Editing Demographics of Italy

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox place demographics
 | place  =[[Italy]]
|image              = [[File:Italy Population Pyramid.svg|350px]]
|caption            = Population pyramid of Italy as of January 1st, 2023
|size_of_population = {{decrease}} 58,934,177 (31 December 2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?i=D7B&l=it | title=Istat: Bilancio demografico Mensile}}</ref>
|growth             = {{decrease}} -0.06% (2024)
|birth              = {{decrease}} 6.3 births/1,000 population (2024)
|death              = {{decreasePositive}} 10.4 deaths/1,000 population (2024)
|fertility          = {{decrease}} 1.18 children born/woman (2024)
|infant_mortality   = {{decreasePositive}} 3.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2015)<ref>{{cite web |title=La mortalità in Italia sotto i 5 anni: aggiornamento dei dati per causa, territorio e cittadinanza |url=https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/222483 |website=Istat.it |date=18 October 2018 |publisher=[[Istat]] |access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref>
|life               = {{increase}} 83.4 years (2024)
|life_male          = {{increase}} 81.4 years
|life_female        = {{increase}} 85.5 years
|total_mf_ratio     =
|sr_at_birth        =
|sr_under_15        =
|sr_15-64_years     =
|sr_65_years_over   =
|net_migration      = {{increaseNeutral}} 1.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020)
|age_0–14_years     = {{decrease}} 12.89%
|age_15–64_years    = {{decrease}} 63.57%
|age_65_years       = {{increaseNegative}} 23.54%
|nation=''noun'': Italian(s) ''adjective'': Italian
|major_ethnic = [[Italians]] (91.0%) <small>(Native)</small>
|minor_ethnic = {{unbulleted list
|{{Tree list}}
* [[Sicilians]] <small>(Native)</small>
* [[Sardinian people|Sardinians]] <small>(Native)</small>
* [[Romanians]] (2.2%)
* [[Albanians]] (1.5%)
* [[Moroccans]] (0.8%)
* [[Ukrainians]] (0.8%)
* [[Germans]] (0.7%)
* [[Chinese people|Chinese]] (0.6%)
* [[Bengalis|Bengali]] (0.5%)
* [[French people|French]] (0.5%)
* [[Indian people|Indians]] (0.3%)
* [[Brazilians]] (0.3%)
* [[Romani people|Romanis]] (0.3%)
* [[Greeks]] (0.3%)
* [[Peruvians]] (0.3%)
* [[Polish people|Poles]] (0.3%)
* [[Slovenes]] (0.2%)
{{tree list/end}}
}}
|official = [[Italian language|Italian]]
|spoken   = [[Languages of Italy]]
}}

[[File:Italy Animated Population Pyramid.gif|thumb|upright=1.7|Animated population pyramid 1982–2021. Those born during the World wars are marked in dark]]

[[demography|Demographic]] features of the population of [[Italy]] include [[population density]], [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]], education level, health of the populace, economic status, [[Religion in Italy|religious affiliations]] and other aspects.

At the beginning of 2024, Italy had an estimated population of 58.9&nbsp;million. Its population density, at {{convert|195.7|PD/km2}}, is higher than that of most Western European countries. However, the distribution of the population is very uneven: the most densely populated areas are the [[Po Valley]] (with about a third of the country's population) in [[northern Italy]] and the metropolitan areas of [[Rome]] and [[Naples]] in [[Central Italy|central]] and [[southern Italy]], while large rural areas are very sparsely populated, like the plateaus of [[Basilicata]], the [[Alps]] and [[Apennines]] highlands, and the island of [[Sardinia]].

The population of the country almost doubled during the 20th century, but the pattern of growth was extremely uneven due to large-scale [[Internal migration in Italy|internal migration from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North]], due to the [[Italian economic miracle]] of the 1950s and 1960s. In addition, after centuries of net emigration, since the 1980s Italy has experienced large-scale immigration for the first time in modern history. Italian government data, in its annual report for 2019, estimated the number of foreign nationals residing within Italy, including immigrants, at about 5.234 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.istat.it/storage/rapporto-annuale/2019/capitolo3.pdf |title=Tendenze demografiche|website=istat.it|access-date=11 November 2023|language=it}}</ref> Due to such large-scale [[Immigration to Italy|immigration]] to the country, particularly from the early 2000s to 2014, the population peaked at 60.79 million. Since then, decreasing migration, a continuously falling birth rate, and continuous aging have led to a sharp decrease in the Italian population.

High fertility and birth rates persisted until the 1970s, after which they started to dramatically decline, leading to rapid population aging. At the end of the 2000s decade, one in five Italians was over 65 years old.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-08-072/EN/KS-SF-08-072-EN.PDF |title=Ageing characterises the demographic perspectives of the European societies – Issue number 72/2008 |author=[[EUROSTAT]] |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102184227/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-08-072/EN/KS-SF-08-072-EN.PDF |archive-date=2 January 2009}}</ref> Italy experienced a short-term growth in birth rates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://demo.istat.it/altridati/indicatori/2008/Tab_1.pdf|title=Crude birth rates, mortality rates and marriage rates 2005–2008|author=[[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]]|access-date=10 May 2009|language=it|archive-date=10 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810171721/http://demo.istat.it/altridati/indicatori/2008/Tab_1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The total fertility rate temporarily rose from an all-time low of 1.18 children per woman in 1995 to 1.46 in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://demo.istat.it/altridati/indicatori/2008/Tab_4.pdf|title=Average number of children born per woman 2005–2008|author=[[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]]|access-date=3 May 2009|language=it|archive-date=10 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810171708/http://demo.istat.it/altridati/indicatori/2008/Tab_4.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since then, fertility rates have resumed their decline, to reach a low of 1.24 in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/births-italy-heading-new-record-low-2023-stats-office-2023-10-26/#:~:text=ISTAT%20said%20in%20its%20report,woman%20from%201.24%20in%202022.|title=Births in Italy heading for new record low in 2023 - stats office|website=reuters|access-date=3 January 2024|language=en}}</ref>

Since the revision of the [[Lateran Treaty]] in 1984, Italy has no official religion, although it continues to recognize the role the [[Catholic Church]] plays in Italian society. In 2017, 78% of the population identified as Catholic, 15% as non-believers or atheists, 2% as other Christians and 6% adhered to other religions.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP">{{cite web|url=http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/05/24150841/Full-Topline-FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf|title=Being Christian in Western Europe|date=2018|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=5 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802131920/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/05/24150841/Full-Topline-FINAL-FOR-PUBLICATION.pdf|archive-date=2 August 2019|url-status=dead|page=22}}</ref>

==Historical overview==

===1861 to early 20th century===
{{main|Italian diaspora}}
[[File:Map of the Italian Diaspora in the World.svg|thumb|Map of the [[Italian diaspora]] in the world]]

From [[Unification of Italy|its unification]] in 1861 to the [[Italian economic miracle]] of the 1950s and 1960s, Italy has been a country of mass emigration. Between 1898 and 1914, the peak years of [[Italian diaspora]], approximately 750,000 Italians emigrated each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.thinkquest.org/26786/en/articles/view.php3?arKey=4&paKey=7&loKey=0&evKey=&toKey=&torKey=&tolKey= |title=Causes of the Italian mass emigration |publisher=ThinkQuest Library |date=15 August 1999 |access-date=30 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101010015938/http://library.thinkquest.org/26786/en/articles/view.php3?arKey=4&paKey=7&loKey=0&evKey=&toKey=&torKey=&tolKey= |archive-date=10 October 2010}}</ref> As a consequence, large numbers of people with full or significant Italian ancestry are found in Brazil (32&nbsp;million [[Italian Brazilians]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ambbrasilia.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Brasilia/Menu/I_rapporti_bilaterali/Cooperazione_politica/Storia/|title=Dati dell'ambasciata italiana in Brasile|access-date=10 February 2018|language=it|archive-date=15 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715015426/http://www.ambbrasilia.esteri.it/Ambasciata_Brasilia/Menu/I_rapporti_bilaterali/Cooperazione_politica/Storia/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.italplanet.it/interna.asp?sez=143&info=2344&ln=0|title=Italiani in Brasile|access-date=10 February 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203232051/http://www.italplanet.it/interna.asp?sez=143&info=2344&ln=0|archive-date=3 February 2009|language=it}}</ref> Argentina (25&nbsp;million [[Italian Argentines]]),<ref name=LaMatanza>{{cite web|url =http://infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar/noticia.php?titulo=historias_de_inmigrantes_italianos_en_argentina&id=1432#.U2cKkYHa70s |title=Historias de inmigrantes italianos en Argentina  |date=14 November 2011 |author =Departamento de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas de la [[National University of La Matanza|Universidad Nacional de La Matanza]] |publisher=infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715055112/http://argentinainvestiga.edu.ar/noticia.php?titulo=historias_de_inmigrantes_italianos_en_argentina&id=1432#.VaX01KR9VPw |archive-date=15 July 2015 |language=es |url-status=dead |quote=Se estima que en la actualidad, el 90% de la población argentina tiene alguna ascendencia europea y que al menos 25 millones están relacionados con algún inmigrante de Italia.}}</ref> United States (18&nbsp;million [[Italian Americans]]),<ref name="italianamericanstudies">{{cite web|url=https://www.italianamericanstudies.net/blogs/welcome-to-the-most-italian-place-in-the-united-states-its-in-new-jersey|title=Welcome to the most Italian place in the United States. It's in New Jersey|access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref> France (5&nbsp;million [[Italians in France|Italian French]]),<ref>"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BLo2RqGdv_wC&pg=PA143 The Cambridge survey of world migration]''". Robin Cohen (1995). [[Cambridge University Press]]. p. 143. {{ISBN |0-521-44405-5}}</ref> Venezuela (5&nbsp;million [[Italian Venezuelans]]),<ref name="ilgazzettino">{{Cite web|title="Noi veneti del Venezuela, siamo i nuovi profughi fantasma"|url=https://www.ilgazzettino.it/nordest/venezia/veneti_venezuela_profughi_fantasma-5025889.html|access-date=14 November 2021|website=www.ilgazzettino.it|date=3 February 2020|language=it}}</ref> Paraguay (2.5&nbsp;million [[Italian Paraguayans]]),<ref name="ABC Color">{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.com.py/articulos/los-italianos-y-su-aporte-a-la-nacion-259396.html|title = Los italianos y su aporte a la nación - Articulos - ABC Color}}</ref><ref name="ABC Color2">{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.com.py/nacionales/nacionalidad-italo-paraguaya-es-un-hecho-segun-embajador-italiano-1758782.html|title=Ya se puede sacar la nacionalidad italiana|access-date=29 May 2020|language=es}}</ref><ref name="Última Hora, 37%">{{cite web|url=https://www.ultimahora.com/destacan-influencia-migracion-italiana-la-sociedad-paraguaya-n1106382.html|title=Destacan influencia de migración italiana en la sociedad paraguaya|date=7 September 2017 |access-date=18 June 2020|language=es}}</ref> Colombia (2&nbsp;million [[Italian Colombian]]s),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilmondo.tv/it/notizie-emigrazione/3410-convenzioni-inps-estere-fedi-sollecita-nuova-zelanda-ma-anche-cile-e-filippine.html|title=Convenzioni Inps estere, Fedi sollecita Nuova Zelanda ma anche Cile e Filippine|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002829/http://www.ilmondo.tv/it/notizie-emigrazione/3410-convenzioni-inps-estere-fedi-sollecita-nuova-zelanda-ma-anche-cile-e-filippine.html|archive-date=9 February 2018|url-status=dead|language=it}}</ref> Uruguay (1.5&nbsp;million [[Italian Uruguayans]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotelsclick.com/hoteles/UY/Uruguay-DEMOGRAF%C3%ADA-5.html|title=- Uruguay - Info|website=www.hotelsclick.com}}</ref> Peru (1.5&nbsp;million [[Italian Peruvians]]),<ref name="Embajada de Italia en Perú, 540,000">{{cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/mundo/europa/embajador-italia-aca-hay-muchas-oportunidades-empresas-noticia-461242-noticia/ | title=Embajador de Italia en Perú: Acá hay muchas oportunidades para nuestras empresas | date=27 September 2017 | newspaper=El Comercio | access-date=22 December 2019 | last1=Giner Vásquez | first1=Renzo}}</ref> Canada (1.5&nbsp;million [[Italian Canadians]]),<ref name="Italian Canadians">{{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810033801|title=Ethnic or cultural origin by generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=2022-10-26|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=2022-10-26}}</ref> Germany (1.2&nbsp;million [[Italians in Germany|Italian Germans]])<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Recchi|first1=Ettore|last2=Baglioni|first2=Lorenzo Gabrielli e Lorenzo G.|date=2021-04-16|title=Italiani d'Europa: Quanti sono, dove sono? Una nuova stima sulla base dei profili di Facebook|url=https://www.neodemos.info/2021/04/16/italiani-deuropa-quanti-sono-dove-sono-una-nuova-stima-sulla-base-dei-profili-di-facebook/|access-date=2022-01-31|website=Neodemos|language=it-IT}}</ref> and Australia (1&nbsp;million [[Italian Australians]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013 |title=ABS Ancestry |year=2012}}</ref> In addition, Italian communities once thrived in the former African [[Italian colonial empire|colonies]] of [[Italian Eritrea|Eritrea]] (nearly 100,000 at the beginning of World War II),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilcornodafrica.it/rds-01emigrazione.pdf |title=Essay on Italian emigration to Eritrea (in Italian)|access-date=30 October 2010}}</ref> [[Italian Somaliland|Somalia]] and [[Italian Libya|Libya]] (150,000 [[Italian settlers in Libya|Italians settled in Libya]], constituting about 18% of the total Libyan population).<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339574/Libya/46562/Italian-colonization Libya – Italian colonization]. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</ref>

=== After World War II ===
[[File:Italians leave Pola.jpg|thumb|[[Istrian Italians]] leave [[Pula|Pola]] in 1947 during the [[Istrian-Dalmatian exodus]]]]

After [[Marshal Tito|Tito]]'s annexation of [[Istria]], [[Kvarner Gulf|Kvarner]], most of the [[Julian March]] as well as the [[Dalmatia]]n city of [[Zadar|Zara]] following the [[Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947]], up to 350,000 local ethnic [[Italians]] ([[Istrian Italians]] and [[Dalmatian Italians]]) left [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|communist Yugoslavia]] ([[Istrian–Dalmatian exodus]]).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_VCBtYq1H4C&pg=PA11|title=Istria|page=11|author1=Thammy Evans |author2=Rudolf Abraham |year=2013|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=9781841624457|name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref name="query.nytimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html|title=Election Opens Old Wounds in Trieste|author=James M. Markham|date=6 June 1987|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref> Furthermore, all of Libya's Italians were expelled after [[Libyan Revolution of 1969|Muammar Gaddafi's takeover]] in 1970.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4380360.stm Libya cuts ties to mark Italy era.]. BBC News. 27 October 2005.</ref>

As a result of the profound economic and social changes brought by rapid postwar economic growth, including low birth rates, an aging population and thus a shrinking workforce, by the 1970s emigration had all but stopped and Italy started to have a positive net migration rate.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bonifazi |first1=Corrado |last2=Heins |first2=Frank |last3=Strozza |first3=Salvatore |last4=Vitiello |first4=Mattia |title=Italy: The Italian transition from an emigration to immigration country |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267773953 |website=ResearchGate.net |publisher=Idea Working Papers |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref> The nation's immigrant population reached 5 million by 2015, making up some 8% of the total population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.istat.it/it/archivio/149003 |title=La popolazione straniera residente in Italia nel 2014 |language=it |date=12 February 2015 |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)]] |access-date=24 April 2015}}</ref> However, the long-lasting effects of the [[Eurozone crisis]] [[double-dip recession]] strongly slowed down immigration rates in Italy in the 2010s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Caponio |first1=Tiziana |last2=Cappiali |first2=Teresa |title=Italian Migration Policies in Times of Crisis: The Policy Gap Reconsidered |url=https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/60036/Main_article_Caponio_Cappiali_post-print.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=[[European University Institute]] |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref>

