Editing Darwin Awards

{{Short description|Rhetorical tongue-in-cheek award}}
{{About||the Royal Society award|Darwin Medal|the film|The Darwin Awards (film){{!}}''The Darwin Awards''}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox website
| name             = Darwin Awards
| logo             = Darwinaward.png
| url              = {{URL|https://darwinawards.com/}}
| commercial       = Yes
| type             = Humor
| owner            = Wendy Northcutt
| launch_date      = {{Start date and age|1993}}
}}

[[File:Charles Darwin seated crop.jpg|thumb|[[Charles Darwin]], after whom the awards are named]]

The '''Darwin Awards''' are a rhetorical [[tongue-in-cheek]] honor that originated in [[Usenet]] newsgroup discussions around 1985. They recognize individuals who have supposedly [[Culling|contributed to human evolution]] by [[natural selection|selecting]] themselves out of the [[gene pool]] by dying or becoming [[sterilization (medicine)|sterilized]] by their own actions.

The project became more formalized with the creation of a website in 1993, followed by a series of books starting in 2000 by Wendy Northcutt. The criterion for the awards states: "In the spirit of [[Charles Darwin]], the Darwin Awards commemorate individuals who protect our gene pool by making the ultimate sacrifice of their own lives. Darwin Award winners eliminate themselves in an extraordinarily idiotic manner, thereby improving our species' chances of long-term survival."<ref name="history_and_rules">{{cite web|last=Northcutt|first=Wendy|title=History & Rules|url=http://www.darwinawards.com/rules/rules1.html|publisher=darwinawards.com|access-date=August 14, 2012}}</ref>

Accidental self-sterilization also qualifies, but the site notes: "Of necessity, the award is usually bestowed posthumously." The candidate is disqualified, though, if "innocent bystanders" are killed in the process, as they might have contributed positively to the gene pool. The logical problem presented by award winners who may have already reproduced is not addressed in the selection process owing to the difficulty of ascertaining whether or not a person has children; the Darwin Award rules state that the presence of offspring does not disqualify a nominee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://darwinawards.com/rules/rules.children.html|title=Darwin Awards: History and Rules|website=darwinawards.com|access-date=February 24, 2020}}</ref>

==History==
{{stack|[[File:Wendy Northcutt.jpg|thumb|Wendy Northcutt, author of the Darwin Awards website and books]]}}
The origin of the Darwin Awards can be traced back to posts on [[Usenet]] group discussions as early as 1985. A post on August 7, 1985, describes the awards as being "given posthumously to people who have made the supreme sacrifice to keep their genes out of our pool. Style counts, not everyone who dies from their own stupidity can win."<ref name="Freeman_Andy">{{cite news|last=Freeman|first=Andy|title=Darwin Awards.|url=https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!msg/net.bizarre/V5o__gcmIf0/fZ5sv2BvzAsJ%5B1-25%5D|access-date=August 14, 2012|newspaper=[[Google groups]] archive of net.bizarre.|date=August 7, 1985}}</ref> This early post cites an example of a person who tried to break into a [[Death by vending machine|vending machine]] and was crushed to death when he pulled it over on himself.<ref name="Freeman_Andy" /> Another widely distributed early story mentioning the Darwin Awards is the [[JATO Rocket Car]], which describes a man who strapped a [[JATO|jet-assisted take-off]] unit to his [[Chevrolet Impala]] in the [[Arizona]] desert and who died on the side of a cliff as his car achieved speeds of {{convert|250|to|300|mph}}. This story was later determined to be an urban legend by the [[Arizona Department of Public Safety]].<ref name="Mikkelson_Barbara">{{cite news|last=Mikkelson|first=Barbara|title=Carmageddon.|url=http://www.snopes.com/autos/dream/jato.asp|access-date=August 14, 2012|newspaper=[[Snopes]]|date=November 12, 2006}}</ref> Wendy Northcutt says the official Darwin Awards website run by Northcutt does its best to confirm all stories submitted, listing them as, "confirmed true by Darwin". Many of the [[viral email]]s circulating the Internet, however, are hoaxes and urban legends.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2003 Darwin Awards|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/2003-darwin-awards/|access-date=2022-02-08|website=Snopes.com|date=May 4, 2006 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2004 Darwin Awards|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/2004-darwin-awards/|access-date=2022-02-08|website=Snopes.com|date=July 26, 2005 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2005 Darwin Awards|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/2005-darwin-awards/|access-date=2022-02-08|website=Snopes.com|date=August 7, 2005 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2006 Darwin Awards|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/2006-darwin-awards/|access-date=2022-02-08|website=Snopes.com|date=April 2, 2007 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The website and collection of books were started in 1993 by Wendy Northcutt, who at the time was a graduate in [[molecular biology]] from the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref name="Hansen_Suzy" /> She went on to study [[neurobiology]] at [[Stanford University]], doing research on cancer and [[telomerase]]. In her spare time, she organized [[chain letter]]s from family members into the original Darwin Awards website hosted in her personal account space at Stanford. She eventually gave up practical research in 1998, and devoted herself full-time to her website and books in September 1999.<ref name="Hawkins_John">{{cite news |last=Hawkins |first=John |title=A Conversation with Darwin (Webmaster of the Darwin Awards). |url=http://www.rightwingnews.com/interviews/darwin.php |access-date=August 14, 2012 |newspaper=Right Wing News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622054043/http://www.rightwingnews.com/interviews/darwin.php |archive-date=June 22, 2012 }}</ref> By 2002, the website received 7 million page hits per month.<ref name="Clark_Doug">{{cite news|last=Clark |first=Doug |title=Let's hear it for natural selection. |url=http://www.spokesmanreview.com/news-story.asp?date=111402&ID=s1253392 |access-date=September 18, 2012 |newspaper=[[The Spokesman-Review]] |date=November 14, 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052123/http://www.spokesmanreview.com/news-story.asp?date=111402&ID=s1253392 |archive-date=December 3, 2013 }}</ref>

