|-
|2004
| style="color: red" |2,276,520
|20,551
|32,024
| style="color: red" | −11,473
|9.1
|14.2
| style="color: red" | −5.1
| −6.7
|1.29
|9.3
|65.5||76.1
|-
|2005
| style="color: red" |2,249,724
|21,879
|32,777
| style="color: red" | −10,898
|9.8
|14.6
| style="color: red" | −4.8
| −4.9
|1.39
|7.7
|64.9||76.3
|-
|2006
| style="color: red" |2,227,874
|22,871
|33,098
| style="color: red" | −10,227
|10.3
|14.9
| style="color: red" | −4.6
| −3.9
|1.46
|7.4
|65.0||76.1
|-
|2007
| style="color: red" |2,208,840
|23,958
|33,042
| style="color: red" | −9,084
|10.9
|15.0
| style="color: red" | −4.1
| −3.6
|1.54
|8.5
|65.3||76.2
|-
|2008
| style="color: red" |2,191,810
|24,397
|31,006
| style="color: red" | −6,609
|11.2
|14.2
| style="color: red" | −3.0
| −10.2
|1.58
|6.6
|66.5||77.4
|-
|2009
| style="color: red" |2,162,834
|22,044||29,897|| style="color: red" |−7,853
|10.3||14.0|| style="color: red" |−3.7
| −15.9
|1.46
|7.6
|67.5||77.6
|-
|2010 
| style="color: red" |2,120,504
|19,781||30,040|| style="color: red" |−10,259
|9.4||14.3|| style="color: red" |−4.9
| −16.7
|1.36
|5.6
|67.9||77.9
|-
|2011 
| style="color: red" |2,074,605
|18,825||28,540|| style="color: red" |−9,715
|9.1||13.9|| style="color: red" |−4.8
| −9.6
| 1.33
|6.6
|68.6||78.5
|-
|2012
| style="color: red" |2,044,813
|19,897||29,025|| style="color: red" |−9,128
|9.8||14.3|| style="color: red" |−4.5 
| −5.8
| 1.44
|6.3
|65.9||78.7
|-
|2013
| style="color: red" |2,023,825
|20,596||28,691|| style="color: red" |−8,095
|10.2||14.3|| style="color: red" |−4.1 
| −6.9
| 1.52
|4.4
|69.3||78.8
|-
|2014
| style="color: red" |2,001,468
|21,746||28,466|| style="color: red" |−6,720
|10.9||14.3|| style="color: red" |−3.4 
| −4.3
| 1.65
|3.8
|69.1||79.3
|-
|2015
| style="color: red" |1,986,096
|21,979||28,478|| style="color: red" |−6,499
|11.1||14.4|| style="color: red" |−3.3
| −5.3
| 1.70
|4.1
|69.7||79.3
|-
|2016
| style="color: red" |1,968,957
|21,968||28,580|| style="color: red" |−6,612
|11.2||14.6|| style="color: red" |−3.4
| −6.2
| 1.74
|3.7
|69.8||79.4
|-
|2017
| style="color: red" |1,950,116
|20,828||28,757|| style="color: red" |−7,929
|10.7||14.8|| style="color: red" |−4.1
| −4.0
| 1.69
|4.1
|69.8||79.6
|-
|2018
| style="color: red" |1,934,379
|19,314||28,820|| style="color: red" |−9,506
|10.0||15.0|| style="color: red" |−5.0
| −2.4
|1.60
|3.2
|70.0||79.6
|-
|2019
| style="color: red" |1,919,968
|18,786||27,719|| style="color: red" |−8,933
|9.8||14.5|| style="color: red" |−4.7 ||−1.7
|1.61
|3.4
|70.8
|79.9
|-
|2020
| style="color: red" |1,907,675
|17,552||28,854|| style="color: red" |−11,302
|9.2||15.2|| style="color: red" |−5.9
| −1.7
|1.55
|3.5
|70.4
|79.5
|-
|2021
| style="color: red" |1,893,223
|17,420||34,600|| style="color: red" |−17,180
|9.2||18.4|| style="color: red" | −9.1
| −0.1
|1.57
|2.7
|68.2
|77.9
|-
|2022
| style="color: red" |1,875,757
| 15,954
|30,731
| style="color: red" | −14,777
|8.5||16.4|| style="color: red" | −7.9
| 11.8
|1.47
|
|69.4
|79.3
|-
| 2023
| 1 883 008
| 14,490
| 28,031
| style="color: red" | −13,541
| 7.7 || 14.9 || style="color: red" | −7.2
| 2.3
|1.36
|
|70.4
|80.4
|-
| 2024
| style="color: red" |1,872,500
| style="color: red"| 12,571
| 26,311
| style="color: red" | –13,740
| style="color: red" | 6.7 || 14.1 || style="color: red" | –7.4
| style="color: red" | –3.0
|
|
|
|
|-
| 2025
| style="color: red" |1,853,000
| 
| 
| 
| 
|
|
|
|
|
|}