In calendar years 2020 and 2021, as a direct effect of [[COVID-19 pandemic in Italy|COVID-19 pandemic]] and [[SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant|Delta]][[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant|cron]] hybrid variant, Italy has registered at least 178,000 excess deaths, a reduction of about 1.4 years in the average [[life expectancy]], a noticeable decrease in birth rates and a marked decrease in immigration rates. Thus, there's a record natural population decline of 342,042 units in that{{clarify|date=April 2024}} year, the largest ever recorded since the start of the pandemic. During the first two years of the pandemic, Italy is one of the total number of highest excess deaths from all causes was the highest recorded since [[Italy in World War I|World War I]], [[Spanish flu pandemic]], [[Great Depression]], and [[Italy in World War II|World War II]].<ref name="id2020">{{cite web|access-date=3 May 2021|url=https://www.istat.it/it/files//2021/05/REPORT_INDICATORI-DEMOGRAFICI-2020.pdf|title=Indicatori demografici, anno 2020}}</ref>

In November 2022, Italy's birth rate declined to its lowest level on record since 1861, with fewer than 400,000 births recorded that year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S.A |first=Telewizja Polska |title=Italian population keeps shrinking as birth rate hits record low in 2022 |url=https://tvpworld.com/69039959/italian-population-keeps-shrinking-as-birth-rate-hits-record-low-in-2022 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=tvpworld.com |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424122019/https://tvpworld.com/69039959/italian-population-keeps-shrinking-as-birth-rate-hits-record-low-in-2022 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-07 |title=Italian births drop to lowest level since country's unification |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/cf234ec0-ce06-4ce4-bd3c-e33f28680005 |access-date=2023-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population collapse imminent? Italy's birth rate drops to historic low in 2022 |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/population-collapse-imminent-italys-birth-rate-drops-to-historic-low-in-2022-580435 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=WION |date=8 April 2023 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=April 08 |title=Italy's national birth rate declared a national emergency |date=2023-04-08 |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/world-news/global-affairs/italys-national-birth-rate-declared-a-national-emergency/video/038ec54e4d96aa6658ea51a0e656789a |access-date=2023-05-10 |language=en |last2=2023 - 5:27pm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-07 |title=Italy's Birth Rate Slumps to a Historical Low, Istat Says |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-04-07/italy-s-birth-rate-slumps-to-a-historical-low-istat-says |access-date=2023-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2023-04-07 |title=Births in Italy hit record low in 2022, population shrinks further |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/births-italy-hit-record-low-2022-population-shrinks-further-2023-04-07/ |access-date=2023-05-10}}</ref>

== Population ==
[[File:Historic population of Italy.svg|thumb|left|450px|Historic population of Italy]]{{anchor|History}}
{{Historical populations
| percentages = pagr
|1861 | 21,777,334
|1871 | 26,801,154
|1881 | 28,459,628
|1901 | 32,475,253
|1911 | 34,671,377
|1921 | 37,973,977
|1931 | 41,176,671
|1936 | 42,993,602
|1951 | 47,515,537
|1961 | 50,623,569
|1971 | 54,136,547
|1981 | 56,556,911
|1991 | 56,778,031
|2001 | 56,995,744
|2011 | 59,433,744
|2021 |59030133|2025|58934177|source=[[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]]<ref>{{cite web |title=L'Italia in 150 anni. Sommario di statistiche storiche 1861–2010 |url=https://www.istat.it/it/files//2019/03/cap_2.pdf |publisher=[[Istat]] |access-date=17 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dashboard Permanent census of population and housing|url=https://esploradati.censimentopopolazione.istat.it/databrowser/#/en/censtest/dashboards|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Monthly Demographic Balance|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?l=en&a=&i=D7B|publisher=[[Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]]}}</ref>}}
{{Further|Italians}}

=== Life expectancy ===
{{See also|List of Italian provinces by life expectancy}}
[[File:Life expectancy map of Italy 2022 -regions, names.png|thumb|300px|Italian regions by life expectancy in 2022<ref name="ISTAT">{{cite web |url=https://demo.istat.it/tavole/?t=indicatori |title=Indicatori demografici |lang=it |work=[[Italian National Institute of Statistics]] |access-date=14 February 2024 |trans-title=Demographic indicators}}</ref>]]
[[File:Life expectancy map of Italy 2022 -provinces, names.png|thumb|300px|Italian provinces by life expectancy in 2022<ref name="ISTAT" />]]
[[File:Life expectancy by WBG -Italy -diff.png|thumb|300px|Life expectancy in Italy since 1960 with sex gap]]
[[File:Life expectancy in Italy.svg|thumb|300px|Life expectancy in Italy since 1872]]
Sources: [[Our World In Data]] and the United Nations.
'''1871–1950'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+Life expectancy in Italy
!Years
!1871
!1872
!1873
!1874
!1875
!1876
!1877
!1878
!1879
!1880<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?year=1810|title=Life expectancy|website=Our World in Data|access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
|Life expectancy
|29.8
|29.7
|31.6
|31.8
|31.3
|33.6
|34.9
|34.3
|34.0
|32.8
|-
!Years
!1881
!1882
!1883
!1884
!1885
!1886
!1887
!1888
!1889
!1890<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Life expectancy
|34.2
|34.3
|35.2
|36.6
|36.9
|35.1
|36.0
|37.0
|39.1
|38.5
|-
!Years
!1891
!1892
!1893
!1894
!1895
!1896
!1897
!1898
!1899
!1900<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Life expectancy
|38.5
|38.9
|39.8
|40.0
|39.6
|40.7
|43.3
|42.3
|43.7
|41.7
|-
!Years
!1901
!1902
!1903
!1904
!1905
!1906
!1907
!1908
!1909
!1910<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Life expectancy
|43.5
|43.0
|43.1
|44.4
|43.9
|45.1
|45.4
|43.1
|44.6
|46.7
|-
!Years
!1911
!1912
!1913
!1914
!1915
!1916
!1917
!1918
!1919
!1920<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Life expectancy
|44.7
|48.9
|48.4
|49.9
|42.5
|39.6
|38.1
|25.8
|42.3
|45.5
|-
!Years
!1921
!1922
!1923
!1924
!1925
!1926
!1927
!1928
!1929
!1930<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Life expectancy
|49.2
|50.0
|51.4
|51.5
|51.3
|50.9
|52.5
|52.6
|52.3
|55.2
|-
!Years
!1931
!1932
!1933
!1934
!1935
!1936
!1937
!1938
!1939
!1940<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Life expectancy
|54.8
|54.7
|56.3
|56.8
|56.2
|56.7
|55.5
|56.1
|57.6
|57.0
|-
!Years
!1941
!1942
!1943
!1944
!1945
!1946
!1947
!1948
!1949
!1950<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Life expectancy
|54.7
|52.5
|49.4
|52.4
|54.9
|59.0
|61.2
|63.4
|64.1
|65.8
|}

'''1950–2020'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Period
!Life expectancy in<br />Years
!Period
!Life expectancy in<br />Years
|-
|1950–1955
|66.5
|1985–1990
|76.4
|-
|1955–1960
|68.4
|1990–1995
|77.5
|-
|1960–1965
|69.7
|1995–2000
|78.8
|-
|1965–1970
|70.9
|2000–2005
|80.3
|-
|1970–1975
|72.2
|2005–2010
|81.5
|-
|1975–1980
|73.6
|2010–2015
|82.4
|-
|1980–1985
|74.9
|2015–2020
|83.3
|}
Source: ''UN World Population Prospects''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919061238/https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|archive-date=19 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Fertility===
By 2021, the number of [[births]] had fallen to 400,249, a decrease of 25% compared to 2011. If the trend is not reversed, it may adversely affect [[GDP growth]] and [[social security]] benefits.<ref name="torinonews24.it">{{cite web|url=https://torinonews24.it/news/italia-crollo-natalita-in-dieci-anni-i-nuovi-nati-scendono-del-25-ecco-i-motivi/|title=Italia, crollo natalità – In dieci anni i nuovi nati scendono del 25%. Ecco i motivi|date=21 February 2023|website=torinonews24.it}}</ref> The reasons that [[Italians]] give for not having children are economic costs, fear of losing their job and lack of [[Public service|services]] for [[families]], but it is claimed that these problems have ceased to be the main motivation for [[childlessness]].{{dubious|date=April 2024}}<ref name="torinonews24.it"/> Other countries such as [[Sweden]] and [[France]] with superior [[childcare]] service and better job conditions also have [[Sub-replacement fertility|birth rates below the population replacement level]], which is approximately 2.1.

===Historical fertility rates===
[[File:Total fertility rate of Italy overtime to 2016.svg|thumb|466x466px|TFR of Italy overtime to 2016]]
The [[total fertility rate]] is the number of children born per woman. This table is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: [[Our World in Data]] and [[Gapminder Foundation]].<ref name="ourworldindata.org">{{citation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=ITA|title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries|author=Max Roser|date=2014|work=[[Our World in Data]], [[Gapminder Foundation]]|access-date=7 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807185906/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=ITA|archive-date=7 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Famiglia Giuseppe Riggio 2.jpg|thumb|230px|The Sicilian photographer Giuseppe Riggio (1871–1960) with his large [[nuclear family]] in 1925]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+Total fertility rates in Italy<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
! Years !! 1850!!1851!!1852!!1853!!1854!!1855!!1856!!1857!!1858!!1859!!1860
|-
| align="left"|Rate||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.47||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.42||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.38||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.33||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.29||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.24||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.19||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.15||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.10||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.06||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.01
|-
! Years !! !!1861!!1862!!1863!!1864!!1865!!1866!!1867!!1868!!1869!!1870
|-
| align="left"|Rate|| ||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.96||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.93||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.90||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.90||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.91||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.91||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.92||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.92||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.91||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.90
|-
! Years !! !!1871!!1872!!1873!!1874!!1875!!1876!!1877!!1878!!1879!!1880
|-
| align="left"|Rate|| ||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.90||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.89||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.88||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.89||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.9||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.9||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.91||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.92||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.95||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.98
|-
! Years !! !!1881!!1882!!1883!!1884!!1885!!1886!!1887!!1888!!1889!!1890
|-
| align="left"|Rate|| ||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.00||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.03||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.06||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.05||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.04||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.04||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.03||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|5.02||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.98||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.95
|-
! Years !!  !!1891!!1892!!1893!!1894!!1895!!1896!!1897!!1898!!1899
|-
| align="left"|Rate|| ||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.91||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.88||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.84||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.79||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.74||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.69||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.64||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.59||style="text-align:right; color:blue;"|4.56
|}
In 2021 this was 1.47 children born/woman.

'''Mother's mean age at first birth;''' 31.1 years (2017 est.)

===Internal migration===
{{main|Internal migration in Italy}}
[[File:Centrale termica falck.jpg|thumb|View of the [[Falck Group|Falck steelworks]] in [[Sesto San Giovanni]], in [[Lombardy]]]]

[[Internal migration in Italy]] is a [[human migration]] within the [[Italian geographical region]] that occurred for similar reasons to [[Italian diaspora|emigration]], primarily socioeconomic.<ref name="salogentis">{{cite web|url=http://www.salogentis.it/2012/11/16/lemigrazione-interna-italiana-negli-anni-50-e-60/|title=L'emigrazione interna italiana negli anni '50 e '60|date=16 November 2012 |accessdate=8 February 2018|language=it}}</ref> Its largest wave consisted of 4 million people moving from [[Southern Italy]] to [[Northern Italy]] (and mostly to Northern or Central Italian industrial cities like Rome or Milan, etc.), between the 1950s and 1970s.<ref name="uniud">{{cite web|url=https://www.uniud.it/it/ateneo-uniud/ateneo-uniud-organizzazione/dipartimenti/dies/ricerca/allegati_wp/wp_2013/wp04_2013.pdf|title=Una indagine CATI per lo studio della mobilità interna in Italia in un'ottica longitudinale|accessdate=8 February 2018|language=it|archivedate=20 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420020548/https://www.uniud.it/it/ateneo-uniud/ateneo-uniud-organizzazione/dipartimenti/dies/ricerca/allegati_wp/wp_2013/wp04_2013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The oldest migration goes back to the 11th century when soldiers and settlers from [[Northern Italy]] (at the time collectively called "Lombardy"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/lombardo/|title=Lombardo|accessdate=15 April 2022|work=treccani.it|language=it}}</ref>), settled the central and eastern part of [[Sicily]] during the [[Norman conquest of southern Italy]]. After the marriage between the Norman king [[Roger I of Sicily]] with [[Adelaide del Vasto]], member of [[Aleramici]] family, many Lombard colonisers left their homeland, in the Aleramici's possessions in [[Piedmont]] and [[Liguria]], to settle on the island of Sicily.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IBspuVRwnUC&pg=PA323|title=The Society of Norman Italy|author1=Graham A. Loud|author2=Alex Metcalfe|date=2002|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004125418}}</ref><ref>These Lombard colonisers were native northern Italians and should not be confused with the Germanic tribe the [[Lombards]], who were referred to as ''longobardi'' to distinguish them from the Italians of the region who were known as ''lombardi''.</ref> The migration of people from Northern Italy to Sicily continued until the end of the 13th century.<ref>{{Cite book|author = Fiorenzo Toso |title = Le minoranze linguistiche in Italia |publisher = Il Mulino |year = 2008 |page = 137 |isbn = 978-88-15-12677-1|language=it}}</ref>

=== Age structure ===
:''0-14 years:'' 0–14 years: 13.45% (male 4,292,431/female 4,097,732)
:''15-24 years:'' 9.61% (male 3,005,402/female 2,989,764)
:''25-54 years:'' 40.86% (male 12,577,764/female 12,921,614)
:''55-64 years:'' 14% (male 4,243,735/female 4,493,581)
:''65 years and over:'' 22.08% (male 5,949,560/female 7,831,076) (2020 est.)

'''Median age'''
:total: 46.5 years. Country comparison to the world: 5th
:male: 45.4 years
:female: 47.5 years (2020 est.)

=== Cities ===
{{See also|Metropolitan areas in Italy|List of cities in Italy by population}}

70.4% of Italian population is classified as [[Urban population|urban]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2212.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122160008/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2212.html |archive-date=22 January 2019 |access-date=19 December 2011 |website=cia.gov}}</ref> a relatively low figure among developed countries. Italy's administrative boundaries have seen significant [[devolution]] in recent decades; the [[Metropolitan Area (Italy)|metropolitan area]] was created as a new administrative unit, and major cities and metro areas now have a [[Provinces of Italy|provincial]] status.