Northcutt encountered some difficulty in publishing the first book, since most publishers would only offer her a deal if she agreed to remove the stories from the Internet, but she refused: "It was a community! I could not do that. Even though it might have cost me a lot of money, I kept saying no." She eventually found a publisher who agreed to print a book containing only 10% of the material gathered for the website. The first book turned out to be a success, and was listed on ''[[The New York Times]]'' best-seller list for 6 months.<ref name="John_123reg">{{cite news |author=John |title=Pet porn, rocket cars and hand grenades. |url=http://www.123-reg.co.uk/blog/interviews/darwin-awards-pet-porn-and-hand-grenades/ |access-date=2012-08-31 |newspaper=123-reg |date=2008-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831004041/http://www.123-reg.co.uk/blog/interviews/darwin-awards-pet-porn-and-hand-grenades/ |archive-date=2012-08-31 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Not all of the feedback from the stories Northcutt published was positive, and she occasionally received email from people who knew the deceased. One such person advised: "This is horrible. It has shocked our community to the core. You should remove this."  Northcutt demurred: "I can't. It's just too stupid." Northcutt kept the stories on the website and in her books, citing them as a "funny-but-true safety guide", and mentioning that children who read the book are going to be much more careful around explosives.<ref name="CNN_interview">{{cite news|title='Darwin Awards' author dedicated to documenting macabre mishaps. |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2001-01-03/entertainment/darwin.awards_1_deaths-darwin-award-wendy-northcutt |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119105342/http://articles.cnn.com/2001-01-03/entertainment/darwin.awards_1_deaths-darwin-award-wendy-northcutt |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-19 |access-date=2012-09-18 |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=2001-01-03 }}</ref>

The website also awards Honorable Mentions to individuals who survive their misadventures with their reproductive capacity intact. One example of this is [[Lawnchair Larry|Larry Walters]], who attached [[helium]]-filled [[weather balloon]]s to a lawn chair and floated far above [[Long Beach, California]], in July 1982. He reached an altitude of {{convert|16000|ft|m|abbr=on}}, but survived, to be later fined for crossing [[controlled airspace]].<ref name="Greany_Walker_Hecht">{{cite news |author1=Greany, Ed |author2=Walker, Douglas |author3=Hecht, Walter |title=Lawn Chair Larry |url=http://darwinawards.com/stupid/stupid1998-11.html |access-date=August 14, 2012 |newspaper=darwinawards.com}}</ref> (Walters later fell into depression and died by suicide.) Another notable honorable mention was given to the two men who attempted to burgle the home of footballer [[Duncan Ferguson]] (who had an infamous reputation for physical aggression on and off the pitch, including four convictions for assault and who had served six months in Glasgow's [[Barlinnie Prison]]) in 2001, with one burglar requiring three days' hospitalisation after being confronted by the player.<ref name="McSean_Nash">{{cite news |author1=McSean, Tony |author2=Nash, Pete |title=Ferguson 2, Thieves 0 |url=http://darwinawards.com/stupid/stupid2001-04.html |access-date=August 14, 2012 |publisher=darwinawards.com}}</ref>