===Current vital statistics===
<ref>{{cite web|title=Vital statistics by month|url=https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRS/IRS010m|access-date=19 May 2021|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519231140/https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRS/IRS010m|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
|-
! Period
! Live births
! Deaths
! Natural increase
|-
| '''January-March 2024'''
| 3,154
| 7,383
| −4,229
|-
| '''January-March 2025'''
| 2,756
| 6,870
| −4,114
|-
| '''Difference'''
| {{decrease}} −398 (−12.6%)
| {{decreasepositive}} −513 (−6.9%)
| {{increase}} +115
|}

===Structure of the population===
{{Accessibility dispute|table|date=October 2024|reason=[[screen reader]]s can not read content that is hidden}}
{{Hidden begin 
|title= Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 01.I.2021) (Data refer to usual resident population.): <ref>{{Cite web |title=UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=unstats.un.org |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218223334/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |url-status=live }}</ref>
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 875 225
| align="right" | 1 017 998 
| align="right" | 1 893 223
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 50 997
| align="right" | 47 398
| align="right" | 98 395
| align="right" | 5.20
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 53 160 
| align="right" | 49 792
| align="right" | 102 952
| align="right" | 5.44
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 52 031
| align="right" | 49 600
| align="right" | 101 631
| align="right" | 5.37
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 46 483
| align="right" | 44 082
| align="right" | 90 565
| align="right" | 4.78
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 43 111
| align="right" | 39 983
| align="right" | 83 094
| align="right" | 4.39
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 55 036
| align="right" | 51 096 
| align="right" | 106 132
| align="right" | 5.61
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 70 356
| align="right" | 66 019
| align="right" | 136 375
| align="right" | 7.20
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 67 792
| align="right" | 64 584
| align="right" | 132 376
| align="right" | 6.99
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 60 966
| align="right" | 61 455
| align="right" | 122 421
| align="right" | 6.47
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 63 622
| align="right" | 66 825
| align="right" | 130 447
| align="right" | 6.89
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 60 765
| align="right" | 67 333
| align="right" | 128 098
| align="right" | 6.77
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 61 409
| align="right" | 72 108
| align="right" | 133 517
| align="right" | 7.05
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 58 392
| align="right" | 75 130
| align="right" | 133 522
| align="right" | 7.05
|-
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | 44 750
| align="right" | 66 714
| align="right" | 111 464
| align="right" | 5.89
|-
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | 34 143
| align="right" | 59 652
| align="right" | 93 795
| align="right" | 4.95
|-
| align="right" | 75–79
| align="right" | 23 578
| align="right" | 51 380
| align="right" | 74 958
| align="right" | 3.96
|-
| align="right" | 80–84
| align="right" | 18 166
| align="right" | 47 524
| align="right" | 65 690
| align="right" | 3.47
|-
| align="right" | 85–89
| align="right" | 7 544
| align="right" | 24 706
| align="right" | 32 250 
| align="right" | 1.70
|-
| align="right" | 90–94
| align="right" | 2 572
| align="right" | 10 412
| align="right" | 12 984
| align="right" | 0.69
|-
| align="right" | 95–99
| align="right" | 317
| align="right" | 2 050
| align="right" | 2 367
| align="right" | 0.13
|-
| align="right" | 100+
| align="right" | 35
| align="right" | 155
| align="right" | 190
| align="right" | 0.01
|-
! width="50"|Age group 
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 156 188
| align="right" | 146 790
| align="right" | 302 978
| align="right" | 16.00
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 587 932
| align="right" | 608 615
| align="right" | 1 196 547
| align="right" | 63.20
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 131 105
| align="right" | 262 593
| align="right" | 393 698
| align="right" | 20.80
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

== Immigration ==
Illegal [[Immigration to Latvia|immigration in Latvia]] has traditionally been from neighboring countries but now migrants also come from other areas such as Latin America, Southeast Asia and Africa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Illegal immigrants from Africa and Latin America increase in Latvia |work=[[The Baltic Times]] |url=http://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/21117 |access-date=15 April 2012 |archive-date=17 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217062717/http://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/21117/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Latvian government have sought to work with Russia to stem the problem.<ref>{{cite news |title=Estonia urges cooperation with Russia in fighting illegal immigration |work=Baltic Review |url=http://baltic-review.com/2010/03/estonia-urges-cooperation-with-russia-in-fighting-illegal-immigration/ |url-status=dead |access-date=15 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414155948/http://baltic-review.com/2010/03/estonia-urges-cooperation-with-russia-in-fighting-illegal-immigration/ |archive-date=14 April 2012}}</ref> In 2009 the [[US State Department]] criticized Latvia for its treatment of illegal immigrants.<ref>{{cite news |title=2009 Human Rights Report: Latvia |work=[[US State Department]] |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eur/136040.htm |access-date=15 April 2012 |archive-date=27 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327175616/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eur/136040.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

