Editing Death Valley

{{Short description|Valley in the Mojave Desert, Eastern California}}
{{About|the valley|the park|Death Valley National Park|other uses}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox valley
 | name            = Death Valley
 | photo           = Death Valley from space.JPG
 | photo_size      = 224
 | photo_width     = 
 | photo_caption   = Death Valley as seen from Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' in October 1995
 | map             = California
 | map_size        = 224
 | map_width       = 
 | relief          = 1
 | label_position  = bottom
 | coordinates     = {{Coord|36|14|49|N|116|49|01|W|dim:86km_region:US-CA_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
 | coordinates_ref = <ref>{{cite GNIS|270787|Feature Detail Report for: Death Valley}}</ref>
 | location        = California
 | elevation       = −282 ft (−86 m)
 | elevation_ref   =<ref name=NED>{{cite web|url=https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/usgs-national-elevation-dataset-ned-1-meter-downloadable-data-collection-from-the-national-map-|title=USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) 1 meter Downloadable Data Collection from The National Map 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) – National Geospatial Data Asset (NGDA) National Elevation Data Set (NED)|publisher=United States Geological Survey|date=September 21, 2015|access-date=September 22, 2015|archive-date=March 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325085854/https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/usgs-national-elevation-dataset-ned-1-meter-downloadable-data-collection-from-the-national-map-|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 | direction       = 
 | length          = 
 | width           = 
 | area            = {{convert|3000|sqmi|km2}}
 | age             = 
 | boundaries      = 
 | topo            = 
 | towns           = 
 | traversed       = 
 | watercourses    = Furnace Creek<br />Amargosa River
 | footnotes       = 
}}

'''Death Valley''' is a desert valley in [[Eastern California]], in the northern [[Mojave Desert]], bordering the [[Great Basin Desert]]. It is thought to be the [[Highest temperature recorded on Earth|hottest place on Earth]] during summer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/world-heat-record-overturneda-personal-account.html|title=World Heat Record Overturned – A Personal Account|publisher=WunderBlog|access-date=October 24, 2016|quote=Consequently, the WMO assessment is that the official highest recorded surface temperature of 56.7&nbsp;°C (134&nbsp;°F) was measured on July 10, 1913 at Greenland Ranch (Death Valley) CA}}</ref>

Death Valley's [[Badwater Basin]] is the point of lowest elevation in North America, at {{convert|282|ft}} below sea level.<ref name=NED/> It is {{convert|84.6|mi|km}} east-southeast of [[Mount Whitney]] – the highest point in the [[contiguous United States]], with an elevation of 14,505 feet (4,421 m).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fcc.gov/mb/audio/bickel/distance.html|title=Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates|publisher=Federal Communications Commission|access-date=August 13, 2010|quote=Entered coordinates for Badwater 36-15-01-N, 116-49-33-W; and Mount Whitney 36-34-43-N, 118-17-31-W|archive-date=May 28, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528045915/http://www.fcc.gov/mb/audio/bickel/distance.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On the afternoon of July{{spaces}}10, 1913, the [[National Weather Service|United States Weather Bureau]] recorded a high temperature of 134&nbsp;°F (56.7&nbsp;°C) at [[Furnace Creek, California|Furnace Creek]] in Death Valley,<ref name=WorldHighTemp>{{cite web|title=World Meteorological Organization World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive|url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/world-meteorological-organization-global-weather-climate-extremes-archive|access-date=April 14, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature|archive-date=January 4, 2013}}</ref> which stands as the [[Highest temperature recorded on Earth|highest ambient air temperature ever recorded]] on the surface of the Earth.<ref name=El_Azizia>{{cite journal|last=El Fadli|first=KI|title=World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|date=September 2012|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1|volume=94|issue=2|page=199|display-authors=etal|bibcode=2013BAMS...94..199E|doi-access=free}}</ref> This reading, however, and several others taken in that period are disputed by some modern experts.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 17, 2020|title='Highest temperature on Earth' recorded in US|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53788018|access-date=August 17, 2020}}</ref>

Lying mostly in [[Inyo County, California]], near the border of [[California]] and [[Nevada]], in the [[Great Basin]], east of the [[Sierra Nevada]] mountains, Death Valley constitutes much of [[Death Valley National Park]] and is the principal feature of the [[Mojave and Colorado Deserts Biosphere Reserve]]. It runs from north to south between the [[Amargosa Range]] on the east and the [[Panamint Range]] on the west. The [[Grapevine Mountains]] and the [[Owlshead Mountains]] form its northern and southern boundaries, respectively.<ref>{{cite book|title=Death Valley National Monument: Proposed Natural and Cultural Resources Management Plan and Draft Environmental Impact Statement|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior|year=1981|page=72|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XUM3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA72}}</ref> It has an area of about {{convert|3000|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=nyt>{{cite book|editor-first=JW|editor-last=Wright|year=2006|title=The New York Times Almanac|url=https://archive.org/details/newyorktimes200600wrig|url-access=registration|edition=2007|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New York, New York|isbn=0-14-303820-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/newyorktimes200600wrig/page/456 456]}}</ref> The highest point in Death Valley National Park is [[Telescope Peak]], in the Panamint Range, which has an elevation of {{Convert|11043|ft}}.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hiking Death Valley National Park|first1=Bill|last1=Cunningham|first2=Polly|last2=Cunningham|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2016|page=209}}</ref>