According to [[OECD]],<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] |title=Competitive Cities in the Global Economy |url=http://213.253.134.43/oecd/pdfs/browseit/0406041E.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001192936/http://213.253.134.43/oecd/pdfs/browseit/0406041E.PDF |archive-date=1 October 2008 |access-date=30 April 2009}}</ref> the largest conurbations are:
* [[Milan]] – 7.4&nbsp;million
* [[Rome]] – 3.7&nbsp;million
* [[Naples]] – 3.1&nbsp;million
* [[Turin]] – 2.2&nbsp;million
'''Urbanization'''

:
:urban population: 71% of total population (2020)
:rate of urbanization: 0.29% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)

[[File:Map of population density in Italy (2011 census) alt colours.jpg|thumb|Map of Italy's population density at the 2011 census]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|+Metropolitan cities and larger urban zone<ref>{{cite web |last=Roberto |first=Vincenzo Patruno, Marina Venturi, Silvestro |title=Demo-Geodemo. – Mappe, Popolazione, Statistiche Demografiche dell'ISTAT |url=http://demo.istat.it/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709154623/http://demo.istat.it/ |archive-date=9 July 2011 |website=demo.istat.it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Population on 1 January by age groups and sex – functional urban areas |url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903213351/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en |archive-date=3 September 2015 |access-date=3 November 2017 |website=[[Eurostat]]}}</ref>
! [[Metropolitan cities of Italy|Metropolitan city]]
! [[Regions of Italy|Region]]
! Area<br /><small>(km<sup>2</sup>)</small>
! Population<br /><small>(1 January 2019)</small>
! Functional Urban<br />Areas (FUA)<br />Population<br /><small>(2016)</small>
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Rome|Rome]]'''
| align="center" |[[Lazio]]
| align="right" |5,352
| align="right" |4,342,212
| align="right" |4,414,288
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Milan|Milan]]'''
| align="center" |[[Lombardy]]
| align="right" |1,575
| align="right" |3,250,315
| align="right" |5,111,481
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Naples|Naples]]'''
| align="center" |[[Campania]]
| align="right" |1,171
| align="right" |3,084,890
| align="right" |3,418,061
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Turin|Turin]]'''
| align="center" |[[Piedmont]]
| align="right" |6,829
| align="right" |2,259,523
| align="right" |1,769,475
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Palermo|Palermo]]'''
| align="center" |[[Sicily]]
| align="right" |5,009
| align="right" |1,252,588
| align="right" |1,033,226
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Bari|Bari]]'''
| align="center" |[[Apulia]]
| align="right" |3,821
| align="right" |1,251,994
| align="right" |749,723
|-
| '''[[Metropolitan City of Catania|Catania]]'''
| align="center" |[[Sicily]]
| align="right" |3,574
| align="right" |1,107,702
| align="right" |658,805
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Florence|Florence]]'''
| align="center" |[[Tuscany]]
| align="right" |3,514
| align="right" |1,011,349
| align="right" |807,896
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Bologna|Bologna]]'''
| align="center" |[[Emilia-Romagna]]
| align="right" |3,702
| align="right" |1,014,619
| align="right" |775,247
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Genoa|Genoa]]'''
| align="center" |[[Liguria]]
| align="right" |1,839
| align="right" |841,180
| align="right" |713,243
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Venice|Venice]]'''
| align="center" |[[Veneto]]
| align="right" |2,462
| align="right" |853,338
| align="right" |561,697
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Messina|Messina]]'''
| align="center" |[[Sicily]]
| align="right" |3,266
| align="right" |626,876
| align="right" |273,680
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria|Reggio Calabria]]'''
| align="center" |[[Calabria]]
| align="right" |3,183
| align="right" |548,009
| align="right" |221,139
|-
|'''[[Metropolitan City of Cagliari|Cagliari]]'''
| align="center" |[[Sardinia]]
| align="right" |1,248
| align="right" |431,038
| align="right" |488,954
|}

