Editing Demographics of India

{{Short description|none}}<!-- None is correct - please see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{About|the people from the republic of India||Indian (disambiguation){{!}}Indian}}
{{Very long|date=January 2025}}
{{Cleanup|reason=Inconsistently and incorrectly cited references, poor image formatting, needs overall reorganiztion.|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox place demographics
| place = [[India]]
| image = IndiaPopulationPyramid2024.png
| image_size = 350
| caption = [[Population pyramid]] of India in 2024

<!-- main demographics -->
| size_of_population = 1,408,069,540 (2023) <ref>https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2106921 {{Bare URL inline|date=May 2025}}</ref>
| density = 483.68 people/km² (2023 est.)<ref>{{cite web |title=Population Density in India |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?tab=table&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&hideControls=false&Metric=Population+density&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Total&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND |website=Our World in Data |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref>
| growth = +0.89% (2023 est.)<ref>{{cite web |title=Population Growth Rate in India |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?hideControls=false&Metric=Population+growth+rate&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Total&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND |website=Our World in Data |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref>
| birth = 16.15 births/1,000 people (2023 est.)<ref>{{cite web |title=Birth Rate in India |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?tab=table&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&hideControls=false&Metric=Birth+rate&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Total&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND |website=Our World in Data |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref>
| death = 9.1 deaths/1,000 people (2023 est.)<ref>{{cite web |title=Death Rate in India |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?tab=table&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&hideControls=false&Metric=Death+rate&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Total&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND |website=Our World in Data |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref>
| life = {{increase}} 72.03 years (2023 est.)<ref>{{cite web |title=Life Expectancy at Birth in India |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&country=~IND&hideControls=false&Metric=Life+expectancy&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=At+birth&Projection+Scenario=None |website=Our World in Data |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref>
| life_male = 70.52 years (2023 est.)<ref name="Our World in Data">{{cite web |title=Life Expectancy at Birth by Sex in India |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectation-at-birth-by-sex?showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&country=~IND |website=Our World in Data |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref>
| life_female = 73.60 years (2023 est.)<ref name="Our World in Data" />
| fertility = {{decrease}} 1.98 children born per woman (2023)<ref>{{cite web |title=Fertility Rate in India |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?country=~IND&hideControls=false&Metric=Fertility+rate&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Total&Projection+Scenario=None |website=Our World in Data |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref>
| infant_mortality = {{decreasepositive}} 22.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2023)<ref>{{cite web |title=Infant Mortality Rate in India |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?hideControls=false&Metric=Infant+mortality+rate&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Total&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND |website=Our World in Data |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref>
| net_migration = -0.68 (negative net migration)<ref>{{cite web |title=Net Migration Rate in India |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?tab=table&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&hideControls=false&Metric=Net+migration+rate&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Total&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND |website=Our World in Data |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=2025-01-01}}</ref>
| age_0-14_years = 25.68% (male 183,695,000/female 166,295,000) (2021 est.)
| age_15-64_years = 67.49% (male 472,653,000/female 447,337,000) (2021 est.)
| age_65_years = 6.83% (male 44,275,000/female 48,751,000) (2021 est.)
<!-- sex ratio -->
| total_mf_ratio = 1.06 male(s)/female (2023)<ref name="CIAWFIN">{{cite web |title=SOUTH ASIAN :: INDIA |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>
| sr_at_birth = 1.1 male(s)/female (2023)<ref name="CIAWFIN"/>
| sr_0-4_years = 1.10 male(s)/female (2013 est.)
| sr_under_15 = 1.11 male(s)/female (2023)<ref name="CIAWFIN"/>
| sr_15-64_years = 1.07 male(s)/female (2023 est.)
| sr_65_years_over = 0.85 male(s)/female (2023)<ref name="CIAWFIN"/>

<!-- nationality -->
| nation = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| major_ethnic = {{unbulleted list
| 
{{Hidden begin}}
{{Tree list}}
* {{steady}} [[Indo-European]] (70.16%)
** {{steady}} [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] (70.12%)
*** {{increase}} [[Hindustani people|Hindustani]] (38.37%)
*** {{steady}} [[Bengalis|Bengali]] (7.91%)
**** {{decrease}} [[Bengalis|Bengali Hindus]] (6.15%)
**** {{increase}} [[Bengalis|Bengali Muslims]] (1.58%)
**** {{steady}} Other Bengalis (0.18%)
*** {{decrease}} [[Marathi people|Marathi]] (6.92%)
**** {{decrease}} [[Konkani people|Konkani-Marathis]] (1.50%)
***** {{steady}} [[Konkani people|Konkani]] (0.97%)
***** {{decrease}} [[Konkani people|Konkani-speaking Marathis]] (0.53%)
****** {{decrease}} [[Chitpavan Brahmins|Chitpavans]] (0.18%)
****** {{decrease}} [[Konkani people|Other Konkani-speaking Marathis]] (0.35%)
**** {{steady}} [[Vidarbha|Vidarbha Marathis]] (1.20%)
**** {{Decrease}} [[Marathas]] (2.00%)
**** {{decrease}} Other Marathis (2.22%)
*** {{steady}} [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] (6.44%)
**** {{decrease}} [[Parsis|Gujarati Parsis]] (0.28%)
***** {{decrease}} [[Zoroastrian|Indian Zoroastrians]] (0.005%)
***** {{decrease}} [[Parsis|Indians with Parsi ancestry]] (0.275%)
**** {{steady}} Other Gujaratis (6.16%)
*** {{decrease}} [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] (4.49%)
**** {{decrease}} [[Doaba|Doabi]] (1.12%)
**** {{steady}} [[Malwai dialect|Malwai]] (0.98%)
**** {{decrease}} Other Punjabis (2.39%)
*** {{steady}} [[Kashmiris]] (0.26%)
*** {{increase}} [[Bihari people|Bihari]] (2.35%)
*** {{increase}} [[Assamese people|Assamese]] (1.03%)
*** {{steady}} Other Indo-Aryans (2.35%)

** {{decrease}} [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] (0.04%)
*** {{decrease}} [[Iranis (India)|Irani Indians]] (0.0111%)
*** {{decrease}} [[Rohilla|Pashto-speaking Rohilla Pathans]] (0.0293%)

* {{decrease}} [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] (24.96%)
** {{steady}} [[Telugu people|Telugu]] (7.97%)
*** {{decrease}} [[Rayalaseema]] (1.73%)
*** {{decrease}} [[Telangana|Telangana Telugus]] (1.63%)
*** {{steady}} [[Telugu people|Coastal Andhra Telugus]] (3.82%)
*** {{steady}} [[Kolami|Telugu-Speaking Kolamis]] (0.12%)
*** {{steady}} Other Telugu Groups (0.67%)
** {{decrease}} [[Tamils|Tamil]] (6.47%)
*** {{steady}} [[Sri Lankan Tamil|Tamils with Sri Lankan ancestry]] (0.30%)
*** {{decrease}} Other Tamils (6.17%)
** {{steady}} [[Kannadiga]] (5.46%)
*** {{steady}} [[Coorgi]] (0.08%)
*** {{steady}} [[Karwar]] (0.05%)
*** {{steady}} Other Kannadigas (5.33%)
** {{decrease}} [[Malayali]] (3.08%)
*** {{decrease}} [[Malayali people|Nadar]] (0.97%)
*** {{increase}} [[Malabar Coast|Mappila]] (1.08%)
*** {{decrease}} Other Malayalis (1.03%)
** {{increase}} [[Gondi people|Gondi]] (1.03%)
** {{steady}} [[Kolami]] (0.30%)
** {{steady}} [[Kurukh people|Kurukh]] (0.22%)
** {{steady}} [[Malto people|Malto]] (0.22%)
** {{steady}} Other Dravidians (0.21%)
{{tree list/end}}
{{hidden end}}}}
| minor_ethnic = {{unbulleted list
|
{{Hidden begin}}
{{Tree list}}
* {{increase}} [[Austro-Asiatic]] (1.48%)
** {{Steady}} [[Austro-Asiatic languages|Santhali-Munda people]] (0.37%)
*** {{Steady}} [[Munda people|Munda]] (0.1%)
**** {{increase}} [[Kharia people|Kharia]] (0.020%)
**** {{increase}} [[Sabar people|Sabar]] (0.014%)
**** {{steady}} [[Bhumij people|Bhumijs]] (0.0085%)
**** {{steady}} [[Ho people|Ho]] (0.0045%)
**** {{Decrease}} Other Munda people (0.053%)
*** {{Decrease}} [[Santal people|Santali]] (0.40%)
**** {{steady}} [[Saharia|Saharias]] (0.115%)
**** {{Decrease}} Other Santal tribes (0.285%)
** {{increase}} [[Khasic]] (0.26%)
*** {{increase}} [[Khasi people|Khasi]] (0.22%)
*** {{increase}} [[Khasi people|Other Khasi people]] (0.04%)
** {{Increase}} Unidentified (0.72%)

* {{steady}} [[Tibeto-Burman]] (0.74%)
** {{steady}} [[Bodo–Kachari people|Bodo-Kachari]] (0.44%)
*** {{steady}} [[Boro people|Bodo]] (0.12%)
*** {{steady}} Other Bodo tribes (0.32%)
** {{steady}} [[Naga people|Naga]] (0.21%)
*** {{decrease}} [[Angami Naga]] (0.08%)
*** {{increase}} Other Naga tribes (0.13%)
** {{decrease}} [[Mising people|Mising]] (0.08%)
** {{steady}} [[Tibetans]] (0.09%)
*** {{increase}} [[Sherpa people|Sherpa]] (0.04%)
*** {{steady}} Other Tibetans (0.05%)
** {{steady}} Other Tibeto-Burman people (0.18%)

* {{steady}} [[Semitic people|Semitic]] (0.56%)
** {{steady}} [[Arab Muslims|Arab-Indian (Muslim)]] (0.49%)
*** {{decrease}} [[Hejaz|Hijazi Arabs]] (0.22%)
*** {{increase}} Other Arab Muslims (0.27%)
** {{decrease}} [[Arab Christians|Arab-Indian (Christian)]] (0.07%)
*** {{decrease}} [[Arab Christians|Syrian Arab Christians]] (0.05%)
*** {{decrease}} Other Arab Christians (0.02%)

* {{increase}} Others (1.52%)
** {{decrease}} [[Anglo-Indians]] (0.0044%)
** {{decrease}} [[Luso-Indians]] (0.00058%)
** {{decrease}} [[Assyrian people|Assyrian-Indians]] (0.08%)
** {{decrease}} [[Armenians in India|Armenian-Indians]] (0.000033%)
** {{Steady}} [[Siddi|Siddi people]] (0.006%)
** {{increase}} Other Ethnicities (1.428987%)
*** {{decrease}} [[Jewish Indians|Indian Jews]] (0.0003%)
*** {{increase}} Other minorities (0.934687%)
*** {{Increase}} Unidentified (1.08%)
{{tree list/end}}
{{hidden end}}}}
| official = See [[Languages of India]]
| spoken = {{plainlist|
* [[Hindi language|Hindi]] 43.6%
* [[Bengali language|Bengali]] 8%
* [[Marathi language|Marathi]] 6.9%
* [[Telugu language|Telugu]] 6.8%
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]] 6.7%
* [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] 4.6%
* [[Urdu language|Urdu]] 4.2%
* [[Kannada language|Kannada]] 3.6%
* [[Odia language|Odia]] 3.1%
* [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] 2.9%
* [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] 2.7%
* [[Assamese language|Assamese]] 1.3%
* [[Maithili language|Maithili]] 1.1%
* [[Languages of India|other]] 5.6%
* (2011)<ref name="CIAWFIN"/>}}
}}

[[India]] is the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|most populous country in the world]], with one-sixth of the [[world's population]].<ref name=UN>{{cite web|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/ |title=World Population Prospects, 2024 Revision|publisher=[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], Population Division}} "It presents population estimates from 1950 to the present".</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Marriner |first=Katie |title=India is overtaking China today as the world's most populous country – according to this projection |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/india-is-overtaking-china-today-as-the-worlds-most-populous-country-according-to-this-projection-d268ead9 |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=MarketWatch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2023 |title=India to overtake China as world's most populous country in April 2023, United Nations projects |url=https://www.un.org/en/desa/india-overtake-china-world-most-populous-country-april-2023-united-nations-projects#:~:text=Smith%20Mehta%2Funsplash.-,India%20to%20overtake%20China%20as%20world's%20most%20populous%20country%20in,the%20world's%20most%20populous%20country |access-date=27 April 2023 |publisher=[[United Nations]]}}</ref><ref name="The Economic Times">{{Cite news |date=2023-04-20 |title=India overtakes China to become world's most populous nation with 1.428 billion people: UN |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/india-population-to-surpass-china-mid-year-un-estimates/articleshow/99605379.cms |access-date=2023-08-01 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Between 1975 and 2010, the population doubled to 1.2&nbsp;billion, reaching the billion mark in 2000. According to the UN's World Population dashboard, India's population now stands at slightly over 1.428 billion, edging past China's population of 1.425 billion people, as reported by the news agency Bloomberg.<ref name="The Economic Times"/> In 2015, India's population was predicted to reach 1.7&nbsp;billion by 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/30/world/asia/india-will-be-most-populous-country-sooner-than-thought-un-says.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/30/world/asia/india-will-be-most-populous-country-sooner-than-thought-un-says.html |archive-date=3 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=India Will Be Most Populous Country Sooner Than Thought, U.N. Says|work=[[The New York Times]]|author=Rick Gladstone|access-date=7 November 2016|date=29 July 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/informationGateway.php |title=United States Census Bureau – International Data Base (IDB) |publisher=Census.gov |access-date=24 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625055059/http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/informationGateway.php |archive-date=25 June 2011 }}</ref> In 2017 its population growth rate was 0.98%, ranking [[List of countries by population growth rate|112th]] in the world; in contrast, from 1972 to 1983, India's population grew by an annual rate of 2.3%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROW |title=Population growth (annual %) |publisher=World Bank |access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref>

In 2023, the [[List of countries by median age|median age]] of an Indian was 29.5 years,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Median age – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/median-age/country-comparison |access-date=16 May 2022 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> compared to 39.8 for China and 49.5 for Japan; and, by 2030; India's [[dependency ratio]] will be just over 0.4.<ref>{{cite news|last=Basu |first=Kaushik |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6911544.stm |title=India's demographic dividend |publisher=BBC News|date=25 July 2007 |access-date=24 September 2011}}</ref> However, the number of [[Youth in India|children in India]] peaked more than a decade ago and is now falling. The number of children under the age of five peaked in 2007, and since then the number has been falling. The number of Indians under 15 years old peaked slightly later (in 2011) and is now also declining.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's population growth will come to an end: the number of children has already peaked|url=https://ourworldindata.org/indias-population-growth-will-come-to-an-end|access-date=28 May 2021|website=Our World in Data|date=15 January 2019 |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah }}</ref>

India has many ethnic groups,<ref>{{cite web|title=Background Note: India|author=US Department of State|date=17 April 2012|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm}}</ref> and every major [[States and union territories of India|region]] is represented, as are four major [[Language family|families]] of [[languages of India|languages]] ([[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]], [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]], [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] and [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]) as well as two [[language isolate]]s: the [[Nihali language]],<ref name="isolate">{{cite web| url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90087| title=Ethnologue report for Language Isolate| author=SIL International| access-date=11 October 2007}}</ref> spoken in parts of [[Maharashtra]], and the [[Burushaski]] language, spoken in parts of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Around 150,000 people in India are [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indians]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://minorityrights.org/communities/anglo-indians/ |title=Anglo-Indians in India |date=16 October 2023 }}</ref> and between 25,000-70,000 people are [[Siddi| Siddhis]], who are descendants of Bantu slaves brought by [[Arabs]], [[Persians]] and [[Portugal|Portuguese]] to the western coast of India during the [[Medieval India| Middle Ages]] and [[ Colonial India|the colonial period]]. They represent over 0.1% of the total population of India. Overall, only the continent of Africa exceeds the linguistic, genetic and cultural diversity of the nation of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf |title=Country Profile: India|publisher=Library of Congress – Federal Research Division|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324214217/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2009}}</ref>

The [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] was 944 females for 1000 males in 2016, and 940 per 1000 in 2011.<ref name="2011 Provisional population tables">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final%20PPT%202011_progresstables.pdf|title=Population|work=Government of India (2011)|publisher=Census of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110115944/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final%20PPT%202011_progresstables.pdf|archive-date=10 January 2012}}</ref> This ratio has been showing an upwards trend for the last two decades after a continuous decline in the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://opengovernanceindia.org/eonthqb/sex-ratio-trend-over-century-in-india|title=Sex Ratio Trend over Century in India – Open Governance India|work=Knoema|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116140119/http://opengovernanceindia.org/eonthqb/sex-ratio-trend-over-century-in-india|archive-date=16 January 2018}}</ref>

== History ==
{{See also|Economic history of India}}
[[File:Historical population of India and China.svg|thumb|left|Historical population of India and China since 1100 with projection to 2100]]