A group of European-American [[American pioneer|pioneers]] got lost in the valley in the winter of 1849–1850, while looking for a shortcut to the gold fields of California, giving Death Valley its grim name. Although only one of the group members died here, they all assumed that the valley would be their grave.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Valley|first1=Mailing Address: P. O. Box 579 Death|last2=Us|first2=CA 92328 Phone: 760 786-3200 Contact|title=Frequently Asked Questions – Death Valley National Park (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/deva/faqs.htm|access-date=June 3, 2024|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dotson|first=Danny|title=Research Guides: National Parks: Death Valley National Park|url=https://guides.osu.edu/c.php?g=870252&p=6652986|access-date=June 3, 2024|website=guides.osu.edu}}</ref> Death Valley is home to the [[Timbisha]] tribe of Native Americans, formerly known as the [[Panamint Mountains|Panamint Shoshone]], who have inhabited the valley for at least the past millennium.

==Geology==
{{Main|Geology of the Death Valley area}}
[[File:DeathValley03July17-250.tif|thumb|left|Death Valley, California, July 3, 2017, [[Sentinel-2]] true-color [[satellite image]], scale 1:250,000.]]
[[File:California Pleistocene Lakes USGS.png|thumb|upright=1.75|Map showing the system of once-interconnected Pleistocene lakes in eastern California (USGS)]]

Death Valley is a [[graben]]—a downdropped block of land between two mountain ranges.<ref>{{cite book|title=Geology Underfoot in Death Valley and Owens Valley|first1=RP|last1=Sharp|first2=AF|last2=Glazner|publisher=Mountain Press Publishing|year=1997|page=195}}</ref> It lies at the southern end of a geological [[trough (geology)|trough]], [[Walker Lane]], which runs north to Oregon. The valley is bisected by a right lateral [[strike slip fault]] system, comprising the [[Death Valley Fault]] and the [[Furnace Creek Fault]]. The eastern end of the left lateral [[Garlock Fault]] intersects the Death Valley Fault. Furnace Creek and the [[Amargosa River]] flow through part of the valley and eventually disappear into the sands of the valley floor.

Death Valley also contains [[salt pan (geology)|salt pans]]. According to current geological consensus, at various times during the middle of the [[Pleistocene]] era, which ended roughly 10,000–12,000 years ago, an inland lake, [[Lake Manly]], formed in Death Valley. The lake was nearly {{convert|100|mi|km}} long and {{convert|600|ft|m}} deep. The end-basin in a chain of lakes that began with [[Mono Lake]], in the north, and continued through basins down the [[Owens River Valley]], through Searles and China Lakes and the Panamint Valley, to the immediate west.<ref>{{cite web|title=Image of the Day: Lake Badwater, Death Valley|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=37536&src=eoa|publisher=NASA|work=Earth Observing System|date=March 18, 2009|access-date=April 16, 2009}}</ref>

As the area turned to desert, the water evaporated, leaving an abundance of evaporitic salts, such as common sodium salts and [[borax]], which were later exploited during the modern history of the region, primarily 1883 to 1907.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Celeste Cosby|author2=Jeanette Hawkins|author3=Jani Kushla|author4=Molly Robinson|title=Boron Minerals of Death Valley|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317215452/http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Geology/dv/Boron/home.html|archive-date=March 17, 2008|publisher=Clark Science Center, Smith College|year=2009|url=http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Geology/dv/Boron/home.html#History|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Climate==
[[File:Death Valley landscape.jpg|thumb|Landscape of Death Valley deserted land]]
Death Valley has a [[subtropical]], [[hot desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BWh''), with long, extremely hot summers; short, warm winters; and little rainfall.

The valley is extremely dry because it lies in the [[rain shadow]] of four major mountain ranges (including the [[Sierra Nevada]] and [[Panamint Range]]). Moisture moving inland from the Pacific Ocean must pass eastward over the mountains to reach Death Valley; as air masses are forced upward by each range, they cool and moisture condenses, to fall as rain or snow on the western slopes. When the air masses reach Death Valley, most of the moisture in the air has already been lost and thus there is little left to fall as precipitation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Roof|first1=Steven|last2=Callagan|first2=Charlie|title=The Climate of Death Valley, California|year=2003|url=http://stormbruiser.com/chase/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/bams-84-12-1725.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421230215/http://stormbruiser.com/chase/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/bams-84-12-1725.pdf|archive-date=April 21, 2019|url-status=live|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=84|issue=12|pages=1725–1739|doi=10.1175/bams-84-12-1725|bibcode=2003BAMS...84.1725R}}</ref>

The extreme heat of Death Valley is attributable to a confluence of geographic and topographic factors. Scientists have identified a number of key contributors:<ref name=":0" />

* '''Solar heating''': The valley's surface (consisting of soil, rocks, sand, etc.) undergoes intense [[Solar irradiance#Irradiance on Earth's surface|solar heating]] because the air is clear and dry, and the land is dark and sparsely vegetated. This is especially noticeable in mid-summer, when the sun is nearly directly overhead.
* '''Trapping of warm air:''' Warm air naturally rises and cools;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@barrywfischer/https-medium-com-barrywfischer-why-is-it-colder-at-higher-elevations-52f6c98544ca|title=Why is it colder at higher elevations? A thorough and visual explanation.|last=Fischer|first=Barry|date=December 20, 2018|website=Medium}}</ref> in Death Valley this air is subject to continual reheating as it is trapped by high, steep valley walls and recycled back to the valley floor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/deva/learn/nature/weather-and-climate.htm|title=Death Valley Weather|publisher=US National Park Service}}</ref> Warm air also is trapped by the valley's north–south orientation, which runs perpendicular to [[Westerlies|prevailing west-to-east winds]].
* '''Migration of warm air from other areas ([[advection]]):''' Warm desert regions adjacent to Death Valley, especially to the south and east, often heat air before it arrives in Death Valley.
* '''Warm mountain winds:''' As winds are forced up and over mountains (e.g. the numerous ranges west of Death Valley), the winds can be warmed in several ways. The resulting dry, warm winds are known as [[foehn wind]]s. Their warmth can in part be caused by the release of latent heat, which occurs when water vapor condenses into clouds. The extremely low elevation below sea level compresses the air which heats it further.