== Vital statistics ==
<ref>B. R. Mitchell. European historical statistics, 1750–1975.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dybsets/1948%20DYB.pdf|title=United nations. Demographic Yearbook 1952}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://demo.istat.it/|title=Demo-Geodemo. – Mappe, Popolazione, Statistiche Demografiche dell'ISTAT|first=Vincenzo Patruno, Marina Venturi, Silvestro|last=Roberto|website=demo.istat.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arachi |first=Alessandra |date=2022-12-15 |title=Siamo sempre meno e sempre più anziani, calano gli stranieri |url=https://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/22_dicembre_15/istat-siamo-sempre-meno-sempre-piu-anziani-calano-stranieri-censimento-anche-senza-fissa-dimora-17bbf18a-7c59-11ed-840c-2c5260b7208b.shtml |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=Corriere della Sera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population on 1 January by age and sex |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/demo_pjan__custom_8900247/default/table?lang=en |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|-
!
! width="80pt"|Average population (January 1)
! width="80pt"|Live births
! width="80pt"|Deaths
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-09 |title=Population change - Demographic balance and crude rates at national level |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/demo_gind/default/table?lang=en&category=demo.demo_ind |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Eurostat}}</ref>
! width="80pt"|Natural change
! width="80pt"|Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
! width="80pt"|Crude death rate (per 1,000)
! width="80pt"|Natural change (per 1,000)
! width="80pt"|Crude migration change (per 1,000)
! width="80pt"|[[Total fertility rate]]s{{refn|group=fn|In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.}}<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/><ref name="cia.gov">{{citation |title=The World FactBook – Italy |date=3 February 2021 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/italy/ |work=[[The World Factbook]]}}</ref>
|-
| 1900
| align="right" | 32,377,000
| align="right" | 1,067,376
| align="right" | 768,917
| align="right" | 298,459
| align="right" | 33.0
| align="right" | 23.7
| align="right" | 9.2
| -3.9
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 4.53
|-
| 1901
| align="right" | 32,550,000
| align="right" | 1,057,763
| align="right" | 715,036
| align="right" | 342,727
| align="right" | 32.5
| align="right" | 22.0
| align="right" | 10.5
| -3.2
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 4.49
|-
| 1902
| align="right" | 32,787,000
| align="right" | 1,093,074
| align="right" | 727,181
| align="right" | 365,893
| style="color: blue" | 33.3
| align="right" | 22.2
| align="right" | 11.2
| -4.6
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 4.46
|-
| 1903
| align="right" | 33,004,000
| align="right" | 1,042,090
| align="right" | 736,311
| align="right" | 305,779
| align="right" | 31.6
| align="right" | 22.3
| align="right" | 9.3
| -2.2
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 4.43
|-
| 1904
| align="right" | 33,237,000
| align="right" | 1,085,431
| align="right" | 698,604
| align="right" | 386,827
| align="right" | 32.7
| align="right" | 21.0
| align="right" | 11.6
| -4.0
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 4.44
|-
| 1905
| align="right" | 33,489,000
| align="right" | 1,084,518
| align="right" | 730,340
| align="right" | 354,178
| align="right" | 32.4
| align="right" | 21.8
| align="right" | 10.6
| -3.8
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 4.45
|-
| 1906
| align="right" | 33,718,000
| align="right" | 1,070,978
| align="right" | 696,875
| align="right" | 374,103
| align="right" | 31.8
| align="right" | 20.7
| align="right" | 11.1
| -4.2
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 4.45
|-
| 1907
| align="right" | 33,952,000
| align="right" | 1,062,333
| align="right" | 700,333
| align="right" | 362,000
| align="right" | 31.3
| align="right" | 20.6
| align="right" | 10.7
| -3.5
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 4.46
|-
| 1908
| align="right" | 34,198,000
| align="right" | 1,138,813
| align="right" | 770,054
| align="right" | 368,759
| align="right" | 33.3
| align="right" | 22.5
| align="right" | 10.8
| -3.3
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 4.47
|-
| 1909
| align="right" | 34,455,000
| align="right" | 1,115,831
| align="right" | 738,460
| align="right" | 377,371
| align="right" | 32.4
| align="right" | 21.4
| align="right" | 11.0
| -2.4
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 4.43
|-
| 1910
| align="right" | 34,751,000
| align="right" | 1,144,410
| align="right" | 682,459
| align="right" | 461,951
| align="right" | 32.9
| align="right" | 19.6
| align="right" | 13.3
| -5.2
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 4.39
|-
| 1911
| align="right" | 35,033,000
| align="right" | 1,093,545
| align="right" | 742,811
| align="right" | 350,734
| align="right" | 31.2
| align="right" | 21.2
| align="right" | 10.0
| -3.9
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 4.36
|-
| 1912
| align="right" | 35,246,000
| align="right" | 1,133,985
| align="right" | 635,788
| align="right" | 498,197
| align="right" | 32.2
| align="right" | 18.0
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 14.1
| -11.1
| align="right" style="color: blue" |4.32
|-
| 1913
| align="right" | 35,351,000
| align="right" | 1,122,482
| align="right" | 663,966
| align="right" | 458,516
| align="right" | 31.8
| align="right" | 18.8
| align="right" | 13.0
| -3.1
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 4.28
|-
| 1914
| align="right" | 35,701,000
| align="right" | 1,114,091
| align="right" | 643,355
| align="right" | 470,736
| align="right" | 31.2
| align="right" | 18.0
| align="right" | 13.2
| 2.8
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 4.04
|-
| 1915
| align="right" | 36,271,000
| align="right" | 1,109,183
| align="right" | 809,703
| align="right" | 299,480
| align="right" | 30.6
| align="right" | 22.3
| align="right" | 8.3
| -2.5
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.80
|-
| 1916
| align="right" | 36,481,000
| align="right" | 881,626
| align="right" | 854,703
| align="right" | 26,923
| align="right" | 24.2
| align="right" | 23.4
| align="right" | 0.7
| -4.5
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.56
|-
| 1917
| align="right"style="color: red"  | 36,343,000
| align="right" | 691,207
| align="right" | 948,710
| align="right" style="color: red" | -257,503
| align="right" | 19.6
| align="right" | 26.1
| align="right" style="color: red" | -7.1
| -4.5
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.32
|-
| 1918
| align="right" style="color: red" | 35,922,000
| align="right" | 640,263
| align="right" style="color: red" | 1,268,290
| align="right" style="color: red" | -628,027
| align="right" | 18.2
| style="color: red" | 35.3
| align="right" style="color: red" | -17.5
| 11.8
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.08
|-
| 1919
| align="right" style="color: red" | 35,717,000
| align="right" | 770,620
| align="right" | 676,329
| align="right" | 94,291
| align="right" | 21.6
| align="right" | 18.9
| align="right" | 2.6
| 4.2
| align="right" style="color: blue" |3.24
|-
| 1920
| align="right" | 35,960,000
| align="right"  style="color: blue"| 1,158,041
| align="right"  | 681,749
| align="right" | 476,292
| align="right" | 32.2
| align="right" | 19.0
| align="right" | 13.2
| style="color: blue"|39.9
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.41
|-
| 1921
| align="right" | 37,869,000
| align="right" | 1,118,344
| align="right" | 670,234
| align="right" | 448,110
| align="right" | 30.7
| align="right" | 17.7
| align="right" | 13.0
| -4.4
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.57
|-
| 1922
| align="right" | 38,196,000
| align="right" | 1,127,444
| align="right" | 690,054
| align="right" | 437,390
| align="right" | 30.8
| align="right" | 18.1
| align="right" | 12.7
| -2.9
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.74
|-
| 1923
| align="right" | 38,571,000
| align="right" | 1,107,505
| align="right" | 654,827
| align="right" | 452,678
| align="right" | 29.9
| align="right" | 17.0
| align="right" | 11.7
| -2.5
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.90
|-
| 1924
| align="right" | 38,927,000
| align="right" | 1,124,470
| align="right" | 663,077
| align="right" | 461,393
| align="right" | 28.9
| align="right" | 17.0
| align="right" | 11.9
| -3.2
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.81
|-
| 1925
| align="right" | 39,265,000
| align="right" | 1,109,761
| align="right" | 669,695
| align="right" | 440,066
| align="right" | 28.2
| align="right" | 17.1
| align="right" | 11.2
| -2.9
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.72
|-
| 1926
| align="right" | 39,590,000
| align="right" | 1,094,587
| align="right" | 680,274
| align="right" | 414,313
| align="right" | 27.7
| align="right" | 17.2
| align="right" | 10.5
| -2.0
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.64
|-
| 1927
| align="right" | 39,926,000
| align="right" | 1,093,772
| align="right" | 639,843
| align="right" | 453,929
| align="right" | 27.4
| align="right" | 16.0
| align="right" | 11.4
| -2.5
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.55
|-
| 1928
| align="right" | 40,281,000
| align="right" | 1,072,316
| align="right" | 645,654
| align="right" | 426,662
| align="right" | 26.6
| align="right" | 16.0
| align="right" | 10.6
| -2.5
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.46
|-
| 1929
| align="right" | 40,607,000
| align="right" | 1,037,700
| align="right" | 667,223
| align="right" | 370,477
| align="right" | 25.6
| align="right" | 16.4
| align="right" | 9.1
| -0.5
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.42
|-
| 1930
| align="right" | 40,956,000
| align="right" | 1,092,678
| align="right" | 576,751
| align="right" | 515,927
| align="right" | 26.7
| align="right" | 14.1
| align="right" | 12.6
| -3.2
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.38
|-
| 1931
| align="right" | 41,339,000
| align="right" | 1,026,197
| align="right" | 609,405
| align="right" | 416,792
| align="right" | 24.8
| align="right" | 14.7
| align="right" | 10.1
| -4.2
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.21
|-
| 1932
| align="right" | 41,584,000
| align="right" | 990,995
| align="right" | 610,646
| align="right" | 380,349
| align="right" | 23.8
| align="right" | 14.7
| align="right" | 9.1
| -0.8
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.06
|-
| 1933
| align="right" | 41,928,000
| align="right" | 995,979
| align="right" | 574,113
| align="right" | 421,866
| align="right" | 23.8
| align="right" | 13.7
| align="right" | 10.1
| -1.8
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.04
|-
| 1934
| align="right" | 42,277,000
| align="right" | 992,966
| align="right" | 563,339
| align="right" | 429,627
| align="right" | 23.5
| align="right" | 13.3
| align="right" | 10.2
| -1.8
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.00
|-
| 1935
| align="right" | 42,631,000
| align="right" | 996,708
| align="right" | 594,722
| align="right" | 401,986
| align="right" | 23.4
| align="right" | 14.0
| align="right" | 9.4
| -1.6
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.98
|-
| 1936
| align="right" | 42,965,000
| align="right" | 962,686
| align="right" | 593,380
| align="right" | 369,306
| align="right" | 22.4
| align="right" | 13.8
| align="right" | 8.6
| -1.5
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.87
|-
| 1937
| align="right" | 43,269,000
| align="right" | 991,867
| align="right" | 618,290
| align="right" | 373,577
| align="right" | 22.9
| align="right" | 14.3
| align="right" | 8.6
| -1.0
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.93
|-
| 1938
| align="right" | 43,596,000
| align="right" | 1,037,180
| align="right" | 614,988
| align="right" | 422,192
| align="right" | 23.8
| align="right" | 14.1
| align="right" | 9.7
| 0
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.05
|-
| 1939
| align="right" | 44,018,000
| align="right" | 1,040,213
| align="right" | 591,483
| align="right" | 448,730
| align="right" | 23.6
| align="right" | 13.4
| align="right" | 10.2
| 0
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.07
|-
| 1940
| align="right" | 44,467,000
| align="right" | 1,046,479
| align="right" | 606,907
| align="right" | 439,572
| align="right" | 23.5
| align="right" | 13.6
| align="right" | 9.9
| -1.7
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.07
|-
| 1941
| align="right" | 44,830,000
| align="right" | 937,546
| align="right" | 621,735
| align="right" | 315,811
| align="right" | 20.9
| align="right" | 13.9
| align="right" | 7.0
| -1.0
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.74
|-
| 1942
| align="right" | 45,098,000
| align="right" | 926,063
| align="right" | 643,607
| align="right" | 282,456
| align="right" | 20.5
| align="right" | 14.3
| align="right" | 6.3
| style="color: red"|-16.4
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.69
|-
| 1943
| align="right" style="color: red" | 44,641,000
| align="right" | 882,105
| align="right" | 679,708
| align="right" | 202,397
| align="right" | 19.8
| align="right" | 15.2
| align="right" | 4.5
| -1.1
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.61
|-
| 1944
| align="right" | 44,794,000
| align="right" | 814,746
| align="right" | 685,171
| align="right" | 129,575
| align="right" | 18.3
| align="right" | 15.3
| align="right" | 2.9
| 0.5
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.39
|-
| 1945
| align="right" | 44,946,000
| align="right" | 815,678
| align="right" | 615,092
| align="right" | 200,586
| align="right" | 18.2
| align="right" | 13.7
| align="right" | 4.5
| 2.3
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.37
|-
| 1946
| align="right" | 45,253,000
| align="right" | 1,036,098
| align="right" | 547,952
| align="right" | 488,146
| align="right" | 23.0
| align="right" | 12.1
| align="right" | 10.8
| -2.2
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 3.01
|-
| 1947
| align="right" | 45,641,000
| align="right" | 1,011,490
| align="right" | 524,019
| align="right" | 487,471
| align="right" | 22.2
| align="right" | 11.5
| align="right" | 10.8
| 5.4
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.89
|-
| 1948
| align="right" | 46,381,000
| align="right" | 1,005,851
| align="right" | 490,450
| align="right" | 515,401
| align="right" | 21.8
| align="right" | 10.6
| align="right" | 11.2
| -3.6
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.83
|-
| 1949
| align="right" | 46,733,000
| align="right" | 937,146
| align="right" | 485,277
| align="right" | 451,869
| align="right" | 20.1
| align="right" | 10.4
| align="right" | 9.7
| -1.8
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.62
|-
| 1950
| align="right" | 47,104,000
| align="right" | 908,622
| align="right" | 455,169
| align="right" | 453,453
| align="right" | 19.3
| align="right" | 9.7
| align="right" | 9.6
| -3.0
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.50
|-
| 1951
| align="right" | 47,417,000
| align="right" | 860,998
| align="right" | 485,208
| align="right" | 375,790
| align="right" | 18.2
| align="right" | 10.2
| align="right" | 7.9
| -2.6
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.35
|-
| 1952
| align="right" | 47,666,000 <ref>[https://seriestoriche.istat.it/ Resident population at 1 January and average by region and geographical area - Years 1952-2014, visited August 27 2023]</ref>
| align="right" | 863,661
| align="right" | 488,470
| align="right" | 375,191
| align="right" | 17.7
| align="right" | 10.0
| align="right" | 7.7
| -1.6
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.34
|-
| 1953
| align="right" | 47,957,000
| align="right" | 860,345
| align="right" | 484,527
| align="right" | 375,818
| align="right" | 17.5
| align="right" | 9.9
| align="right" | 7.6
| -0.5
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.31
|-
| 1954
| align="right" | 48,299,000
| align="right" | 881,845
| align="right"  style="color: blue" | 445,902
| align="right" | 435,943
| align="right" | 18.0
| style="color: blue" | 9.1
| align="right" | 8.9
| -2.0
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.35
|-
| 1955
| align="right" | 48,633,000
| align="right" | 879,130
| align="right" | 449,058
| align="right" | 430,072
| align="right" | 17.9
| align="right" | 9.2
| align="right" | 8.7
| -2.8
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.33
|-
| 1956
| align="right" | 48,920,000
| align="right" | 884,043
| align="right" | 499,504
| align="right" | 384,539
| align="right" | 17.9
| align="right" | 10.2
| align="right" | 7.7
| -2.4
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.34
|-
| 1957
| align="right" | 49,181,000
| align="right" | 885,812
| align="right" | 483,558
| align="right" | 402.254
| align="right" | 17.9
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" | 8.0
| -2.0
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.33
|-
| 1958
| align="right" | 49,475,000
| align="right" | 880,361
| align="right" | 459,366
| align="right" | 420,995
| align="right" | 17.6
| align="right" | 9.3
| align="right" | 8.3
| -1.1
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.31
|-
| 1959
| align="right" | 49,831,000
| align="right" | 910,628
| align="right" | 454,547
| align="right" | 456,081
| align="right" | 18.1
| align="right" | 9.1
| align="right" | 9.0
| -1.6
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.38
|-
| 1960
| align="right" | 50,198,000
| align="right" | 923,004
| align="right" | 480,848
| align="right" | 442,156
| align="right" | 18.1
| align="right" | 9.6
| align="right" | 8.6
| -2.1
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.41
|-
| 1961
| align="right" | 50,523,000
| align="right" | 924,203
| align="right" | 460,009
| align="right" | 464,194
| align="right" | 18.4
| align="right" | 9.3
| align="right" | 9.1
| -2.1
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.41
|-
| 1962
| align="right" | 50,878,000
| align="right" | 945,842
| align="right" | 503,106
| align="right" | 442,736
| align="right" | 18.4
| align="right" | 10.0
| align="right" | 8.4
| -1.1
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.46
|-
| 1963
| align="right" | 51,251,000
| align="right" | 978,143
| align="right" | 514,000
| align="right" | 464,143
| align="right" | 18.8
| align="right" | 10.1
| align="right" | 8.7
| -0.4
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.56
|-
| 1964
| align="right" | 51,675,000
| align="right" | 1,035,207
| align="right" | 488,601
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 546,606
| align="right" | 19.7
| align="right" | 9.5
| align="right" | 10.2
| -1.7
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.70
|-
| 1965
| align="right" | 52,112,000
| align="right" | 1,017,944
| align="right" | 516,922
| align="right" | 501,022
| align="right" | 19.1
| align="right" | 10.0
| align="right" | 9.1
| -1.3
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.66
|-
| 1966
| align="right" | 52,518,000
| align="right" | 999,316
| align="right" | 493,562
| align="right" | 505,754
| align="right" | 18.7
| align="right" | 9.5
| align="right" | 9.2
| -1.9
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.62
|-
| 1967
| align="right" | 52,900,000
| align="right" | 962,197
| align="right" | 507,845
| align="right" | 454,352
| align="right" | 18.0
| align="right" | 9.7
| align="right" | 8.3
| -2.0
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.53
|-
| 1968
| align="right" | 53,235,000
| align="right" | 944,837
| align="right" | 530,738
| align="right" | 414,099
| align="right" | 17.6
| align="right" | 10.1
| align="right" | 7.5
| -1.8
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.49
|-
| 1969
| align="right" | 53,538,000
| align="right" | 949,155
| align="right" | 530,348
| align="right" | 418,807
| align="right" | 17.5
| align="right" | 10.1
| align="right" | 7.4
| -2.1
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.51
|-
| 1970
| align="right" | 53,821,000
| align="right" | 917,496
| align="right" | 528,622
| align="right" | 388,874
| align="right" | 16.8
| align="right" | 9.7
| align="right" | 7.1
| -2.4
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.42
|-
| 1971
| align="right" | 54,073,000
| align="right" | 911,084
| align="right" | 515,318
| align="right" | 395,766
| align="right" | 16.8
| align="right" | 9.7
| align="right" | 7.1
| -1.4
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.41
|-
| 1972
| align="right" | 54,381,000
| align="right" | 893,061
| align="right" | 518,020
| align="right" | 375,041
| align="right" | 16.3
| align="right" | 9.6
| align="right" | 6.7
| 0.1
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.36
|-
| 1973
| align="right" | 54,751,000
| align="right" | 887,953
| align="right" | 544,461
| align="right" | 343,492
| align="right" | 16.0
| align="right" | 10.0
| align="right" | 6.0
| 0.6
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.34
|-
| 1974
| align="right" | 55,111,000
| align="right" | 886,310
| align="right" | 532,753
| align="right" | 353,557
| align="right" | 15.8
| align="right" | 9.7
| align="right" | 6.1
| -0.1
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.33
|-
| 1975
| align="right" | 55,441,000
| align="right" | 841,858
| align="right" | 556,019
| align="right" | 285,839
| align="right" | 14.9
| align="right" | 10.0
| align="right" | 4.9
| 0.1
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.20
|-
| 1976
| align="right" | 55,718,000
| align="right" | 806,358
| align="right" | 556,143
| align="right" | 250,215
| align="right" | 14.0
| align="right" | 9.9
| align="right" | 4.1
| 0.2
| align="right" style="color: blue" | 2.11
|-
| 1977
| align="right" | 55,955,000
| align="right" | 757,281
| align="right" | 547,011
| align="right" | 210,270
| align="right" | 13.2
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" | 3.5
| 0.1
| align="right" | 1.97
|-
| 1978
| align="right" | 56,155,000
| align="right" | 720,545
| align="right" | 539,685
| align="right" | 180,860
| align="right" | 12.6
| align="right" | 9.6
| align="right" | 3.0
| -0.1
| align="right" | 1.87
|-
| 1979
| align="right" | 56,318,000
| align="right" | 682,742
| align="right" | 541,825
| align="right" | 140,917
| align="right" | 11.9
| align="right" | 9.6
| align="right" | 2.3
| -0.2
| align="right" | 1.76
|-
| 1980
| align="right" | 56,434,000
| align="right" | 657,278
| align="right" | 559,376
| align="right" | 97,902
| align="right" | 11.3
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" | 1.5
| -0.3
| align="right" | 1.68
|-
| 1981
| align="right" | 56,502,000
| align="right" | 628,113
| align="right" | 540,764
| align="right" | 87,349
| align="right" | 11.0
| align="right" | 9.7
| align="right" | 1.4
| -0.7
| align="right" | 1.60
|-
| 1982
| align="right" | 56,544,000
| align="right" | 634,678
| align="right" | 537,727
| align="right" | 96,951
| align="right" | 10.9
| align="right" | 9.5
| align="right" | 1.5
| -1.1
| align="right" | 1.60
|-
| 1983
| align="right" | 56,564,000
| align="right" | 612,936
| align="right" | 563,807
| align="right" | 49,129
| align="right" | 10.6
| align="right" | 10.0
| align="right" | 0.7
| -0.5
| align="right" | 1.54
|-
| 1984
| align="right" | 56,577,000
| align="right" | 597,560
| align="right" | 535,661
| align="right" | 61,899
| align="right" | 10.4
| align="right" | 9.5
| align="right" | 0.9
| -0.6
| align="right" | 1.48
|-
| 1985
| align="right" | 56,593,000
| align="right" | 589,233
| align="right" | 549,529
| align="right" | 39,704
| align="right" | 10.2
| align="right" | 9.7
| align="right" | 0.5
| -0.4
| align="right" | 1.45
|-
| 1986
| align="right" | 56,596,000
| align="right" | 562,512
| align="right" | 545,189
| align="right" | 17,323
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" | 9.5
| align="right" | 0.3
| -0.2
| align="right" | 1.37
|-
| 1987
| align="right" | 56,602,000
| align="right" | 560,265
| align="right" | 534,993
| align="right" | 25,272
| align="right" | 9.7
| align="right" | 9.3
| align="right" | 0.5
| 0
| align="right" | 1.35
|-
| 1988
| align="right" | 56,629,000
| align="right" | 577,856
| align="right" | 537,545
| align="right" | 40,311
| align="right" | 10.1
| align="right" | 9.5
| align="right" | 0.5
| 0.3
| align="right" | 1.38
|-
| 1989
| align="right" | 56,672,000
| align="right" | 567,268
| align="right" | 531,557
| align="right" | 35,711
| align="right" | 9.9
| align="right" | 9.4
| align="right" | 0.5
| 0.3
| align="right" | 1.35
|-
| 1990
| align="right" | 56,719,000
| align="right" | 580,761
| align="right" | 544,397
| align="right" | 36,364
| align="right" | 10.0
| align="right" | 9.6
| align="right" | 0.5
| 0.2
| align="right" | 1.36
|-
| 1991
| align="right" | 56,759,000
| align="right" | 556,175
| align="right" | 547,131
| align="right" | 9,044
| align="right" | 9.9
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" | 0.2
| 0.5
| align="right" | 1.32
|-
| 1992
| align="right" | 56,797,000
| align="right" | 575,216
| align="right" | 545,038
| align="right" | 30,178
| align="right" | 10.0
| align="right" | 9.6
| align="right" | 0.4
| 0.2
| align="right" | 1.32
|-
| 1993
| align="right" | 56,832,000
| align="right" | 552,587
| align="right" | 555,043
| align="right" style="color: red" | -2,456
| align="right" | 9.7
| align="right" | 9.7
| align="right" style="color: red" | -0.1
| 0.3
| align="right" | 1.26
|-
| 1994
| align="right" | 56,843,000
| align="right" | 536,665
| align="right" | 557,513
| align="right" style="color: red" | -20,848
| align="right" | 9.4
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" style="color: red" | -0.4
| 0.4
| align="right" | 1.22
|-
| 1995
| align="right" | 56,844,000
| align="right" | 526,064
| align="right" | 555,203
| align="right" style="color: red" | -29.139
| align="right" | 9.2
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" style="color: red" | -0.5
| 0.8
| align="right" | 1.19
|-
| 1996
| align="right" | 56,860,000
| align="right" | 536,740
| align="right" | 557,756
| align="right" style="color: red" | -21,016
| align="right" | 9.3
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" style="color: red" | -0.5
| 1.0
| align="right" | 1.22
|-
| 1997
| align="right" | 56,890,000
| align="right" | 540,048
| align="right" | 564,679
| align="right" style="color: red" | -24,631
| align="right" | 9.4
| align="right" | 9.9
| align="right" style="color: red" | -0.5
| 0.8
| align="right" | 1.23
|-
| 1998
| align="right" | 56,907,000
| align="right" | 532,843
| align="right" | 576,911
| align="right" style="color: red" | -44,068
| align="right" | 9.3
| align="right" | 10.1
| align="right" style="color: red" | -0.8
| 1.0
| align="right" | 1.21
|-
| 1999
| align="right" | 56,917,000
| align="right" | 537,242
| align="right" | 571,356
| align="right" style="color: red" | -34.114
| align="right" | 9.4
| align="right" | 10.0
| align="right" style="color: red" | -0.5
| 0.9
| align="right" | 1.23
|-
| 2000
| align="right" | 56,942,000
| align="right" | 543,039
| align="right" | 560,241
| align="right" style="color: red" | -17,202
| align="right" | 9.5
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" style="color: red" | -0.3
| 0.9
| align="right" | 1.26
|-
| 2001
| align="right" | 56,974,000
| align="right" | 535,282
| align="right" | 548,254
| align="right" style="color: red" | -12.972
| align="right" | 9.4
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" style="color: red" | -0.4
| 1.9
| align="right" | 1.25
|-
| 2002
| align="right" | 57,059,000
| align="right" | 538,198
| align="right" | 557,393
| align="right" style="color: red" | -19,195
| align="right" | 9.4
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" style="color: red" | -0.4
| 4.9
| align="right" | 1.27
|-
| 2003
| align="right" | 57,313,000
| align="right" | 544,063
| align="right" | 586,468
| align="right" style="color: red" | -42,405
| align="right" | 9.5
| align="right" | 10.3
| align="right" style="color: red" | -0.7
| 7.2
| align="right" | 1.29
|-
| 2004
| align="right" | 57,685,000
| align="right" | 562,599
| align="right" | 546,658
| align="right" | 15,941
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" | 9.5
| align="right" | 0.3
| 4.6
| align="right" | 1.34
|-
| 2005
| align="right" | 57,969,000
| align="right" | 554,022
| align="right" | 567,304
| align="right" style="color: red" | -13.282
| align="right" | 9.5
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" style="color: red" | -0.2
| 3.2
| align="right" | 1.33
|-
| 2006
| align="right" | 58,144,000
| align="right" | 560,010
| align="right" | 557,892
| align="right" | 2,118
| align="right" | 9.6
| align="right" | 9.6
| align="right" | 0.0
| 5.1
| align="right" | 1.37
|-
| 2007
| align="right" | 58,438,000
| align="right" | 563,933
| align="right" | 570,801
| align="right" style="color: red" | -6.868
| align="right" | 9.6
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" style="color: red" | -0.2
| 6.9
| align="right" | 1.39
|-
| 2008
| align="right" | 58,827,000
| align="right" | 576,659
| align="right" | 585,126
| align="right" style="color: red" | -8,467
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" | 9.9
| align="right" style="color: red" | -0.1
| 4.7
| align="right" | 1.44
|-
| 2009
| align="right" | 59,095,000
| align="right" | 568,857
| align="right" | 591,663
| align="right" style="color: red" | -22.806
| align="right" | 9.6
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" style="color: red" | -0.3
| 3.4
| align="right" | 1.44
|-
| 2010
| align="right" | 59,277,000
| align="right" | 561,944
| align="right" | 587,488
| align="right" style="color: red" | -25.544
| align="right" | 9.4
| align="right" | 9.7
| align="right" style="color: red" | -0.3
| 2.0
| align="right" | 1.44
|-
| 2011
| align="right" | 59,379,000
| align="right" | 546,585
| align="right" | 593,402
| align="right" style="color: red" | -46,817
| align="right" | 9.1
| align="right" | 9.9
| align="right" style="color: red" | -0.8
| 3.5
| align="right" | 1.44
|-
| 2012
| align="right" | 59,540,000
| align="right" | 534,186
| align="right" | 612,883
| align="right" style="color: red" | -78,697
| align="right" | 8.9
| align="right" | 10.2
| align="right" style="color: red" | -1.3
| 13.0
| align="right" | 1.42
|-
| 2013
| align="right" | 60,234,000
| align="right" | 514,308
| align="right" | 600,744
| align="right" style="color: red" | -86,436
| align="right" | 8.5
| align="right" | 10.0
| align="right" style="color: red" | -1.4
| 10.6
| align="right" | 1.39
|-
| 2014
| align="right" | 60,789,000
| align="right" | 502,596
| align="right" | 598,364
| align="right" style="color: red" | -95,768
| align="right" | 8.3
| align="right" | 9.9
| align="right" style="color: red" | -1.6
| 1.7
| align="right" | 1.38
|-
| 2015
|  align="right" style="color: blue" | 60,796,000
| align="right" | 485,780
| align="right" | 647,571
| align="right" style="color: red" | -161,791
| align="right" | 8.1
| align="right" | 10.7
| align="right" style="color: red" | -2.7
| 0.6
| align="right" | 1.36
|-
| 2016
| align="right" style="color: red" | 60,666,000
| align="right" | 473,438
| align="right" | 615,261
| align="right" style="color: red" | -141,823
| align="right" | 7.9
| align="right" | 10.2
| align="right" style="color: red" | -2.4
| 1.0
| align="right" | 1.36
|-
| 2017
| align="right" style="color: red" | 60,579,000
| align="right" | 458,151
| align="right" | 649,061
| align="right" style="color: red" | -190,910
| align="right" | 7.6
| align="right" | 10.8
| align="right" style="color: red" | -3.2
| 1.6
| align="right" | 1.34
|-
| 2018
| align="right" style="color: red" | 60,484,000
| align="right" | 439,747
| align="right" | 633,133
| align="right" style="color: red" | -193,386
| align="right" | 7.3
| align="right" | 10.6
| align="right" style="color: red" |  -3.2
| -7.8
| align="right" | 1.31
|-
| 2019
| align="right" style="color: red" | 59,816,673
| align="right" | 420,084
| align="right" | 634,417
| align="right" style="color: red" | -214,333
| align="right" | 7.0
| align="right" | 10.6
| align="right" style="color: red" | -3.6
| 0.7
| align="right" | 1.27
|-
| 2020
| align="right" style="color: red" | 59,641,488
| align="right" | 404,892
| align="right" | 740,317
| align="right" style="color: red" |  -335,425
| align="right" | 6.8
| align="right" | 12.4
| align="right" style="color: red" | -5.6
| -1.2
| align="right" | 1.24
|-
| 2021
| align="right" style="color: red" | 59,236,213
| align="right" | 400,249
| align="right" | 701,346
| align="right" style="color: red" |  -301,097
| align="right" | 6.8
| align="right" | 11.8
| align="right" style="color: red" | -5.2
| 1.7
| align="right" | 1.25
|-
| 2022
| align="right" style="color: red" | 59,030,133
| align="right" | 393,333
| align="right" | 715,077
| align="right" style="color: red" | -321,744
| align="right" | 6.8
| align="right" | 12.1
| align="right" style="color: red" | -5.4 
| 4.8
| align="right" | 1.24
|-
| 2023
| align="right" style="color: red" | 58,997,201
| align="right" | 379,890
| align="right" | 671,065
| align="right" style="color: red" | -291,175	
| align="right" | 6.4
| align="right" | 11.2
| align="right" style="color: red" | -4.8
| 4.7
| align="right" | 1.20
|-
| 2024
| align="right" style="color: red" | 58,971,230
| align="right" style="color: red" | 369,922
| align="right" | 650,587
| align="right" style="color: red" | -280,665
| align="right" style="color: red" | 6.3
| align="right" | 10.8
| align="right" style="color: red" | -4.5
| 4.1
| align="right" style="color: red" | 1.18
|-
| 2025
| align="right" style="color: red" | 58,934,177
| align="right" style="color: red" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" style="color: red" | 
| align="right" style="color: red" | 
| align="right" | 
| align="right" style="color: red" | 
| 
| align="right" | 
|}
In the year 2023, 80,942 babies were born to at least one foreign parent which makes up 21.31% of all newborns in that year (20,084 or 5.29% were born to foreign mothers, 9,411 or 2.48% to foreign fathers, and 51,447 or 13.54% to two foreign parents). In Southern Italy (including Sicily and Sardinia) only 9.01 percent of all newborns had 1 or 2 foreign parents, while in Central and Northern Italy their share reached 23.72 and 30.01 percent, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://demo.istat.it/?l=en|title=Birthrate and fertility}}</ref>