{{stack|[[File:Lendrem et al.-2014-Figure 1-The Darwin Awards sex differences in idiotic behavior.jpg|thumb|alt=Figure charting sex differences between Darwin Award winners, 1995–2014 |"Male and female Darwin Award winners: Line H<sub>0</sub> indicates expected percentages under the null hypothesis that males and females are equally idiotic."<ref name=Lendrem />]]}}
A 2014 study published in the ''[[British Medical Journal]]'' found that between 1995 and 2014, males represented 88.7% of Darwin Award winners (see figure).<ref name=Lendrem>{{Cite journal| doi=10.1136/bmj.g7094 |volume=349 |pages=g7094 |last1=Lendrem |first1=Ben Alexander Daniel |last2=Lendrem |first2=Dennis William |last3=Gray |first3=Andy |last4=Isaacs |first4=John Dudley |title=The Darwin Awards: sex differences in idiotic behaviour |journal=BMJ |date=December 11, 2014 |issue=dec10 20 |pmid=25500113 |pmc=4263959}}{{open access}}</ref>

The comedy film ''[[The Darwin Awards (film)|The Darwin Awards]]'' (2006), written and directed by [[Finn Taylor]], was based on the website and many of the Darwin Awards stories.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=G. Allen |title='Darwin Awards' explores the wacky ways some people end up dying |url=https://www.sfgate.com/thingstodo/article/darwin-awards-explores-the-wacky-ways-some-2505706.php |access-date=2024-05-07 |work=SFGATE |language=en}}</ref>

==Rules==
Northcutt has stated five requirements for a Darwin Award:<ref name="history_and_rules" /><ref name="Hansen_Suzy">{{cite news |last=Hansen |first=Suzy |title=The Darwin Awards |url=http://www.salon.com/2000/11/10/northcutt/ |access-date=September 18, 2012 |newspaper=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |date=November 10, 2000}}</ref>  Two of them are that the event must be verified to have happened, and that the nominee themselves were responsible for the activity.  The others are:

=== Nominee must be dead or rendered sterile ===

This may be subject to dispute. Potential awardees may be out of the gene pool because of age; others have already reproduced before their deaths. To avoid debates about the possibility of [[in-vitro fertilization|''in vitro'' fertilization]], [[artificial insemination]], or [[human cloning|cloning]], the original Darwin Awards book applied the following "deserted island" test to potential winners: If the person were unable to reproduce when stranded on a deserted island with a fertile member of the opposite sex, he or she would be considered sterile.<ref name="book_one">{{cite book |last=Northcutt |first=Wendy |title=The Darwin Awards: Evolution in Action |year=2000 |publisher=PLUME (The Penguin Group) |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-525-94572-7 |pages=2–6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cowke97r_IkC&q=darwin+awards}}</ref> Winners of the award, in general, either are dead or have become unable to use their [[sexual organs]].

=== Astoundingly stupid judgment ===

The candidate's foolishness must be unique and sensational, likely because the award is intended to be funny. A number of foolish but common activities, such as smoking in bed, are excluded from consideration. In contrast, [[self-immolation]] caused by smoking after being administered a flammable ointment in a hospital and specifically told not to smoke is grounds for nomination.<ref name="stubbed_out">{{cite web |author1=C.J. |author2=Malcolm, Andrew |author3=Sims, Iain |author4=Beeston, Richard. |title=Stubbed Out |url=http://darwinawards.com/darwin/darwin2006-06.html |publisher=darwinawards.com |access-date=August 15, 2012}}</ref> One "Honorable Mention" (a man who attempted suicide by swallowing [[Glyceryl trinitrate (pharmacology)|nitroglycerin pills]], and then tried to detonate them by running into a wall) is noted to be in this category, despite being intentional and self-inflicted (i.e. attempted suicide), which would normally disqualify the inductee.<ref name="Cawcutt_Tom">{{cite web |last=Cawcutt |first=Tom |title=Phenomenal Failure |url=http://darwinawards.com/stupid/stupid2001-24.html |publisher=darwinawards.com |access-date=August 15, 2012}}</ref>