Severe heat and dryness contribute to perpetual drought-like conditions in Death Valley and prevent much cloud formation from passing through the confines of the valley, where precipitation is often in the form of a [[virga]].<ref name="weather">{{cite web|work=Death Valley National Park|title=Weather and Climate|url=http://www.nps.gov/deva/naturescience/weather-and-climate.htm|publisher=U.S. National Park Service|date=May 23, 2008|access-date=April 16, 2009}}</ref>

The depth and shape of Death Valley strongly influence its climate. The valley is a long, narrow basin that descends below sea level and is walled by high, steep mountain ranges. The clear, dry air and sparse plant cover allow sunlight to heat the desert surface. Summer nights provide little relief: overnight lows may dip just into the {{convert|82|to|98|F|C}} range. Moving masses of super-heated air blow through the valley, creating extremely high ambient temperatures.<ref name="National Park Service">{{cite web|work=Death Valley|title=Weather and Climate|url=http://www.nps.gov/deva/planyourvisit/upload/Weather%20and%20Climate.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011102522/http://www.nps.gov/deva/planyourvisit/upload/Weather%20and%20Climate.pdf|archive-date=October 11, 2006|url-status=live|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=May 29, 2009}}</ref>
[[File:Death Valley Mesquite Flats Sand Dunes 2013.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|[[Places of interest in the Death Valley area#Mesquite Flat Sand Dunes|Sand dunes at Mesquite Flats]]]]

The hottest air temperature ever recorded in Death Valley was {{convert|134|°F|1}}, on July 10, 1913, at [[Furnace Creek, California|Greenland Ranch]] (now [[Furnace Creek, California|Furnace Creek]]),<ref name="El_Azizia" /> which, as of today, is the highest atmospheric temperature ever recorded on the Earth's surface.<ref name=WorldHighTemp /> (A report of a temperature of {{convert|58|C|F}} in Libya in 1922 was later determined to be inaccurate.)<ref name="El_Azizia" /> During the heat wave that peaked with that record, five consecutive days reached {{convert|129|°F}} or higher. Some modern meteorologists now dispute the accuracy of the 1913 temperature measurement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/historic-heat-wave-reponsible-for-death-valleys-129f-gradually-weak.html|publisher=Wunderground|first=Jeff|last=Masters|work=WunderBlog|title=Historic Heat Wave {{sic|Repon|sible|nolink=y}} for Death Valley's {{convert|129|°F|°C|abbr=on}} Gradually Weakening|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105060318/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2451|archive-date=November 5, 2013}}</ref> On June 30, 2013, a verified temperature of {{convert|129.2|F}} was recorded and is tied with [[Mitribah]], [[Kuwait]], for the hottest reliably measured air temperature ever recorded on Earth.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/10/25/new-analysis-shreds-claim-that-death-valley-recorded-earths-hottest-temperature-in-1913/|title=New analysis shreds claim that Death Valley recorded Earth's highest temperature in 1913|last=Sumenow|first=Jason|date=October 25, 2016|url-status=live|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027134608/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/10/25/new-analysis-shreds-claim-that-death-valley-recorded-earths-hottest-temperature-in-1913/|archive-date=October 27, 2016}}</ref> A temperature of {{convert|130|°F|1}} was recorded at the Furnace Creek weather station on August 16, 2020, but has not yet been officially verified.<ref name="2020 record">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/17/death-valley-temperature-rises-to-544c-possibly-the-hottest-ever-reliably-recorded|title=Death Valley temperature rises to 54.4C – possibly the hottest ever reliably recorded|author=Graham Readfearn|work=The Guardian|date=August 17, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53788018|title='Highest temperature on Earth' as Death Valley, US hits 54.4C|publisher=BBC News|date=August 17, 2020|access-date=July 30, 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817171540/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53788018|archive-date=August 17, 2020}}</ref> The valley again recorded that temperature on July 9, 2021;<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1413659717126160390|user=NWSVegas|title=DEATH VALLEY UPDATE Thermometer High temp at Death Valley today = 130F. Warning sign If this says anything about how hot SAT-SUN will be, HEED THESE WARNINGS. Do not put yourself, nor first responders in danger this weekend! This observed high temp is considered preliminary & not yet validated.|author=NWS Las Vegas}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2021/07/death-valley-california-breaks-the-all-time-world-heat-record-for-the-second-year-in-a-row/|title=Death Valley, California, breaks the all-time world heat record for the second year in a row|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=July 12, 2021|website=yaleclimateconnections.org|publisher=Yale climate connections|access-date=September 1, 2021}}</ref> however, that temperature has not yet been officially verified either.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2021/07/death-valley-california-breaks-the-all-time-world-heat-record-for-the-second-year-in-a-row/|title=Death Valley, California, breaks the all-time world heat record for the second year in a row|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=July 12, 2021|website=yaleclimateconnections.org|publisher=Yale climate connections|access-date=September 1, 2021}}</ref> The valley's lowest temperature, recorded at Greenland Ranch (now Furnace Creek) on January 2, 1913, was {{convert|15|°F}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ca3603|publisher=Desert Research Institute|author=WRCC|work=Greenland Ranch, California|title=Period of Record General Climate Summary – Temperature|access-date=June 17, 2011}}</ref>