===Current vital statistics===
<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?i=D7B&l=en|title=Monthly Demographic Balance|website=demo.istat.it}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align:center;"
|+
|-
! Period
! Live births
! Deaths
! Natural increase
|-
| '''January - February 2024'''
| 62,015
| 119,667
| -57,652
|-
| '''January - February 2025'''
| 56,890
| 119,746
| -62,856
|-
| '''Difference'''
| {{decrease}} -5,125 (-8.26%)
| {{increase}} +79 (+0.06%)
| {{decrease}} -5,204
|}

===Total fertility rates by region===
[[Total fertility rate]] (TFR) in Italy by [[Regions of Italy|region]] as of 2024:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ 2024
![[Regions of Italy|Region]]
!TFR
|-
|{{flag|Trentino-Alto Adige}}
|1.39
|-
|{{flag|Sicily}}
|1.27
|-
|{{flag|Campania}}
|1.26
|-
|{{flag|Calabria}}
|1.25
|-
|{{flag|Veneto}}
|1.20
|-
|{{flag|Emilia-Romagna}}
|1.19
|-
|{{flag|Lombardy}}
|1.19
|-
|{{flag|Friuli-Venezia Giulia}}
|1.19
|-
|'''{{flag|Italy}}'''
|'''1.18'''
|-
|{{flag|Apulia}}
|1.16
|-
|{{flag|Liguria}}
|1.16
|-
|{{flag|Piedmont}}
|1.14
|-
|{{flag|Abruzzo}}
|1.12
|-
|{{flag|Tuscany}}
|1.12
|-
|{{flag|Lazio}}
|1.12
|-
|{{flag|Marche}}
|1.11
|-
|{{flag|Umbria}}
|1.11
|-
|{{flag|Basilicata}}
|1.09
|-
|{{flag|Aosta Valley}}
|1.05
|-
|{{flag|Molise}}
|1.04
|-
|{{flag|Sardinia}}
|0.91
|}
====Total fertility rates by province====
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fertility |url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?i=FE1&l=en |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=demo.istat.it}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+2024
![[Provinces of Italy|Provinces]]
!TFR
|-
|{{flag|South Tyrol|name=Bolzano}}
|1.51
|-
|{{flag|Province of Crotone|name=Crotone}}
|1.36
|-
|{{flag|Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria|name=Reggio Calabria}}
|1.34
|-
|{{flag|Province of Agrigento|name=Agrigento}}
|1.34
|-
|{{flag|Ragusa}}
|1.34
|-
|{{flag|Catania}}
|1.33
|-
|{{flag|Province of Vibo Valentia|name=Vibo Valentia}}
|1.32
|-
|{{flag|Palermo}}
|1.31
|-
|{{flag|Napoli}}
|1.30
|-
|{{flag|Province of Lodi|name=Lodi}}
|1.28
|-
|{{flag|Province of Vicenza|name=Vicenza}}
|1.28
|-
|{{flag|Province of Caserta|name=Caserta}}
|1.28
|-
|{{flag|Province of Sondrio|name=Sondrio}}
|1.27
|-
|{{flag|Province of Gorizia|name=Gorizia}}
|1.27
|-
|{{flag|Province of Piacenza|name=Piacenza}}
|1.27
|-
|{{flag|Modena}}
|1.27
|-
|{{flag|Province of Cuneo|name=Cuneo}}
|1.26
|-
|{{flag|Trentino}}
|1.26
|-
|{{flag|Province of Trapani|name=Trapani}}
|1.26
|-
|{{flag|Province of Treviso|name=Treviso}}
|1.24
|-
|{{flag|Province of Reggio Emilia|name=Reggio nell'Emilia}}
|1.24
|-
|{{flag|Bergamo}}
|1.23
|-
|{{flag|Brescia}}
|1.23
|-
|{{flag|Cremona}}
|1.23
|-
|{{flag|Province of Asti|name=Asti}}
|1.22
|-
|{{flag|Province of Lecco|name=Lecco}}
|1.22
|-
|{{flag|Salerno}}
|1.22
|-
|{{flag|Mantua}}
|1.21
|-
|{{flag|Province of Pordenone|name=Pordenone}}
|1.21
|-
|{{flag|Parma}}
|1.21
|-
|{{flag|Province of Imperia|name=Imperia}}
|1.20
|-
|{{flag|Verona}}
|1.20
|-
|{{flag|Province of Arezzo|name=Arezzo}}
|1.20
|-
|{{flag|Province of Caltanissetta|name=Caltanissetta}}
|1.20
|-
|{{flag|Province of Novara|name=Novara}}
|1.19
|-
|{{flag|Province of Varese|name=Varese}}
|1.19
|-
|{{flag|Monza and Brianza}}
|1.19
|-
|{{flag|Trieste}}
|1.19
|-
|{{flag|Province of Foggia|name=Foggia}}
|1.19
|-
|{{flag|Province of Catanzaro|name=Catanzaro}}
|1.19
|-
|{{flag|Province of Syracuse|name=Siracusa}}
|1.19
|-
|{{flag|Province of La Spezia|name=La Spezia}}
|1.18
|-
|{{flag|Como}}
|1.18
|-
|{{flag|Province of Pavia|name=Pavia}}
|1.18
|-
|{{flag|Province of Siena|name=Siena}}
|1.18
|-
|{{flag|Province of Barletta-Andria-Trani|name=Barletta-Andria-Trani}}
|1.18
|-
|'''{{flag|Italy}}'''
|'''1.18'''
|-
|{{flag|Genova}}
|1.17
|-
|{{flag|Province of Ravenna|name=Ravenna}}
|1.17
|-
|{{flag|Province of Forlì-Cesena|name=Forlì-Cesena}}
|1.17
|-
|{{flag|Bari}}
|1.17
|-
|{{flag|Province of Padua|name=Padova}}
|1.16
|-
|{{flag|Udine}}
|1.16
|-
|{{flag|Pisa}}
|1.16
|-
|{{flag|Province of Macerata|name=Macerata}}
|1.16
|-
|{{flag|Province of Brindisi|name=Brindisi}}
|1.16
|-
|{{flag|Venice}}
|1.15
|-
|{{flag|Bologna}}
|1.15
|-
|{{flag|Province of L'Aquila|name=L'Aquila}}
|1.15
|-
|{{flag|Province of Cosenza|name=Cosenza}}
|1.15
|-
|{{flag|Milano}}
|1.14
|-
|{{flag|Province of Belluno|name=Belluno}}
|1.14
|-
|{{flag|Benevento}}
|1.14
|-

|{{flag|Province of Vercelli|name=Vercelli}}
|1.13
|-
|{{flag|Firenze}}
|1.13
|-
|{{flag|Province of Latina|name=Latina}}
|1.13
|-
|{{flag|Province of Lecce|name=Lecce}}
|1.13
|-
|{{flag|Province of Matera|name=Matera}}
|1.13
|-
|{{flag|Torino}}
|1.12
|-
|{{flag|Province of Livorno|name=Livorno}}
|1.12
|-
|{{flag|Roma}}
|1.12
|-
|{{flag|Province of Taranto|name=Taranto}}
|1.12
|-
|{{flag|Province of Enna|name=Enna}}
|1.12
|-
|{{flag|Ferrara}}
|1.11
|-
|{{flag|Province of Perugia|name=Perugia}}
|1.11
|-
|{{flag|Province of Ascoli Piceno|name=Ascoli Piceno}}
|1.11
|-
|{{flag|Province of Rieti|name=Rieti}}
|1.11
|-
|{{flag|Province of Teramo|name=Teramo}}
|1.11
|-
|{{flag|Province of Pescara|name=Pescara}}
|1.11
|-
|{{flag|Province of Grosseto|name=Grosseto}}
|1.10
|-
|{{flag|Province of Terni|name=Terni}}
|1.10
|-
|{{flag|Province of Ancona|name=Ancona}}
|1.10
|-
|{{flag|Province of Frosinone|name=Frosinone}}
|1.10
|-
|{{flag|Chieti}}
|1.10
|-
|{{flag|Messina}}
|1.10
|-
|{{flag|Alessandria}}
|1.09
|-
|{{flag|Province of Pistoia|name=Pistoia}}
|1.09
|-
|{{flag|Province of Avellino|name=Avellino}}
|1.09
|-
|{{flag|Savona}}
|1.08
|-
|{{flag|Province of Rimini|name=Rimini}}
|1.08
|-
|{{flag|Province of Massa-Carrara|name=Massa-Carrara}}
|1.08
|-
|{{flag|Lucca}}
|1.08
|-
|{{flag|Province of Pesaro and Urbino|name=Pesaro e Urbino}}
|1.08
|-
|{{flag|Province of Fermo|name=Fermo}}
|1.07
|-

|{{flag|Verbano-Cusio-Ossola}}
|1.06
|-
|{{flag|Province of Potenza|name=Potenza}}
|1.06
|-
|{{flag|Aosta Valley}}
|1.05
|-
|{{flag|Province of Rovigo|name=Rovigo}}
|1.05
|-
|{{flag|Campobasso}}
|1.05
|-
|{{flag|Province of Biella|name=Biella}}
|1.04
|-
|{{flag|Province of Isernia|name=Isernia}}
|1.04
|-
|{{flag|Province of Prato|name=Prato}}
|1.01
|-
|{{flag|Viterbo}}
|1.00
|-
|{{flag|Province of Nuoro|name=Nuoro}}
|0.98
|-
|{{flag|Province of Sassari|name=Sassari}}
|0.94
|-
|{{flag|Province of Oristano|name=Oristano}}
|0.93
|-
|{{flag|Province of South Sardinia|name=Sud Sardegna}}
|0.89
|-
|{{flag|Cagliari}}
|0.84
|}