For an [[immigrant]] not to become an illegal resident, a [[License|permit]] is required for a foreign national or a [[stateless person]] wishing to reside in the [[Republic of Latvia]] for more than 90 days within a 6-month period,<ref>{{cite news |title=Statistics show immigration in Latvia is growing |work=Baltic Legal |url=http://blog.baltic-legal.com/page-immigration-in-latvia-is-growing-recently-migration-statistics-2012-aug.htm |access-date=18 August 2012 |archive-date=17 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817121156/http://blog.baltic-legal.com/page-immigration-in-latvia-is-growing-recently-migration-statistics-2012-aug.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> thus if the person does not acquire himself a residence permit, he will be considered an illegal immigrant.

===Latvia migration data, 1990–present===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Immigration !! Emigration !! Net Migration
|-
| 1990 || 32,285 || 45,370 || −13,085
|-
| 1991 || 14,684 || 29,729 || −15,045
|-
| 1992 || 6,199 || 59,673 || −53,474
|-
| 1993 || 4,114 || 36,447 || −32,333
|-
| 1994 || 3,046 || 25,869 || −22,823
|-
| 1995 || 2,799 || 16,512 || −13,713
|-
| 1996 || 2,747 || 12,828 || −10,081
|-
| 1997 || 2,913 || 12,333 || −9,420
|-
| 1998 || 3,123 || 8,874 || −5,751
|-
| 1999 || 1,813 || 5,898 || −4,085
|-
| 2000 || 6,483 || 22,911 || −16,428
|-
| 2001 || 5,376 || 24,539 || −19,163
|-
| 2002 || 6,642 || 15,837 || −9,195
|-
| 2003 || 4,063 || 15,647 || −11,584
|-
| 2004 || 4,844 || 20,167 || −15,323
|-
| 2005 || 6,691 || 17,643 || −10,952
|-
| 2006 || 8,212 || 17,019 || −8,807
|-
| 2007 || 7,517 || 15,463 || −7,946
|-
| 2008 || 4,678 || 27,045 || −22,367
|-
| 2009 || 3,731 || 38,208 || −34,477
|-
| 2010 || 4,011 || 39,651 || −35,640
|-
| 2011 || 10,234 || 30,311 || −20,077
|-
| 2012 || 13,303 || 25,163 || −11,860
|-
| 2013 || 8,299 || 22,561 || −14,262
|-
| 2014 || 10,365 || 19,017 || −8,652
|-
| 2015 || 9,479 || 20,119 || −10,640
|-
| 2016 || 8,345 || 20,574 || −12,229
|-
| 2017 || 9,916 || 17,724 || −7,808
|-
| 2018 || 10,909 || 15,814 || −4,905
|-
| 2019 || 11,223 || 14,583 || −3,360
|-
| 2020 || 8,840 || 11,990 || −3,150
|-
| 2021 || 12,689 || 12,975 || −286
|-
| 2022 || 38,708 || 16,680 || 22,028
|-
| 2023 || 18,710 || 16,295 || 2,415
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Largest groups of foreign citizens
!Rank
!Nationality 
!Population (2019)<ref>{{cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.pmlp.gov.lv/lv/assets/S%20PUA%20izversts%20uz%2031.12.19..pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723190604/https://www.pmlp.gov.lv/lv/assets/S%20PUA%20izversts%20uz%2031.12.19..pdf |archive-date=23 July 2020 |access-date=23 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|1
|{{flag|Russia}}
|42,243
|-
|2
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Lithuania}}
|2,790
|-
|3
|{{flag|Ukraine}}
|2,413
|-
|4
|{{flag|Belarus}}
|1,630
|-
|5
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Estonia}}
|611
|-
|6
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Germany}}
|304
|-
|7
|{{flag|Israel}}
|201
|-
|8
|{{flag|Armenia}}
|188
|-
|9
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Poland}}
|176
|-
|10
|{{flag|United States}}
|171
|-
|11
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
|169
|-
|12
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|151
|-
|13
|{{flag|Moldova}}
|134
|-
|14
|{{flag|China}}
|128
|-
|15
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|118
|-
|16
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}
|115
|-
|17
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Denmark}}
|96
|-
|18
|{{flag|Georgia}}
|88
|-
|19
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Sweden}}
|86
|-
|20
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Italy}}
|82
|}

==Ethnic groups==
Latvia's indigenous population has been ravaged numerous times throughout history. The earliest such event occurred during the conquest of Latvia by [[Peter the Great]] in the [[Great Northern War]] with [[Swedish Empire|Sweden]].