The highest surface temperature ever recorded in Death Valley was {{convert|201.0|°F|1}}, on July 15, 1972, at [[Furnace Creek, California|Furnace Creek]], which is the highest ground surface temperature ever recorded on earth, as well as the only recorded surface temperature of above {{convert|200|°F|1}}.<ref name="GroundTemp">{{cite journal|last1=Kubecka|first1=Paul|year=2001|title=A possible world record maximum natural ground surface temperature|journal=Weather|volume=56|issue=7|pages=218–221|doi=10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06577.x|bibcode=2001Wthr...56..218K|s2cid=120698040}}</ref>

The greatest number of consecutive days with a maximum temperature of at least {{convert|100|°F}} was 154, in the summer of 2001. The summer of 1996 had 40 days over {{convert|120|°F}}, and 105 days over {{convert|110|°F}}. The summer of 1917 had 52 days when the temperature reached {{convert|120|°F}} or above, 43 of them consecutive.

[[File:Badwater Desolation.jpg|thumb|View from [[Badwater Basin]]]]

The highest overnight or low temperature recorded in Death Valley is {{convert|110|°F|0}}, recorded on July 5, 1918.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/vef/climate/DeathValleyClimateBook/July%20Normal%20and%20Record%20Temperatures.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417051253/http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/vef/climate/DeathValleyClimateBook/July%20Normal%20and%20Record%20Temperatures.pdf|archive-date=April 17, 2015|url-status=live|title=July Daily Normals And Records|work=The Death Valley Climate Book|publisher=[[National Weather Service]]|access-date=March 26, 2017}}</ref> However, this value is disputed; a record high low of {{convert|107|°F|0}} on July 12, 2012, is considered reliable.<ref name=wu>{{cite web|title=Death Valley records a low of 107&nbsp;°F (41.7&nbsp;°C): a world record|first=Jeff|last=Masters|date=July 16, 2013|work=Weather Underground|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/article.html?entrynum=2153|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507235845/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/article.html?entrynum=2153|archive-date=May 7, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> This is one of the highest values ever recorded.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Masters|first1=Jeff|author-link1=Jeff Masters|title=A World Record Low Humidity? {{convert|116|°F|°C|abbr=on}} With a 0.36% Humidity in Iran by Dr. Jeff Masters {{!}} Category 6|url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/world-record-low-humidity-116f-036-humidity-iran|website=[[Weather Underground]]|access-date=June 10, 2018|date=June 21, 2017}}</ref> Also on July 12, 2012, the mean 24-hour temperature recorded at Death Valley was {{convert|117.5|°F|1}}, which makes it the world's warmest 24-hour temperature on record.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|work=Blog|title=Death Valley records a low of 107&nbsp;°F (41.7&nbsp;°C): a world record|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2153|publisher=[[Weather Underground]]|access-date=September 19, 2012}}</ref> July 2024 was the hottest month ever recorded in Death Valley, with a mean daily average temperature over the month of {{convert|108.5|°F|1}}.<ref name=DeathValleyHottestMonthEver>{{cite web|url=https://www.weather.gov/wrh/Climate?wfo=vef|title=Almanac for DEATH VALLEY NATIONAL PARK, CA – July 31, 2024|publisher=[[National Weather Service]]|date=August 1, 2024|access-date=August 1, 2024}}</ref>

Four major mountain ranges lie between Death Valley and the ocean, each one adding to an increasingly drier [[rain shadow]] effect, and in 1929, 1953, and 1989, no rain was recorded for the whole year.<ref name="National Park Service"/> The period from 1931 to 1934 was the driest stretch on record, with only {{convert|0.64|in|mm}} of rain over a 40-month period.<ref name="weather"/>
The average annual precipitation in Death Valley is {{convert|2.36|in|mm}}, while the Greenland Ranch station averaged {{convert|1.58|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|author=WRCC|title=Monthly Climate Summary|url=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ca3603|publisher=Desert Research Institute|access-date=June 8, 2009}}</ref> The wettest month on record is January 1995, when {{convert|2.59|in|mm}} fell on Death Valley.<ref name="weather"/> The wettest period on record was mid-2004 to mid-2005, in which nearly {{convert|6|in|mm|-1}} of rain fell in total, leading to [[ephemeral lake]]s in the valley and the region and tremendous wildflower blooms.<ref name="NPR.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4521310|title=Wet Winter Brings Life to Death Valley|publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Snow with accumulation has only been recorded in January 1922, while scattered flakes have been recorded on other occasions.