=== Prehistory to early 19th century ===
{{See also|Estimates of historical world population}}
The following table lists estimates for the population of India (including what are now [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]) from prehistory up until 1820. It includes estimates and growth rates according to five economic historians, along with [[Interpolation|interpolated]] estimates and overall [[Aggregate data|aggregate]] averages derived from their estimates.<ref>Angus Maddison, The World Economy: Historical Statistics, Statistical Appendix (2007, ggdc.net).
Estimates cited are for the beginning of the 1st millennium ("year 0"), the beginning of the 2nd millennium ("year 1000"), and for the beginning each century since the 16th (years 1820 and 1913 are given for the 19th and 20th century, respectively, as Maddison presents detailed estimates for these years), and a projection for the year 2030.</ref>
<ref name="ggdc.net">{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/38602317|title=Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820|author=Angus Maddison|date=2001|page=238 }}</ref>
{{Hidden begin|title=Historical population (10,000 BC - 1820 CE)}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Year
! colspan="2" | [[Angus Maddison|Maddison]] (2001)<ref name="maddison">[[Angus Maddison]] (2001), ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics|The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective]]'', [http://theunbrokenwindow.com/Development/MADDISON%20The%20World%20Economy--A%20Millennial.pdf#page=242 pages 241–242], [[OECD Development Centre]]</ref>
! colspan="2" | [[Colin Clark (economist)|Clark]] (1967)<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Colin Clark (economist)|Colin Clark]]|title=Population Growth and Land Use|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|year=1977|page=64|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0KKvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64|isbn=9781349157754}}</ref><ref name="maddison236">[[Angus Maddison]] (2001), ''[[The World Economy: Historical Statistics|The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective]]'', [http://theunbrokenwindow.com/Development/MADDISON%20The%20World%20Economy--A%20Millennial.pdf#page=237 page 236], [[OECD Development Centre]]</ref><ref>John D. Durand, 1974, [http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=psc_penn_papers Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation], [[University of Pennsylvania]], Population Center, Analytical and Technical Reports, Number 10, page 9</ref>
! colspan="2" | Biraben (1979)<ref name="maddison236"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Structure, Culture, and History: Recent Issues in Social Theory|author=Sing C. Chew, J. David Knottnerus|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|year=2002|page=185|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WzXroSxMb0C&pg=PA185|isbn=9780847698370}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Demography: Analysis and Synthesis|author=Guillaume Wunsch, Graziella Caselli, Jacques Vallin|publisher=[[Academic Press]]|year=2005|chapter=Population in Time and Space|page=34|isbn=978-0-12-765660-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmgNXoiAiU4C&pg=RA2-PA34}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | Durand (1974)<ref>John D. Durand, 1974, [http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=psc_penn_papers Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation], [[University of Pennsylvania]], Population Center, Analytical and Technical Reports, Number 10, page 10</ref><ref name="maddison236"/>
! colspan="2" | [[Colin McEvedy|McEvedy]] (1978)<ref>{{cite book |author1=Colin McEvedy |author-link1=Colin McEvedy |author2=Richard Jones |date=1978 |title=Atlas of World Population History |publisher=[[Facts on File]] |location=New York |pages=182–185 |url=http://www.arabgeographers.net/up/uploads/14299936761.pdf#page=92}}</ref><ref name="maddison236"/>
! colspan="2" | [[Aggregate data|Aggregate]] average
! rowspan="2" | Period
! rowspan="2" | Average<br /> % growth<br /> / century
|-
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | [[Compound growth|% growth]]<br /> / century
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | % growth<br /> / century
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | % growth<br /> / century
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | % growth<br /> / century
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | % growth<br /> / century
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | % growth<br /> / century
|-
| [[10,000 BC]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:100000}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:100000}}
| {{n/a}}
| rowspan="2" | [[South Asian Stone Age|Stone Age]]
| rowspan="2" | 3.9
|-
| 4000 BC
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.9
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.9
|-
| 2000 BC
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.4
| [[Bronze Age India|Bronze Age]]
| 9.4
|-
| 500 BC
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
| rowspan="2" | [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]]
| rowspan="2" | 10.2
|-
| 400 BC
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30000000}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26600000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:28300000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.2
|-
| 200 BC
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:55000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 35.4
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:42500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.5
| [[Maurya Empire|Maurya era]]
| 22.5
|-
| 1 AD
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:70000000}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:46000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –9.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:34000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.8
| rowspan="4" | [[Classical India|Classical<br /> era]]
| rowspan="4" | 5.3
|-
| 200
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:45000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –1.1
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:39000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.1
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:61300000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.1
|-
| 400
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –18.6
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:45000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60400000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –0.7
|-
| 500
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:33000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.1
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:48000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:61200000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.3
|-
| 600
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.1
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:51000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:62600000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.3
| rowspan="5" | [[Middle kingdoms of India|Early<br /> medieval<br /> era]]
| rowspan="5" | 1.9
|-
| 700
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 35.1
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:56500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:66300000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.9
|-
| 800
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:43000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –16.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:62000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:66000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –0.5
|-
| 900
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –3.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:38000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –13.2
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:69500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:66000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
|-
| 1000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:70000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –3.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:40000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:77000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:67400000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.1
|-
| 1100
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:81000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:51000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:81300000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.9
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:73200000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.6
| rowspan="5" | [[Medieval India|Late<br /> medieval<br /> era]]
| rowspan="5" | 8.1
|-
| 1200
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:87500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:65100000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:88200000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:83000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:79800000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9
|-
| 1300
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:94500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:83000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.5
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:95700000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:88000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:87200000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.3
|-
| 1400
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:102000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:77000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:88800000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:103700000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:94000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:92900000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7
|-
| 1500
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:110000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:79000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.3
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:95000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:112500000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:100000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:99300000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7
|-
| 1600
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:135000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:100000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.6
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:145000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 52.6
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:135800000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:130000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:129200000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 30.1
| rowspan="3" | [[Mughal Empire|Mughal era]]
| rowspan="3" | 31.9
|-
| 1650
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:150000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.2
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:150000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 125
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:160000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:149100000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:145000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:150800000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 36.2
|-
| 1700
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:165000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.2
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:200000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 77.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:175000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:163900000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:160000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:172800000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 31.3
|-
| 1750
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:182100000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:200000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:182700000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:180000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:170000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.9
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:183000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.1
| rowspan="3" | [[Colonial India|Colonial<br /> era]]
| rowspan="3" | 12.2
|-
| 1800
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:200900000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:190000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –10.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:190700000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:185000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:190400000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
|-
| 1820
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:209000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:190000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:194000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:200000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 47.7
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:198300000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
|}
{{Hidden end}}

===Population of India Over Time===

India's population has changed significantly due to migrations, technological advancements, and societal developments. Below is a table of historical population estimates:  

'''Estimated Population of India (10,000 BC – 2011)'''
{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:15px; text-align:center;"
|+ Historical Population of India (10,000 BC – 2011)
|-
! Era !! Year !! Estimated Population !! Growth Rate (%)
|-
| rowspan=2 | Prehistoric || 10,000 BC || 1,023,542 || N/A
|-
| 5000 BC  || 5,231,678 || +411.2%
|-
| rowspan=2 | Neolithic || 4000 BC || 7,003,245 || +33.9%
|-
| 3000 BC || 9,875,620 || +41.0%
|-
| rowspan=2 | Indus Valley Civilization || 2000 BC || 13,642,189 || +38.2%
|-
| 1500 BC || 15,246,830 || +11.8%
|-
| rowspan=2 | Vedic Period || 1000 BC || 16,895,450 || +10.8%
|-
| 500 BC || 22,783,692 || +34.9%
|-
| rowspan=2 | Maurya Empire || 250 BC || 40,684,927 || +78.6%
|-
| 1 AD || 51,287,345 || +26.1%
|-
| rowspan=5 | Classical India || 100 AD || 52,748,932 || +2.8%
|-
| 200 AD || 54,902,817 || +4.1%
|-
| 300 AD || 57,654,213 || +5.0%
|-
| 400 AD  || 60,834,921 || +5.5%
|-
| 500 AD || 64,291,782 || +5.7%
|-
| rowspan=5 | Early Medieval India || 600 AD || 68,102,304 || +5.9%
|-
| 700 AD || 71,837,610 || +5.5%
|-
| 800 AD || 75,983,210 || +5.8%
|-
| 900 AD || 81,274,936 || +7.0%
|-
| 1000 AD || 86,732,843 || +6.7%
|-
| rowspan=4 | Delhi Sultanate || 1100 AD || 91,403,287 || +5.4%
|-
| 1200 AD || 96,289,634 || +5.4%
|-
| 1300 AD || 101,984,726 || +5.9%
|-
| 1400 AD || 111,209,832 || +9.1%
|-
| rowspan=4 | Mughal Empire || 1500 AD || 121,847,294 || +9.6%
|-
| 1600 AD || 136,204,781 || +11.8%
|-
| 1700 AD || 161,874,263 || +18.9%
|-
| 1800 AD || 186,432,976 || +15.2%
|-
| rowspan=5 | Colonial Period || 1810 || 190,000,000 || +2.1%
|-
| 1820 || 195,000,000 || +2.6%
|-
| 1830 || 200,000,000 || +2.6%
|-
| 1840 || 205,000,000 || +2.5%
|-
| 1850 || 210,000,000 || +2.4%
|-
| rowspan=9 | British Raj || 1860 || 215,000,000 || +2.4%
|-
| 1870 || 220,000,000 || +2.3%
|-
| 1881 || 253,891,821 || +15.4%
|-
| 1891 || 287,223,431 || +13.1%
|-
| 1901 || 317,318,032 || +10.5%
|-
| 1911 || 317,369,222 || +0.02%
|-
| 1921 || 318,866,673 || +0.46%
|-
| 1931 || 337,515,000 || +5.8%
|-
| 1941 || 389,000,000 || +15.3%
|-
| rowspan=7 | Post-independence India || 1951 || 361,088,000 || -7.18%
|-
| 1961 || 439,235,000 || +21.7%
|-
| 1971 || 548,159,652 || +24.8%
|-
| 1981 || 683,329,097 || +24.7%
|-
| 1991 || 846,387,888 || +24.0%
|-
| 2001 || 1,028,610,328 || +21.5%
|-
| 2011 || 1,210,854,977 || +17.7%
|}

The population grew from the [[South Asian Stone Age]] in 10,000 BC to the [[Maurya Empire]] in 200 BC at a steadily increasing growth rate,<ref name="mcevedy184">{{cite book |author1=Colin McEvedy |url=http://www.arabgeographers.net/up/uploads/14299936761.pdf#page=92 |title=Atlas of World Population History |author2=Richard Jones |date=1978 |publisher=[[Facts on File]] |location=New York |pages=184–185 |author-link1=Colin McEvedy}}</ref> before population growth slowed down in the [[Classical India|classical era]] up to 500 AD, and then became largely stagnant during the [[Middle kingdoms of India|early medieval era]] era up to 1000 AD.<ref name="maddison"/><ref name="maddison236"/> The population growth rate then increased in the [[Medieval India|late medieval era]] (during the [[Delhi Sultanate]]) from 1000 to 1500.<ref name="maddison"/><ref name="maddison236"/>

Under the [[Mughal Empire]], India experienced a high economic and demographic upsurge,<ref name="mcevedy184" /> due to Mughal [[agrarian reform]]s that intensified agricultural production.<ref name="richards">[[John F. Richards]] (1995), [https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA190 ''The Mughal Empire'', page 190], [[Cambridge University Press]]</ref> 15% of the population lived in urban centres, higher than the percentage of the population in 19th-century [[British India]]<ref name="eraly">[[Abraham Eraly]] (2007), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zpa8gyGW_twC&pg=PA5 ''The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age'', page 5], [[Penguin Books]]</ref> and contemporary Europe<ref name="eraly"/> up until the 19th century.<ref name="Malanima">{{cite book|title=Pre-Modern European Economy: One Thousand Years (10th–19th Centuries)|author=Paolo Malanima|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=2009|page=244|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C1Ej4VEPwSgC&pg=PA244|isbn=978-9004178229|author-link=Paolo Malanima}}</ref> These estimates by [[Abraham Eraly]]<ref name="eraly"/> and [[Paolo Malanima]]<ref name="Malanima"/> have been criticised by [[Tim Dyson]], who considers them exaggerations and estimates urbanisation of the Mughal Empire to be less than 9% of the population.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tim|first=Dyson|title=A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day.|year=2018|pages=63–65}}</ref>

Under the reign of [[Akbar]] (reigned 1556–1605) in 1600, the Mughal Empire's urban population was up to 17 million people, larger than the urban population in Europe.<ref name="habib170">{{cite book |author=[[Irfan Habib]] |author2=[[Dharma Kumar]] |author3=[[Tapan Raychaudhuri]]|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India|volume=1|page=170|year=1987|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|url=http://www.hkrdb.kar.nic.in/documents/Downloads/Good%20Reads/The%20Cambridge%20Economic%20History%20of%20India,%20Volume%201.pdf#page=186}}</ref> By 1700, Mughal India had an urban population of 23 million people, larger than British India's urban population of 22.3 million in 1871.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Broadberry|first1=Stephen|last2=Gupta|first2=Bishnupriya|title=Indian GDP before 1870: Some preliminary estimates and a comparison with Britain|url=http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/sbroadberry/wp/indiangdppre1870v4.pdf#page=23|page=23|publisher=[[Warwick University]]|year=2010|access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref> [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]] (1551–1621) reported that, under Akbar's reign, Mughal India had 120 large cities and 3,200 townships.<ref name="eraly" /> A number of cities in India had a population between a quarter-million and half-million people,<ref name="eraly" /> with larger cities including [[Agra]] (in [[Agra Subah]]) with up to 800,000 people<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Irfan Habib]] |author2=[[Dharma Kumar]] |author3=[[Tapan Raychaudhuri]]|title=The Cambridge Economic History of India|volume=1|page=171|year=1987|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|url=http://www.hkrdb.kar.nic.in/documents/Downloads/Good%20Reads/The%20Cambridge%20Economic%20History%20of%20India,%20Volume%201.pdf#page=187}}</ref> and [[Dhaka]] (in [[Bengal Subah]]) with over 1 million people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKIlAQAAMAAJ|title=Social Science Review|date=24 July 1997|publisher=Registrar, Dhaka University|via=Google Books}}</ref> Mughal India also had a large number of villages, with 455,698 villages by the time of [[Aurangzeb]] (reigned 1658–1707).<ref name="habib170" />

=== Late 19th century to early 20th century ===
The [[total fertility rate]] is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire years. Sources: [[Our World in Data]] and [[Gapminder Foundation]].<ref name="ourworldindata.org">{{citation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/fertility-rate|title=Fertility Rate|author=Max Roser|year=2014|work=[[Our World in Data]], [[Gapminder Foundation]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1880!! 1881!! 1882!! 1883!! 1884!! 1885!! 1886!! 1887!! 1888!! 1889!! 1890!! 1902<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| align="left" | Total Fertility Rate in India||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.95|| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.92 ||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.89||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.86||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.82||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.79||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 4.38||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.76||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.76||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.75||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.75||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.75
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! Years !! 1921!! 1922!! 1923!! 1924!! 1925!! 1926!! 1927!! 1928!! 1929!! 1930<ref name="ourworldindata.org" />
|-
| align="left" | Total Fertility Rate in India||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.761 ||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.77||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.78||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.79||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.8||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.81||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.82||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.83||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.85||style="text-align:right; color:blue;" | 5.86
|}

[[Life expectancy]] from 1881 to 1950

{| class="wikitable"
! Years
! 1881
! 1891
! 1901
! 1905
! 1911
! 1915
! 1921
! 1925
! 1931
! 1935
! 1941
! 1950<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?year=1810|title=Life expectancy|website=Our World in Data|access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Life expectancy in India
| 25.4
| 24.3
| 23.5
| 24.0
| 23.2
| 24.0
| 24.9
| 27.6
| 29.3
| 31.0
| 32.6
| 35.4
|}

The population of India under the [[British Raj]] (including what are now Pakistan and Bangladesh) according to censuses:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | [[Census of India|Census year]]
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | [[List of states in India by past population|Population]]
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Growth (%)
|-
| 1871<ref name="chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au">{{cite web|url=http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/default.htm |title=Digital Colonial Documents (India) |access-date=9 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408000302/http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/default.htm |archive-date=8 April 2011 }}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:238830958}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
| 1881<ref>{{cite book|title=Census of the British empire: 1901|publisher=[[Census in the United Kingdom|Great Britain Census Office]]|year=1906|page=xviii|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924030396067#page/n21/mode/2up}}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:253896330}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
|-
| 1891<ref name="chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au" />
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:287223431}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.1
|-
| 1901<ref name="chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au" />
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:293550310}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.2
|-
| 1911<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/old_report/index%20old%20census.html |title=Census of India – Index of Old Census Reports |access-date=9 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006190625/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/old_report/index%20old%20census.html |archive-date=6 October 2011 }}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:315156396}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.4
|-
| 1921<ref name="censusindia.gov.in" />
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:318942480}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.2
|-
| 1931<ref name="censusindia.gov.in" />
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:352837778}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.6
|-
| 1941<ref name="censusindia.gov.in" />
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:388997955}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.2
|}

Studies of India's population since 1881 have focused on such topics as total population, birth and death rates, geographic distribution, literacy, the rural and urban divide, cities of a million, and the three cities with populations over eight million: Delhi, Greater Mumbai (Bombay), and Kolkata (Calcutta).<ref>{{cite journal | author = Khan J.H. | year = 2004 | title = Population growth and demographic change in India | journal = Asian Profile | volume = 32 | issue = 5| pages = 441–460 }}</ref>

Mortality rates fell in the period 1920–45, primarily due to biological immunisation. Suggestions that it was the benefits of colonialism are refuted by academic thinking: "There can be no serious, informed belief... that... late colonial era mortality diminished and population grew rapidly because of improvements in income, living standards, nutrition, environmental standards, sanitation or health policies, nor was there a cultural transformation...".<ref>{{cite journal | author = Klein Ira | year = 1990 | title = The demographic revolution | journal = Indian Economic and Social History Review | volume = 27 | issue = 1| pages = 33–63 | doi = 10.1177/001946469002700102 | s2cid = 144517813 }}</ref>
== Languages ==
{{Main|List of languages by number of native speakers in India}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Top 30 Languages of India by number of native speakers from 1971 to 2011 (includes Non-scheduled languages)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120206233628/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2000] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206233628/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm|date=6 February 2012}}, Census of India, 2001</ref><ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101000000/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf|date=1 January 2022}}, Census of India, 2011</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Rank
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Language
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Language Family
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Speakers (1971)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Speakers (1981)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Speakers (1991)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Speakers (2001)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Speakers (2011)
|-
| 1
| [[Hindi]]{{refn|group=note|Includes [[Bihari languages]], [[Rajasthani languages|Bajri Rajasthani languages]], [[Pahari language (name)|Pahari]], [[Awadhi language]], [[Bagheli language|Bagheli/Baghel Khan Language]], [[Banjar language|Banjari Language]]. A total of 12 types.}}
| bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 202,767,971
| style="text-align: right;" | 257,749,009
| style="text-align: right;" | 329,505,193
| style="text-align: right;" | 422,048,642
| style="text-align: right;" | 528,347,193
|-
| 2
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 44,792,312
| style="text-align: right;" | 51,298,319
| style="text-align: right;" | 69,595,738
| style="text-align: right;" | 83,369,769
| style="text-align: right;" | 97,237,669
|-
| 3
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| bgcolor="green" | <span style="color:white;">Dravidian</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 44,756,923 
| style="text-align: right;" | 50,624,611
| style="text-align: right;" | 66,017,615
| style="text-align: right;" | 74,002,856
| style="text-align: right;" | 81,127,740
|-
| 4
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 41,765,190
| style="text-align: right;" | 49,452,922
| style="text-align: right;" | 62,481,681
| style="text-align: right;" | 71,936,894
| style="text-align: right;" | 83,026,680
|-
| 5
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| bgcolor="green" | <span style="color:white;">Dravidian</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 37,690,106
| style="text-align: right;" | -
| style="text-align: right;" | 53,006,368
| style="text-align: right;" | 60,793,814
| style="text-align: right;" | 69,026,881
|-
| 6
| [[Urdu]]
| bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 28,620,895
| style="text-align: right;" | 34,941,435
| style="text-align: right;" | 43,406,932
| style="text-align: right;" | 51,536,111
| style="text-align: right;" | 50,772,631
|-
| 7
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 25,865,012
| style="text-align: right;" | 33,063,267
| style="text-align: right;" | 40,695,370
| style="text-align: right;" | 46,091,617
| style="text-align: right;" | 55,492,554
|-
| 8
| [[Kannada]]
| bgcolor="green" | <span style="color:white;">Dravidian</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 21,710,649
| style="text-align: right;" | 25,697,146
| style="text-align: right;" | 32,753,676
| style="text-align: right;" | 37,924,011
| style="text-align: right;" | 43,706,512
|-
| 9
| [[Malayalam]]
| bgcolor="green" | <span style="color:white;">Dravidian</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 21,938,760
| style="text-align: right;" | 25,700,705
| style="text-align: right;" | 30,377,176
| style="text-align: right;" | 33,066,392
| style="text-align: right;" | 34,838,819
|-
| 10
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 19,863,198
| style="text-align: right;" | 23,021,528
| style="text-align: right;" | 28,061,313
| style="text-align: right;" | 33,017,446
| style="text-align: right;" | 37,521,324
|-
| 11
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 14,108,443
| style="text-align: right;" | 19,611,199
| style="text-align: right;" | 23,378,744
| style="text-align: right;" | 29,102,477
| style="text-align: right;" | 33,124,726
|-
| 12
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 8,959,558
| style="text-align: right;" | -
| style="text-align: right;" | 13,079,696
| style="text-align: right;" | 13,168,484
| style="text-align: right;" | 15,311,351
|-
| 13
| [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 6,130,026
| style="text-align: right;" | 7,522,265
| style="text-align: right;" | 7,766,921
| style="text-align: right;" | 12,179,122
| style="text-align: right;" | 13,583,464
|-
| 14
| [[Bhili language|Bhili/Bhilodi]] Non-scheduled
| bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 3,399,285
| style="text-align: right;" | 4,293,314
| style="text-align: right;" | 5,572,308
| style="text-align: right;" | 9,582,957
| style="text-align: right;" | 10,413,637
|-
| 15
| [[Santali language|Santali]]
| bgcolor="brown" | <span style="color:white;">Austro-Asiatic</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 3,786,899
| style="text-align: right;" | 4,332,511
| style="text-align: right;" | 5,216,325
| style="text-align: right;" | 6,469,600
| style="text-align: right;" | 7,368,192
|-
| 16
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
| bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,495,487
| style="text-align: right;" | 3,176,975
| style="text-align: right;" | -
| style="text-align: right;" | 5,527,698
| style="text-align: right;" | 6,797,587
|-
| 17
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,419,835
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,360,636
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,076,645
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,871,749
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,926,168
|-
| 18
| [[Gondi language|Gondi]] Non-scheduled
| bgcolor="green" | <span style="color:white;">Dravidian</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,688,284
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,913,262
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,124,852
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,713,790
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,984,453
|-
| 19
| [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
| bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,676,875
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,044,389
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,122,848
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,535,485
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,772,264
|-
| 20
| [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,508,432
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,570,108
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,760,607
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,489,015
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,256,502
|-  
| 21 || [[Dogri language|Dogri]]
| bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span> 
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,299,143
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,530,616
| style="text-align: right;" | -
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,282,589
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,596,767
|-  
| 22 || [[Khandeshi]] Non-scheduled
| bgcolor="red" | <span style="color:white;">Indo-Aryan</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 251,896
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,216,789
| style="text-align: right;" | 973,709
| style="text-align: right;" | 2,075,258
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,860,236   
|-  
| 23 || [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] Non-scheduled
| bgcolor="green" | <span style="color:white;">Dravidian</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,235,665 
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,333,670
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,426,618
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,751,489
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,988,350  
|-  
| 24 || [[Tulu language|Tulu]] Non-scheduled
| bgcolor="green" | <span style="color:white;">Dravidian</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,158,419
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,417,224
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,552,259
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,722,768 
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,846,427  
|-  
| 25 || [[Meitei language|Meiteilon]] (Manipuri)
| bgcolor="yellow" | <span style="color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 2px black;">Sino-Tibetan</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 791,714
| style="text-align: right;" | 901,407
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,270,216
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,466,705 
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,761,079  
|-  
| 26 || [[Boro language (India)|Bodo]]
| bgcolor="yellow" | <span style="color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 2px black;">Sino-Tibetan</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 556,576
| style="text-align: right;" | -
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,221,881
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,350,478 
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,482,929  
|-  
| 27 || [[Khasi language|Khasi]] Non-scheduled
| bgcolor="brown" | <span style="color:white;">Austro-Asiatic</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 479,028
| style="text-align: right;" | 628,846
| style="text-align: right;" | 912,283
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,128,575 
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,431,344  
|-  
| 28 || [[Mundari language|Mundari]] Non-scheduled
| bgcolor="brown" | <span style="color:white;">Austro-Asiatic</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 771,253
| style="text-align: right;" | 742,739
| style="text-align: right;" | 861,378
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,061,352 
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,128,228  
|-  
| 29 || [[Ho language|Ho]] Non-scheduled
| bgcolor="brown" | <span style="color:white;">Austro-Asiatic</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 751,389
| style="text-align: right;" | 783,301
| style="text-align: right;" | 949,216
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,042,724 
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,421,418   
|-  
| 30 || [[Tripuri language|Tripuri]] Non-scheduled
| bgcolor="yellow" | <span style="color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 2px black;">Sino-Tibetan</span>
| style="text-align: right;" | 372,579
| style="text-align: right;" | 502,067
| style="text-align: right;" | 694,940
| style="text-align: right;" | 854,023 
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,011,294  
|}
{{Image frame|content=[[File:South Asian Language Families.jpg|250px]]|align=right|caption=Map of South Asian language families}}
{{Pie chart
| caption=Mother tongue languages of India ([[2011 Indian Census|2011]])
| label1=[[Hindi]]|value1=26.6 |
| label2=[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|value2=7.94
| label3=[[Marathi language|Marathi]]|value3=6.84
| label4=[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|value4=6.68
| label5=[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|value5=5.69
| label6=[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|value6=4.55
| label7=[[Urdu]]|value7=4.19
| label8=[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]|value8=4.18
| label9=[[Kannada language|Kannada]]|value9=3.59
| label10=[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]|value10=2.87
| label11=Others|value11=26.87}}
According to the 2001 census, 41.03% of the Indians spoke [[Hindi]] natively, while the rest spoke [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Oriya language|Odia]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and a variety of other languages. There are a total of 122 languages and 234 mother tongues spoken in India. Of these, 22 languages are [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|specified in the Eighth Schedule]] of [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]], while 100 are non-specified.