=== Capable of sound judgment ===
In 2011, however, the awards targeted a 16-year-old boy in Leeds who died stealing copper wiring. In 2012, Northcutt made similar light of a 14-year-old girl in Brazil who was killed while leaning out of a school bus window, but she was "disqualified" for the award itself because of the likely public objection owing to the girl's age, which Northcutt asserts is based on "[[magical thinking]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://homoeconomicusnet.wordpress.com/2012/12/10/darwin-awards-2012-too-young-to-include/|title=Darwin Awards 2012 – too young to include?|date=December 10, 2012|access-date=June 4, 2018}}</ref>

Under this rule, and for reasons of good taste, individuals whose misfortune was caused by mental impairment or disability are not eligible for a Darwin Award, primarily to avoid mocking or making light of the disabled, and to ensure that the awards do not celebrate or trivialize tragedies involving vulnerable individuals.

== Reception ==
The Darwin Awards have received varying levels of scrutiny from the scientific community. In his book ''Encyclopedia of Evolution'', biology professor Stanley A. Rice comments: "Despite the tremendous value of these stories as entertainment, it is unlikely that they represent evolution in action", citing the nonexistence of "judgment impairment genes".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rice|first=Stanley A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YRcAVvmE6eMC&pg=PA108|title=Encyclopedia of Evolution|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4381-1005-9|pages=108|language=en}}</ref> On an essay in the book ''The Evolution of Evil'', professor Nathan Hallanger acknowledges that the Darwin Awards are meant as [[Black comedy|black humor]], but associates them with the [[eugenics]] movement of the early 20th century.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bennett|first1=Gaymon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vca7Y0VI5aAC&pg=PA301|title=The Evolution of Evil|last2=Hewlett|first2=Martinez Joseph|last3=Peters|first3=Ted|last4=Russell|first4=Robert John|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|year=2008|isbn=978-3-525-56979-5|pages=301–302|language=en}}</ref> [[University of Oxford]] [[Biophysics|biophysicist]] Sylvia McLain, writing for ''[[The Guardian]]'', says that while the Darwin Awards are "clearly meant to be funny", they do not accurately represent how genetics work, further noting that {{"'}}smart' people do stupid things all the time".<ref>{{Cite web|last=McLain|first=Sylvia|date=2013-05-09|title=Evolutionary theory gone wrong|url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/occams-corner/2013/may/09/evolutionary-theory-gone-wrong-darwin|access-date=2022-02-08|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Geology|Geologist]] and [[Science communication|science communicator]] [[Sharon A. Hill]] has criticized the Darwin Awards on both scientific and ethical grounds, claiming that no genetic traits impact personal intelligence or good judgment to be targeted by [[natural selection]], and calling them an example of "ignorance" and "heartlessness".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-03 |title=Why the Darwin Awards Should Die |url=https://sharonahill.com/2017/07/03/why-the-darwin-awards-should-die/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220144554/https://sharonahill.com/2017/07/03/why-the-darwin-awards-should-die/ |archive-date=2021-12-20 |access-date=2022-02-08 |website=Sharon A. Hill |language=en-US}}</ref> However, studies have found hundreds of genes that influence intelligence and the majority of twin studies have found that the [[heritability of IQ]] due to genetic variation is greater than 57% and potentially up to 80%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bouchard Jr. |first1=Thomas J. |last2=McGue |first2=Matt |date=2003 |title=Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/neu.10160 |journal=Journal of Neurobiology |language=en |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=4–45 |doi=10.1002/neu.10160 |pmid=12486697 |issn=1097-4695}}</ref> A large study found direct links between genetics and risky behavior.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://health.ucsd.edu/news/press-releases/2019-01-14-large-study-identifies-genetic-variants-linked-to-risk-tolerance-risky-behaviors/ |title=Large Study Identifies Genetic Variants Linked to Risk Tolerance and Risky Behaviors}}</ref>