{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = Death Valley National Park, California, 1991–2020 normals,{{efn|Mean maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.}} extremes 1911–present
| single line = Y
| Jan record high F = 90
| Feb record high F = 97
| Mar record high F = 104
| Apr record high F = 113
| May record high F = 122
| Jun record high F = 129
| Jul record high F = 134
| Aug record high F = 130
| Sep record high F = 127
| Oct record high F = 114
| Nov record high F = 98
| Dec record high F = 89
| year record high F = 134
| Jan avg record high F = 78.4
| Feb avg record high F = 85.1
| Mar avg record high F = 95.4
| Apr avg record high F = 106.0
| May avg record high F = 113.6
| Jun avg record high F = 122.0
| Jul avg record high F = 125.9
| Aug avg record high F = 124.0

| Sep avg record high F = 118.1
| Oct avg record high F = 106.2
| Nov avg record high F = 90.0
| Dec avg record high F = 77.8
| year avg record high F = 126.7
| Jan high F = 67.2
| Feb high F = 73.7
| Mar high F = 82.6
| Apr high F = 91.0
| May high F = 100.7
| Jun high F = 111.1
| Jul high F = 117.4
| Aug high F = 115.9
| Sep high F = 107.7
| Oct high F = 93.3
| Nov high F = 77.4
| Dec high F = 65.6
| year high F = 92.0
| Jan mean F = 54.9
| Feb mean F = 61.3
| Mar mean F = 69.8
| Apr mean F = 77.9
| May mean F = 87.8
| Jun mean F = 97.5
| Jul mean F = 104.2
| Aug mean F = 102.3
| Sep mean F = 93.4
| Oct mean F = 78.9
| Nov mean F = 64.0
| Dec mean F = 53.4
| year mean F = 78.8
| Jan low F = 42.5
| Feb low F = 49.0
| Mar low F = 57.1
| Apr low F = 64.8
| May low F = 75.0
| Jun low F = 84.0
| Jul low F = 91.0
| Aug low F = 88.7
| Sep low F = 79.1
| Oct low F = 64.4
| Nov low F = 50.5
| Dec low F = 41.1
| year low F = 65.6
| Jan avg record low F = 30.5
| Feb avg record low F = 36.1
| Mar avg record low F = 42.8
| Apr avg record low F = 49.8
| May avg record low F = 58.5
| Jun avg record low F = 67.9
| Jul avg record low F = 78.3
| Aug avg record low F = 75.3
| Sep avg record low F = 65.4
| Oct avg record low F = 49.5
| Nov avg record low F = 35.9
| Dec avg record low F = 29.0
| year avg record low F = 28.0
| Jan record low F = 15
| Feb record low F = 20
| Mar record low F = 26
| Apr record low F = 35
| May record low F = 42
| Jun record low F = 49
| Jul record low F = 62
| Aug record low F = 65
| Sep record low F = 41
| Oct record low F = 32
| Nov record low F = 24
| Dec record low F = 19
| year record low F = 15
| precipitation color = green
| Jan precipitation inch = 0.37
| Feb precipitation inch = 0.52
| Mar precipitation inch = 0.25
| Apr precipitation inch = 0.10
| May precipitation inch = 0.03
| Jun precipitation inch = 0.05
| Jul precipitation inch = 0.10
| Aug precipitation inch = 0.10
| Sep precipitation inch = 0.20
| Oct precipitation inch = 0.12
| Nov precipitation inch = 0.10
| Dec precipitation inch = 0.26
| year precipitation inch = 2.20
| unit precipitation days = 0.01 inch
| Jan precipitation days = 2.4
| Feb precipitation days = 2.9
| Mar precipitation days = 2.0
| Apr precipitation days = 1.1
| May precipitation days = 0.9
| Jun precipitation days = 0.3
| Jul precipitation days = 1.1
| Aug precipitation days = 0.9
| Sep precipitation days = 0.8
| Oct precipitation days = 1.1
| Nov precipitation days = 0.9
| Dec precipitation days = 1.6
| year precipitation days = 16.0
| Jan snow inch = 
| Feb snow inch = 
| Mar snow inch = 
| Apr snow inch = 
| May snow inch = 
| Jun snow inch = 
| Jul snow inch = 
| Aug snow inch = 
| Sep snow inch = 
| Oct snow inch = 
| Nov snow inch = 
| Dec snow inch = 
| year snow inch = 
| unit snow days = 0.1 in
| Jan snow days = 
| Feb snow days = 
| Mar snow days = 
| Apr snow days = 
| May snow days = 
| Jun snow days = 
| Jul snow days = 
| Aug snow days = 
| Sep snow days = 
| Oct snow days = 
| Nov snow days = 
| Dec snow days = 
| year snow days = 
| source 1 = NOAA<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=vef|title=NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|access-date=October 11, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00042319&format=pdf|title=Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|access-date=June 12, 2021}}</ref> (September record high)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/death-valley-127-degrees-record-hottest-september-day-on-the-planet/|title=Death Valley hits 127 degrees, setting record for hottest September day on the planet|publisher=CBS News|access-date=September 2, 2022}}
</ref>
| source = 
}}