In 1897, the first official census in this area indicated that Latvians formed 68.3% of the total population of 1.93 million; Russians accounted for 7.9%, Jews for 7.4%, Germans for 6.2%, and Poles for 3.4%. The remainder were Lithuanians, Estonians, Romani, and various other nationalities.

The demographics shifted greatly in the 20th century due to the world wars, the expulsion of the [[Baltic Germans]], the [[Holocaust]], and [[Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic|occupation]] by the [[Soviet Union]]. Today, only the Russian minority, which has tripled in numbers since 1935, remains important. The share of ethnic Latvians fell from 75% (1,472,612) in 1935 to 52% (1,387,757) in 1989, after human loss in World War II and human deportation and other repressive measures.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|+ Population of Latvia according to ethnic group 1897–2023
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! rowspan="2" | Ethnic<br />group
! colspan="2" | census 1897<ref name="saknes">{{cite web |url=http://www.roots-saknes.lv/Ethnicities/ethnicities_statistics.htm |title=Ethnicities in region of Latvia. Statistics |publisher=roots-saknes.lv |access-date=2 January 2010 |archive-date=24 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524135837/http://www.roots-saknes.lv/Ethnicities/ethnicities_statistics.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
! colspan="2" | census 1925<ref name="saknes" />
! colspan="2" | census 1935<ref name="saknes" />
! colspan="2" | census 1959<ref>{{cite web |url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_59.php |script-title=ru:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1959 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР |publisher=demoscope.ru |language=ru |access-date=2 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316172652/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_59.php |archive-date=16 March 2010}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | census 1970<ref>{{cite web |url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_70.php |script-title=ru:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР |publisher=demoscope.ru |language=ru |access-date=2 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203151519/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_70.php |archive-date=3 December 2009}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | census 1979<ref>{{cite web |url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_79.php |script-title=ru:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР |publisher=demoscope.ru |language=ru |access-date=2 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324145212/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_79.php |archive-date=24 March 2010}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | census 1989<ref>{{cite web |url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php |script-title=ru:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР |publisher=demoscope.ru |language=ru |access-date=2 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316172713/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php |archive-date=16 March 2010}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | census 2000<ref name="csb">{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.lv/lv/latvia/integracija/integracijas-politikacopy/ |title=Integrācijas politika Latvijā: daudzpusīga pieeja |language=lv|date=10 April 2010 |access-date=26 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510003403/http://www.mfa.gov.lv/lv/latvia/integracija/integracijas-politikacopy/ |archive-date=10 May 2011}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | census 2011<ref name="csb.gov.lv"/>
! colspan="2" | census 2021<ref name="stat.gov.lv" />
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
|-
| [[Latvian people|Latvians]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,318,112
| style="text-align:right;"| 68.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,354,126
| style="text-align:right;"| 73.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,472,612
| style="text-align:right;"| 75.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,297,881
| style="text-align:right;"| 62.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,341,805
| style="text-align:right;"| 56.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,344,105
| style="text-align:right;"| 53.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,387,757
| style="text-align:right;"| 52.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,370,703
| style="text-align:right;"| 57.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,285,136
| style="text-align:right;"| 62.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,187,891
| style="text-align:right;"| 62.7
|-
| [[Russians]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 152,681
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 193,648
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 206,499
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 556,448
| style="text-align:right;"| 26.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 704,599
| style="text-align:right;"| 29.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 821,464
| style="text-align:right;"| 32.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 905,515
| style="text-align:right;"| 34.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 703,243
| style="text-align:right;"| 29.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 557,119
| style="text-align:right;"| 26.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 463,587
| style="text-align:right;"| 24.5
|-
| [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | —
| style="text-align:right;" | 512
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.03
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,844
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.09
| style="text-align:right;" | 29,440
| style="text-align:right;" | 1.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 53,461
| style="text-align:right;" | 2.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 66,703
| style="text-align:right;" | 2.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 92,101
| style="text-align:right;" | 3.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 63,644
| style="text-align:right;" | 2.7
| style="text-align:right;" | 45,798
| style="text-align:right;" | 2.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 42,282
| style="text-align:right;" | 2.2
|-
| [[Belarusians]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 79,523
| style="text-align:right;" | 4.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 38,010
| style="text-align:right;" | 2.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 26,867
| style="text-align:right;" | 1.4
| style="text-align:right;" | 61,587
| style="text-align:right;" | 2.9
| style="text-align:right;" | 94,898
| style="text-align:right;" | 4.0
| style="text-align:right;" | 111,505
| style="text-align:right;" | 4.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 119,702
| style="text-align:right;" | 4.5
| style="text-align:right;" | 97,150
| style="text-align:right;" | 4.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 68,202