The table below excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata and [[Purul]] subdivisions of [[Senapati District]] of [[Manipur]] state due to cancellation of census results.

== Vital statistics ==
[[File:Birth rate in India (1950 to 2024).png|thumb|upright|center|Crude [[birth rate]] trends in India<br />(per 1000 people, national average)<ref name=npc1>{{cite web|title=Birth Rate, Death Rate, Infant Mortality Rate and Total Fertility Rate: India and States|publisher=National Commission on Population, Govt of India|year=2010|url=http://populationcommission.nic.in/india.htm|access-date=17 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619091741/http://populationcommission.nic.in/india.htm|archive-date=19 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Census India SRS Bulletins|publisher=Registrar General of India, Govt of India|year=2011 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Bulletins/Bulletins.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Census India SRS Bulletins |publisher=Registrar General of India, Govt of India|year=2013 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Reports_2013.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Long-Run Birth Rate |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/long-run-birth-rate?country=~IND |website=Our World in Data |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=7 January 2025}}</ref>]]

=== UN estimates ===
{{sticky table start}}{{static row numbers}}{{mw-datatable}}{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|+ United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2024 revision – India<ref>United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024, Online Edition.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Population in India, 1950 to 2023 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?time=earliest..2023&facet=none&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&country=~IND&hideControls=false&Metric=Population&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Total&Projection+Scenario=None |website=[[Our World in Data]] |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Births in India, 1950 to 2023 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?time=earliest..2023&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&country=~IND&hideControls=false&Metric=Births&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Total&Projection+Scenario=None |website=[[Our World in Data]] |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Deaths in India, 1950 to 2023 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?time=earliest..2023&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&hideControls=false&Metric=Deaths&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Total&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND |website=[[Our World in Data]] |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Annual change in population in India, 1951 to 2023 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&hideControls=false&Metric=Annual+population+change&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Total&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND |website=[[Our World in Data]] |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Birth rate in India, 1950 to 2023 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&hideControls=false&Metric=Birth+rate&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Total&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND |website=[[Our World in Data]] |publisher=Global Change Data Lab |access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" |Year
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" |Mid-year population
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Births per year
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Deaths per year
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Annual change in population
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Crude birth rate<br />(per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Crude death rate<br />(per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Natural change<br />(per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Crude migration rate<br />(per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Total Fertility rate
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 60pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Infant mortality (per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: center; width: 35pt;" data-sort-type="number" |[[Life expectancy]]
|-
| 1950
| style="color:red" |346,278,817
| style="color:red" |15,287,998
| style="color:blue" | 7,852,219
| 7,435,779
| 44.15
| style="color:red"|22.68
| 21.6
|
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.73
| style="color:red" | 181.2
| style="color:red" | 41.7
|-
| 1951
| 353,870,058
| 15,663,440
| 7,973,004
| 7,591,241
| 44.26
|22.53
| 21.6
| 0.5
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.77
| 180.1
| style="color:red" | 41.7
|-
| 1952
| 361,874,904
| 16,082,888
| 8,048,990
| 8,004,846
| 44.44
| 22.24
| 21.9
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.82
| 177.5
| 42.0
|-
| 1953
| 370,104,571
| 16,501,176
| 8,169,722
| 8,229,667
|44.59
| 22.07
| 22.1
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.87
| 175.3
| 42.2
|-
| 1954
| 378,687,141
| 16,903,336
| 8,122,090
| 8,582,570
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |44.64
| 21.45
| 22.7
| −0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.91
| 172.2
| 43.0
|-
| 1955
| 387,700,891
| 17,219,756
| 8,168,768
| 9,013,750
| 44.41
| 21.07
| 22.8
| −0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.91
| 169.7
| 43.4
|-
| 1956
| 396,988,906
| 17,526,402
| 8,232,471
| 9,288,015
| 44.15
| 20.74
| 22.8
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.91
| 167.3
| 43.8
|-
| 1957
| 406,253,895
| 17,825,650
| 8,323,747
| 9,264,989
| 43.88
| 20.49
| 22.8
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.91
| 165.0
| 44.1
|-
| 1958
| 415,777,437
| 18,053,426
| 8,374,383
| 9,523,542
| 43.42
| 20.14
| 22.7
| −0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.90
| 162.7
| 44.4
|-
| 1959
| 425,780,669
| 18,321,022
| 8,395,630
| 10,003,232
| 43.03
| 19.72
| 22.7
| −0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.89
| 160.3
| 44.9
|-
| 1960
| 435,990,344
| 18,705,012
| 8,467,290
| 10,209,675
| 42.90
| 19.42
| 22.9
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.92
| 158.2
| 45.2
|-
| 1961
| 446,564,730
| 19,054,934
| 8,586,012
| 10,574,386
| 42.67
| 19.23
| 22.8
| 0.5
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.94
| 156.4
| 45.4
|-
| 1962
| 457,283,092
| 19,422,986
| 8,679,851
| 10,718,362
| 42.48
| 18.98
| 22.9
| 0.5
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.95
| 154.5
| 45.7
|-
| 1963
| 468,138,576
| 19,783,962
| 8,767,246
| 10,855,484
| 42.26
| 18.73
| 22.9
| 0.5
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.97
| 152.7
| 45.9
|-
| 1964
| 479,229,599
| 20,156,988
| 8,871,377
| 11,091,023
| 42.06
| 18.51
| style="color:blue" |23.0
| 0.3
| style="color:blue" |5.98
| 151.1
| 46.2
|-
| 1965
| 490,140,141
| 20,414,206
| 9,488,516
| 10,910,542
| 41.65
| 19.36
| 21.7
| 0.9
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.94
| 156.4
| 45.0
|-
| 1966
| 500,740,250
| 20,632,990
| 9,543,207
| 10,600,109
| 41.20
| 19.06
| 21.6
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.88
| 154.7
| 45.3
|-
| 1967
| 511,606,375
| 20,889,458
| 9,609,691
| 10,866,125
| 40.83
| 18.78
| 21.5
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.83
| 153.1
| 45.7
|-
| 1968
| 522,716,894
| 21,162,298
| 9,155,303
| 11,110,519
| 40.48
| 17.52
| 22.4
| −0.5
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.76
| 145.0
| 47.5
|-
| 1969
| 533,880,544
| 21,386,208
| 9,218,624
| 11,163,650
| 40.06
| 17.27
| 22.3
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.68
| 143.3
| 47.9
|-
| 1970
| 545,864,268
| 21,705,420
| 9,287,483
| 11,983,724
| 39.76
| 17.01
| 22.3
| −0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.62
| 141.7
| 48.2
|-
| 1971
| 558,096,383
| 22,169,874
| 9,382,778
| 12,232,115
| 39.72
| 16.81
| 22.5
| −0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.57
| 139.9
| 48.6
|-
| 1972
| 570,482,142
| 22,509,830
| 9,468,026
| 12,385,759
| 39.46
| 16.60
| 22.5
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.48
| 138.5
| 49.0
|-
| 1973
| 583,465,595
| 22,929,810
| 9,517,150
| 12,983,453
| 39.30
| 16.31
| 22.7
| 0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.40
| 136.3
| 49.5
|-
| 1974
| 597,041,392
| 23,284,796
| 9,489,001
| 13,575,797
| 39.00
| 15.89
| 22.8
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.33
| 133.3
| 50.2
|-
| 1975
| 611,309,532
| 23,451,070
| 9,492,655
| 14,268,140
| 38.36
| 15.53
| 22.6
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.20
| 130.7
| 50.8
|-
| 1976
| 625,861,887
| 23,935,742
| 9,499,656
| 14,552,355
| 38.24
| 15.18
| 22.7
| −0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.13
| 127.9
| 51.4
|-
| 1977
| 640,801,105
| 24,070,484
| 9,494,741
| 14,939,218
| 37.56
| 14.82
| 22.2
| 0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |5.01
| 124.9
| 51.9
|-
| 1978
| 655,728,226
| 24,359,834
| 9,461,503
| 14,927,121
| 37.15
| 14.43
| 22.1
| 0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.89
| 121.7
| 52.5
|-
| 1979
| 671,155,745
| 24,833,594
| 9,440,528
| 15,427,519
| 37.00
| 14.07
| 22.3
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.81
| 118.4
| 53.1
|-
| 1980
| 687,354,031
| 25,471,068
| 9,452,567
| 16,198,286
| 37.06
| 13.75
| 22.5
| 0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.78
| 115.2
| 53.6
|-
| 1981
| 703,696,255
| 25,868,440
| 9,446,658
| 16,342,224
| 36.76
| 13.42
| 22.7
| 0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.70
| 112.1
| 54.2
|-
| 1982
| 720,313,474
| 26,221,360
| 9,431,256
| 16,617,219
| 36.40
| 13.09
| 22.6
| 0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.62
| 109.3
| 54.7
|-
| 1983
| 737,372,685
| 26,637,448
| 9,418,131
| 17,059,211
| 36.13
| 12.77
| 22.6
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.57
| 106.7
| 55.3
|-
| 1984
| 754,875,451
| 27,113,114
| 9,414,277
| 17,502,766
| 35.92
| 12.47
| 22.7
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.52
| 104.2
| 55.8
|-
| 1985
| 772,647,801
| 27,366,950
| 9,398,793
| 17,772,350
| 35.42
| 12.16
| 22.5
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.43
| 101.8
| 56.3
|-
| 1986
| 790,689,978
| 27,848,424
| 9,392,670
| 18,042,177
| 35.22
| 11.88
| 22.7
| −0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.40
| 99.4
| 56.8
|-
| 1987
| 808,931,261
| 27,860,878
| 9,365,358
| 18,241,283
| 34.44
| 11.58
| 22.2
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.31
| 97.0
| 57.3
|-
| 1988
| 827,342,997
| 28,040,342
| 9,337,583
| 18,411,736
| 33.89
| 11.29
| 21.9
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.22
| 94.6
| 57.8
|-
| 1989
| 846,039,530
| 28,154,986
| 9,306,083
| 18,696,533
| 33.28
| 11.00
| 21.6
| 0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.13
| 92.2
| 58.2
|-
| 1990
| 864,972,219
| 28,171,520
| 9,277,651
| 18,932,689
| 32.57
| 10.73
| 21.1
| 0.5
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |4.05
| 89.8
| 58.7
|-
| 1991
| 883,927,607
| 28,305,720
| 9,256,425
| 18,955,388
| 32.02
| 10.47
| 21.0
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.96
| 87.6
| 59.1
|-
| 1992
| 902,957,072
| 28,365,204
| 9,232,809
| 19,029,465
| 31.41
| 10.22
| 20.7
| 0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.88
| 85.5
| 59.5
|-
| 1993
| 922,118,380
| 28,374,418
| 9,221,708
| 19,161,308
| 30.77
| 10.00
| 20.3
| 0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.80
| 83.5
| 59.8
|-
| 1994
| 941,163,775
| 28,512,692
| 9,201,756
| 19,045,395
| 30.30
| 9.78
| 20.0
| 0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.72
| 81.4
| 60.2
|-
| 1995
| 960,301,048
| 28,588,052
| 9,191,892
| 19,137,273
| 29.77
| 9.57
| 19.7
| 0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.65
| 79.3
| 60.6
|-
| 1996
| 979,678,464
| 28,623,284
| 9,180,936
| 19,377,416
| 29.22
| 9.37
| 19.4
| 0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.58
| 77.1
| 61.0
|-
| 1997
| 999,133,765
| 28,659,994
| 9,166,224
| 19,455,301
| 28.68
| 9.17
| 19.0
| 0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.51
| 74.8
| 61.4
|-
| 1998
| 1,018,665,073
| 28,724,934
| 9,155,898
| 19,531,308
| 28.20
| 8.99
| 18.7
| 0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.45
| 72.5
| 61.8
|-
| 1999
| 1,038,225,821
| 28,790,310
| 9,141,493
| 19,560,748
| 27.73
| 8.80
| 18.4
| 0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.38
| 70.2
| 62.2
|-
| 2000
| 1,057,922,728
| 29,111,712
| 9,127,431
| 19,696,907
| 27.52
| 8.63
| 18.3
| 0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.35
| 67.8
| 62.7
|-
| 2001
| 1,077,898,572
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |29,324,930
| 9,143,228
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |19,975,844
| 27.21
| 8.48
| 18.2
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.30
| 65.4
| 63.1
|-
| 2002
| 1,097,600,381
| 29,128,216
| 9,103,548
| 19,701,809
| 26.54
| 8.29
| 17.7
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.22
| 63.1
| 63.6
|-
| 2003
| 1,116,802,997
| 28,794,442
| 9,074,469
| 19,202,616
| 25.78
| 8.13
| 17.2
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.12
| 60.8
| 64.1
|-
| 2004
| 1,135,991,510
| 28,537,736
| 9,067,053
| 19,188,513
| 25.12
| 7.98
| 16.7
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |3.05
| 58.6
| 64.5
|-
| 2005
| 1,154,676,319
| 28,063,000
| 9,027,961
| 18,684,809
| 24.30
| 7.82
| 16.1
| 0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.96
| 56.3
| 65.0
|-
| 2006
| 1,172,878,890
| 27,637,610
| 8,995,893
| 18,202,571
| 23.56
| 7.67
| 15.5
| −0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.86
| 54.1
| 65.4
|-
| 2007
| 1,190,676,028
| 27,304,622
| 8,972,698
| 17,797,138
| 22.93
| 7.54
| 15.1
| −0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.78
| 51.9
| 65.8
|-
| 2008
| 1,207,930,962
| 27,186,094
| 8,950,894
| 17,254,934
| 22.51
| 7.41
| 14.7
| −0.4
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.72
| 49.6
| 66.1
|-
| 2009
| 1,225,524,760
| 27,219,670
| 8,934,340
| 17,593,798
| 22.21
| 7.29
| 14.5
| −0.5
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.67
| 47.4
| 66.5
|-
| 2010
| 1,243,481,564
| 26,900,710
| 8,908,601
| 17,956,804
| 21.63
| 7.16
| 14.1
| −0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.60
| 45.2
| 66.9
|-
| 2011
| 1,261,224,952
| 26,681,990
| 8,889,393
| 17,743,388
| 21.16
| 7.05
| 13.7
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.54
| 43.0
| 67.4
|-
| 2012
| 1,278,674,506
| 26,432,416
| 8,879,964
| 17,449,554
| 20.67
| 6.95
| 13.3
| 0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.47
| 40.8
| 67.9
|-
| 2013
| 1,295,829,506
| 25,995,998
| 8,888,126
| 17,155,000
| 20.06
| 6.86
| 13.0
| 0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.41
| 38.7
| 68.5
|-
| 2014
| 1,312,277,184
| 25,050,538
| 8,884,412
| 16,447,678
| 19.09
| 6.77
| 12.3
| 0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.31
| 36.7
| 69.1
|-
| 2015
| 1,328,024,492
| 25,147,252
| 8,936,426
| 15,747,308
| 18.94
| 6.73
| 12.1
| −0.2
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.29
| 34.7
| 69.6
|-
| 2016
| 1,343,944,293
| 25,207,146
| 9,004,539
| 15,919,801
| 18.76
 |6.70
| 11.9
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.27
| 32.8
| 70.1
|-
| 2017
| 1,359,657,392
| 24,466,744
| 9,072,749
| 15,713,099
| 18.00
| 6.67
| 11.3
| 0.3
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.20
| 31.1
| 70.5
|-
| 2018
| 1,374,659,068
| 24,620,206
| 9,169,449
| 15,001,676
| 17.91
| 6.67
| 11.0
| −0.1
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.18
| 29.4
| 70.7
|-
| 2019
| 1,389,030,303
| 24,124,982
| 9,264,486
| 14,371,235
| 17.37
| 6.67
| 10.3
| 0
| style="text-align:right; color:blue;" |2.11
| 27.9
| 70.9
|-
| 2020
| 1,402,617,692
| 23,485,340
| 10,118,286
| 13,587,389
| 16.74
| 7.21
| 9.2
| 0.4
| 2.05
| 26.6
| 70.1
|-
| 2021
| 1,414,203,889
| 23,321,854
| style="color:red" |13,093,783
| 11,586,197
| 16.49
| 9.26
| style="color:red" |7.0
| −1.0
| 2.01
| style=" color:blue" |25.5
| 67.2
|-
| 2022
| 1,425,423,212
| 23,286,124
| 9,373,180
| 11,219,323
| 16.34
| style="color:blue"|6.58
| 7.2
| −0.4
| 1.99
| style=" color:blue" |23.8624
| 67.7
|-
| 2023
| 1,438,069,597
| 23,219,488
| 9,507,013
| 12,646,385
| style="color: red"|16.15
| 6.61
| 9.5
| −1.4
| style="color:red" | 1.98
| style=" color:blue" | 22.6186
| style=" color:blue"| 72.0
|-
| 2024
| 1,450,935,791
| 23,186,978
| 9,557,050
| 12,999,094
| 15.98
| 6.59
| 9.39
| -0.43
| 
| 
| style=" color:blue"| 
|}
{{sticky table end}}
{{GraphChart
| width = 450
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=year
| yAxisTitle= million
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| legend=
| type = line
| x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022

| y1= 357,365,373,381,390,399,408,417,426,436,446,456,467,478,489,500,511,522,533,545,558,570,583,596,610,624,637,652,666,681,697,713,729,746,763,780,798,816,
834,852,870,889,908,926,945,964,983,1002,1021,1041,1060,1079,1098,1117,1136,1155,1172,1190,1207,1224,1241,1258,1274,1291,1307,1323,1339,1354,1369,1383,1396,1408, 1417

| y1Title= population (million)