===Structure of the population===

{{Hidden begin 
|title= Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.I.2021):<ref>{{cite web |title=Demographic and Social Statistics |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/#statistics |website=United Nations Statistics Division |access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref>
|titlestyle = background:#EEBC35;
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 28 866 226
| align="right" | 30 369 987 
| align="right" | 59 236 213
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 1 138 845
| align="right" | 1 077 665
| align="right" | 2 216 510
| align="right" | 3.74
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 1 326 061 
| align="right" | 1 252 279
| align="right" | 2 578 340
| align="right" | 4.35
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 1 463 873
| align="right" | 1 377 822
| align="right" | 2 841 695
| align="right" | 4.80
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 1 476 815
| align="right" | 1 380 198
| align="right" | 2 857 013
| align="right" | 4.82
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 1 549 500
| align="right" | 1 407 840
| align="right" | 2 957 340
| align="right" | 4.99
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 1 566 265 
| align="right" | 1 479 314
| align="right" | 3 045 579
| align="right" | 5.14
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 1 633 887
| align="right" | 1 592 259
| align="right" | 3 226 146
| align="right" | 5.45
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 1 747 529
| align="right" | 1 735 723
| align="right" | 3 483 252
| align="right" | 5.88
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 2 001 502
| align="right" | 2 007 068
| align="right" | 4 008 570
| align="right" | 6.77
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 2 329 457
| align="right" | 2 363 044
| align="right" | 4 692 501
| align="right" | 7.92
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 2 377 041
| align="right" | 2 440 634
| align="right" | 4 817 675
| align="right" | 8.13
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 2 261 108
| align="right" | 2 362 857
| align="right" | 4 623 965
| align="right" | 7.81
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 1 901 209
| align="right" | 2 044 887
| align="right" | 3 946 096
| align="right" | 6.66
|-
| align="right" | 65-69
| align="right" | 1 652 948
| align="right" | 1 821 385
| align="right" | 3 474 333
| align="right" | 5.87
|-
| align="right" | 70-74
| align="right" | 1 609 510
| align="right" | 1 831 661
| align="right" | 3 441 171
| align="right" | 5.81
|-
| align="right" | 75-79
| align="right" | 1 140 634
| align="right" | 1 406 576
| align="right" | 2 547 210
| align="right" | 4.30
|-
| align="right" | 80-84
| align="right" | 953 118
| align="right" | 1 324 845
| align="right" | 2 277 963
| align="right" | 3.85
|-
| align="right" | 85-89
| align="right" | 513 213
| align="right" | 882 889
| align="right" | 1 396 102
| align="right" | 2.36
|-
| align="right" | 90-94
| align="right" | 186 194
| align="right" | 443 464
| align="right" | 629 658
| align="right" | 1.06
|-
| align="right" | 95-99
| align="right" | 34 670
| align="right" | 123 247
| align="right" | 157 917
| align="right" | 0.27
|-
| align="right" | 100-104
| align="right" | 2 728
| align="right" | 13 404
| align="right" | 16 132
| align="right" | 0.03
|-
| align="right" | 105-109
| align="right" | 117
| align="right" | 907
| align="right" | 1 024
| align="right" | <0.01
|-
| align="right" | 110+
| align="right" | 2
| align="right" | 19
| align="right" | 21
| align="right" | <0.01
|-
! width="50"|Age group 
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 3 928 779
| align="right" | 3 707 766
| align="right" | 7 636 545
| align="right" | 12.89
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 18 844 313
| align="right" | 18 813 824
| align="right" | 37 658 137
| align="right" | 63.57
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 6 093 134
| align="right" | 7 848 397
| align="right" | 13 941 531
| align="right" | 23.54
|-
|}
{{Hidden end}}

==Health==
'''Obesity – adult prevalence rate'''
:
: 19.9% (2016) Country comparison to the world: 108

== Employment and income ==
Unemployment, youth ages 15–24:
:total: 32.2%. Country comparison to the world: 26th
:male: 30.4%
:female: 34.8% (2018 est.)

== Immigration ==
{{main|Immigration to Italy}}
Since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, and more recently, the [[2004 enlargement of the European Union|2004]] and [[2004 enlargement of the European Union|2007]] enlargements of the European Union, Italy received growing flows of migrants from the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe (especially [[Romania]], [[Albania]], [[Ukraine]] and [[Poland]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Emigration and Its Economic Impact on Eastern Europe |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2016/sdn1607.pdf |access-date=17 May 2021 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}</ref> The second most important area of immigration to Italy has always been the neighboring North Africa (especially [[Morocco]], [[Egypt]], [[Tunisia]] and [[Algeria]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Migration from the Middle East and North Africa to Europe |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/33374/496763.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=17 May 2021 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press}}</ref> Furthermore, in recent years, growing migration fluxes from the Far East (notably, [[China]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Chinese immigration into the Eu: new trends, dynamics and implications |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Asia/0313ecran_lathamwu.pdf |access-date=17 May 2021 |publisher=The Europe China Research and Advice Network (ECRAN)}}</ref> and the [[Philippines]]) and Latin America ([[Ecuador]], [[Peru]]) have been recorded.

Italy does not collect data on ethnicity or race of the country, but does collect data on nationality of its residents.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shendruk |first=Amanda |date=2021-07-08 |title=Are you even trying to stop racism if you don't collect data on race? |url=https://qz.com/2029525/the-20-countries-that-dont-collect-racial-and-ethnic-census-data/ |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=Quartz}}</ref>

In 2021, [[Istat]] estimated that 5,171,894 foreign citizens lived in Italy, representing about 8.7% of the total population.<ref name="id2020" /> These figures do not include [[naturalized]] foreign-born residents (121,457 foreigners acquired [[Italian citizenship]] in 2021)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Acquisitions of citizenship : Most relevant country of citizenship |url=http://dati.istat.it/index.aspx?lang=en&SubSessionId=2da4a73f-72e4-46b4-a3dc-1b66e6c78dc7&themetreeid=-200 |access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref> as well as [[illegal immigrants]], the so-called ''clandestini'', whose numbers, difficult to determine, are thought to be at least 670,000.<ref>Elisabeth Rosenthal, "[http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2008/05/16/italy_cracks_down_on_illegal_immigration/ Italy cracks down on illegal immigration]". ''[[The Boston Globe]]''. 16 May 2008.</ref> [[Romanians]] made up the largest community in the country (1,145,718; around 10% of them being ethnic [[Romani people]]<ref>"[http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=42404 EUROPE: Home to Roma, And No Place for Them]". [[Inter Press Service|IPS]] ipsnews.net. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305064429/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=42404|date=5 March 2012}}</ref>), followed by [[Albanians]] (441,027) and [[Moroccans]] (422,980).<ref>{{cite web |date=31 December 2018 |title=Cittadini stranieri. Popolazione residente e bilancio demografico |url=http://demo.istat.it/str2018/ |access-date=24 January 2019 |website=istat.it |publisher=istat |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Lanni, Alessandro |date=27 December 2015 |title=From Morocco to Romania: how immigration to Italy has changed over 10 years |url=https://openmigration.org/en/analyses/from-morocco-to-romania-marocco-how-immigration-to-italy-changed-in-10-years/ |access-date=10 March 2016 |work=Open Migration}}</ref>

The fourth largest community of foreign residents in Italy was represented by the [[Chinese people|Chinese]].<ref>{{cite news |date=20 September 2019 |title=Società Stranieri in Italia, 5,2 milioni i residenti regolari. Romania e Cina le provenienze con i maggiori incrementi negli ultimi 8 anni |agency=[[Il Fatto Quotidiano]] |url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2019/09/20/stranieri-in-italia-52-milioni-i-residenti-regolari-romania-e-cina-le-provenienze-con-i-maggiori-incrementi-negli-ultimi-8-anni/5465956/ |access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref> The majority of Chinese living in Italy are from the city of [[Wenzhou]] in the province of [[Zhejiang]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Chang, Angela |date=24 February 2012 |title=20th Century Chinese Migration to Italy: The Chinese Diaspora Presence within European International Migration |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264706975 |access-date=11 March 2015 |work=ResearchGate}}</ref> Breaking down the foreign-born population by continent, in 2020 the figures were as follows: Europe (54%), Africa (22%), Asia (16%), the Americas (8%) and Oceania (0.06%). The distribution of immigrants is largely uneven in Italy: 83% of immigrants live in the northern and central parts of the country (the most economically developed areas), while only 17% live in the southern half of the peninsula.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 December 2020 |title=I numeri degli stranieri residenti in Italia |url=https://www.youtrend.it/2020/12/09/i-numeri-degli-stranieri-residenti-in-italia/ |access-date=15 May 2021 |website=Youtrend.it}}</ref>

;Net migration rate
:
: 3.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 34th
:
{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable col1left" style="text-align:right;"
! rowspan="3" |Nationality groups
! colspan="14" |Year
|-
! colspan="2" |2002<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Estimated resident population – Years 2002–2019 |url=http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?QueryId=12386&lang=en |access-date=2021-12-22 |website=dati.istat.it}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2005<ref name=":12" />
! colspan="2" |2010<ref name=":12" />
! colspan="2" |2015<ref name=":12" />
! colspan="2" |2019<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Resident foreigners on 1st January – Citizenship : Italy, regions, provinces – Area of citizenship |url=https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do |website=dati.istat.it}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2021<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Resident foreigners on 1st January – Citizenship : Italy, regions, provinces – Area of citizenship |url=http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?QueryId=19675&lang=en# |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128055552/http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?QueryId=19675&lang=en |archive-date=28 January 2022 |access-date= |website=dati.istat.it}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |2023<ref>{{cite web | url=http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?QueryId=19675&lang=en# | title=Resident foreigners on 1st January - Citizenship }}</ref>
|-
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
!Number
!%
|-
!{{Flagicon|Italy}} Italians
!55,651,856
!97.64%
!55,775,350
!96.09%
!55,853,967
!93.57%
!55,460,252
!91.98%
!54,820,515
!91.65%
!54,064,319
!91.27%
!53,855,860
!91.29%
|-
!Foreigners
!1,341,414
!2.36%
!2,269,018
!3.91%
!3,836,349
!6.43%
!4,835,245
!8.02%
!4,996,158
!8.35%
!5,171,894
!8.73%
!5,141,341
!8.71%
|-
|{{Flagicon|European Union}} EU-27
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|1,472,847 
|2.46%
|1,406,623
|2.47%
|1,393,782
|2.36%
|-
|Other European
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|1,036,761
|1.73%
|1,053,765
|1.78%
|1,024,029
|1.74%
|-
|Northern Africa
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|639,994   
|1.07%
|689,649
|1.16%
|689,083
|1.17%
|-
|Central and South Asia
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|528,182   
|0.88%
|605,000
|1.02%
|619,671
|1.05%
|-
|Eastern Asia
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|464,557    
|0.78%
|521,686
|0.88%
|489,804
|0.83%
|-
|Western Africa
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|389,602
|0.65%
|400,112  
|0.68%
|401,218
|0.68%
|-
|Central and South America
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|345,466      
|0.58%
|366,062
|0.62%
|370,415
|0.63%
|-
|Western Asia
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|36,914  
|–
|44,272
|–
|71,761
|–
|-
|Eastern Africa
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|37,131
|–
|35,486
|–
|35,833
|–
|-
|Central and South Africa
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|24,919
|–
|25,343
|–
|25,299
|–
|-
|Northern America
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|17,082
|–
|21,216
|–
|17,812
|–
|-
|Oceania
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|2,120
|–
|2,248
|–
|1,991
|–
|-
|Stateless
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|–
|583
|–
|432
|–
|643
|–
|-
!Total
!56,993,270
!100%
!58,044,368
!100%
!59,690,316
!100%
!60,295,497
!100%
!59,816,673
!100%
!59,236,213
!100%
!58,997,201
!100%
|}
[[File:COB data Italy.PNG|thumb|right|300px|Italy is home to a large population of migrants from Eastern Europe and North Africa.]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Total foreign resident   population on 1 January<ref group="note">The figures for 2002–2011 have been revised downwards as a result of the 15th General Census of Italy which offered more precise data. The figures since 2012 are calculated adding to the foreign population enumerated by the census the foreign population inflows and outflows recorded in all Italian municipalities during each calendar year.</ref>
! Year || Population
|-
| 2002|| 1,341,209<ref name="ricostruzione">{{cite web |date=26 September 2013 |title=Ricostruzione della popolazione residente per età, sesso e cittadinanza nei comuni |url=http://www.istat.it/it/archivio/99464 |publisher=ISTAT |page=9}}</ref>
|-
| 2003|| 1,464,663<ref name="ricostruzione" />
|-
| 2004|| 1,854,748<ref name="ricostruzione" />
|-
| 2005|| 2,210,478<ref name="ricostruzione" />
|-
| 2006|| 2,419,483<ref name="ricostruzione" />
|-
| 2007|| 2,592,950<ref name="ricostruzione" />
|-
| 2008|| 3,023,317<ref name="ricostruzione" />
|-
| 2009|| 3,402,435<ref name="ricostruzione" />
|-
| 2010|| 3,648,128<ref name="ricostruzione" />
|-
| 2011|| 3,879,224<ref name="ricostruzione" />
|-
| 2012|| 4,052,081<ref>[http://demo.istat.it/str20111009/index.html Statistics for 2011 at istat.it] Accessed 30 October 2017.</ref>
|-
| 2013|| 4,387,721<ref>[http://demo.istat.it/str2012/index.html Statistics for 2013 at istat.it] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331033817/http://demo.istat.it/str2012/index.html|date=31 March 2017}} Accessed 30 October 2017.</ref>
|-
| 2014|| 4,922,085<ref>[http://demo.istat.it/str2013/index.html Statistics for 2013 at istat.it] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730080921/http://demo.istat.it/str2013/index.html|date=30 July 2015}} Accessed 30 October 2017.</ref>
|-
| 2015|| 5,014,437<ref name="ISTAT2015">{{cite web |date=15 June 2015 |title=Cittadini Stranieri. Popolazione residente e bilancio demografico al 31 dicembre 2014 |url=http://demo.istat.it/str2014/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026080159/http://demo.istat.it/str2014/index.html |archive-date=26 October 2019 |access-date=19 May 2021 |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|ISTAT]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2016|| 5,026,153<ref>[http://demo.istat.it/str2015/index.html Statistics for 2015 at istat.it] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613091718/http://demo.istat.it/str2015/index.html|date=13 June 2016}} Accessed 30 October 2017.</ref>
|-
| 2017|| 5,047,028<ref>[http://demo.istat.it/str2016/index.html Statistics for 2017 at istat.it] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707030714/http://demo.istat.it/str2016/index.html|date=7 July 2017}} Accessed 4 April 2018.</ref>
|-
| 2018|| 5,144,440<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistiche demografiche ISTAT |url=http://demo.istat.it/str2017/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806142909/http://www.demo.istat.it/bil2016/index.html |archive-date=6 August 2017 |access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2019|| 5,255,503<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 2019 |title=5.255.503 cittadini stranieri in Italia |language=it |website=aise.it |url=https://www.aise.it/immigrazione/5.255.503-cittadini-stranieri-in-italia/137126/149 |access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2020|| 5,013,215<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://demo.istat.it/app/?i=P03&a=2020|title=Bilancio demografico popolazione straniera|website=demo.istat.it}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|5,171,894 (8.7%)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do|title=Population by citizenship}}</ref>
|-
|}

There are, as of 2022, 5,030,716 Foreign-born residents, accounting for 8.5% of the total population.