| style="text-align:right;" | 3.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 58,632
| style="text-align:right;" | 3.1
|-
| [[Polish people|Poles]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 65,056
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 51,143
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 48,949
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 59,774
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 63,045
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 62,690
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 60,416
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 59,505
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 44,772
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 37,203
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.0
|-
| [[Lithuanian people|Lithuanians]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 26,033
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 23,192
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 22,913
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 32,383
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 40,589
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 37,818
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 34,630
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 33,430
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 24,479
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.2
| style="text-align:right;" | 21,517
|1.1
|-
| [[Romani people|Roma]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,870
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,839
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,301
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,427
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,134
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 7,044
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 8,205
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,489
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 4,838
|0.3
|-
| [[Jew]]s
| style="text-align:right;"| 142,315
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 95,675
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 93,479
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 36,592
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 36,680
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 28,331
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 22,897
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 10,385
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,437
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.3
| style="text-align:right;" | 4,372
|0.2
|-
| [[Germans]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 120,191
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 70,964
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 62,144
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,609
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.08
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,413
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,299
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,783
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,465
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,042
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,447
|0.1
|-
| [[Estonians]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 17,990
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.93
| style="text-align:right;"| 7,893
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 7,014
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,610
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,334
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,681
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,312
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,652
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,007
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.1
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,587
|0.1
|-
| [[Livonians]]
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,268
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.07
| style="text-align:right;"| 944
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.05
| style="text-align:right;"| 185
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.01
| style="text-align:right;"| 48
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 107
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 135
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.01
| style="text-align:right;"| 180
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.01
| style="text-align:right;"| 250
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.01
| style="text-align:right;" | 202
|0.01
|-
| Others
| style="text-align:right;"| 7,486
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.39
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,504
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,398
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 8,648
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 13,828
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 16,979
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 29,275
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 24,824
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 26,640
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 68,665
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.6
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! style="text-align:left;"| Total
! colspan="2" | 1,929,387
! colspan="2" | 1,844,805
! colspan="2" | 1,950,502
! colspan="2" | 2,093,458
! colspan="2" | 2,364,127
! colspan="2" | 2,502,816
! colspan="2" | 2,666,567
! colspan="2" | 2,377,383
! colspan="2" | 2,070,371
! colspan="2" | 1,893,223
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|+ Population of Latvia according to ethnic group 2021–2024
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! rowspan="2" | Ethnic<br />group
! colspan="2" |2021 statistics<ref name=":0" />
! colspan="2" |2022 statistics<ref name=":0" />
! colspan="2" |2023 statistics <ref name=":0" />
! colspan="2" |2024 statistics <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=data.stat.gov |title=2024 Nationalities |url=https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRV/IRE060/table/tableViewLayout1/ |website=PxWeb}}</ref>
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
|-
| [[Latvian people|Latvians]]
|1,187,891
|62.74%
|1,181,534
|62.99%
|1,175,902
|62.45%
|1,171,070
|62.56%
|-
| [[Russians]]
|463,587
|24.49%
|454,350
|24.22%
|445,612
|23.66%
|437,587
|23.38%
|-
| [[Ukrainians]]
|42,282
|2.23%
|41,895
|2.23%
|56,675
|3.01%
|59,597
|3.18%
|-
| [[Belarusians]]
|58,632
|3.10%
|57,319
|3.06%
|55,929
|2.97%
|54,645
|2.92%
|-
| [[Polish people|Poles]]
|37,203
|1.97%
|36,276
|1.93%
|35,446
|1.88%
|34,782
|1.86%
|-
| [[Lithuanian people|Lithuanians]]
|21,517
|1.14%
|21,046
|1.12%
|20,530
|1.09%
|20,155        
|1.08%
|-
| [[Romani people|Roma]]
|4,838
|0.26%
|4,784
|0.26%
|4,677
|0.25%
|4,630        
|0.25%
|-
| [[Jew]]s
|4,372
|0.23%
|4,231
|0.23%
|4,076
|0.22%
|4,019        
|0.21%
|-
| [[Estonians]]
|1,587
|0.08%
|1,536
|0.08%
|1,478
|0.08%
|1,455        
|0.08%
|-
| '''Other ethnicities,''' 
'''including not selected'''