{{Weather box|width=auto
| location = Death Valley (Cow Creek Station)
| single line = Y 
|collapsed = Y
| Jan record high F = 84
| Feb record high F = 89
| Mar record high F = 100
| Apr record high F = 110
| May record high F = 120
| Jun record high F = 125
| Jul record high F = 126
| Aug record high F = 125
| Sep record high F = 123
| Oct record high F = 111
| Nov record high F = 95
| Dec record high F = 84
| year record high F = 126
| Jan high F = 64.4
| Feb high F = 71.6
| Mar high F = 80.6
| Apr high F = 90.9
| May high F = 100.0
| Jun high F = 109.3
| Jul high F = 116.0
| Aug high F = 113.8
| Sep high F = 106.9
| Oct high F = 92.1
| Nov high F = 75.4
| Dec high F = 65.9
| year high F = 90.6
| Jan mean F = 52.5
| Feb mean F = 59.1
| Mar mean F = 67.4
| Apr mean F = 77.5
| May mean F = 86.4
| Jun mean F = 95.3
| Jul mean F = 102.1
| Aug mean F = 99.9
| Sep mean F = 92.1
| Oct mean F = 78.1
| Nov mean F = 62.3
| Dec mean F = 54.1
| year mean F = 77.2
| Jan low F = 40.6
| Feb low F = 46.6
| Mar low F = 54.3
| Apr low F = 64.1
| May low F = 72.7
| Jun low F = 81.2
| Jul low F = 88.4
| Aug low F = 86.0
| Sep low F = 77.4
| Oct low F = 64.0
| Nov low F = 49.3
| Dec low F = 42.4
| year low F = 63.9
| Jan record low F = 19
| Feb record low F = 30
| Mar record low F = 33
| Apr record low F = 45
| May record low F = 52
| Jun record low F = 54
| Jul record low F = 69
| Aug record low F = 69
| Sep record low F = 57
| Oct record low F = 40
| Nov record low F = 32
| Dec record low F = 27
| year record low F = 19
| precipitation color = green
| Jan precipitation inch = 0.24
| Feb precipitation inch = 0.32
| Mar precipitation inch = 0.20
| Apr precipitation inch = 0.20
| May precipitation inch = 0.10
| Jun precipitation inch = 0.02
| Jul precipitation inch = 0.10
| Aug precipitation inch = 0.11
| Sep precipitation inch = 0.12
| Oct precipitation inch = 0.11
| Nov precipitation inch = 0.20
| Dec precipitation inch = 0.29
| year precipitation inch = 2.00
| source 1 = Western Regional Climate Center<ref>{{cite web|title=Cow Creek, California, Monthly Climate Summary, 1934–1961|url=https://wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliRECtM.pl?ca2092|publisher=Western Regional Climate Center, Desert Research Institute|access-date=June 8, 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505111204/https://wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliRECtM.pl?ca2092|archive-date=May 5, 2019}}</ref>
|date = August 2010
}}
{{Graph:Weather monthly history
| table=ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Death Valley.tab
| title=Death Valley monthly weather statistics
}}

===Flooding===
[[File:Lake Badwater, Death Valley, 2005.jpg|thumb|A [[Landsat 5]] satellite photo of Lake Badwater on February 9, 2005]]
[[File:Badwater tm5 2007046.jpg|thumb|A Landsat 5 satellite photo of [[Badwater Basin]] [[dry lake]] on February 15, 2007]]

In 2005, Death Valley received four times its average annual rainfall of {{convert|1.5|in|mm}}. As it has done before for hundreds of years, the lowest spot in the valley filled with a wide, shallow lake, but the extreme heat and aridity immediately began evaporating the [[ephemeral lake]].

The pair of images (seen at right) from NASA's [[Landsat 5]] satellite documents the short history of Death Valley's [[Lake Badwater]]: formed in February 2005 (top) and evaporated by February 2007 (bottom). In 2005, a big pool of greenish water stretched most of the way across the valley floor. By May 2005, the valley floor had resumed its more familiar role as [[Badwater Basin]], salt-coated [[Salt pan (geology)|salt flats]]. In time, this freshly dissolved and recrystallized salt will darken.<ref>Daley, Jason (2019). [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/flooding-creates-10-mile-long-lake-death-valley-180971699/ Flooding Creates a 10-Mile-Long Lake in Death Valley]. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved June 29, 2020.</ref>

The western margin of Death Valley is traced by [[alluvial fan]]s. During [[flash flood]]s, rainfall from the steep mountains to the west pours through narrow canyons, picking up everything from fine clay to large rocks. When these torrents reach the mouths of the canyons, they widen and slow, branching out into distributary channels. The paler the fans, the younger they are.

==Ecology==
[[File:Death Valley Gerea canescens.jpg|thumb|Death Valley in 2005 springtime bloom]]

In spite of the overwhelming heat and sparse rainfall, Death Valley exhibits considerable biodiversity. Flowers, watered by snowmelt, carpet the desert floor each spring, continuing into June.<ref name="NPR.org"/> [[Bighorn sheep]], [[red-tailed hawks]], and wild [[donkeys]] may be seen. Death Valley has over 600 springs and ponds. Salt Creek, a mile-long shallow depression in the center of the valley, supports [[Death Valley Pupfish]].<ref name="Sean Lema 2008">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/the-phenotypic-plasticity-of-death-valleys-pupfish/1|title=Phenotypic Plasticity of Death Valley's Pupfish|first=Sean|last=Lema|magazine=[[American Scientist]]|year=2008}}</ref> These isolated pupfish populations are remnants of the wetter Pleistocene climate.<ref name="Sean Lema 2008"/>

[[Darwin Falls]], on the western edge of Death Valley Monument, falls {{convert|100|ft|m}} into a large pond surrounded by willows and cottonwood trees. Over 80 species of birds have been recorded around the pond.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Not So Dead|magazine=Smithsonian Magazine|date=May 2008|page=30|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/points-of-interest-37244965/|first1=Matt|last1=Kettmann|first2=Paul|last2=Grondahl|first3=Monica|last3=Watrous|first4=Nan|last4=Chase}}</ref>