}}
{{GraphChart
| width = 450
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=years
| yAxisTitle= ‰
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| hAnnotatonsLine=
| hAnnotatonsLabel=
| legend=
| type = line
| x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021

| y1=21.6,21.6,21.9,22.1,22.7,22.8,22.8,22.8,22.7,22.7,22.9,22.8,22.9,22.9,23.0,21.7,21.6,21.5,22.4,22.3,22.3,22.5,22.5,22.7,22.8,22.6,22.7,22.2,22.1,22.3,22.5,22.7,22.6,22.6,22.7,22.5,22.7,22.2,21.9,21.6,21.1,21.0,20.7,20.3,20.0,19.7,19.4,19.0,18.7,18.4,18.3,18.2,17.7,17.2,16.7,16.1,15.5,15.1,14.7,14.5,14.1,13.7,13.3,13.0,12.3,12.1,11.9,11.3,11.0,10.3,9.2,7.0

| y1Title=Natural change (per 1000)
}}
{{GraphChart
| width = 450
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=years
| yAxisTitle= ‰
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| hAnnotatonsLine=
| hAnnotatonsLabel=
| legend=
| type = line
| x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021,2022

| y1= 181.2,180.1,177.5,175.3,172.2,169.7,167.3,165.0,162.7,160.3,158.2,156.4,154.5,152.7,151.1,156.4,154.7,153.1,145.0,143.3,141.7,139.9,138.5,136.3,
133.3,130.7,127.9,124.9,121.7,118.4,115.2,112.1,109.3,106.7,104.2,101.8,99.4,97.0,94.6,92.2,89.8,87.6,85.5,83.5,81.4,79.3,77.1,74.8,72.5,70.2,67.8,65.4,63.1,
60.8,58.6,56.3,54.1,51.9,49.6,47.4,45.2,43.0,40.8,38.7,36.7,34.7,32.8,31.1,29.4,27.9,26.6,25.5

| y1Title=Infant Mortality (per 1000 live births)
}}
{{GraphChart
| width = 450
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=years
| yAxisTitle= TFR
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| hAnnotatonsLine=2.1
| hAnnotatonsLabel=
| legend=
| type = line
| x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021

| y1= 5.73,5.77,5.82,5.87,5.91,5.91,5.91,5.91,5.90,5.89,5.92,5.94,5.95,5.97,5.98,5.94,5.88,5.83,5.76,5.68,5.62,5.57,5.48,5.40,5.33,5.20,5.13,5.01,
4.89,4.81,4.78,4.70,4.62,4.57,4.52,4.43,4.40,4.31,4.22,4.13,4.05,3.96,3.88,3.80,3.72,3.65,3.58,3.51,3.45,3.38,3.35,3.30,3.22,3.12,3.05,2.96,
2.86,2.78,2.72,2.67,2.60,2.54,2.47,2.41,2.31,2.29,2.27,2.20,2.18,2.11,2.05,2.03

| y1Title=Total Fertility Rate
}}

=== Census of India: sample registration system ===
[[File:India TFR regions 2011.png|thumb|390px|Total fertility rate map: average births per woman by districts, 2011]]
{{sticky table start}}{{static row numbers}}{{mw-datatable}}{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Census of India: sample registration system<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/SRSB|title=Census of India: Sample Registration System (SRS) Bulletins|last=ORGI|website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm#2001|title=United Nations Statistics Division – Demographic and Social Statistics}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/Annual_Report.html|title=Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhavan |first=Nirman |year=2015 |title=National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) 2015–16 |url=http://rchiips.org/NFHS/pdf/NFHS4/India.pdf |access-date=13 June 2022 |website=[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] |publisher=[[Government of India]] |pages=2–5 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Year
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Average population<br />
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Live births<sup>1</sup>
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Deaths<sup>1</sup>
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Natural change
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Crude birth rate<br />(per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Crude death rate<br />(per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Natural change<br />(per 1000)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right; width: 70pt;" data-sort-type="number" | Total fertility rate
|-
| 1981
| style="text-align: right;" | 716,493,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:24289000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8956000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15333000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 33.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.4
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.52
|-
| 1982
| style="text-align: right;" | 733,152,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:24781000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8725000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16056000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 33.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.9
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.5
|-
| 1983
| style="text-align: right;" | 750,034,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25276000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8925000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16351000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 33.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.5
|-
| 1984
| style="text-align: right;" | 767,147,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26006000}}
| style="text-align: right; | {{formatnum:9666000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16340000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 33.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.5
|-
| 1985
| style="text-align: right;" | 784,491,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25810000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9257000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16553000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 32.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.1
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.3
|-
| 1986
| style="text-align: right;" | 802,052,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26147000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8903000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17244000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 32.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.5
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.15
|-
| 1987
| style="text-align: right;" | 819,800,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26316000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8936000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17380000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 32.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.2
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.1
|-
| 1988
| style="text-align: right;" | 837,700,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26388000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9215000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17173000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 31.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.5
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 4.0
|-
| 1989
| style="text-align: right;" | 855,707,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26185000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8814000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17371000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 30.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.9
|-
| 1990
| style="text-align: right;" | 873,785,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26388000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8476000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17912000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 30.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.5
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.8
|-
| 1991
| style="text-align: right;" | 891,910,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26133000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8741000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17392000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 29.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.5
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.64
|-
| 1992
| style="text-align: right;" | 910,065,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26392000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9192000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17200000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 29.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.9
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.6
|-
| 1993
| style="text-align: right;" | 928,226,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26640000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8633000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18007000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.4
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.5
|-
| 1994
| style="text-align: right;" | 946,373,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27161000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8801000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18360000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.4
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.5
|-
| 1995
| style="text-align: right;" | 964,486,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27295000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8680000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18615000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.5
|-
| 1996
| style="text-align: right;" | 982,553,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26824000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8745000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18079000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.4
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.40
|-
| 1997
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,000,558,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27215000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8905000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18310000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.3
|-
| 1998
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,018,471,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26989000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9166000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17823000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.5
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.2
|-
| 1999
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,036,259,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26943000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9015000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17928000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.2
|-
| 2000
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,053,898,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27191000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8958000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18233000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.2
|-
| 2001
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,071,374,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27213000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9000000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18213000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.0
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.10
|-
| 2002
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,088,694,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27217000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8818000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18399000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.9
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.0
|-
| 2003
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,105,886,000
| style="text-align: right; color:blue" | {{formatnum:27426000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8847000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18579000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.8
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 3.0
|-
| 2004
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,122,991,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27064000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8422000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18642000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.6
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.9
|-
| 2005
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,140,043,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27133000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8664000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18469000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.2
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.9
|-
| 2006
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,157,039,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27190000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8678000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18512000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.0
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.79
|-
| 2007
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,134,024,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26195954}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8391778}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17804176}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.7
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.7
|-
| 2008
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,150,196,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26224469}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8511450}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17713019}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.4
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.6
|-
| 2009
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,166,228,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26240130}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8513464}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17726666}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.2
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.6
|-
| 2010
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,182,108,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26124587}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8511178}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17613409}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.9
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.5
|-
| 2011
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,197,658,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26108944}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8503372}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17605572}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.7
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.44
|-
| 2012
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,212,827,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26197063}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8489789}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17707274}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.6
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.38
|-
| 2013
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,227,012,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26258057}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8589084}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17668973}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.4
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.34
|-
| 2014
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,243,542,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25904377}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8264730}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17639647}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.32
|-
| 2015
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,259,108,000
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26189446}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8184202}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18005244}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.3
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.27
|-
| 2016
| style="text-align: right;" |1,273,986,000
| style="text-align: right;" |25,989,314
| style="text-align: right;" |8,153,510
| style="text-align: right;" |17,835,804
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.0
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.26
|-
| 2017<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/declining-fertility-rate-may-shrink-india-population-300-million-80-years-1703598-2020-07-23|title = Declining fertility rate may shrink India's population by 300 million in 80 years| date=23 July 2020 }}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" |1,288,522,000
| style="text-align: right;" |26,028,144
| style="text-align: right;" |8,117,689
| style="text-align: right;" |17,910,455
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.9
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.18
|-
| 2018
| style="text-align: right;" |1,324,609,000
| style="text-align: right;" |26,492,180
| style="text-align: right;" |8,212,576
| style="text-align: right;" |18,279,604
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.8
| style="text-align: right; color:blue;" | 2.15
|-
| 2019
| style="text-align: right;" |1,338,995,000
| style="text-align: right;" |24,820,886
| style="text-align: right;" |7,641,076
| style="text-align: right;" |17,179,810
| style="text-align: right; | 18.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.08<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/CRS_2019/CRS2019_report.pdf| title = Statement 1: Civil Registration System: At A Glance, VITAL STATISTICS OF INDIA BASED ON THE CIVIL REGISTRATION SYSTEM 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| style="text-align: right;" |1,353,378,000
| style="text-align: right;" |24,222,444
| style="text-align: right;" |8,115,882
| style="text-align: right;" |16,106,562
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.03
|-
| 2021<ref name="SRS2021">{{cite web |title=Sample Registration System Statistical Report 2021 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/720 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |date=7 May 2025 |access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref>
| style="text-align: right;" |1,414,203,889
| style="text-align: right; color:red;" |23,321,854
| style="text-align: right;" |13,093,783
| style="text-align: right;" |10,228,071
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.00
|-
| colspan="9" | <sup>1</sup> <small>The numbers of births and deaths were calculated from the birth and death rates and the average population.</small>
|}
{{sticky table end}}

=== Life expectancy ===
{{See also|List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth}}
[[File:12889 2024 18278 Fig4 HTML.webp|thumb|297x297px|Life Expectancy at birth in India by district based on the analysis of NFHS-5 data (2019–2021)<ref>{{cite report |title=Life expectancy at birth, total – India |publisher=BMC Public Health |date=2024 |doi=10.1186/s12889-024-18278-3 |doi-access=free |pmid=38627658|pmc=11021017 }}</ref>]]
[[File:Life expectancy by WBG -India -diff.png|thumb|280px|Life expectancy at birth in India since 1960 with calculated sex gap<ref name="wbg_total">{{cite web|title=Life expectancy at birth, total – India|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=IN|publisher=[[World Bank Group]]}}</ref><ref>UN, World Population Prospects (2024)</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Life expectancy at birth |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?time=1950..2020&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&hideControls=false&Metric=Life+expectancy&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=At+birth&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Life expectancy at age 15 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?time=1950..2020&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&hideControls=false&Metric=Life+expectancy&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Aged+15&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Life expectancy at age 65 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?time=1950..2020&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&hideControls=false&Metric=Life+expectancy&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Aged+65&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Life expectancy at age 80 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/population-and-demography?time=1950..2020&showSelectionOnlyInTable=1&hideControls=false&Metric=Life+expectancy&Sex=Both+sexes&Age+group=Aged+80&Projection+Scenario=None&country=~IND}}</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Period
! Life expectancy at birth
! Life expectancy at age 15
! Life expectancy at age 65
! Life expectancy at age 80
|-
| 1950
| 41.18
| 60.06
| 75.90
| 84.77
|-
| 1955
| 43.74
| 60.96
| 76.14
| 84.86
|-
| 1960
| 45.61
| 61.75
| 76.33
| 84.93
|-
| 1965
| 45.56
| 61.84
| 76.20
| 84.91
|-
| 1970
| 48.59
| 63.40
| 76.55
| 85.30
|-
| 1975
| 50.76
| 64.68
| 77.00
| 85.69
|-
| 1980
| 53.59
| 66.10
| 77.22
| 85.82
|-
| 1985
| 56.32
| 67.35
| 77.30
| 85.81
|-
| 1990
| 58.62
| 68.32
| 77.59
| 85.94
|-
| 1995
| 60.63
| 69.08
| 78.06
| 86.22
|-
| 2000
| 62.75
| 69.92
| 78.56
| 86.44
|-
| 2005
| 64.94
| 70.84
| 78.87
| 86.45
|-
| 2010
| 67.16
| 71.83
| 79.28
| 86.64
|-
| 2015
| 69.33
| 72.88
| 79.91
| 87.14
|-
| 2020
| 70.16
| 72.81
| 79.48
| 86.92
|}

'''Demographic and Health Surveys'''
From the Demographic Health Survey:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhsprogram.com/methodology/Survey-Search.cfm|title=The DHS Program – Survey Search|website=dhsprogram.com}}</ref>