==Notable recipients==

* The driver of the [[JATO Rocket Car]] in the well-known urban legend.
* [[Garry Hoy]] who fell from the 24th story of the [[Toronto-Dominion Centre]] whilst attempting to demonstrate to a group of students that the windows were unbreakable. His death has been featured in television programs such as ''[[1000 Ways to Die]]'' and ''[[MythBusters]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Torontoist |date=2013-01-03 |title=Toronto Urban Legends: The Leaping Lawyer of Bay Street |url=https://torontoist.com/2013/01/urban-legends-the-leaping-lawyer-of-bay-street/ |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=Torontoist}}</ref>
* [[Charles Stephens (daredevil)|Charles Stephens]], the first person to die while attempting to go over [[Niagara Falls]] in a barrel.<ref>{{cite web |title=Charles G. Stephens |url=http://www.reservationsystems.com/niagara_daredevils/charles_g_stephens.html |url-status=dead |publisher=Niagara Daredevils |accessdate=13 March 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221153404/http://reservationsystems.com/niagara_daredevils/charles_g_stephens.html |archivedate=21 December 2014}}</ref>
* [[Larry Walters]] was awarded an 'Honorable Mention' for his lawn chair balloon flight into controlled airspace.
* [[John Allen Chau]] who tried to convert an isolated indigenous group on [[North Sentinel Island]] to Christianity, and was killed by them.

==Books==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last = Northcutt |first = Wendy |title = The Darwin Awards: Evolution in Action |year =  2000 |publisher = Plume |location = New York City |isbn = 978-0-525-94572-7}}
* {{cite book |last = Northcutt |first = Wendy |title = The Darwin Awards II: Unnatural Selection |year =  2001 |publisher = Plume  |location = New York City |isbn = 978-1-101-21896-9}}
* {{cite book |last = Northcutt |first = Wendy |title = The Darwin Awards 3: Survival of the Fittest |year = 2003 |publisher = Plume |location = New York City |isbn = 978-0-525-94773-8 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/darwinawards3sur00nort }}
* {{cite book |last = Northcutt |first = Wendy |title = The Darwin Awards: The Descent of Man |year =  2005 |publisher = Running Press Miniature Editions |isbn = 978-0-7624-2561-7}}
* {{cite book |last = Northcutt |first = Wendy |title = The Darwin Awards: Felonious Failures |year =  2005 |publisher = Running Press Miniature Editions |isbn = 978-0-7624-2562-4}}
* {{cite book |last = Northcutt |first = Wendy |title = The Darwin Awards 4: Intelligent Design |url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780525949602 |url-access = registration |year =  2006 |publisher = Dutton |location = New York City |isbn = 978-1-101-21892-1}}
* {{cite book |last = Northcutt |first = Wendy |title = The Darwin Awards V: Next Evolution |year =  2008 |publisher = Dutton  |location = New York City |isbn = 978-0-14-301033-3}}
* {{cite book |last = Northcutt |first = Wendy |title = The Darwin Awards Next Evolution: Chlorinating the Gene Pool |url = https://archive.org/details/darwinawardsnext00nort |url-access = registration |year =  2008 |publisher = Dutton  |location = New York City |isbn = 978-1-4406-3677-6}}
* {{cite book |last = Northcutt |first = Wendy |title = The Darwin Awards: Countdown to Extinction |url = https://archive.org/details/darwinawardscoun00nort |url-access = registration |year =  2010 |publisher = Dutton  |location = New York City |isbn = 978-1-101-44465-8}}
{{refend}}

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Accident-proneness}}
* [[List of inventors killed by their own inventions]]
* {{annotated link|Preventable causes of death}}
* [[List of selfie-related injuries and deaths]]
* [[List of unusual deaths]]
* {{annotated link|Just-world fallacy}}
*''[[Schadenfreude]]''
*[[Death by misadventure]]
*[[Herman Cain Award]], a similar ironic award
* [[Ig Nobel Prize]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.darwinawards.com/}}

{{Darwin}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:American comedy websites]]
[[Category:Ironic and humorous awards]]
[[Category:Incompetence]]
[[Category:Black comedy]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 1993]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Evolution]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies]]