[[Efflorescence]], also known as '''salt flowers''', is a rare occurrence in Death Valley that occurs when rain soaks into the soil and dissolves salt beneath the surface causing the ground to appear as if there is a light dusting of [[snow]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Snow in Death Valley, the hottest place on Earth? It's not what it looks like|website=Los Angeles Times|author=Hayley Smith|date=September 16, 2021|access-date=November 26, 2021|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-09-16/snow-in-death-valley-the-hottest-place-on-earth-not-quite}}</ref>

==History==
Death Valley is home to the [[Timbisha]] tribe of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], formerly known as the Panamint Shoshone, who have inhabited the valley for at least the past millennium. The Timbisha name for the valley, ''tümpisa'', means "rock paint" and refers to the [[red ocher]] paint that can be made from a type of [[clay]] found in the valley. Some families still live in the valley at Furnace Creek. Another village was in Grapevine Canyon near the present site of [[Scotty's Castle]]. It was called ''maahunu'' in the [[Timbisha language]], whose meaning is uncertain, although it is known that ''hunu'' means 'canyon'.<ref>Jon P. Dayley, ''Tümpisa (Panamint) Shoshone Dictionary'', University of California Publications in Linguistics Volume 116 (1989, University of California Press), page 89.</ref>

The valley received its English name in 1849 during the [[California Gold Rush]]. It was called Death Valley by prospectors<ref>{{cite book|last=Lingenfelter|first=Richard E.|author2=Dwyer, Richard A.|title=Death Valley Lore, Classic Tales of Fantasy, Adventure and Mystery|location=Reno|publisher=University of Nevada Press|year=1988|isbn=0-87417-136-9}}</ref> and others who sought to cross the valley on their way to the gold fields, after 13 pioneers perished from one early expedition of wagon trains.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Manly|first1=William Lewis|title=Death Valley in '49|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/12236|via=Project Gutenberg|publisher=The Pacific Tree and Vine Co.|date=1894}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Reynolds|first=Jerry|title=Paradise Found|url=https://scvhistory.com/scvhistory/signal/reynolds/part19.html|publisher=Santa Clarita Valley Historical Society|access-date=October 7, 2017}}</ref> During the 1850s, gold and silver were extracted in the valley. In the 1880s, [[borax]] was discovered and extracted by [[Twenty-mule team|mule-drawn wagons]].

Death Valley National Monument was proclaimed on February 11, 1933, by President [[Herbert Hoover]], placing the area under federal protection. In 1994, the monument was redesignated as [[Death Valley National Park]], as well as being substantially expanded to include Saline and Eureka Valleys.

==Notable attractions and locations==
[[File:Death Valley exit SR190 view Panamint Butt flash flood 2013.jpg|thumb|right|Flash flood near Panamint Butte, Death Valley, in 2013]]
{{clear left}}
{{Main|Places of interest in the Death Valley area}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Badwater Basin]]
* China Ranch
* [[Dante's View]]
* [[Darwin Falls]]
* [[Devils Hole]]
* Father Crowley Viewpoint
* [[Furnace Creek, California|Furnace Creek]]
* [[Harmony Borax Works]]
* [[Hells Gate (California)|Hells Gate]]
* Myers Ranch
* [[Oasis at Death Valley]]
* Russell Camp
* [[Ryan, California|New Ryan]]
* [[Noonday Camp, California|Upper and Lower Noonday Camp]]
* [[Racetrack Playa]], a large dry lakebed within the Valley
* [[Sailing stone]]s, famous moving stones of Death Valley
* [[Scotty's Castle]]
* Shoreline Butte
* [[Stovepipe Wells, California|Stovepipe Wells]]
* [[Tecopa, California|Tecopa]]
* Tecopa Hot Springs
* West Side Borax Camp
* Wilson Ranch
* Wildrose Ranger Station
* [[Zabriskie Point]]
{{div col end}}

==In popular culture==
===Films===
A number of movies have been filmed in Death Valley, including:<ref>{{Cite book|first=Jerry L.|last=Schneider|title=Western Filming Locations California Book 6|date=2016|publisher=[[Barnes & Noble]]|isbn=978-1-9870-7242-6|pages=132–133}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Death Valley in Movies and Television|url=https://www.nps.gov/deva/learn/historyculture/death-valley-in-movies-and-television.html|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|date=April 2, 2022|access-date=December 8, 2022}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