'''and not indicated ethnicity'''
|71,314
|3.77%
|72,786
|3.88%
|82,683
|4.39%
|83,942
|4.48%
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! style="text-align:left;" | Total
! colspan="2" |1,893,223
! colspan="2" |1,875,757
! colspan="2" |1,883,008
! colspan="2" |1,871,882
|}
<gallery mode="nolines" widths="360" heights="360">
File:Ethnic composition of Latvia.png|Ethnic composition of Latvia in 2024
File:Латвия.ру.png|Distribution of russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians in 2011
File:Latvijas novadi.rus.png|Distribution of russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians in 2011
File:Ethnic groups in Latvia.png|Number of ethnic Latvians and Russians 1925-2009
File:Smaller minorities in Latvia.jpg|Number of smaller ethnic minorities 1925-2009
</gallery>{{Clear}}

==Languages==
{{see also|Language policy in Latvia|Russian language in Latvia}}
{| style="float:right;"
|-
| {{bar box
|title=Main language spoken at home in Latvia, 2011 census<ref name="Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.csb.gov.lv/sites/default/files/publikacijas/nr_13_2011gada_tautas_skaitisanas_rezultati_isuma_12_00_lv.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=23 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114002352/http://www.csb.gov.lv/sites/default/files/publikacijas/nr_13_2011gada_tautas_skaitisanas_rezultati_isuma_12_00_lv.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=250px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Latvian language|Latvian]]|#9E3039|62.1}}
{{bar percent|[[Russian language|Russian]]|Blue|37.2}}
{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.7}}
}}
|}
* official: [[Latvian language|Latvian]]<ref name="Official Language Law">{{cite web |url=http://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/14740-official-language-law |title=Official Language Law |author=Saeima |work=Likumi.lv |publisher=[[Latvijas Vēstnesis]] |date=21 December 1999 |access-date=26 June 2020 |archive-date=23 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823143730/https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/14740-official-language-law |url-status=live }}</ref>
* considered indigenous in some legislation: [[Livonian language|Livonian]], [[Latgalian language|Latgalian]]<ref name="Official Language Law"/>
* other languages registered as main language spoken at home by at least 500 speakers in 2011 census (in declining order): [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Romani language|Romani]], [[Tatar language|Tatar]], [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Estonian language|Estonian]], [[German language|German]]<ref name="Census"/>
* other languages widely spoken: [[English language|English]] (46%)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf|title=SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 386 Europeans and their Languages|website=Ec.europa.eu|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-date=6 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106183351/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Latvian Sign Language]] (legally recognised and supported)<ref name="Official Language Law"/> and [[Russian Sign Language]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meulder|first=Maartje De|date=2015|title=The Legal Recognition of Sign Languages|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sls.2015.0018|journal=Sign Language Studies|volume=15|issue=4|pages=498–506|doi=10.1353/sls.2015.0018|s2cid=146701917|issn=1533-6263}}</ref>