[[File:TFR of India to 2016.svg|thumb|280px|TFR of India to 2016]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|+ Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate)
|-
! rowspan=2 | Year
! colspan=2 | Total
! colspan=2 | Urban
! colspan=2 | Rural
|-
! CBR !! TFR<sup>1</sup>
! CBR !! TFR<sup>1</sup>
! CBR !! TFR<sup>1</sup>
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | 1992–1993
| 28.7
| 3.39 (2.64)
| 24.1
| 2.70 (2.09)
| 30.4
| 3.67 (2.86)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | 1998–1999
| 24.8
| 2.85 (2.13)
| 20.9
| 2.27 (1.73)
| 26.2
| 3.07 (2.28)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | 2005–2006
| 23.1
| 2.68 (1.90)
| 18.8
| 2.06 (1.60)
| 25.0
| 2.98 (2.10)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | 2015–2016
| 19.0
| 2.18 (1.8)
| 15.8
| 1.75 (1.5)
| 20.7
| 2.41 (1.9)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | 2019–2021
| 17.1
| 1.99 (1.6)
| 14.0
| 1.63 (1.4)
| 18.6
| 2.14 (1.7)
|-
| colspan="7" | <small>CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). <sup>1</sup>Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.</small>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) by religion
|-
! Year
! Hindu
! Muslim
! Christian
! Sikh
! Buddhist/<br />Neo-Buddhist
! Jain
! Other
|-
| 2019–2021
| 1.94 (1.6)
| 2.36 (1.8)
| 1.88 (1.7)
| 1.61 (1.4)
| 1.39 (1.2)
| 1.60 (1.5)
| 2.15 (1.7)
|-
| colspan="7" | <small>CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). <sup>1</sup>Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.</small>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|+ Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) 2015–2016
|-
! rowspan=2 | State (Population 2011)
! colspan=2 | Total
! colspan=2 | Urban
! colspan=2 | Rural
|-
! CBR !! TFR<sup>1</sup>
! CBR !! TFR<sup>1</sup>
! CBR !! TFR<sup>1</sup>
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Uttar Pradesh]] (199 812 341)
| 22.6
| 2.74 (2.06)
| 18.6
| 2.08 (1.62)
| 24.0
| 2.99 (2.22)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Maharashtra]] (112 374 333)
| 16.6
| 1.87 (1.57)
| 15.5
| 1.68 (1.41)
| 17.5
| 2.06 (1.73)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Bihar]] (104 099 452)
| 27.1
| 3.41 (2.48)
| 20.4
| 2.42 (1.83)
| 28.0
| 3.56 (2.58)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[West Bengal]] (91 276 115)
| 16.6
| 1.77 (1.53)
| 14.0
| 1.57 (1.38)
| 18.0
| 1.85 (1.58)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Madhya Pradesh]] (72 626 809)
| 20.2
| 2.32 (1.82)
| 17.7
| 1.95 (1.61)
| 21.3
| 2.48 (1.91)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Tamil Nadu]] (72 147 030)
| 15.5
| 1.70 (1.51)
| 13.9
| 1.54 (1.38)
| 17.2
| 1.86 (1.63)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Rajasthan]] (68 548 437)
| 20.8
| 2.40 (1.81)
| 17.5
| 1.94 (1.52)
| 22.0
| 2.56 (1.91)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Karnataka]] (61 095 297)
| 15.9
| 1.81 (1.42)
| 15.2
| 1.65 (1.30)
| 16.5
| 1.92 (1.50)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Gujarat]] (60 439 692)
| 16.7
| 2.03 (1.54)
| 15.3
| 1.82 (1.39)
| 17.9
| 2.19 (1.64)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Andhra Pradesh]] (49 386 799)
| 16.1
| 1.83 (1.64)
| 13.9
| 1.53 (1.39)
| 17.0
| 1.96 (1.75)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Odisha]] (41 974 218)
| 18.1
| 2.05 (1.69)
| 15.6
| 1.73 (1.50)
| 18.7
| 2.12 (1.72)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Telangana]] (35 193 978)
| 17.1
| 1.79 (1.59)
| 17.1
| 1.67 (1.53)
| 17.2
| 1.88 (1.64)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Kerala]] (33 406 061)
| 11.2
| 1.56 (1.47)
| 11.4
| 1.57 (1.47)
| 11.0
| 1.55 (1.46)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Jharkhand]] (32 988 134)
| 21.7
| 2.55 (2.06)
| 16.3
| 1.78 (1.47)
| 23.5
| 2.83 (2.27)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Assam]] (31 205 576)
| 19.5
| 2.21 (1.78)
| 13.2
| 1.45 (1.25)
| 20.5
| 2.34 (1.87)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] (27 743 338)
| 13.8
| 1.62 (1.37)
| 13.5
| 1.59 (1.32)
| 14.0
| 1.63 (1.39)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Chhattisgarh]] (25 545 198)
| 20.7
| 2.23 (1.88)
| 17.9
| 1.78 (1.58)
| 21.5
| 2.37 (1.97)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Haryana]] (25 351 462)
| 18.7
| 2.05 (1.63)
| 16.3
| 1.78 (1.44)
| 20.2
| 2.22 (1.75)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (12 541 302)
| 17.7
| 2.01 (1.67)
| 13.9
| 1.58 (1.39)
| 19.4
| 2.18 (1.77)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Uttarakhand]] (10 086 292)
| 19.0
| 2.07 (1.60)
| 17.1
| 1.80 (1.43)
| 20.0
| 2.24 (1.71)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Himachal Pradesh]] (6 864 602)
| 15.3
| 1.88 (1.55)
| 12.0
| 1.43 (1.15)
| 15.7
| 1.92 (1.59)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Tripura]] (3 673 917)
| 15.3
| 1.69 (1.55)
| 12.7
| 1.40 (1.34)
| 16.4
| 1.80 (1.62)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Meghalaya]] (2 966 889)
| 24.6
| 3.04 (2.79)
| 16.1
| 1.67 (1.57)
| 26.7
| 3.47 (3.18)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Manipur]] (2 855 794)
| 21.2
| 2.61 (2.33)
| 17.5
| 2.14 (1.96)
| 23.7
| 2.92 (2.57)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Nagaland]] (1 978 502)
| 21.4
| 2.74 (2.35)
| 16.3
| 1.78 (1.58)
| 24.1
| 3.38 (2.86)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Goa]] (1 458 545)
| 12.8
| 1.66 (1.37)
| 13.4
| 1.72 (1.37)
| 11.7
| 1.55 (1.37)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Arunachal Pradesh]] (1 383 727)
| 17.9
| 2.12 (1.64)
| 17.0
| 1.69 (1.26)
| 18.2
| 2.29 (1.79)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Mizoram]] (1 097 206)
| 18.7
| 2.26 (2.15)
| 16.9
| 1.97 (1.89)
| 21.2
| 2.71 (2.54)
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Sikkim]] (610 577)
| 11.4
| 1.17 (0.88)
| 12.1
| 1.11 (0.82)
| 11.1
| 1.21 (0.91)
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" |<small>CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). <sup>1</sup>Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.</small>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|+ Crude birth rate and total fertility rate (wanted fertility rate) 2019–2021<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fr374-dhs-final-reports.cfm|title=India national family health survey NFHS-5 2019–21|date=15 March 2022|website=Demographic and Health Surveys Program}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2 | State (Population 2011)
! colspan=2 | Total
! colspan=2 | Urban
! colspan=2 | Rural
|-
! CBR !! TFR<sup>1</sup>
! CBR !! TFR<sup>1</sup>
! CBR !! TFR<sup>1</sup>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Uttar Pradesh]] (199 812 341)
| 20.5
| 2.35 (1.77)
| 16.7
| 1.88 (1.49)
| 21.8
| 2.50 (1.86)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Maharashtra]] (112 374 333)
| 13.8
| 1.71 (1.43)
| 12.6
| 1.50 (1.27)
| 15.0
| 1.89 (1.58)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Bihar]] (104 099 452)
| 25.9
| 2.98 (2.25)
| 20.4
| 2.35 (1.88)
| 27.0
| 3.11 (2.31)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[West Bengal]] (91 276 115)
| 15.5
| 1.64 (1.42)
| 12.4
| 1.39 (1.24)
| 17.0
| 1.73 (1.48)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Madhya Pradesh]] (72 626 809)
| 17.2
| 1.99 (1.61)
| 13.7
| 1.61 (1.34)
| 18.5
| 2.12 (1.69)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Tamil Nadu]] (72 147 030)
| 13.7
| 1.76 (1.59)
| 12.7
| 1.61 (1.50)
| 14.6
| 1.89 (1.66)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Rajasthan]] (68 548 437)
| 18.7
| 2.01 (1.61)
| 15.3
| 1.67 (1.42)
| 19.8
| 2.11 (1.65)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Karnataka]] (61 095 297)
| 14.2
| 1.67 (1.38)
| 13.2
| 1.50 (1.25)
| 14.9
| 1.79 (1.46)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Gujarat]] (60 439 692)
| 15.0
| 1.86 (1.53)
| 13.3
| 1.65 (1.39)
| 16.3
| 2.0 (1.60)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Andhra Pradesh]] (49 386 799)
| 13.8
| 1.68 (1.55)
| 12.5
| 1.47 (1.36)
| 14.3
| 1.78 (1.64)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Odisha]] (41 974 218)
| 15.9
| 1.82 (1.52)
| 13.1
| 1.48 (1.26)
| 16.5
| 1.89 (1.57)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Telangana]] (35 193 978)
| 15.3
| 1.75 (1.55)
| 16.0
| 1.75 (1.57)
| 15.3
| 1.74 (1.54)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Kerala]] (33 406 061)
| 11.8
| 1.79 (1.68)
| 11.9
| 1.82 (1.71)
| 11.6
| 1.76 (1.65)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Jharkhand]] (32 988 134)
| 20.2
| 2.26 (1.87)
| 14.2
| 1.56 (1.32)
| 22.0
| 2.48 (2.04)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Assam]] (31 205 576)
| 16.8
| 1.87 (1.56)
| 13.1
| 1.50 (1.37)
| 17.4
| 1.93 (1.59)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] (27 743 338)
| 13.3
| 1.63 (1.35)
| 12.1
| 1.55 (1.29)
| 14.0
| 1.68 (1.38)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Chhattisgarh]] (25 545 198)
| 16.4
| 1.82 (1.57)
| 13.6
| 1.42 (1.28)
| 17.2
| 1.94 (1.66)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Haryana]] (25 351 462)
| 16.4
| 1.91 (1.54)
| 14.1
| 1.65 (1.38)
| 17.5
| 2.04 (1.62)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (12 541 302)
| 13.1
| 1.41 (1.3)
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Uttarakhand]] (10 086 292)
| 16.7
| 1.85 (1.46)
| 16.8
| 1.84 (1.47)
| 16.6
| 1.86 (1.47)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Himachal Pradesh]] (6 864 602)
| 12.7
| 1.66 (1.43)
| 11.2
| 1.43 (1.36)
| 12.9
| 1.69 (1.44)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Tripura]] (3 673 917)
| 14.5
| 1.70 (1.49)
| 11.0
| 1.39 (1.29)
| 15.8
| 1.81 (1.56)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Meghalaya]] (2 966 889)
| 24.2
| 2.91 (2.66)
| 14.8
| 1.57 (1.43)
| 26.5
| 3.31 (3.04)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Manipur]] (2 855 794)
| 17.4
| 2.17 (1.98)
| 14.7
| 1.84 (1.73)
| 19.1
| 2.38 (2.13)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Nagaland]] (1 978 502)
| 15.4
| 1.72 (1.57)
| 12.5
| 1.21 (1.13)
| 16.8
| 2.00 (1.82)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Goa]] (1 458 545)
| 10.3
| 1.30 (1.21)
| 10.3
| 1.26 (1.19)
| 10.3
| 1.36 (1.24)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Arunachal Pradesh]] (1 383 727)
| 16.0
| 1.80 (1.49)
| 14.8
| 1.44 (1.24)
| 16.2
| 1.88 (1.54)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Mizoram]] (1 097 206)
| 15.0
| 1.87 (1.78)
| 13.9
| 1.63 (1.56)
| 16.4
| 2.19 (2.08)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Sikkim]] (610 577)
| 10.2
| 1.05 (0.85)
| 7.8
| 0.71 (0.54)
| 11.7
| 1.32 (1.11)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Delhi]]
| 14.8
| 1.62 (1.29)
| 14.6
| 1.60 (1.27)
| 23.4
| 2.47 (2.06)
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:left;" |<small>CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman). <sup>1</sup>Number in parentheses represents the wanted fertility rate.</small>
|}

'''Regional vital statistics'''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Birth rate, death rate, natural growth rate, and infant mortality rate, by state and UT(2010)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Bulletins/SRS%20Bulletin_%20December%202011%20.pdf |title=SRS Bulletin Sample Registration system |website=censusindia.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131102919/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Bulletins/SRS%20Bulletin_%20December%202011%20.pdf |archive-date=31 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" rowspan="2" | State or UT
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Birth rate
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Death rate
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Natural growth rate
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Infant mortality rate
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Rural
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Urban
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Rural
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Urban
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Rural
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Urban
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Rural
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Urban
|-
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
| style="text-align: right;" | 29
| style="text-align: right;" | 18
|-
| Andhra Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 46
| style="text-align: right;" | 51
| style="text-align: right;" | 33
|-
| Arunachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 31
| style="text-align: right;" | 34
| style="text-align: right;" | 12
|-
| Assam
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 58
| style="text-align: right;" | 60
| style="text-align: right;" | 36
|-
| Bihar
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 48
| style="text-align: right;" | 49
| style="text-align: right;" | 38
|-
| Chandigarh
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
| style="text-align: right;" | 20
| style="text-align: right;" | 23
|-
| Chhattisgarh
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 51
| style="text-align: right;" | 52
| style="text-align: right;" | 44
|-
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 38
| style="text-align: right;" | 43
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
|-
| Daman and Diu
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 23
| style="text-align: right;" | 19
| style="text-align: right;" | 29
|-
| Delhi
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
| style="text-align: right;" | 37
| style="text-align: right;" | 29
|-
| Goa
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
|-
| Gujarat
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 44
| style="text-align: right;" | 51
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
|-
| Haryana
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 48
| style="text-align: right;" | 51
| style="text-align: right;" | 38
|-
| Himachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 40
| style="text-align: right;" | 41
| style="text-align: right;" | 29
|-
| Jammu and Kashmir
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 43
| style="text-align: right;" | 45
| style="text-align: right;" | 32
|-
| Jharkhand
| style="text-align: right;" | 25.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 42
| style="text-align: right;" | 44
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
|-
| Karnataka
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 38
| style="text-align: right;" | 43
| style="text-align: right;" | 28
|-
| Kerala
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 13
| style="text-align: right;" | 14
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
|-
| Lakshadweep
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
| style="text-align: right;" | 23
| style="text-align: right;" | 27
|-
| Madhya Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 29.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 62
| style="text-align: right;" | 67
| style="text-align: right;" | 42
|-
| Maharashtra
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 28
| style="text-align: right;" | 34
| style="text-align: right;" | 20
|-
| Manipur
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 14
| style="text-align: right;" | 15
| style="text-align: right;" | 9
|-
| Meghalaya
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 55
| style="text-align: right;" | 58
| style="text-align: right;" | 37
|-
| Mizoram
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 37
| style="text-align: right;" | 47
| style="text-align: right;" | 21
|-
| Nagaland
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 23
| style="text-align: right;" | 24
| style="text-align: right;" | 20
|-
| Odisha
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 61
| style="text-align: right;" | 63
| style="text-align: right;" | 43
|-
| Puducherry
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.4
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
| style="text-align: right;" | 21
|-
| Punjab
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 34
| style="text-align: right;" | 37
| style="text-align: right;" | 28
|-
| Rajasthan
| style="text-align: right;" | 26.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 27.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 22.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 55
| style="text-align: right;" | 61
| style="text-align: right;" | 31
|-
| Sikkim
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
| style="text-align: right;" | 31
| style="text-align: right;" | 19
|-
| Tamil Nadu
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 24
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
|-
| Tripura
| style="text-align: right;" | 14.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 15.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 27
| style="text-align: right;" | 29
| style="text-align: right;" | 19
|-
| Uttar Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | 28.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 29.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 61
| style="text-align: right;" | 64
| style="text-align: right;" | 44
|-
| Uttarakhand
| style="text-align: right;" | 19.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 20.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.2
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 13.5
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.1
| style="text-align: right;" | 38
| style="text-align: right;" | 41
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
|-
| West Bengal
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.8
| style="text-align: right;" | 18.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 11.9
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.0
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.3
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.7
| style="text-align: right;" | 12.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.6
| style="text-align: right;" | 31
| style="text-align: right;" | 32
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
|}

'''Neonatal and infant demographics'''
[[File:IndiaIMRates.jpg|thumb|upright=1.28|[[Infant mortality]] rate trends in India<br />(per 1000 births, under age 1, national average)]]
[[File:India Male to Female Sex Ratio 1941 1951 1961 1981 1991 2001 2011.png|thumb|390px|Male to female sex ratio for India, based on its official census data, from 1941 through 2011.<ref>"Sex Composition of the Population", Office of Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India (2013)</ref> The data suggest the existence of high sex ratios before and after the arrival of ultrasound-based prenatal care and sex screening technologies in India.]]
The table below represents the [[infant mortality rate]] trends in India, based on sex, over the last 15 years. In the urban areas of India, average male infant mortality rates are slightly higher than average female infant mortality rates.<ref name=":0" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Infant mortality rate trend (deaths per 1000) As per NFHS & UNICEF Data.
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Year
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Male
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Female
! Total
|-
| 1998<ref>{{cite web|title=Sample Registration System, Registrar General, Volume 33, No. 1|date=April 2000|publisher=Census of India, Government of India|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Bulletins/SRS_Bulletins_links/Bulletin_2000_Vol_33_No_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220120235750/http://censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Bulletins/SRS_Bulletins_links/Bulletin_2000_Vol_33_No_1.pdf |archive-date= 20 January 2022 }}</ref>
| 69.8
| 73.5
| 71.6
|-
| 2005<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=2005–06 National Family Health Survey, Infant and Child Mortality|year=2006|publisher=NFHS, a Government of India Organisation |website=MEASURE DHS |url=http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FRIND3/07Chapter07.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513132617/http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FRIND3/07Chapter07.pdf |archive-date= 13 May 2013 }}</ref>
| 56.3
| 58
| 57<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://rchiips.org/NFHS/pdf/NFHS4/India.pdf|title=India Fact Sheet – NFHS-4 – 2015–16 |publisher=International Institute for Population Sciences |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240311005237/http://rchiips.org/nfhs/pdf/NFHS4/India.pdf |archive-date= 11 March 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=SAMPLE REGISTRATION SYSTEM, REGISTRAR GENERAL, Volume 45, No. 1|date=January 2011|publisher=Census of India, Government of India|url=http://www.nfhsindia.org/NFHS-3%20Data/NFHS-3%20NKF/Report.pdf|access-date=18 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209165040/http://nfhsindia.org/NFHS-3%20Data/NFHS-3%20NKF/Report.pdf|archive-date=9 February 2012}}</ref>
| 49
| 52
| {{n/a}}
|-
| 2014<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015–16: India |url=http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-4Reports/India.pdf|publisher=International Institute for Population Sciences |date=2017 |pages= 196 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240209140647/http://rchiips.org/nfhs/nfhs-4Reports/India.pdf |archive-date= 9 February 2024 }}</ref>
| 43.7
| 37.90
| 40.7<ref name=":2" />
|-
| 2018<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://data.unicef.org/resources/data_explorer/unicef_f/?ag=UNICEF&df=GLOBAL_DATAFLOW&ver=1.0&dq=IND.CME_TMM0+CME_MRY1T4+CME_MRY5T14+CME_TMY0T4+CME_TMY5T14+CME_TMY0+CME_MRY0+CME_TMY1T4+CME_MRY0T4..&startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2020|title=Data Warehouse|website=UNICEF DATA|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref>
| 29.95
| 29.88
| 29.94<ref name=":3" />
|}

India's 2011 census shows a serious decline in the number of girls under the age of seven – activists posit that eight million female [[fetus]]es may have been aborted between 2001 and 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pandey|first=Geeta|title=India's unwanted girls|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13264301|publisher=BBC News|access-date=23 May 2011|date=23 May 2011}}</ref>

== Ethnic groups ==
{{Pie chart
| thumb = 
| autoscale = true
| caption = Ethno-Linguistic groups in India chart (2011)<ref name="EBCIndoAryanLanguages">{{cite web|title=Indo-Aryan languages |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286348/Indo-Aryan-languages |access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="EBCDravidianLanguages">{{cite web|title=Dravidian languages |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/171083/Dravidian-languages |access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101000000/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf|date=1 January 2022}}, Census of India, 2011</ref>
| label1 = [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]]
| value1 = 78.05
| color1 = #FF7518
| label2 = [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]]
| value2 = 19.64
| color2 = #FF0000
| label3 = [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]
| value3 = 1.11
| color3 = Brown
| value4 = 1.01
| label4 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
| color4 = Yellow
| value5 = 0.19
| label5 = Others
| color5 = Grey
}}

The national Census of India does not recognise [[Racial groups of India|racial]] or ethnic groups within India,<ref>Kumar, Jayant. Census of India. 2001. 4 September 2006. [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census]</ref> but recognises many of the tribal groups as [[Scheduled Castes and Tribes]] (see [[list of Scheduled Tribes in India]]).
For a list of ethnic groups in the Republic of India (as well as neighbouring countries), see [[South Asian ethnic groups]].
According to a 2009 study published by Reich ''et al.''., the modern Indian population is composed of two genetically divergent and heterogeneous populations which mixed in ancient times (about 1,200–3,500 BP), known as Ancestral North Indians (ANI) and Ancestral South Indians (ASI). ASI corresponds to the Dravidian-speaking population of southern India, whereas ANI corresponds to the Indo-Aryan-speaking population of northern India.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Reconstructing Indian population history: Abstract |journal=Nature |volume=461 |issue=7263 |doi=10.1038/nature08365 |pages=489–494 |pmc=2842210 |pmid=19779445 |year=2009 |bibcode=2009Natur.461..489R|last1=Reich |first1=D. |last2=Thangaraj |first2=K. |last3=Patterson |first3=N. |last4=Price |first4=A. L. |last5=Singh |first5=L.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ichg2011.org/cgi-bin/showdetail.pl?absno=20758 |title=Abstract/Presentation |publisher=Ichg2011.org |date=12 October 2011 |access-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424050419/http://www.ichg2011.org/cgi-bin/showdetail.pl?absno=20758 |archive-date=24 April 2012 }}</ref> 700,000 people from the [[United States]] of any race live in India.<ref name="whitehouse.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/fact-sheet-united-states-india-prosperity-partnership/|title=The United States and India – Prosperity Through Partnership|date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026022035/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/fact-sheet-united-states-india-prosperity-partnership/|archive-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> Between 300,000 and 1 million [[Anglo-Indians]] live in India.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Excluding and Including 'Natives of India': Early-Nineteenth-Century British-Indian Race Relations in Britain|first=Michael H.|last=Fisher|date=1 August 2007|journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East|volume=27|issue=2|pages=303–314|via=Silverchair|doi=10.1215/1089201x-2007-007|s2cid=146613125 }}</ref>
India is a country with a vast diversity of ethnic groups, each with its own distinct culture, language, and traditions. The major ethnic groups in India include the Indo-Aryans, Dravidians, Sino-Tibetans, Austroasiatic peoples, and various indigenous tribes. These groups are spread across different regions of India, each contributing to the country's rich cultural mosaic.