Their distribution by country of origin was as follows:

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
!Country
!Population<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resident foreigners on 1st January - Citizenship |url=http://dati.istat.it/Index.aspx?QueryId=19675&lang=en# |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=dati.istat.it}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Romania}}
|1,081,836
|-
|{{flag|Albania}}
|416,829
|-
|{{flag|Morocco}}
|415,088
|-
|{{flag|China}}
|307,038
|-
|{{flag|Ukraine}}
|249,613
|-
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|174,058
|-
|{{flag|India}}
|167,333
|-
|{{flag|Philippines}}
|158,926
|-
|{{flag|Egypt}}
|147,797
|-
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|144,129
|-
|{{flag|Nigeria}}
|123,646
|-
|{{flag|Senegal}}
|112,598
|-
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|109,828
|-
|{{flag|Moldova}}
|109,804
|-
|{{flag|Tunisia}}
|102,422
|-
|{{flag|Peru}}
|98,733
|-
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Poland}}
|74,387
|-
|{{flag|Ecuador}}
|63,211
|-
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|51,125
|-
|{{flag|North Macedonia}}
|51,090
|-
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Bulgaria}}
|49,518
|-
|{{flag|Ghana}}
|47,335
|-
|{{flag|Russia}}
|39,705
|-
|{{flag|Kosovo}}
|36,372
|-
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Germany}}
|34,003
|-
|{{flag|Serbia}}
|30,835
|-
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|France}}
|29,942
|-
|{{flag|Dominican Republic}}
|29,571
|-
|{{flag|Georgia}}
|29,222
|-
|{{flag|Ivory Coast}}
|28,559
|-
|{{flagicon|EU}}{{flag|Spain}}
|27,854
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|27,758
|-
|{{flag|Cuba}}
|23,351
|-
|{{flag|El Salvador}}
|22,693
|-
|{{flag|Gambia}}
|22,637
|-
|{{flag|Mali}}
|21,032
|-
|{{flag|Colombia}}
|20,856
|-
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
|20,454
|-
|}

===Italy migration data===

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+ Italy Migration Data of Italian nationals (1971-2014)
|-
! Year !! Emigration !! Immigration !! Net Migration
|-
| 1971 || 167,721 || 128,572 || -39,149
|-
| 1972 || 141,852 || 138,246 || -3,606
|-
| 1973 || 123,802 || 125,168 || 1,366
|-
| 1974 || 112,020 || 116,708 || 4,688
|-
| 1975 || 92,666 || 122,774 || 30,108
|-
| 1976 || 97,247 || 115,997 || 18,750
|-
| 1977 || 87,655 || 101,985 || 14,330
|-
| 1978 || 85,550 || 89,897 || 4,347
|-
| 1979 || 88,950 || 91,693 || 2,743
|-
| 1980 || 84,877 || 90,463 || 5,586
|-
| 1981 || 89,221 || 88,886 || -335
|-
| 1982 || 98,241 || 92,423 || -5,818
|-
| 1983 || 85,138 || 87,804 || 2,666
|-
| 1984 || 77,318 || 77,002 || -316
|-
| 1985 || 66,737 || 67,277 || 540
|-
| 1986 || 57,862 || 56,006 || -1,856
|-
| 1987 || 38,305 || 57,665 || 19,360
|-
| 1988 || 36,660 || 52,562 || 15,902
|-
| 1989 || 59,894 || 53,893 || -6,001
|-
| 1990 || 48,916 || 70,035 || 21,119
|-
| 1991 || 51,478 || 56,004 || 4,526
|-
| 1992 || 50,226 || 54,849 || 4,623
|-
| 1993 || 54,980 || 49,261 || -5,719
|-
| 1994 || 59,402 || 46,761 || -12,641
|-
| 1995 || 34,886 || 28,472 || -6,414
|-
| 1996 || 39,017 || 28,816 || -10,201
|-
| 1997 || 38,984 || 30,352 || -8,632
|-
| 1998 || 38,148 || 29,946 || -8,202
|-
| 1999 || 56,283 || 32,152 || -24,131
|-
| 2000 || 47,480 || 34,411 || -13,069
|-
| 2001 || 46,901 || 35,416 || -11,485
|-
| 2002 || 34,056 || 44,476 || 10,420
|-
| 2003 || 39,866 || 47,530 || 7,664
|-
| 2004 || 39,155 || 41,794 || 2,639
|-
| 2005 || 41,991 || 37,326 || -4,665
|-
| 2006 || 46,308 || 37,666 || -8,642
|-
| 2007 || 36,299 || 36,693 || 394
|-
| 2008 || 39,536 || 32,118 || -7,418
|-
| 2009 || 39,024 || 29,330 || -9,694
|-
| 2010 || 39,545 || 28,192 || -11,353
|-
| 2011 || 50,057 || 31,466 || -18,591
|-
| 2012 || 67,998 || 29,467 || -38,531
|-
| 2013 || 82,095 || 28,433 || -53,662
|-
| 2014 || 88,859 || 29,271 || -59,588
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Italy Immigration and Emigration Data
! Year !! Immigration !! Emigration !! Net Migration
|-
| 2002 || 213,202 || 41,756 || 171,446
|-
| 2003 || 440,301 || 48,706 || 391,595
|-
| 2004 || 414,880 || 49,910 || 364,970
|-
| 2005 || 304,960 || 53,931 || 251,029
|-
| 2006 || 279,714 || 58,407 || 221,307
|-
| 2007 || 527,123 || 51,113 || 476,010
|-
| 2008 || 494,394 || 67,671 || 426,723
|-
| 2009 || 421,859 || 64,921 || 356,938
|-
| 2010 || 447,744 || 67,501 || 380,243
|-
| 2011 || 385,793 || 82,461 || 303,332
|-
| 2012 || 350,772 || 106,216 || 244,556
|-
| 2013 || 307,454 || 125,735 || 181,719
|-
| 2014 || 277,631 || 136,328 || 141,303
|-
| 2015 || 280,078 || 146,955 || 133,123
|-
| 2016 || 300,823 || 157,065 || 143,758
|-
| 2017 || 343,440 || 155,110 || 188,330
|-
| 2018 || 332,324 || 159,960 || 172,364
|-
| 2019 || 332,778 || 179,505 || 153,273
|-
| 2020 || 247,526 || 158,884 || 88,642
|-
| 2021 || 318,366 || 158,312 || 160,054
|-
| 2022 || 410,985 || 150,189 || 260,796
|-
| 2023 || 439,658 || 158,438 || 281,220
|-
| 2024 || 434,579 || 190,967 || 243,612
|}

<ref>{{cite web |title=International Migration |url=https://demo.istat.it |publisher=Istat |access-date=2024-05-31}}</ref>

== Languages ==
{{Main|Regional Italian|Languages of Italy|Languages of Italy#Historical linguistic minorities|l3=Historical linguistic minorities of Italy}}
[[File:Linguistic_map_of_Italy_-_Legend.svg|right|thumb|250px|[[Languages of Italy|Local languages spoken in Italy]]]]

Italy's official language is Italian; [[Ethnologue]] has estimated that there are about 55 million speakers of Italian in the country and a further 6.7&nbsp;million outside of it, primarily in the neighboring countries and in the [[Italian diaspora]] worldwide.<ref name="ethnologue.com" >[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ita Ethnologue report for language code:ita (Italy)] – Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version</ref> Italian, adopted by the central state after the [[unification of Italy]], is a language based on the [[Florentine dialect|Florentine]] variety of [[Tuscan language|Tuscan]] and is somewhat intermediate between the [[Italo-Dalmatian languages]] and the [[Gallo-Romance languages]]. Its development was also influenced by the Germanic languages of the [[Migration period|post-Roman invaders]]. When Italy unified in 1861, only 3% of the population spoke Italian,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ita/|title=Italian &#124; Ethnologue Free|website=Ethnologue (Free All)}}</ref> even though an estimated 90% of Italians speak Italian as their L1 nowadays.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/207961|title=L'uso della lingua italiana, dei dialetti e di altre lingue in Italia|date=9 March 2018|publisher=Istat}}</ref>

Italy is in fact one of the most linguistically diverse countries in Europe,<ref>«Italy holds especial treasures for linguists. There is probably no other area of Europe in which such a profusion of linguistic variation is concentrated into so small a geographical area». Martin Maiden, M. Mair Parry (1997), ''The Dialects of Italy'', Psychology Press, p. 1</ref> as there are not only [[Regional Italian|varieties of Italian]] specific to each cultural region, but also distinct [[Languages of Italy|regional and minority languages]]. The establishment of the national education system has led to the emergence of the former and a decrease in the use of the latter. The spread of Italian was further expanded in the 1950s and 1960s, because of the economic growth and the rise of mass media and television, with the state broadcaster ([[RAI]]) setting a colloquial variety of Italian to which the population would be exposed.

As a way to distance itself from the [[Italianization]] policies promoted because of [[Italian nationalism|nationalism]], Italy recognized twelve languages as the Country's "[[Languages of Italy#Historical linguistic minorities|historical linguistic minorities]]",<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.parlamento.it/parlam/leggi/99482l.htm |title=Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche |publisher=Italian parliament |access-date=17 October 2015}}</ref> which are promoted alongside Italian in their respective territories. French is co-official in the [[Aosta Valley]] as the province's [[Prestige (linguistics)|prestige variety]], under which the more commonly spoken [[Franco-Provencal]] dialects have been historically roofed.<ref>L.cost. 26 febbraio 1948, n. 4, Statuto speciale per la Valle d'Aosta</ref> German has the same status in the province of [[South Tyrol|name=Bolzano]] as, in some parts of that province and in parts of the neighbouring [[Trentino]], does [[Ladin language|Ladin]].<ref>L.cost. 26 febbraio 1948, n. 5, Statuto speciale per il Trentino-Alto Adige</ref> [[Slovene language|Slovene]]<ref>L.cost. 31 gennaio 1963, n. 1, Statuto speciale della Regione Friuli-Venezia Giulia</ref> and [[Friulian language|Friulian]] are officially recognised in the provinces of [[Province of Trieste|Trieste]], [[Province of Gorizia|Gorizia]] and [[Province of Udine|Udine]] in [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia|Venezia Giulia]]. In [[Sardinia]], the [[Sardinian language]] has been the language traditionally spoken and is often regarded by linguists as constituting its own branch of Romance;<ref>Martin Maiden, M. Mair Parry (1997), ''The Dialects of Italy'', Psychology Press, p. 2</ref> in the 1990s, Sardinian has been recognized as "having equal dignity" with Italian,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&s=1&file=1997026|title=Legge Regionale 15 ottobre 1997, n. 26-Regione Autonoma della Sardegna|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301195804/http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&s=1&file=1997026|url-status=dead}}</ref> the introduction of which to the island officially started under the rule of the [[House of Savoy]] in the 18th century.

In these regions, official documents are either bilingual (trilingual in Ladin communities) in the co-official language(s) by default, or available as such upon request. Traffic signs are also multilingual, except in the Valle d'Aosta where French toponyms are generally used, with the exception of [[Aosta]] itself, which has retained its Latin form in Italian as well as English. Attempts to Italianize them, especially during the Fascist period, have been formally abandoned. Education is possible in minority languages where such schools are operating.

[[UNESCO]] and other authorities recognize a number of other languages which are not legally protected by Italian government: [[Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]], [[Venetian language|Venetian]], [[Ligurian (Romance language)|Ligurian]], [[Lombard language|Lombard]], [[Emiliano-Romagnolo language|Emilian-Romagnolo]], [[Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]] and [[Sicilian language|Sicilian]].

== Religion ==
{{Main|Religion in Italy}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Italy according to the [[Eurobarometer]] survey, 2021<ref name="2021 Eurobarometer">{{cite web|url=https://data.europa.eu/data/datasets/s2237_95_2_516_eng?locale=en|via=[[European Data Portal]] (see Volume C: Country/socio-demographics: IT: Question D90.2.)|title=Special Eurobarometer 516|publisher=[[European Union]]: [[European Commission]]|date=September 2021|access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]
|value1 = 79.2
|color1 = SkyBlue
|label2 = [[Eastern Orthodoxy]]
|value2 = 3.5
|color2 = Blue
|label3 = [[Protestantism]]
|value3 = 0.3
|color3 = DarkBlue
|label4 = [[List of Christian denominations|Other Christian]]
|value4 = 1.4
|color4 = DarkGreen
|label5 = [[Islam]]
|value5 = 1.0
|color5 = Green
|label6 = [[Buddhism]]
|value6 = 0.4
|color6 = Yellow
|label7 = [[Hinduism]]
|value7 = 0.3
|color7 = Orange
|label8 = [[Judaism]]
|value8 = 0.1
|color8 = Red
|label9 = Other
|value9 = 1.4
|color9 = GreenYellow
|label10 = [[Agnosticism]]
|value10 = 7.5
|color10 = White
|label11 = [[Atheism]]
|value11 = 4.1
|color11 = Black
|label12 = Undeclared
|value12 = 1.0
|color12 = Grey
|label13 = [[Sikhism]]
|value13 = 0.3
|color13 = red
}}
[[Roman Catholicism]] is by far the largest religion in the country, although the Catholic Church is no longer officially the [[state religion]]. In 2006, 87.8% of Italy's population self-identified as Roman Catholic,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Cronache/2006/01_Gennaio/17/cattolici.shtml|title=Italy: 88% of Italy's population declare themselves Catholic|publisher=Corriere della Sera|date=18 January 2006|access-date = 10 May 2009|language=it}}</ref> although only about one-third of these described themselves as active members (36.8%). In 2016, 71.1% of ''Italian citizens'' self-identified as Roman Catholic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eurispes.eu/content/rapporto-italia-2016-la-sindrome-del-palio|title=Rapporto Italia 2016. La sindrome del Palio|date=28 January 2016 |access-date = 10 November 2018|language=it}}</ref> This increased again to 78% in 2018.<ref name="2016Montaigne-IFOP"/>

Most Italians believe in God, or a form of a spiritual life force. According to a [[Eurobarometer]] Poll in 2005:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524004644/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf|url-status=dead|title=ReportDGResearchSocialValuesEN2.PDF|archivedate=24 May 2006}}</ref> 74% of Italian citizens responded that 'they believe there is a God', 16% answered that 'they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force' and 6% answered that 'they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force'. There are no data collected through census.