In the 2011 [[census]], 1,164,894 persons in Latvia reported Latvian as their main language spoken at home; 698,757 respondents listed Russian as their main language spoken at home,<ref name="Census"/> representing 37.2% of the total population, whereas Latvian was recorded as the main language spoken at home for 62.1%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.csb.gov.lv/Table.aspx?layout=tableViewLayout1&px_tableid=TSG11-07.px&px_path=tautassk_11__2011.gada%20tautas%20skait%C4%AB%C5%A1anas%20gal%C4%ABgie%20rezult%C4%81ti&px_language=lv&px_db=tautassk_11&rxid=992a0682-2c7d-4148-b242-7b48ff9fe0c2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227144111/http://data.csb.gov.lv/Table.aspx?layout=tableViewLayout1&px_tableid=TSG11-07.px&px_path=tautassk_11__2011.gada%20tautas%20skait%C4%AB%C5%A1anas%20gal%C4%ABgie%20rezult%C4%81ti&px_language=lv&px_db=tautassk_11&rxid=992a0682-2c7d-4148-b242-7b48ff9fe0c2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 February 2014 |title=Latvijas statistikas datubāzes |access-date=23 February 2014}}</ref> Latvian was spoken as a second language by 20.8% of the population, and 43.7% spoke Russian as a second language.<ref>LR CSP preses izlaidums: [http://dev.eurac.edu:8085/mugs2/do/blob.doc?type=doc&serial=1022597092498 2000. Gada Tautas Skaitīšana Latvijā; 07.11.2000.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060911011214/http://dev.eurac.edu:8085/mugs2/do/blob.doc?type=doc&serial=1022597092498 |date=11 September 2006}}{{in lang|lv}}</ref> In total, 71% of ethnic Latvians said they could speak Russian, and 52% of Russians could speak Latvian in the 2000 census.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vvk.lv/index.php?sadala=129&id=389|title=Valsts valoda{{Snd}} Statistiska|website=Vvk.lv|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011121119/http://www.vvk.lv/index.php?sadala=129&id=389|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| style="float:right;"
|-
| {{bar box
|title=Main language spoken at home in Latvia, end 2017 data<ref name="end 2017 data"/>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=250px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Latvian language|Latvian]]|#9E3039|64.0}}
{{bar percent|[[Russian language|Russian]]|Blue|34.6}}
{{bar percent|Other|grey|1.4}}
}}
|}
In August 2019, the Central Statistical Bureau published new data indicating that Latvian was the native language of 60.8% of Latvia's population per 1 January 2018, a 2.6% increase compared to the 2000 census. 62.2% of the population was 'ethnically Latvian'. The percentage of native Latvian speakers increased in all [[Statistical regions of Latvia|statistical regions]], especially in the Rīga capital region and Pierīga region around it (4.6%). The number of native Russian speakers dropped in all regions; in Latgale, the number of native Russian speakers also dropped, although their percentage remained the same at 55.5%, the highest of the country. Compared to the 2011 census, the share of people speaking Latvian at home rose by 1.9%, while the number of Russian home speakers dropped by 2.6%. 90.7% of ethnic Russians indicated they spoke Russian at home, while 8.5% of them indicated they spoke Latvian at home. Inter-linguistic marriage was an important factor why, for example, some non-native Latvian speakers who married native Latvian speakers switched to speaking Latvian at home. The percentage of Russian home speakers gradually increased with age from 30.0% amongst 0–4-year-olds to 44.2% amongst 55–64-year-olds, while Latvian home speakers gradually decreased with age from 69.2% amongst 0–4-year-olds to 55.0% amongst 55–64-year-olds, indicating that children in Latvia are increasingly being raised and educated in Latvian.<ref name="end 2017 data">{{cite web |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/society/latvian-is-the-mother-tongue-of-608-of-the-population-of-latvia.a327656/ |title=Latvian is the mother tongue of 60.8% of the population of Latvia |work=lsm.lv |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia]] |date=5 August 2019 |access-date=26 June 2020 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117165919/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/society/latvian-is-the-mother-tongue-of-608-of-the-population-of-latvia.a327656/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Religion==
{{Main|Religion in Latvia}}
{{Bar box
| title=Religion in Latvia (2011)<ref name="Tieslietu Ministrija"/>
| float=right
| bars=
{{Bar percent|[[Lutheranism]]|DodgerBlue|34.2}}
{{Bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism]]|DarkOrchid|24.1}}
{{Bar percent|[[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox]]|Crimson|17.8}}
{{Bar percent|[[Old Believers]]|DeepPink|1.6}}
{{Bar percent|Other Christian|RoyalBlue|1.2}}
{{Bar percent|Other or [[irreligion|none]]|SlateGray|21.1}}
}}
The largest religion in Latvia is [[Christianity]] (79%),<ref name="Tieslietu Ministrija"/> though only about 7% of the population attends religious services regularly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christiantoday.com/article/trust.in.religious.institutions.does.not.convey.to.church.attendance/1462.htm|title=Trust in Religious Institutions does not convey to Church Attendance|publisher=Christian Today|date=23 September 2004|access-date=28 July 2007|author=Eunice K. Y. Or|archive-date=8 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508214033/https://www.christiantoday.com/article/trust.in.religious.institutions.does.not.convey.to.church.attendance/1462.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The largest groups {{As of|2011|lc=y}} were:
* [[Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia]]&nbsp;– 700,000 <ref name="Tieslietu Ministrija" />
* [[Roman Catholicism in Latvia|Roman Catholic]]&nbsp;– 500,000<ref name="Tieslietu Ministrija">{{cite web|url=http://www.tm.gov.lv/lv/labumi/TM.docx |title=Tieslietu ministrijā iesniegtie reliģisko organizāciju pārskati par darbību 2011. gadā |language=lv |access-date=25 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126013327/http://www.tm.gov.lv/lv/labumi/TM.docx |archive-date=26 November 2012}}</ref>
* [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox]]&nbsp;– 400,000<ref name="Tieslietu Ministrija" />

In the [[Eurobarometer|Eurobarometer Poll]] 2010, 38% of Latvian citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", while 48% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 11% stated that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force".