== Population size and structure ==
[[File:2011 Census India population density map, states and union territories.svg|thumb|390px|Map showing the population density in India, per 2011 Census.<ref>(a) [http://censusindia.gov.in/ Census 2011 Final], Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India (may need subscription); (b) The data is mirrored here: [http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011chapter7.pdf Density of Population], Chapter 7, Census of India (2013)</ref>]]
India occupies 2.41% of the world's land area but supports over 18% of the world's population. At the 2001 census 72.2% of the population<ref name="censusindia2001">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/rural.aspx Rural-Urban distribution] ''Census of India: Census Data 2001: India at a glance >> Rural-Urban Distribution.'' Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 November 2008.</ref> lived in about 638,000 villages<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/A_Series/Number_of_Village.htm Number of Villages] ''Census of India: Number of Villages'' Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 November 2008.</ref> and the remaining 27.8%<ref name="censusindia2001" /> lived in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 [[urban agglomerations]].<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/A_Series/Urban_agglomerations.htm Urban Agglomerations and Towns] ''Census of India: Urban Agglomerations and Towns.'' Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 November 2008.</ref>
By 2011, the share of the population living in rural areas decreased to 68.84%, while that of those living in urban areas increased to 31.16%.<ref name="Rural Urban distribution" /> India's population exceeded that of the entire continent of Africa by 200 million people in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision|publisher=United Nations|date=28 June 2011|url=http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm|access-date=6 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607213118/http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm|archive-date=7 June 2012}}</ref> However, because Africa's population growth is extremely high compared to the rest of the world,<ref name="Bearak Moriarty Ledur 2021 n171">{{cite news | last1=Bearak | first1=Max | last2=Moriarty | first2=Dylan | last3=Ledur | first3=Júlia | title=Africa's rising cities | newspaper=The Washington Post| date=19 November 2021 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2021/africa-cities/ | access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="Gramlich 2020 x178">{{cite web | last=Gramlich | first=John | title=For World Population Day, a look at the countries with the biggest projected gains – and losses – by 2100 | website=Pew Research Center | date=30 May 2020 | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2019/07/10/for-world-population-day-a-look-at-the-countries-with-the-biggest-projected-gains-and-losses-by-2100/ | access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref> it is expected to surpass both China and India by the early 2030s.<ref name="Deen 2023 v219">{{cite web | last=Deen | first=Thalif | title=Will Sub-Saharan Africa Ultimately Surpass India And China in Population Growth? – Analysis | website=Eurasia Review | date=1 May 2023 | url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/02052023-will-sub-saharan-africa-ultimately-surpass-india-and-china-in-population-growth-analysis/ | access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>
'''Comparative demographics'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Comparative demographics
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Category
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Global ranking
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | References
|-
| Area
| 7th
| <ref name=ciawfb>{{cite web|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency, USA|access-date=1 January 2012|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/|title=India – the World Factbook}}</ref>
|-
| Population
| 1st
| <ref name=ciawfb />
|-
| [[Population growth#Population growth rate|Population growth rate]]
| 102nd of 212
| in 2010<ref name=WB2012>{{cite web|title=World Bank Indicators Databank, by topic|publisher=The World Bank|access-date=1 January 2012|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator}}</ref>
|-
| Population density
| 24th of 212
| in 2010<ref name=WB2012 />
|-
| Male to Female ratio, at birth
| 12th of 214
| in 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=Gender Statistics Highlights from 2012 World Development Report|publisher=World DataBank, a compilation of databases by the World Bank|date=February 2012|url=http://databank.worldbank.org/ddp/home.do}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Population growth of India per decade<ref name="Census Population">{{cite web|url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|title=Census Population|work=Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance India|access-date=1 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219073658/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|archive-date=19 December 2008}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Census year
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Population
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Change (%)
|-
| 1951
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:361088003}}
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 1961
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:439235000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.6
|-
| 1971
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:548160000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.8
|-
| 1981
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:683329000}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 24.7
|-
| 1991
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:846387888}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 23.9
|-
| 2001
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1028737436}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 21.5
|-
| 2011
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,210,193,422
| style="text-align: right;" | 17.7
|}

'''List of states and union territories by demographics'''
{{Main|List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population#List|l1=List of States and Union Territories by demographics}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Population distribution by states/union territories (2011)
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Rank
! scope="col" style="text-align: left; width: 120px;" | [[States and union territories of India|State/UT]]
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Population<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/states.php | title = List of states with Population, Sex Ratio and Literacy Census 2011 | publisher = 2011 Census of India | access-date = 23 January 2013 }}</ref>
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Percent (%)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Male
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Female
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Difference between male and female
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | [[human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Rural<ref name="Rural Urban distribution">{{cite web |title=Provisional Population Totals |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/prov_results_paper2_india.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113183243/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india/paper2_1.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2013 |access-date=23 July 2011 |work=Government of India (2011) |publisher=Census of India}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Urban<ref name="Rural Urban distribution" />
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Area<ref name="Area of India/state/district">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Administrative_Divisions/Area_of_India.aspx|title=Area of India/state/district|work=Government of India (2001)|publisher=Census of India|access-date=27 October 2008}}</ref> (km<sup>2</sup>)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Density (per km<sup>2</sup>)
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 1
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:199812341}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 16.50
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:104480510}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:95331831}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9148679}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 930
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:155111022}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44470455}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:240928}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:828}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 2
| [[Maharashtra]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:112374333}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.28
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:58243056}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:54131277}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4111779}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 929
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:61545441}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50827531}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:307713}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:365}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 3
| [[Bihar]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:104099452}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.60
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:54278157}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:49821295}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4456862}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 918
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:92075028}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:11729609}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:94163}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1102}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 4
| [[West Bengal]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:91276115}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.54
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:46809027}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44467088}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2341939}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 950
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:62213676}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29134060}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:88752}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1030}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 5
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72626809}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 6.00
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37612306}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:35014503}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2597803}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 931
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:52537899}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20059666}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:308245}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:236}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 6
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72147030}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.96
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:36137975}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:36009055}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:128920}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 996
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37189229}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:34949729}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:130058}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:555}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 7
| [[Rajasthan]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:68548437}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.66
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:35550997}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32997440}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2553557}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 928
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:51540236}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17080776}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:342239}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:201}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 8
| [[Karnataka]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:61095297}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.05
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30966657}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30128640}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:838017}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 973
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37552529}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:23578175}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:191791}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:319}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 9
| [[Gujarat]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60439692}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.99
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:31491260}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:28948432}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2542828}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 919
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:34670817}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25712811}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:196024}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:308}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 10
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:49386799}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.08
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:24738068}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:24648731}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:89337}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 996
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:34776389}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:14610410}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:160205}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:308}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 11
| [[Odisha]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:41974218}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.47
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21212136}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20762082}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:450054}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 979
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:34951234}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6996124}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:155707}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:269}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 12
| [[Telangana]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:35193978}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.91
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17704078}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17489900}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:214178}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 988
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21585313}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13608665}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:114840}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:307}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 13
| [[Kerala]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:33406061}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.76
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16027412}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17378649}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:-1351237}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1084
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17445506}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15932171}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:38863}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:859}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 14
| [[Jharkhand]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32988134}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.72
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16930315}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16057819}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:872496}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 948
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25036946}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7929292}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:79714}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:414}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 15
| [[Assam]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:31205576}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.58
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15939443}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15266133}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:673310}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 958
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26780526}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4388756}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:78438}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:397}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 16
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27743338}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.29
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:14639465}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13103873}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1535592}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 895
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17316800}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10387436}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50362}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:550}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 17
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25545198}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.11
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12832895}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12712303}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:120592}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 991
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19603658}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5936538}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:135191}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:189}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 18
| [[Haryana]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25351462}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.09
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13494734}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:11856728}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1638006}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 879
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16531493}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8821588}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44212}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:573}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 19
| [[Delhi]] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16787941}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.39
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8887326}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7800615}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1086711}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 868
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:944727}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12905780}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1484}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:11297}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 20
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12541302}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.04
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6640662}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5900640}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:740022}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 889
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9134820}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3414106}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:222236}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:56}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 21
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10086292}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.83
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5137773}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4948519}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:189254}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 963
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7025583}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3091169}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:53483}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:189}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 22
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6864602}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.57
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3481873}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3481873}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3382729}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:99144}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 972
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6167805}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:688704}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:55673}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:123}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 23
| [[Tripura]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3673917}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.30
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1874376}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1799541}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:74835}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 960
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2710051}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:960981}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10486}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:350}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 24
| [[Meghalaya]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2966889}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.25
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1491832}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1475057}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16775}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 989
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2368971}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:595036}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:22429}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:132}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 25
| [[Manipur]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2855794}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.24
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1438687}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1417107}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21580}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 985
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1899624}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:822132}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:22327}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:128}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 26
| [[Nagaland]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1978502}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.16
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1024649}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:953853}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:70796}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 931
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1406861}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:573741}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:16579}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:119}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 27
| [[Goa]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1458545}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.12
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:739140}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:719405}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19735}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 973
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:551414}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:906309}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3702}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:394}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 28
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1383727}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.11
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:713912}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:669815}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44097}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 938
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1069165}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:313446}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:83743}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:17}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 29
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1247953}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.10
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:612511}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:635442}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:-22931}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1037
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:394341}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:850123}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:479}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2598}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 30
| [[Mizoram]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1097206}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.09
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:555339}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:541867}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13472}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 976
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:529037}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:561997}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21081}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:52}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 31
| [[Chandigarh]] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1055450}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.09
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:580663}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:474787}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:105876}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 818
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29004}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1025682}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:114}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9252}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 32
| [[Sikkim]]
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:610577}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.05
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:323070}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:287507}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:35563}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 890
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:455962}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:151726}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7096}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:86}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 33
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:380581}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.03
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:202871}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:177710}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25161}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 876
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:244411}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:135533}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8249}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:46}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 34
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:343709}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.03
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:193760}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:149949}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:43811}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 774
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:183024}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:159829}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:491}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:698}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 35
| [[Daman and Diu]] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:243247}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.02
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:150301}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:92946}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:57355}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 618
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60331}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:182580}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:112}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2169}}
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | 36
| [[Lakshadweep]] (UT)
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:64473}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.01
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:33123}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:31350}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1773}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 946
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:14121}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50308}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2013}}
|-
! style="text-align: right;" | –
! style="text-align: left;" | Total (India)
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1210854977}}
! style="text-align: right;" | 100
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:623724248}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:586469174}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:35585741}}
! style="text-align: right;" | 943
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:833087662}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:377105760}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3287240}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:382}}
|}

'''Literacy rate'''

[[File:2011 Census India literacy distribution map by states and union territories.svg|thumb|390px|Literacy rate map of India, 2011.<ref name="literacy">{{cite web |title=Literacy Rate – 7+years (%) |url=https://niti.gov.in/content/literacy-rate-7years |website=NITI Aayog, (National Institution for Transforming India), Government of India |access-date=8 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608053107/https://niti.gov.in/content/literacy-rate-7years |archive-date=8 June 2019 }}</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Literacy rate by state/union territory in 2011
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" data-sort-type="number" | State or UT code
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | State or UT
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Overall (%)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Male (%)
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Female (%)
|-
| 1
| Jammu and Kashmir
| {{percentage bar|68.74}}
| {{percentage bar|76.75}}
| {{percentage bar|58.01}}
|-
| 2
| Himachal Pradesh
| {{percentage bar|83.78}}
| {{percentage bar|90.83}}
| {{percentage bar|76.60}}
|-
| 3
| Punjab
| {{percentage bar|86.60}}
| {{percentage bar|81.48}}
| {{percentage bar|71.34}}
|-
| 4
| Chandigarh
| {{percentage bar|86.43}}
| {{percentage bar|90.54}}
| {{percentage bar|81.38}}
|-
| 5
| Uttarakhand
| {{percentage bar|79.63}}
| {{percentage bar|88.33}}
| {{percentage bar|70.70}}
|-
| 6
| Haryana
| {{percentage bar|76.64}}
| {{percentage bar|85.38}}
| {{percentage bar|66.77}}
|-
| 7
| Delhi
| {{percentage bar|86.34}}
| {{percentage bar|91.03}}
| {{percentage bar|80.93}}
|-
| 8
| Rajasthan
| {{percentage bar|67.06}}
| {{percentage bar|80.51}}
| {{percentage bar|52.66}}
|-
| 9
| Uttar Pradesh
| {{percentage bar|69.72}}
| {{percentage bar|79.24}}
| {{percentage bar|59.26}}
|-
| 10
| Bihar
| {{percentage bar|63.82}}
| {{percentage bar|73.39}}
| {{percentage bar|53.33}}
|-
| 11
| Sikkim
| {{percentage bar|82.20}}
| {{percentage bar|87.29}}
| {{percentage bar|76.43}}
|-
| 12
| Arunachal Pradesh
| {{percentage bar|66.95}}
| {{percentage bar|73.69}}
| {{percentage bar|59.57}}
|-
| 13
| Nagaland
| {{percentage bar|80.11}}
| {{percentage bar|83.29}}
| {{percentage bar|76.69}}
|-
| 14
| Manipur
| {{percentage bar|79.85}}
| {{percentage bar|86.49}}
| {{percentage bar|73.17}}
|-
| 15
| Mizoram
| {{percentage bar|91.58}}
| {{percentage bar|93.72}}
| {{percentage bar|89.40}}
|-
| 16
| Tripura
| {{percentage bar|87.75}}
| {{percentage bar|92.18}}
| {{percentage bar|83.15}}
|-
| 17
| Meghalaya
| {{percentage bar|75.48}}
| {{percentage bar|77.17}}
| {{percentage bar|73.78}}
|-
| 18
| Assam
| {{percentage bar|73.18}}
| {{percentage bar|78.81}}
| {{percentage bar|67.27}}
|-
| 19
| West Bengal
| {{percentage bar|77.08}}
| {{percentage bar|82.67}}
| {{percentage bar|71.16}}
|-
| 20
| Jharkhand
| {{percentage bar|67.63}}
| {{percentage bar|78.45}}
| {{percentage bar|56.21}}
|-
| 21
| Odisha
| {{percentage bar|72.90}}
| {{percentage bar|82.40}}
| {{percentage bar|64.36}}
|-
| 22
| Chhattisgarh
| {{percentage bar|71.04}}
| {{percentage bar|81.45}}
| {{percentage bar|60.59}}
|-
| 23
| Madhya Pradesh
| {{percentage bar|70.63}}
| {{percentage bar|80.53}}
| {{percentage bar|60.02}}
|-
| 24
| Gujarat
| {{percentage bar|79.31}}
| {{percentage bar|87.23}}
| {{percentage bar|70.73}}
|-
| 25
| Daman and Diu
| {{percentage bar|87.07}}
| {{percentage bar|91.48}}
| {{percentage bar|79.59}}
|-
| 26
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli
| {{percentage bar|77.65}}
| {{percentage bar|86.46}}
| {{percentage bar|65.93}}
|-
| 27
| Maharashtra
| {{percentage bar|83.20}}
| {{percentage bar|89.82}}
| {{percentage bar|75.48}}
|-
| 28
| Andhra Pradesh<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Abstract Andhra Pradesh, 2018 |url=https://core.ap.gov.in/CMDashBoard/Download/Publications/Statistical%20Abstract%202018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729203236/https://core.ap.gov.in/CMDashBoard/Download/Publications/Statistical%20Abstract%202018.pdf |archive-date=29 July 2020 |website=CORE Dashboard |publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=6 June 2019 |location=Gollapudi, Vijayawada |page=II }}</ref>
| {{percentage bar|67.35}}
| {{percentage bar|74.77}}
| {{percentage bar|59.96}}
|-
| 29
| Karnataka
| {{percentage bar|75.60}}
| {{percentage bar|82.85}}
| {{percentage bar|68.13}}
|-
| 30
| Goa
| {{percentage bar|87.40}}
| {{percentage bar|92.81}}
| {{percentage bar|81.84}}
|-
| 31
| Lakshadweep
| {{percentage bar|92.28}}
| {{percentage bar|96.11}}
| {{percentage bar|88.25}}
|-
| 32
| Kerala
| {{percentage bar|93.91}}
| {{percentage bar|96.02}}
| {{percentage bar|91.98}}
|-
| 33
| Tamil Nadu
| {{percentage bar|80.33}}
| {{percentage bar|86.81}}
| {{percentage bar|73.86}}
|-
| 34
| Puducherry
| {{percentage bar|86.55}}
| {{percentage bar|92.12}}
| {{percentage bar|81.22}}
|-
| 35
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| {{percentage bar|86.27}}
| {{percentage bar|90.11}}
| {{percentage bar|81.84}}
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | –
! style="text-align: left;" | Overall (India)
! {{percentage bar|74.03}}
! {{percentage bar|82.14}}
! {{percentage bar|65.46}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Population by age group
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Age group
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Male
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Female
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Percentage (%)
! Cumulative Percentage
|-
| 0–4
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:58632074}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:54174704}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:112806778}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.32
| 9.32
|-
| 5–9
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:66300466}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:60627660}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:126928126}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.48
| 19.8
|-
| 10–14
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:69418835}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:63290377}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:132709212}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 10.96
| 30.76
|-
| 15–19
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:63982396}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:56544053}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:120526449}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.95
| 40.71
|-
| 20–24
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:57584693}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:53839529}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:111424222}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 9.20
| 49.91
|-
| 25–29
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:51344208}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:50069757}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:101413965}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 8.38
| 58.29
|-
| 30–34
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44660674}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:43934277}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:88594951}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.32
| 65.61
|-
| 35–39
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:42919381}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:42221303}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:85140684}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 7.03
| 72.64
|-
| 40–44
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37545386}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:34892726}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72438112}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.98
| 78.62
|-
| 45–49
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32138114}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30180213}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:62318327}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 5.15
| 83.77
|-
| 50–54
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25843266}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:23225988}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:49069254}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 4.05
| 87.82
|-
| 55–59
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19456012}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19690043}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:39146055}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.23
| 91.05
|-
| 60–64
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18701749}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18961958}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37663707}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 3.11
| 94.16
|-
| 65–69
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12944326}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13510657}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26454983}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 2.18
| 96.34
|-
| 70–74
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9651499}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9557343}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19208842}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 1.59
| 97.93
|-
| 75–79
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4490603}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4741900}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9232503}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.76
| 98.69
|-
| 80–84
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2927040}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3293189}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6220229}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.51
| 99.2
|-
| 85–89
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1120106}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1263061}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2383167}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.20
| 99.4
|-
| 90–94
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:652465}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:794069}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1446534}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.12
| 99.52
|-
| 95–99
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:294759}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:338538}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:633297}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.05
| 99.57
|-
| 100+
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:289325}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:316453}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:605778}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.05
| 99.62
|-
| Unknown
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2372881}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2116921}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4489802}}
| style="text-align: right;" | 0.37
| 99.99
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | Total
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:623270258}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:587584719}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1210854977}}
! style="text-align: right;" | 100.00
|-
! width="50" | Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80" | Female
! width="80" | Total
! width="50" | Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 194,351,375
| align="right" | 178,092,741
| align="right" | 372,444,116
| align="right" | 30.76
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 394,175,879
| align="right" | 373,559,847
| align="right" | 767,735,726
| align="right" | 63.40
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 32,370,123
| align="right" | 33,815,210
| align="right" | 66,185,333
| align="right" | 5.47
|}

<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2020/ |title=Demographic Yearbook – 2020 |publisher=[[United Nations Statistics Division]] |place=New York |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 664,184,000
| align="right" | 626,890,000
| align="right" | 1,291,074,000
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 62,872,000
| align="right" | 56,038,000
| align="right" | 118,910,000
| align="right" | 9.21
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 61,499,000
| align="right" | 56,969,000
| align="right" | 118,468,000
| align="right" | 9.18
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 65,142,000
| align="right" | 59,682,000
| align="right" | 124,824,000
| align="right" | 9.67
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 67,223,000
| align="right" | 60,871,000
| align="right" | 128,094,000
| align="right" | 9.92
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 63,521,000
| align="right" | 57,356,000
| align="right" | 120,877,000
| align="right" | 9.36
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 57,272,000
| align="right" | 53,357,000
| align="right" | 110,629,000
| align="right" | 8.57
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 50,782,000
| align="right" | 49,250,000
| align="right" | 100,032,000
| align="right" | 7.75
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 45,318,000
| align="right" | 44,787,000
| align="right" | 90,105,000
| align="right" | 6.98
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 41,280,000
| align="right" | 40,497,000
| align="right" | 81,777,000
| align="right" | 6.33
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 36,602,000
| align="right" | 35,107,000
| align="right" | 71,709,000
| align="right" | 5.55
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 30,738,000
| align="right" | 29,016,000
| align="right" | 59,754,000
| align="right" | 4.63
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 24,403,000
| align="right" | 23,307,000
| align="right" | 47,710,000
| align="right" | 3.70
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 19,133,000
| align="right" | 19,288,000
| align="right" | 38,421,000
| align="right" | 2.98
|-
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | 15,198,000
| align="right" | 16,114,000
| align="right" | 31,312,000
| align="right" | 2.43
|-
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | 11,002,000
| align="right" | 11,723,000
| align="right" | 22,725,000
| align="right" | 1.76
|-
| align="right" | 75–79
| align="right" | 7,703,000
| align="right" | 8,367,000
| align="right" | 16,070,000
| align="right" | 1.24
|-
| align="right" | 80+
| align="right" | 4,496,000
| align="right" | 5,161,000
| align="right" | 9,657,000
| align="right" | 0.75
|-
! width="50" | Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80" | Female
! width="80" | Total
! width="50" | Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 189,513,000
| align="right" | 172,689,000
| align="right" | 362,202,000
| align="right" | 28.05
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 436,272,000
| align="right" | 412,836,000
| align="right" | 849,108,000
| align="right" | 65.77
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 38,399,000
| align="right" | 41,365,000
| align="right" | 79,764,000
| align="right" | 6.18
|}