===Christianity===
The Italian Catholic Church is part of the global Roman Catholic Church, under the leadership of the Pope, [[curia]] in Rome, and the [[Conference of Italian Bishops]]. In addition to Italy, two other sovereign nations are included in Italian-based dioceses, [[San Marino]] and [[Vatican City]]. There are 225 dioceses in the Italian Catholic Church, see further in this article and in the article [[List of the Roman Catholic dioceses in Italy]]. Even though by law Vatican City is not part of Italy, it is in Rome, and along with [[Latin]], Italian is the most spoken and second language of the [[Roman Curia]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1066140.stm|publisher=BBC News|title=Country profile: Vatican|date=26 October 2009|access-date=5 May 2010}}</ref>

Italy has a rich [[Catholic culture]], especially as numerous Catholic [[saint]]s, [[martyr]]s and popes were Italian themselves. Roman Catholic art in Italy especially flourished during the [[Middle Ages]], [[Renaissance]] and [[Baroque]] periods, with numerous Italian artists, such as [[Michelangelo]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Raphael]], [[Caravaggio]], [[Fra Angelico]], [[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]], [[Sandro Botticelli]], [[Tintoretto]], [[Titian]] and [[Giotto]]. Roman Catholic architecture in Italy is equally as rich and impressive, with churches, basilicas and cathedrals such as [[St Peter's Basilica]], [[Florence Cathedral]] and [[St Mark's Basilica]]. Roman Catholicism is the largest religion and denomination in Italy, with around 71.1% of Italians considering themselves Catholic. Italy is also home to the greatest number of [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]]s in the world,<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=Salvador Miranda (historian) |last=Miranda |first=Salvador |title= Living cardinals arranged by country|url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/countrynow.htm#Top|work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church |publisher=[[Florida International University]]|oclc=53276621}}</ref> and is the country with the greatest number of Roman Catholic churches per capita.<ref name="kwintessential.co.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/italy-country-profile.html |title=Italy – Italian Language, Culture, Customs and Business Etiquette |publisher=Kwintessential.co.uk |access-date=2 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812211310/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/italy-country-profile.html |archive-date=12 August 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Santa Maria del Fiore.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Santa Maria del Fiore]] cathedral in [[Florence]], which has the biggest brick dome in the world,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tripleman.com/index.php?showimage=737 |title=The Duomo of Florence {{pipe}} Tripleman |publisher=tripleman.com |access-date=25 March 2010 |archive-date=6 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206202243/http://www.tripleman.com/index.php?showimage=737 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brunelleschisdome.com/ |title=brunelleschi's dome – Brunelleschi's Dome |publisher=Brunelleschisdome.com |access-date=25 March 2010}}</ref> and is considered a masterpiece of Italian architecture.]]

Even though the main Christian denomination in Italy is Roman Catholicism, there are some minorities of [[Protestant]], [[Waldensian]], [[Eastern Orthodox]] and other Christian churches.

Immigration from [[Western Africa|Western]], [[Central Africa|Central]], and Eastern Africa at the beginning of the 21st century has increased the size of [[Baptist]], [[Anglicanism|Anglican]], Pentecostal and Evangelical communities in Italy, while immigration from Eastern Europe has produced large Eastern Orthodox communities.

In 2006, Protestants made up 2.1% of Italy's population, and members of Eastern Orthodox churches comprised 1.2% or more than 700,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians including 180,000 [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]],<ref>[http://www.ortodossia.it/The%20Holy%20Orthodox%20Archdiocese%20of%20Italy%20ed%20Malta.htm The Holy Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy and Malta] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305214703/http://www.ortodossia.it/The%20Holy%20Orthodox%20Archdiocese%20of%20Italy%20ed%20Malta.htm |date=5 March 2009}}</ref> 550,000 Pentecostals and Evangelists (0.8%), of whom 400,000 are members of the [[Assemblies of God]], about 250,000 are [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (0.4%),<ref>{{cite book|title=2015 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses|publisher=Watch Tower Society|page=182}}</ref> 30,000 [[Waldensians]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chiesavaldese.org/pages/storia/dove_viviamo.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211233818/http://www.chiesavaldese.org/pages/storia/dove_viviamo.php|url-status=dead|title=Waldensian Evangelical Church|archivedate=11 February 2006}}</ref> 25,000 [[Seventh-day Adventists]], 22,000 Mormons, 15,000 Baptists (plus some 5,000 Free Baptists), 7,000 [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]], 4,000 [[Methodists]] (affiliated with the Waldensian Church).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/regions/europe/italy/evangelical-methodist-church-in-italy.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325172232/http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/regions/europe/italy/evangelical-methodist-church-in-italy.html|url-status=dead|title=World Council of Churches|archivedate=25 March 2013}}</ref>

===Other religions===
The longest-established religious faith in Italy is Judaism, Jews having been present in [[Ancient Rome]] before the birth of Christ. Italy has seen many influential Italian-Jews, such as prime minister [[Luigi Luzzatti]], who took office in 1910, [[Ernesto Nathan]] served as mayor of Rome from 1907 to 1913 and [[Shabbethai Donnolo]] (died 982). During the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]], Italy took in many Jewish refugees from [[Nazism|Nazi]] Germany. However, with the creation of the Nazi-backed puppet [[Italian Social Republic]], about 15% of 48,000 Italian Jews were killed. This, together with the emigration that preceded and followed the Second World War, has left only a small community of around 45,000 Jews in Italy today.

Due to immigration from around the world, there has been an increase in non-Christian religions. As of 2009, there were 1.0&nbsp;million [[Muslims]] in Italy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Religion/?id=3.0.3202304679|title=Italy: Country's muslims raise funds to help quake victims – Adnkronos Religion|website=adnkronos.com}}</ref> forming 1.6 percent of population; independent estimates put the Islamic population in Italy anywhere from 0.8&nbsp;million<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm|publisher=BBC News|title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide|date=23 December 2005|access-date=5 May 2010}}</ref> to 1.5&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/24/world/europe/24iht-rome.html?_r=1|work=The New York Times|date=25 July 2005|access-date=31 March 2010|first=Elisabeth|last=Rosenthal|title=Pressure is growingon Muslims in Italy}}</ref> 50,000 Italian Muslims hold [[Italian citizenship]].

There are more than 200,000 followers of faiths originating in the Indian subcontinent, including some 70,000 [[Sikhs]] with 22 [[gurdwaras]] across the country,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nriinternet.com/EUROPE/ITALY/2004/111604Gurdwara.htm|title=NRI Sikhs in Italy|website=nriinternet.com}}</ref> 70,000 [[Hindus]], and 50,000 [[Buddhists]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.buddhismo.it/ente.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404034319/http://www.buddhismo.it/ente.htm|url-status=dead|title=Unione Buddhista Italiana – UBI: L'Ente|archivedate=4 April 2007|website=www.buddhismo.it}}</ref> There were an estimated 4,900 [[Baháʼí Faith|Bahá'ís]] in Italy in 2005.<ref name="WCE-05">{{cite web|title = Most Baha'i Nations (2005)|work = QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >|publisher = The Association of Religion Data Archives|year = 2005|url = http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp|access-date = 30 January 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100414021730/http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp|archive-date = 14 April 2010|url-status = dead}}</ref>

== Education ==
'''Literacy'''
:
: ''definition:'' age 15 and over can read and write
:total population: 99.2%
:male: 99.4%
:female: 99% (2018 est.)
'''School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)'''
:
:total: 16 years
:male: 16 years
:female: 17 years (2018)

==Genetics and ethnic groups==
{{Main|Genetic history of Italy}}
[[File:Principal Component Analysis of the Italian population.png|thumb|right|[[Principal Component Analysis]] of the Italian population.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Characterization of the biological processes shaping the genetic structure of the Italian population|year=2015|journal=BMC Genetics|doi=10.1186/s12863-015-0293-x|last1=Parolo|first1=Silvia|last2=Lisa|first2=Antonella|last3=Gentilini|first3=Davide|last4=Di Blasio|first4=Anna Maria|last5=Barlera|first5=Simona|last6=Nicolis|first6=Enrico B.|last7=Boncoraglio|first7=Giorgio B.|last8=Parati|first8=Eugenio A.|last9=Bione|first9=Silvia|volume=16|page=132|doi-broken-date=5 December 2024 |pmid=26553317|pmc=4640365|s2cid=17969623 |doi-access=free}}</ref>]]

The [[genetic history of Italy]] is greatly influenced by geography and history. The ancestors of Italians are mostly [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] speakers ([[Italic peoples]] such as [[Latins (Italic tribe)|Latins]], [[Umbri]]ans, [[Samnites]], [[Oscans]], [[Sicels]] and [[Adriatic Veneti]], as well as [[Cisalpine Gaul|Celts]], [[Iapygians]] and [[Magna Graecia|Greeks]]) and [[pre-Indo-European languages|pre-Indo-European]] speakers ([[Etruscans]], [[Ligures]], [[Rhaetians]] and [[Camunni]] in mainland Italy, [[Sicani]] and [[Elymians]] in Sicily and the [[Nuragic civilization|Nuragic people]] in [[Sardinia]]). During the [[Roman Empire|imperial period]] of [[Ancient Rome]], the [[city of Rome]] was also home to people from various regions throughout the Mediterranean basin, including [[Southern Europe]], [[North Africa]] and the [[Middle East]].<ref name="Antonio_2019" >{{cite journal | vauthors = Antonio ML, Gao Z, Moots HM, Lucci M, Candilio F, Sawyer S, Oberreiter V, Calderon D, Devitofranceschi K, Aikens RC, Aneli S, Bartoli F, Bedini A, Cheronet O, Cotter DJ, Fernandes DM, Gasperetti G, Grifoni R, Guidi A, La Pastina F, Loreti E, Manacorda D, Matullo G, Morretta S, Nava A, Fiocchi Nicolai V, Nomi F, Pavolini C, Pentiricci M, Pergola P, Piranomonte M, Schmidt R, Spinola G, Sperduti A, Rubini M, Bondioli L, Coppa A, Pinhasi R, Pritchard JK | display-authors = 6 | title = Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean | journal = Science | volume = 366 | issue = 6466 | pages = 708–714 | date = November 2019 | pmid = 31699931 | pmc = 7093155 | doi = 10.1126/science.aay6826 | publisher = American Association for the Advancement of Science | hdl-access = free | publication-date = November 8, 2019 | bibcode = 2019Sci...366..708A | hdl = 2318/1715466 | quote = Interestingly, although Iron Age individuals were sampled from both Etruscan (n=3) and Latin (n=6) contexts, we did not detect any significant differences between the two groups with f4 statistics in the form of f4(RMPR_Etruscan, RMPR_Latin; test population, Onge), suggesting shared origins or extensive genetic exchange between them. ... In the Medieval and early modern periods (n = 28 individuals), we observe an ancestry shift toward central and northern Europe in PCA (Fig. 3E), as well as a further increase in the European cluster (C7) and loss of the Near Eastern and eastern Mediterranean clusters (C4 and C5) in ChromoPainter (Fig. 4C). The Medieval population is roughly centered on modern-day central Italians (Fig. 3F). It can be modeled as a two-way combination of Rome's Late Antique population and a European donor population, with potential sources including many ancient and modern populations in central and northern Europe: Lombards from Hungary, Saxons from England, and Vikings from Sweden, among others (table S26).}}</ref> Based on DNA analysis, there is evidence of ancient regional genetic substructure and continuity within modern Italy dating to the pre-Roman and Roman periods.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ralph P, Coop G | title = The geography of recent genetic ancestry across Europe | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 11 | issue = 5 | pages = e1001555 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23667324 | pmc = 3646727 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001555 |ref = {{Harvid|Antonio et al.|2019}} | doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="Raveane_2019">{{cite journal | vauthors = Raveane A, Aneli S, Montinaro F, Athanasiadis G, Barlera S, Birolo G, Boncoraglio G, Di Blasio AM, Di Gaetano C, Pagani L, Parolo S, Paschou P, Piazza A, Stamatoyannopoulos G, Angius A, Brucato N, Cucca F, Hellenthal G, Mulas A, Peyret-Guzzon M, Zoledziewska M, Baali A, Bycroft C, Cherkaoui M, Chiaroni J, Di Cristofaro J, Dina C, Dugoujon JM, Galan P, Giemza J, Kivisild T, Mazieres S, Melhaoui M, Metspalu M, Myers S, Pereira L, Ricaut FX, Brisighelli F, Cardinali I, Grugni V, Lancioni H, Pascali VL, Torroni A, Semino O, Matullo G, Achilli A, Olivieri A, Capelli C | display-authors = 6 | title = Population structure of modern-day Italians reveals patterns of ancient and archaic ancestries in Southern Europe | journal = Science Advances | volume = 5 | issue = 9 | pages = eaaw3492 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31517044 | pmc = 6726452 | doi = 10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492 | bibcode = 2019SciA....5.3492R}}</ref><ref name="Capocasa_2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Capocasa M, Anagnostou P, Bachis V, Battaggia C, Bertoncini S, Biondi G, Boattini A, Boschi I, Brisighelli F, Caló CM, Carta M, Coia V, Corrias L, Crivellaro F, De Fanti S, Dominici V, Ferri G, Francalacci P, Franceschi ZA, Luiselli D, Morelli L, Paoli G, Rickards O, Robledo R, Sanna D, Sanna E, Sarno S, Sineo L, Taglioli L, Tagarelli G, Tofanelli S, Vona G, Pettener D, Destro Bisol G | display-authors = 6 | title = Linguistic, geographic and genetic isolation: a collaborative study of Italian populations | journal = Journal of Anthropological Sciences | volume = 92 | issue = 92| pages = 201–31 | date = 2014 | pmid = 24607994 | doi = 10.4436/JASS.92001 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259623141}}</ref><ref name="Modietal_2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Modi A, Lancioni H, Cardinali I, Capodiferro MR, Rambaldi Migliore N, Hussein A, Strobl C, Bodner M, Schnaller L, Xavier C, Rizzi E, Bonomi Ponzi L, Vai S, Raveane A, Cavadas B, Semino O, Torroni A, Olivieri A, Lari M, Pereira L, Parson W, Caramelli D, Achilli A | display-authors = 6 | title = The mitogenome portrait of Umbria in Central Italy as depicted by contemporary inhabitants and pre-Roman remains | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 10700 | date = July 2020 | pmid = 32612271 | pmc = 7329865 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-020-67445-0 | bibcode = 2020NatSR..1010700M}}</ref>

Within the Italian population, there is enough [[Italian culture|cultural]], [[Languages of Italy|linguistic]], [[Genetic history of Italy|genetic]] and [[History of Italy#Unification (1814–1861)|historical]] diversity for them to constitute several distinct groups throughout the peninsula.<ref>«Italians, though often described as a homogeneous people, are divided into several culturally, socially, and politically diverse groups throughout the peninsula.» Jeffrey Cole (edited by), ''Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia'', Santa Barbara (California), ABC-CLIO, 2011, p.204</ref> In this regard, peoples like the [[Friulians]], the [[Ladin people|Ladins]], the [[Sardinian people|Sardinians]] and the [[South Tyrol|name=Bolzano ]]eans, who also happen to constitute recognized linguistic minorities, or even the [[Sicilians]] who are not, are cases in point, attesting to such internal diversity.

Linguistic minorities in Italy include Sardu-speakers 1 million, Tyrolese German-speakers 350,000, Albanians 70,000 – 100,000, Slovenes 60,000, Franco-Provençal-speakers 50,000 – 70,000, Occitans 20,000 – 40,000, Ladins 30,000, Catalans 15,000, Greek-speakers 12,000, Croatians 3,000 and Friulians 600,000. The [[Romani people|Roma]] community is one of the largest ethnic minorities in Italy. Due to the lack of disaggregated data the size of the Italian Roma community remains unknown. The [[Council of Europe]] estimates that between 120,000 and 180,000 Roma live in Italy. A significant proportion of Roma in Italy do not have Italian citizenship.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://minorityrights.org/country/italy/|title= Italy - World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples|date= 2 November 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Italy}}
* [[List of Italians]]
* [[Italian diaspora]]
*[[Italian Americans]]
* [[Italian Brazilians]]
* [[Italian Argentines]]
*[[Italian Venezuelans]]
* [[Romani people in Italy]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group=fn|refs=
}}
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Demographics of Italy}}
* [http://demo.istat.it/index_e.html Demographic page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622080908/http://www.demo.istat.it/index_e.html |date=22 June 2017}}
* [http://knowledge.allianz.com/en/globalissues/demographic_profiles/italy/italy_population_demographics_aging.html Demographic Profile Italy] Allianz Knowledge

{{Ethnic groups in Italy}}
{{Italy topics}}
{{Demographics of Europe}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Demographics of Italy}}
[[Category:Demographics of Italy| ]]