Lutheranism was more prominent before the Soviet occupation, when it was a majority religion of ~60% due to strong historical links with the [[Nordic countries]] and influence of the [[Hanseatic League|Hansa]], and [[Germany]] in general. Since then, Lutheranism has declined to a slightly greater extent than Roman Catholicism in all three [[Baltic states]]. The Evangelical Lutheran Church, with an estimated 600,000 members in 1956, was affected most adversely. An internal document of 18 March 1987, near the end of communist rule, spoke of an active membership that had shrunk to only 25,000 in Latvia, but the faith has since experienced a revival.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/latvia/SOCIETY.html |title=Latvia&nbsp;– SOCIETY |publisher=Mongabay.com |date=18 March 1987 |access-date=12 August 2010 |archive-date=19 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919154752/http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/latvia/SOCIETY.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Moreover, modern [[Evangelical Protestant]] denominations are spreading worldwide, including Latvia. The country's Orthodox Christians belong to the [[Latvian Orthodox Church]], a semi-autonomous body within the [[Russian Orthodox Church]]. In 2011, there were 416 [[Jews]] and 319 [[Islam in Latvia|Muslims]] living in Latvia.<ref name="Tieslietu Ministrija"/>

There are more than 600 Latvian [[neopaganism|neopagan]]s, ''[[Dievturi]]'', whose religion is based on [[Latvian mythology]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bibelesbiedriba.lv/religiju-enciklopedija/statistika.html|title=Statistics of approved parishes in Latvia|date=1 January 2004|access-date=7 March 2007|work=Reliģiju Enciklopēdija|publisher=The Latvian Bible Society|language=lv|archive-date=5 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205160945/http://www.bibelesbiedriba.lv/religiju-enciklopedija/statistika.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> About 21% of the total population is not affiliated with a specific religion.<ref name="Tieslietu Ministrija"/>

== Depopulation ==
Latvia is one of the most depopulating countries in the world, losing about 20,000 people every year. Between 1990 and 2024, Latvia's population decreased by 780,000 people, from 2.66 million to 1.88 million, or 30%, and continues to decline. Over the next thirty years Latvia will lose another 23.5% as a result of continued depopulation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Henley |first=Jon |date=16 November 2022 |title=‘Without enough Latvians, we won’t be Latvia’: eastern Europe’s shrinking population |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/16/latvia-baltic-population-demographic-crisis |access-date=9 September 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

According to [[OECD]] estimates, the causes of depopulation are very high emigration,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hazans |first=Mihails |date=1 January 2013 |title=Emigration from Latvia: Recent trends and economic impact |url=https://www.academia.edu/48273611/Emigration_from_Latvia_Recent_trends_and_economic_impact |journal=Coping with Emigration in Baltic and East European Countries}}</ref> especially of national minorities, high consumption of alcohol <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alcohol consumption |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/alcohol-consumption.html |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=OECD |language=en}}</ref> and tobacco, low quality of health care and their concentration in large cities,<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2023 |title=Far behind Riga: Latvia’s problems with uneven development |url=https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2023-03-15/far-behind-riga-latvias-problems-uneven-development |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=OSW Centre for Eastern Studies |language=en}}</ref> and demographic transition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2024 |title=Looking for a way out: Latvia’s demographic crisis |url=https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/komentarze-osw/2024-07-16/w-poszukiwaniu-drogi-wyjscia-lotwa-wobec-kryzysu |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=OSW Centre for Eastern Studies |language=en}}</ref>

By 2045, Latvia's population is projected to be 1.5 million, and by 2060 it is expected to be smaller than [[Estonia]]'s population. By 2100, Latvia's population is expected to fall to just 1.16 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latvia's population could fall to 1 million by century's end |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/society/30.03.2023-latvias-population-could-fall-to-1-million-by-centurys-end.a502489/ |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=eng.lsm.lv |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Latvia's population decline this century set to be EU's steepest |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/society/18.04.2023-latvias-population-decline-this-century-set-to-be-eus-steepest.a505327/ |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=eng.lsm.lv |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Aging of Europe]]
* [[List of cities in the Baltic states by population]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041228043628/http://www.np.gov.lv/index.php?en=fakti_en Naturalization Board of the Republic of Latvia: Figures and facts]
* [http://www.pmlp.gov.lv/lv/statistika/index.html;jsessionid=A69CE41F026907FC67BA54701900BF7C Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs: Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717180051/http://www.pmlp.gov.lv/lv/statistika/index.html;jsessionid=A69CE41F026907FC67BA54701900BF7C |date=17 July 2011 }}

{{Latvia topics}}
{{Demographics of Europe}}

[[Category:Demographics of Latvia| ]]
[[Category:Society of Latvia]]