<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2020/|title=UNSD – Demographic and Social Statistics|publisher=United Nations}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 700 623 000
| align="right" | 662 383 000
| align="right" | 1 363 006 000
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0–4
| align="right" | 60 153 000
| align="right" | 54 120 000
| align="right" | 114 273 000
| align="right" | 8.38
|-
| align="right" | 5–9
| align="right" | 62 276 000
| align="right" | 55 390 000
| align="right" | 117 666 000
| align="right" | 8.63
|-
| align="right" | 10–14
| align="right" | 61 266 000
| align="right" | 56 785 000
| align="right" | 118 051 000
| align="right" | 8.66
|-
| align="right" | 15–19
| align="right" | 64 862 000
| align="right" | 59 420 000
| align="right" | 124 282 000
| align="right" | 9.12
|-
| align="right" | 20–24
| align="right" | 66 770 000
| align="right" | 60 474 000
| align="right" | 127 244 000
| align="right" | 9.34
|-
| align="right" | 25–29
| align="right" | 62 944 000
| align="right" | 56 956 000
| align="right" | 119 900 000
| align="right" | 8.80
|-
| align="right" | 30–34
| align="right" | 56 614 000
| align="right" | 52 961 000
| align="right" | 109 575 000
| align="right" | 8.04
|-
| align="right" | 35–39
| align="right" | 50 027 000
| align="right" | 48 836 000
| align="right" | 98 863 000
| align="right" | 7.25
|-
| align="right" | 40–44
| align="right" | 44 450 000
| align="right" | 44 315 000
| align="right" | 88 765 000
| align="right" | 6.51
|-
| align="right" | 45–49
| align="right" | 40 204 000
| align="right" | 39 903 000
| align="right" | 80 107 000
| align="right" | 5.88
|-
| align="right" | 50–54
| align="right" | 35 235 000
| align="right" | 34 331 000
| align="right" | 69 566 000
| align="right" | 5.10
|-
| align="right" | 55–59
| align="right" | 29 082 000
| align="right" | 28 062 000
| align="right" | 57 144 000
| align="right" | 4.19
|-
| align="right" | 60–64
| align="right" | 22 465 000
| align="right" | 22 079 000
| align="right" | 44 544 000
| align="right" | 3.27
|-
| align="right" | 65–69
| align="right" | 16 823 000
| align="right" | 17 583 000
| align="right" | 34 406 000
| align="right" | 2.52
|-
| align="right" | 70–74
| align="right" | 12 546 000
| align="right" | 13 904 000
| align="right" | 26 450 000
| align="right" | 1.94
|-
| align="right" | 75–79
| align="right" | 8 269 000
| align="right" | 9 294 000
| align="right" | 17 563 000
| align="right" | 1.29
|-
| align="right" | 80+
| align="right" | 6 637 000
| align="right" | 7 970 000
| align="right" | 14 607 000
| align="right" | 1.07
|-
! width="50" | Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80" | Female
! width="80" | Total
! width="50" | Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0–14
| align="right" | 183 695 000
| align="right" | 166 295 000
| align="right" | 349 990 000
| align="right" | 25.68
|-
| align="right" | 15–64
| align="right" | 472 653 000
| align="right" | 447 337 000
| align="right" | 919 990 000
| align="right" | 67.50
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 44 275 000
| align="right" | 48 751 000
| align="right" | 93 026 000
| align="right" | 6.83
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Population between age 0–6 by state/union territory<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in |title=Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=26 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511035603/http://censusindia.gov.in/ |archive-date=11 May 2008}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" data-sort-type="number" | State or UT code
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | State or UT
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Male
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Female
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Difference
|-
| 1
| Jammu and Kashmir
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2008670}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1080662}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:927982}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:152680}}
|-
| 2
| Himachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:763864}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:400681}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:363183}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37498}}
|-
| 3
| Punjab
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2941570}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1593262}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1348308}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:244954}}
|-
| 4
| Chandigarh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:117953}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:63187}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:54766}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8421}}
|-
| 5
| Uttarakhand
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1328844}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:704769}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:624075}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80694}}
|-
| 6
| Haryana
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3297724}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1802047}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1495677}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:306370}}
|-
| 7
| Delhi
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1970510}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1055735}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:914775}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:140960}}
|-
| 8
| Rajasthan
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10504916}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5580212}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4924004}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:656208}}
|-
| 9
| Uttar Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29728235}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:15653175}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:14075060}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1578115}}
|-
| 10
| Bihar
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18582229}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:9615280}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8966949}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:648331}}
|-
| 11
| Sikkim
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:61077}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:31418}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29659}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1759}}
|-
| 12
| Arunachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:202759}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:103430}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:99330}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4100}}
|-
| 13
| Nagaland
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:285981}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:147111}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:138870}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8241}}
|-
| 14
| Manipur
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:353237}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:182684}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:170553}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12131}}
|-
| 15
| Mizoram
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:165536}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:83965}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:81571}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2394}}
|-
| 16
| Tripura
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:444055}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:227354}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:216701}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10653}}
|-
| 17
| Meghalaya
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:555822}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:282189}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:273633}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8556}}
|-
| 18
| Assam
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4511307}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2305088}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2206219}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:98869}}
|-
| 19
| West Bengal
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10112599}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5187264}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4925335}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:261929}}
|-
| 20
| Jharkhand
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5237582}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2695921}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2541661}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:154260}}
|-
| 21
| Odisha
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5035650}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2603208}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2432442}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:170766}}
|-
| 22
| Chhattisgarh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3584028}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1824987}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1759041}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:65946}}
|-
| 23
| Madhya Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10548295}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5516957}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5031338}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:485619}}
|-
| 24
| Gujarat
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7564464}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3974286}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3519890}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:454396}}
|-
| 25
| Daman and Diu
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25880}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13556}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12314}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1242}}
|-
| 26
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:49196}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25575}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:23621}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1954}}
|-
| 27
| Maharashtra
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:12848375}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6822262}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6026113}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:796149}}
|-
| 28
| Andhra Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8642686}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4448330}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4194356}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:253974}}
|-
| 29
| Karnataka
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6855801}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3527844}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3327957}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:199887}}
|-
| 30
| Goa
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:139495}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:72669}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:66826}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:5843}}
|-
| 31
| Lakshadweep
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7088}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3715}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3373}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:342}}
|-
| 32
| Kerala
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3322247}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1695889}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1626358}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:69531}}
|-
| 33
| Tamil Nadu
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6894821}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3542351}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3352470}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:189881}}
|-
| 34
| Puducherry
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:127610}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:64932}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:62678}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2254}}
|-
| 35
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:39497}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20094}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:19403}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:691}}
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | –
! style="text-align: left;" | Total (India)
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:158789287}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:82952135}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:75837152}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7114983}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Population above the age of seven by state/union territory<ref name=autogenerated1 />
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" data-sort-type="number" | State or UT code
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | State or UT
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Male
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" data-sort-type="number" | Female
|-
| 1
| Jammu and Kashmir
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 2
| Himachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 3
| Punjab
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 4
| Chandigarh
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 5
| Uttarakhand
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 6
| Haryana
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:22055357}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:11703083}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10352274}}
|-
| 7
| Delhi
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:14782725}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7920675}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:6862050}}
|-
| 8
| Rajasthan
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:58116096}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:30039874}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:28076222}}
|-
| 9
| Uttar Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:169853242}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:88943240}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80910002}}
|-
| 10
| Bihar
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:85222408}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:44570067}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:40652341}}
|-
| 11
| Sikkim
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:546611}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:290243}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:256368}}
|-
| 12
| Arunachal Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1179852}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:616802}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:563050}}
|-
| 13
| Nagaland
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1694621}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:878596}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:816025}}
|-
| 14
| Manipur
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2368519}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1187080}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1181439}}
|-
| 15
| Mizoram
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:925478}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:468374}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:457104}}
|-
| 16
| Tripura
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:3226977}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1644513}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1582464}}
|-
| 17
| Meghalaya
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2408185}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1210479}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1197706}}
|-
| 18
| Assam
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26657965}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13649839}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13008126}}
|-
| 19
| West Bengal
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:81235137}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:41740125}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:39495012}}
|-
| 20
| Jharkhand
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27728656}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:14235767}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:13492889}}
|-
| 21
| Odisha
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:36911708}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18598470}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:18313238}}
|-
| 22
| Chhattisgarh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:21956168}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:11002928}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:10953240}}
|-
| 23
| Madhya Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:62049270}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32095963}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29953307}}
|-
| 24
| Gujarat
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:52889452}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27507996}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:25381456}}
|-
| 25
| Daman and Diu
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:217031}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:136544}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:80487}}
|-
| 26
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:293657}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:167603}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:126054}}
|-
| 27
| Maharashtra
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:99524597}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:51539135}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:47985462}}
|-
| 28
| Andhra Pradesh
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:76022847}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:38061551}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:37961296}}
|-
| 29
| Karnataka
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:54274903}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27529898}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:26745005}}
|-
| 30
| Goa
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1318228}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:668042}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:650186}}
|-
| 31
| Lakshadweep
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:57341}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:29391}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27950}}
|-
| 32
| Kerala
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | –
|-
| 33
| Tamil Nadu
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:65244137}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32616520}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:32627617}}
|-
| 34
| Puducherry
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1116854}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:545553}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:571301}}
|-
| 35
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:340447}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:182236}}
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:158211}}
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | –
! style="text-align: left;" | Total (India)
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:1051404135}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:540772113}}
! style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:510632022}}
|}

== Religion ==
{{Main|Religion in India}}
'''Based on the latest Census Data''' {{Pie chart
| thumb = 
| caption = Population of India by Religion ([[2011 census of India|2011 Census]])
| label1 = [[Hindus]] [[file:Om symbol.svg|20x20px]]
| value1 = 79.803
| color1 = Orange
| label2 = [[Muslims]] 
[[File:Allah-green.svg|20x20px]]
| value2 = 14.233
| color2 = Green
| label3 = [[Christians]] [[file:Christian cross.svg|20x20px]]
| value3 = 2.308
| color3 = Blue
| label4 = [[Sikhs]] [[file:Khanda.svg|20x20px]]
| value4 = 1.722
| color4 = Yellow
| label5 = [[Buddhists]] 
[[File:Dharma Wheel Rotating.svg|Dharma_Wheel_Rotating|20x20px]]
| value5 = 0.694
| color5 = Purple
| label6 = [[Jains]] 
[[File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg|Jain_Prateek_Chihna|20x20px]]
| value6 = 0.368
| color6 = Pink
| label7 = Other Religions and Persuasions
| value7 = 0.655
| color7 = Brown
| label8 = Religion Not Stated
| value8 = 0.237
| color8 = Grey
}}

'''Population pyramid by religion'''
[[File:Hindu population pyramid in India (2011). 04.jpg|thumb|upright=1.28|Hindu population pyramid in India based on the 2011 Census data. This chart visualizes the distribution of the Hindu population across various age groups in India.]]
[[File:Muslim population pyramid in India (2011). 03.jpg|thumb|upright=1.28|Muslim population pyramid in India based on the 2011 Census data. This chart visualizes the distribution of the Muslim population across various age groups in India.]]
[[File:Buddhist population pyramid in India (2011).jpg|thumb|upright=1.28|Buddhist population pyramid in India based on the 2011 Census data. This chart visualizes the distribution of the Buddhist population across various age groups in India.]]
[[File:Jain population pyramid in India (2011). 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.28|Jain population pyramid in India based on the 2011 Census data. This chart visualizes the distribution of the Jain population across various age groups in India.]]
The table below summarises India's demographics (excluding the Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of [[Senapati district]] of [[Manipur]] state due to cancellation of census results) according to religion at the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] in per cent. The data are "unadjusted" (without excluding [[Assam]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]); the 1981 census was not conducted in Assam and the 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir. Missing citing/reference for "Changes in religious demagraphics over time" table below.


{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious populations' numbers (2011)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|title=Census of India – India at a Glance: Religious Compositions|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" | Religion
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Population
! scope="col" style="text-align: right;" | Percentage (%)
|-
| style="background:#FFE0C0;" | Hindus
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:966378868}}
| {{percentage bar|79.80}}
|-
| style="background:#E0FFC0;" | Muslims
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:172245158}}
| {{percentage bar|14.23}}
|-
| style="background:#E0F0FF;" | Christians
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:27819588}}
| {{percentage bar|2.30}}
|-
| style="background:#F0F0C0;" | Sikhs
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:20833116}}
| {{percentage bar|1.72}}
|-
| style="background:#FFFFC0;" | Buddhists
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:8442972}}
| {{percentage bar|0.70}}
|-
| style="background:#FFE0E0;" | Jains
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:4451753}}
| {{percentage bar|0.37}}
|-
| style="background:#F0E0F0;" | Others
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:7937734}}
| {{percentage bar|0.66}}
|-
| Not Stated
| style="text-align: right;" | {{formatnum:2867303}}
| {{percentage bar|0.24}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Changes in religious demographics over time
|-
! Year
! style="background:#FFE0C0;" | Hindus
! style="background:#E0FFC0;" | Muslims
! style="background:#E0F0FF;" | Christians
! style="background:#F0F0C0;" | Sikhs
! style="background:#FFFFC0;" | Buddhists
! style="background:#FFE0E0;" | Jainis
! style="background:#F0E0C0;" | Zoroastrians
! style="background:#F0E0F0;" | Others/<br />Religion not specified
|-
| 1951
| {{percentage bar|84.1}}
| {{percentage bar|9.8}}
| {{percentage bar|2.3}}
| {{percentage bar|1.79}}
| {{percentage bar|0.74}}
| {{percentage bar|0.46}}
| {{percentage bar|0.13}}
| {{percentage bar|0.43}}
|-
| 1961
| {{percentage bar|83.45}}
| {{percentage bar|10.69}}
| {{percentage bar|2.44}}
| {{percentage bar|1.79}}
| {{percentage bar|0.74}}
| {{percentage bar|0.46}}
| {{percentage bar|0.09}}
| {{percentage bar|0.43}}
|-
| 1971
| {{percentage bar|82.73}}
| {{percentage bar|11.21}}
| {{percentage bar|2.60}}
| {{percentage bar|1.89}}
| {{percentage bar|0.70}}
| {{percentage bar|0.48}}
| {{percentage bar|0.09}}
| {{percentage bar|0.41}}
|-
| 1981
| {{percentage bar|82.30}}
| {{percentage bar|11.75}}
| {{percentage bar|2.44}}
| {{percentage bar|1.92}}
| {{percentage bar|0.70}}
| {{percentage bar|0.47}}
| {{percentage bar|0.09}}
| {{percentage bar|0.42}}
|-
| 1991
| {{percentage bar|81.53}}
| {{percentage bar|12.61}}
| {{percentage bar|2.32}}
| {{percentage bar|1.94}}
| {{percentage bar|0.77}}
| {{percentage bar|0.40}}
| {{percentage bar|0.08}}
| {{percentage bar|0.44}}
|-
| 2001
| {{percentage bar|80.46}}
| {{percentage bar|13.43}}
| {{percentage bar|2.34}}
| {{percentage bar|1.87}}
| {{percentage bar|0.77}}
| {{percentage bar|0.41}}
| {{percentage bar|0.06}}
| {{percentage bar|0.72}}
|-
| 2011<ref name="census_2011_religion">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |title=Population by religious community – 2011 |work=[[2011 Census of India]]|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner |access-date=25 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
| {{percentage bar|79.80}}
| {{percentage bar|14.23}}
| {{percentage bar|2.30}}
| {{percentage bar|1.72}}
| {{percentage bar|0.70}}
| {{percentage bar|0.37}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{percentage bar|0.9}}
|}

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Characteristics of religious groups<ref name="census_2011_religion" />
|-
! rowspan=2 | Religious<br />group
! rowspan=2 | Population (2011)<br />%
! rowspan=2 | [[Population growth|Growth]]<br />(2001–2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/muslim-population-grows-marginally-faster-census-2011-data/story-yAhd2F6z57ezaFWiwwYU7H.html|title=Muslim population grows marginally faster: Census 2011 data|author=Aloke Tikku|access-date=18 October 2016|date=26 August 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/indias-population-121-09-crores-hindus-79-8-pc-muslims-14-2-pc-census/|title=Census 2011: Hindus dip to below 80 per cent of population; Muslim share up, slows down|date=26 August 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
! colspan=4 | [[human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] (2011)
! rowspan=2 | [[Literacy]] (2011)<br />(%)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/jains-most-literate-in-north-muslims-the-least/story-iKno2PywCvEZbGmguNFg2N.html|title=Jains most literate in North, Muslims the least|date=4 January 2016|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
! rowspan=2 | [[Workforce|Work participation]] (2011)<br />(%)<ref name="dnaindia.com" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Only-33-of-Muslims-work-lowest-among-all-religions/articleshow/50433358.cms|title=Only 33% of Muslims work, lowest among all religions|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 January 2016 |access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
! total<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-census-2011-sikhs-jains-have-the-worst-sex-ratio-2161061|title=Census 2011: Sikhs, Jains have the worst sex ratio & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=31 December 2015|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
! rural
! urban
! child<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Sex-ratio-dips-Jains-Sikhs-buck-trend-31122015001049|title=The Times Group|access-date=20 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512160719/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=Sex-ratio-dips-Jains-Sikhs-buck-trend-31122015001049|archive-date=12 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
! style="background:#FFE0C0;" | Hinduism
| ! style="background:#A0F040; | 79.80% || <!--This is population growth rate of Hinduism in per cent (from 2001 to 2011), not growth/ decline in proportion (which was -0.7%)-->16.8%<!--DO NOT CHANGE this percentage figure. Hindus did increase in numbers showing growth rate of 16.8% from 2001 to 2011 (it's mentioned in the source near in the end), it was their percentage which declined from 80.5% to 79.8% by 0.7% due to higher growth rate of Islam. Here there is no discussion about increase or decrease in percentage of any religion (for Islam, the percentage increased by 0.8% (from 13.4% in 2001 to 14.2% in 2011), not by 24.6%; the latter was its growth rate), the discussion is about growth rate of religion which is positive for all major religions in India-->|| 939 || 946 || 921 || 913 || 73.3% || 41.0%
|-
! style="background:#E0FFC0;" | Islam
| 14.23% || ! style="background:#A0F040; |24.6% || 951 || 957 || 941 || 943 || ! style="background:#FF6040; |68.5% || ! style="background:#FF6040; |32.6%
|-
! style="background:#E0F0FF;" | Christianity
| 2.30% || 15.5% || ! style="background:#A0F040; |1023 || ! style="background:#A0F040; |1008 || ! style="background:#A0F040; |1046 || 958 || 84.5% || 41.9%
|-
! style="background:#F0F0C0;" | Sikhism
| 1.72% || 8.4% || ! style="background:#FF6040; |903 || ! style="background:#FF6040; |905 || ! style="background:#FF6040; |898 || ! style="background:#FF6040; |828 || 75.4% || 36.3%
|-
! style="background:#FFFFC0;" | Buddhism
| 0.70% || 6.1% || 965 || 960 || 973 || 933 || 81.3% || ! style="background:#A0F040; |43.1%
|-
! style="background:#FFE0E0;" | Jainism
| ! style="background:#FF6040; |0.37% ||! style="background:#FF6040;| 5.4% || 954 || 935 || 959 || 889 || ! style="background:#A0F040; |94.9% || 35.5%
|-
! style="background:#F0E0F0;" | Others/Religion Not Specified
| 0.90% || ! style="background:LightGray; | n/a || 959 || 947 || 975 || ! style="background:#A0F040; | 974 || ! style="background:LightGray; | n/a || ! style="background:LightGray; | n/a
|}

{{Clear}}
[[File:Muslim Demographics of India.png|thumb|Percentage of total population of India's administrative divisions made up by Muslims (2011)<ref>{{cite web |title=Census Table C-01: Population by religious community |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11361/download/14474/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=25 August 2022}}</ref>]]

== Caste/tribe ==
{{See also|Caste system in India}}
Caste and community statistics as recorded from "Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission" (SEBC) or Mandal Commission of 1979, which was completed in 1983.