* ''[[Chimmie Fadden Out West]]'' (1915)
* ''[[The Dawn of Understanding]]'' (1918)
* ''[[Greed (1924 film)|Greed]]'' (1924)
* ''[[The Air Mail]]'' (1925)
* ''[[The Brute (1927 film)|The Brute]]'' (1927)
* ''[[The Chinese Parrot (film)|The Chinese Parrot]]'' (1927)
* ''[[Fair Warning (1931 film)|Fair Warning]]'' (1931)
* ''[[The Border Patrolman]]'' (1936)
* ''[[Danger Valley]]'' (1937)
* ''[[20 Mule Team]]'' (1940)
* ''[[The Bride Came C.O.D.]]'' (1941)
* ''[[Castle in the Desert]]'' (1942)
* ''[[Accomplice (film)|Accomplice]]'' (1946)
* ''[[Death Valley (1946 film)|Death Valley]]'' (1946)
* ''[[3 Godfathers (1948 film)|3 Godfathers]]'' (1948)
* ''[[Yellow Sky]]'' (1948)
* ''[[Death Valley Gunfighter]]'' (1949)
* ''[[The Walking Hills]]'' (1949)
* ''[[Surrender (1950 film)|Surrender]]'' (1950)
* ''[[The Gunfighter]]'' (1950)
* ''[[Cattle Drive]]'' (1951)
* ''[[Westward the Women]]'' (1951)
* ''[[City of Bad Men]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Escape from Fort Bravo]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Tumbleweed (film)|Tumbleweed]]'' (1953)
* ''[[War Paint (1953 film)|War Paint]]'' (1953)
* ''[[The Law and Jake Wade]]'' (1958)
* ''[[One-Eyed Jacks]]'' (1961)
* ''[[The Reward (1965 film)|The Reward]]'' (1965)
* ''[[The Professionals (1966 film)|The Professionals]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Zabriskie Point (film)|Zabriskie Point]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Death Valley (1982 film)|Death Valley]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Cherry 2000]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Phantasm IV: Oblivion]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Six-String Samurai]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Gerry (2002 film)|Gerry]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Daft Punk's Electroma]]'' (2006)
* ''[[The Legend of God's Gun]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Planes: Fire & Rescue]]'' (2014)
* ''Ancient Caves'' (2020)
{{div col end}}

===Music===
*''[[Death Valley Suite]]'' (1949), a symphonic suite by [[Ferde Grofé]], inspired by the history and geography of Death Valley
*"Death Valley" (2013), a song from the studio album ''[[Save Rock and Roll]]'' by [[Fall Out Boy]], is named after Death Valley, as well as containing lyrics inspired by this location
*"[[Death Valley '69]]" (1984), a song by [[Sonic Youth]] and [[Lydia Lunch]], is about the valley, and the video features imagery of it.
*"Death Valley Nights" (1977), a song from the studio album ''[[Spectres (album)|Spectres]]'' by [[Blue Öyster Cult]], takes place in the valley, using the extreme climate to mirror a dramatic love/hate relationship.
*"Canyon Moon" (2014), a song by [[Andrew McMahon in the Wilderness]], contains lyrics about driving through Death Valley.
*"Death Valley High" (2024), a song by [[Orville Peck]] and [[Beck]], a song about Death Valley.

===Television===
*''[[Death Valley Days]]'' (1930–1945 radio series; 1952–1970 TV series), an American radio and television anthology series that presented true stories of the [[American frontier|American Old West]], a number of which featured the Death Valley area.
* Retired wrestler and WWE Hall of Famer, [[The Undertaker]] is billed from Death Valley, apart from when he was the American Badass from 2000 to 2003.
* The FX horror anthology series ''[[American Horror Story]]'' has a tenth season titled ''[[American Horror Story: Double Feature]],'' which is split into two parts.  While the first part, '''''Red Tide''''', takes place by the sea, the second part of the season, '''''Death Valley''''', focuses on a group of teens uncovering a conspiracy involving [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] and strange occurrences in a desert partially inspired by Death Valley involving aliens and UFOs.

== See also ==
{{Portal|California}}
*[[List of weather records]]
*[[Henry Wade Exit Route]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|voy=Death Valley National Park|auto=1}}
* [http://www.nps.gov/deva Official Death Valley National Park website]—[[National Park Service]]
* [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf367nb34j/ Historical photographs of Death Valley (1926)], [[The Bancroft Library]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090321115742/http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&code=USA%2039 UNESCO Biosphere Preserve: Mojave and Colorado Deserts]
* [http://www.anomalies-unlimited.com/OddPics/Playa.html Strange moving rocks of the valley] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205192438/http://www.anomalies-unlimited.com/OddPics/Playa.html |date=December 5, 2010 }}
* [http://www.digital-desert.com/death-valley/index.html Death Valley Area Interactive Map]
* [http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3013/ Surficial Geologic Map of the Death Valley Junction 30′ × 60′ Quadrangle, California and Nevada] [[United States Geological Survey]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070329040024/http://www2.nature.nps.gov/Geology/usgsnps/deva/weather.html Death Valley Weather]
* {{GNIS|270787|Death Valley}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150519051018/http://dvconservancy.org/dvc-main.htm Death Valley Nonprofit Support Organization]
* [http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/places/countries-places/united-states/us_deathvalley/ Death Valley] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228223723/http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/places/countries-places/united-states/us_deathvalley |date=February 28, 2014 }} on ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]''
* {{cite web|title=Rare Photos from the Wild West You Wouldn't Believe Existed: Death Valley|author=Strauss, Brandon|date=January 18, 2018|website=Eternal Lifestyle|url=http://www.eternallifestyle.com/living/rare-photos-wild-west-wouldnt-believe-existed/}}

{{Death Valley}}
{{California}}<!--article is about the valley, not the park--{{Nevada}}-->
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Death Valley| ]]
[[Category:Death Valley National Park|*]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Inyo County, California]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of San Bernardino County, California]]
[[Category:Extreme points of the United States]]
[[Category:Lowest points of U.S. states]]
[[Category:Regions of California]]
[[Category:Rifts and grabens]]
[[Category:Springs of California]]
[[Category:Valleys of California]]
[[Category:Valleys of Inyo County, California]]
[[Category:Valleys of San Bernardino County, California]]
[[Category:Valleys of the Mojave Desert]]
[[Category:Weather extremes of Earth]]