India has chosen not to officially count caste population since then.

The following data are from the Mandal report:{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}<!-- WP:RS needed; removed link to WP-->

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Caste/Tribe demographics (1983)
! Caste/Tribe
! Population
! Percentage
! Notes
|-
| '''Total population'''
| '''731,000,000'''
| {{percentage bar|100}}
| *Margin of error 0.34%
|-
| '''Scheduled castes and tribes'''
| '''164,913,600'''
| {{percentage bar|22.56}}
|
|-
| Scheduled castes
| 110,015,500
| {{percentage bar|15.05}}
|
|-
| Scheduled tribes
| 54,898,100
| {{percentage bar|7.51}}
|
|-
| colspan="4" |
|-
| '''Non OBC/SC/ST Hindu castes/communities'''
| '''128,509,800'''
| {{percentage bar|17.58}}
|
|-
| Brahmin (including Bhumihar)
| 40,351,200
| {{percentage bar|5.52}}
|
|-
| Kshtriyas(Rajput)
| 28,509,000
| {{percentage bar|3.90}}
|
|-
| Maratha
| 16,155,100
| {{percentage bar|2.21}}
|
|-
| Jats
| 7,310,000
| {{percentage bar|1}}
|
|-
| Vaishya, Bania, etc.
| 13,742,800
| {{percentage bar|1.88}}
|
|-
| Kayasthas
| 7,821,700
| {{percentage bar|1.07}}
|
|-
| Others [ Including Yadavs (Kshtriyas) ]
| 14,620,000
| {{percentage bar|2}}
|
|-
| colspan="4" |
|-
| '''Non-Hindu communities and groups'''
| '''121,346,000'''
| {{percentage bar|16.6}}
| '''Non-Hindu scheduled and OBC'''
|-
| Muslim (Non S.T)
| 81,798,900
| {{percentage bar|11.19}}
| {{percentage bar|0.02}}
|-
| Christian (Non S.T)
| 15,789,600
| {{percentage bar|2.16}}
| {{percentage bar|0.44}}
|-
| Sikh (Non scheduled)
| 12,207,700
| {{percentage bar|1.67}}
| {{percentage bar|0.22}}
|-
| Buddhist (Non S.T)
| 4,897,700
| {{percentage bar|0.67}}
| {{percentage bar|0.03}}
|-
| Jain (Non scheduled)
| 3,435,700
| {{percentage bar|0.47}}
|
|-
| colspan="4" |
|-
| '''Other backward classes and communities (OBC)'''
| '''380,120,000'''
| {{percentage bar|52}}
| '''*OBC is a derived figure'''
|-
| Hindu OBC
| 318,716,000
| {{percentage bar|43.60}}
|
|-
| Non-Hindu OBC
| 61,404,000
| {{percentage bar|8.40}}
| '''*52% of Non-Hindus'''
|}

== Genetics ==
{{See also|Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia}}

{{Image frame|width=250|content=[[File:South Asian ancestry map (scaled).png|250px]]|align=right|caption=South Asian ancestry map}}

=== Y-chromosome DNA ===
<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=et al |vauthors=Sahoo S, Singh A, Himabindu G |date=January 2006 |title=A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=843–8 |bibcode=2006PNAS..103..843S |doi=10.1073/pnas.0507714103 |pmc=1347984 |pmid=16415161 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Y-Chromosome DNA [[Y-DNA]] represents the male lineage, The Indian [[Y-chromosome]] pool may be summarised as follows where [[haplogroup]]s [[Haplogroup R-M420 (Y-DNA)|R-M420]], [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|H]], [[Haplogroup R2 (Y-DNA)|R2]], [[Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)|L]] and [[Haplogroup NOP (Y-DNA)|NOP]] comprise generally more than 80% of the total chromosomes.<ref>Hammer ''et al.''. 2005, S. Sahoo ''et al.''. 2006, R. Trivedi ''et al.''. 2007, Zhao ''et al.''. 2008</ref>

{| {{table}}
|-
| [[Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)|H]]
| {{percentage bar|30}}
|-
| [[Haplogroup R-M420 (Y-DNA)|R1a]]
| {{percentage bar|34}}
|-
| [[Haplogroup R2 (Y-DNA)|R2]]
| {{percentage bar|15}}
|-
| [[Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)|L]]
| {{percentage bar|10}}
|-
| [[Haplogroup NOP (Y-DNA)|NOP]]
| {{percentage bar|10}}
| (Excluding R)
|-
| Other Haplogroups
| {{percentage bar|15}}
|}

=== Mitochondrial DNA ===
<ref>{{cite web |title=1471-2148-5-26.fm |url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2148-5-26.pdf |access-date=16 June 2013}}</ref>

Mitochondrial DNA [[mtDNA]] represents the female lineage. The Indian mitochondrial DNA is primarily made up of [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|Haplogroup M]]<ref>Semino ''et al.''. 2000, Kivisild ''et al.''. 2003, Metspalu ''et al.''. 2004, Rajkumar ''et al.''. 2005, Chandrasekar ''et al.''. 2007, Gonzalez ''et al.''. 2007</ref>

{| {{table}}
|-
| [[Haplogroup M (mtDNA)|Haplogroup M]]
| {{percentage bar|60}}
|-
| [[Haplogroup UK (mtDNA)|Haplogroup UK]]
| {{percentage bar|15}}
|-
| [[Haplogroup N (mtDNA)|Haplogroup N]]
| {{percentage bar|25}}
| (Excluding UK)
|}

=== Autosomal DNA ===
[[File:Cropped Tripuri.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Tripuri people|Tripuri]] children preparing for a dance performance. The Tripuris are a Tibeto-Burman ethnic group.]]
Numerous genomic studies have been conducted in the last 15 years to seek insights into India's demographic and cultural diversity. These studies paint a complex and conflicting picture.
* In a 2003 study, Basu, Majumder ''et al.''. have concluded on the basis of results obtained from [[mtDNA]], [[Y-chromosome]] and [[autosomal]] markers that "(1) there is an underlying unity of female lineages in India, indicating that the initial number of female settlers may have been small; (2) the tribal and the caste populations are highly differentiated; (3) the Austroasiatic tribals are the earliest settlers in India, providing support to one anthropological hypothesis while refuting some others; (4) a major wave of humans entered India through the northeast; (5) the Tibeto-Burman tribals share considerable genetic commonalities with the Austroasiatic tribals, supporting the hypothesis that they may have shared a common habitat in southern China, but the two groups of tribals can be differentiated on the basis of Y-chromosomal haplotypes; (6) the Dravidian speaking populations were possibly widespread throughout India but are regulated to South India now; (7) formation of populations by fission that resulted in founder and drift effects have left their imprints on the genetic structures of contemporary populations; (8) the upper castes show closer genetic affinities with Central Asian populations, although those of southern India are more distant than those of northern India; (9) historical gene flow into India has contributed to a considerable obliteration of genetic histories of contemporary populations so that there is at present no clear congruence of genetic and geographical or sociocultural affinities."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Basu |first1=A. |last2=Mukherjee |first2=N. |last3=Roy |first3=S. |last4=Sengupta |first4=S. |last5=Banerjee |first5=S. |last6=Chakraborty |first6=M. |last7=Dey |first7=B. |last8=Roy |first8=M. |last9=Roy |first9=B. |last10=Bhattacharyya |first10=N. P. |last11=Roychoudhury |first11=S. |last12=Majumder |first12=P. P. |year=2003 |title=Ethnic India: A Genomic View, With Special Reference to Peopling and Structure |url=http://genome.cshlp.org/content/13/10/2277.full |journal=Genome Research |publisher=Genome.cshlp.org |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=2277–2290 |doi=10.1101/gr.1413403 |pmc=403703 |pmid=14525929 |access-date=16 June 2013}}</ref>
* In a later 2010 review article, Majumder affirms some of these conclusions, introduces and revises some other. The ongoing studies, concludes Majumder, suggest India has served as the major early corridor for geographical dispersal of modern humans from out-of-Africa. The archaeological and genetic traces of the earliest settlers in India has not provided any conclusive evidence. The tribal populations of India are older than the non-tribal populations. The autosomal differentiation and genetic diversity within India's caste populations at 0.04 is significantly lower than 0.14 for continental populations and 0.09 for 31 world population sets studied by Watkins ''et al.''., suggesting that while tribal populations were differentiated, the differentiation effects within India's caste population was less than previously thought. Majumder also concludes that recent studies suggest India has been a major contributor to the gene pool of southeast Asia.<ref name="mj1">{{cite journal |author=Majumder |date=23 February 2010 |title=The Human Genetic History of South Asia: A Review |journal=Current Biology |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=R184-7 |bibcode=2010CBio...20.R184M |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.053 |pmid=20178765 |s2cid=1490419 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="w1">{{cite journal |author=Watkins |display-authors=etal |date=July 2003 |title=Genetic variation among world populations: inferences from 100 Alu insertion polymorphisms |journal=Genome Res. |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=1607–18 |doi=10.1101/gr.894603 |pmc=403734 |pmid=12805277}}</ref>
* Another study covering a large sample of Indian populations allowed Watkins ''et al.''. to examine eight Indian caste groups and four endogamous south Indian tribal populations. The Indian castes data show low between-group differences, while the tribal Indian groups show relatively high between-group differentiation. This suggests that people between Indian castes were not reproductively isolated, while Indian tribal populations experienced reproductive isolation and drift. Furthermore, the genetic [[fixation index]] data show historical genetic differentiation and segregation between Indian castes population is much smaller than those found in east Asia, Africa and other continental populations; while being similar to the genetic differentiation and segregation observed in European populations.<ref name="w1" />
* In 2006, Sahoo ''et al.''. reported their analysis of genomic data on 936 Y-chromosomes representing 32 tribal and 45 caste groups from different regions of India. These scientists find that the haplogroup frequency distribution across the country, between different caste groups, was found to be predominantly driven by geographical, rather than cultural determinants. They conclude there is clear evidence for both large-scale immigration into ancient India of Sino-Tibetan speakers and language change of former Austroasiatic speakers, in the northeast Indian region.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sahoo |display-authors=etal |year=2006 |title=A prehistory of Indian Y-chromosomes: evaluating demic diffusion scenarios |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=843–848 |bibcode=2006PNAS..103..843S |doi=10.1073/pnas.0507714103 |pmc=1347984 |pmid=16415161 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Artis Zelmenis |year=2014 |title=Immigration for Indians to Europe; history & law |journal=Immigration World Guru |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=10–24}}</ref>
* The genome studies conducted up until 2010 have been on relatively small population sets. Many are from just one southeastern state of Andhra Pradesh (including Telangana, which was part of the state until June 2014). Thus, any conclusions on demographic history of India must be interpreted with caution. A larger national genome study with demographic growth and sex ratio balances may offer further insights on the extent of genetic differentiation and segregation in India over the millenniums.<ref name="mj1" />

== Largest cities of India ==
{{main list|List of cities in India by population}}
{{Largest cities
| country = India
| stat_ref = [[2011 Census of India]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|publisher=India Census 2011|date=31 January 2012}}</ref>
| div_name = State/UT
| div_link = States and territories of India{{!}}State/UT

| city_1 = Mumbai| div_1 = Maharashtra
 | pop_1 = 12,478,447 | img_1 = Mumbai 03-2016 10 skyline of Lotus Colony.jpg
| city_11 = Kanpur | div_11 = Uttar Pradesh | pop_11 = 2,920,067

| city_2 = Delhi | div_2 = Delhi | pop_2 = 11,007,835 | img_2 = Skyscrapers connaught place New Delhi.JPG
| city_12 = Lucknow | div_12 = Uttar Pradesh | pop_12 = 2,901,474

| city_3 = Chennai| div_3 = Tamil Nadu | pop_3 = 8,696,010 | img_3 = Chennai metro during trail run during night.JPG
| city_13 = Nagpur | div_13 = Maharashtra | pop_13 = 2,405,421

| city_4 = Bengaluru | div_4 = Karnataka | pop_4 = 8,425,970 | img_4 = UB CITY Skyline.jpg
| city_14 = Indore | div_14 = Madhya Pradesh | pop_14 = 1,960,521

| city_5 = Hyderabad | div_5 = Telangana| pop_5 = 6,809,970
| city_15 = Thane | div_15 = Maharashtra | pop_15 = 1,818,872

| city_6 = Ahmedabad| div_6 = Gujarat | pop_6 = 5,570,585
| city_16 = Bhopal | div_16 = Madhya Pradesh | pop_16 = 1,795,648

| city_7 = Kolkata | div_7 = West Bengal | pop_7 = 4,486,679
| city_17 = Visakhapatnam | div_17 = Andhra Pradesh | pop_17 = 1,730,320

| city_8 = Surat | div_8 = Gujarat | pop_8 = 4,462,002
| city_18 = Pimpri-Chinchwad | div_18 = Maharashtra | pop_18 = 1,729,359

| city_9 = Pune | div_9 = Maharashtra | pop_9 = 3,115,431
| city_19 = Patna | div_19 = Bihar | pop_19 =1,683,200

| city_10 = Jaipur | div_10 = Rajasthan | pop_10 = 3,073,350
| city_20 = Vadodara| div_20 = Gujarat, India{{!}}Gujarat | pop_20 = 1,670,806
}}.

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Census in British India]]
* [[Culture of India]]
* [[Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India]]
* [[Immigration to India]]
* [[Demographics of Central Asia]]
* [[Female foeticide in India]]
* [[Hinduism in India]]
* [[Jainism in India]]
* [[Sikhism in India]]
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[Christianity in India]]
* [[History of the Jews in India|Judaism in India]]
* [[Zoroastrianism in India]]
* [[Irreligion in India]]
{{div col end}}

=== Government ===
* [[2011 Census of India]]
* [[National Commission on Population]]
* [[Caste Census]]

=== Lists ===
* [[List of states and union territories of India by population]]
* [[List of states and union territories of India by fertility rate]]
* [[List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth]]
* [[List of cities in India by population]]
* [[List of metropolitan areas in India]]
* [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India]]

== Charts ==
{{hatnote|Graphs are temporarily unavailable on Wikipedia due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the "new Graph extension," will be provided as they become available.}}
{{GraphChart
| width = 450
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle = year
| yAxisTitle = million
| yAxisMin =
| yGrid = 0,1
| xGrid = 10
| legend =
| type = line
| x = 1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021, 2022

| y1 = 716,733,750,767,784,802,820,838,856,874,892,910,928,946,964,983,1001,1018,1036,1054,1071,1089,1106,1123,1140,1157,1134,1150,1166,1182,1198,1213, 1227, 1244, 1259, 1274, 1289, 1325, 1339, 1353, 1363

| y1Title = population (million)
}}

{{GraphChart
| width = 450
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle = year
| yAxisTitle = ‰
| yAxisMin =
| yGrid = 0,1
| xGrid = 10
| legend =
| hAnnotatonsLine =
| hAnnotatonsLabel =
| type = line
| x = 1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020, 2021, 2022

| y1 = 21.4,21.9,21.8,21.3,21.1,21.5,21.2,20.5,20.3,20.5,19.5,18.9,19.4,19.4,19.3,18.4,18.3,17.5,17.3,17.3,17.0,16.9,16.8, 16.6, 16.2, 16.0, 15.7, 15.4, 15.2, 14.9, 14.7, 14.6, 14.4, 14.3, 14.3, 14.0, 13.9, 13.8, 13.7, 13.1, 12.6

| y1Title = Natural growth ‰
}}

{{GraphChart
| width = 450
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle = year
| yAxisTitle = TFR
| yAxisMin =
| yGrid = 0,1
| xGrid = 10
| legend =
| hAnnotatonsLine = 2.1
| hAnnotatonsLabel =
| type = line
| x = 1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007,2008,2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021, 2022

| y1 =
4.52, 4.5, 4.5, 4.5, 4.3, 4.15, 4.1, 4.0, 3.9, 3.8, 3.64, 3.6, 3.5, 3.5, 3.5, 3.4, 3.3, 3.2, 3.2, 3.2, 3.10, 3.0, 3.0, 2.9, 2.9, 2.79, 2.7, 2.6, 2.6, 2.5, 2.44, 2.38, 2.34, 2.32, 2.27, 2.26, 2.18, 2.15, 2.08, 2.06, 1.99

| y1Title = Total fertility rate
}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
* Arnold, David. ''Pandemic India: From Cholera to COVID-19'' (Oxford University Press, 2022). {{Cite web |last=Venkatesh |first=Archana |date=January 2023 |title=Review of Arnold, David, Pandemic India: From Cholera to Covid-19 |url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=58263 |website=H-Net Reviews}}
* Chakravorty, Swastika, Srinivas Goli, and Kuriath S. James. "[https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:klshTLKx0HQJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=0,27&scillfp=11120507983704651524&oi=lle Family demography in India: Emerging patterns and its challenges]". ''Sage Open'' 11.2 (2021): {{doi|10.1177/2158244021100817}}.
* {{Citation
 | last1=Chamie | first1=Joseph
 | last2=Mirkin | first2=Barry
 | title=Busting at the seams: India is unprepared for a near future when it will be the world's most populous country
 | url=https://qz.com/1051533/india-is-unprepared-for-a-near-future-when-it-will-be-the-worlds-most-populous-country/
| website=Quartz
 | date= August 2017}}. Joseph Chamie is former director of the [[United Nations Population Division]] and Barry Mirkin is former chief of the Population Policy Section of the United Nations Population Division.
* Chandrasekhar, S., and Ajay Sharma. "[https://www.shram.org/uploadFiles/20140521010420.pdf Urbanization and spatial patterns of internal migration in India]". ''Spatial demography'' 3.2 (2015): 63–89.
* Sekher, T. V. "Rural demography of India". in '' International handbook of rural demography'' (Springer, Dordrecht, 2012) pp.&nbsp;169–189.
* Smith, Robert D., and Mohandas K. Mallath. "[https://ascopubs.org/doi/pdfdirect/10.1200/JGO.19.00048 History of the growing burden of cancer in India: from antiquity to the 21st century]". ''Journal of Global Oncology'' 5 (2019): 1–15.

;Medieval India
* Lal, K. S. (1978). Growth of Muslim population in medieval India (A.D. 1000–1800). Delhi, Research Publications.
* Lal, K. S. (1995). Growth of scheduled tribes and castes in medieval India. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/ Census of India]; government site with detailed data from 2001 census
* [https://ansi.gov.in Anthropological Survey of India]
* [https://www.censusindia2011.com/ Population of India as per Census India 2011]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081225091939/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/ Census of India map generator]; generates maps based on 2001 census figures
* [http://www.demographie.net/demographicdata/ Demographic data for India]; provides sources of demographic data for India
* [http://www.demographie.net/atlas2001 2001 maps]; provides maps of social, economic and demographic data of India in 2001
* [https://archive.today/20121225224231/http://populationindia.wordpress.com/2011/04/10/population-of-india-2011-image/ Population of India 2011 map]; distribution of population amongst states and union territories
* [http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=195 India's Demographic Outlook: Implications and Trends]
* "[https://www.newsmic.com/countries/India.php World Population Prospects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101173305/https://www.newsmic.com/countries/India.php |date=1 January 2023 }}": Country Profile – India
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131114074733/http://www.quandl.com/demography/india-all-demographic-indicators Aggregated demographic statistics from Indian and global data sources]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141117072912/http://www.bluenomics.com/data#!data/demographics_and_society/key_indicators_13/population/population_annual_total%7Cchart/line$countries=india&sorting=list//title Demographic statistics for India – online on Bluenomics]
* [https://archive.today/20150220095949/http://itbulk.org/population/population-projection-by-country/ India comparing with China population projection graph] Based on data from database of UN Population Division.

{{Life in India}}
{{Economy of India topics}}
{{Asia in topic|Demographics of}}
{{Census of India}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Demographic history of India]]
[[Category:Demographics of India| ]]