Editing Darien, Georgia

{{Short description|City in Georgia, United States}}
{{More citations needed| date = April 2017}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
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|name                     = Darien, Georgia
|official_name            = City of Darien
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|settlement_type          = City
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|map_caption              = Location in [[McIntosh County, Georgia|McIntosh County]] and the state of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
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|subdivision_type         = Country
|subdivision_name         = United States
|subdivision_type1        = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1        = [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
|subdivision_type2        = [[List of counties in Georgia (U.S. state)|County]]
|subdivision_name2        = [[McIntosh County, Georgia|McIntosh]]
|subdivision_type3        = 
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|area_footnotes           = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2022">{{cite web |title=2022 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Georgia |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2022_Gazetteer/2022_gaz_place_13.txt |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=January 23, 2023}}</ref>
|area_total_km2           = 62.26
|area_land_km2            = 54.82
|area_water_km2           = 7.44
|area_total_sq_mi         = 24.04
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<!-- Population   ----------------------->
|population_as_of         = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
|population_footnotes     = <ref name="Census 2020">{{Cite web| url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=&g=1600000US1321716&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1| title=P1. Race – Darien city, Georgia: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau| access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref>
|population_note          = 
|population_total         = 1460
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<!-- General information  --------------->
|timezone                 = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
|utc_offset               = -5
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|coordinates              = {{coord|31|22|16|N|81|25|51|W|region:US_type:city|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes      = <!--for references: use<ref> </ref> tags-->
|elevation_m              = 9
|elevation_ft             = 30
<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->
|postal_code_type         = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code              = 31305
|area_code                = [[Area code 912|912]]
|blank_name               = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info               = 13-21716<ref name="GR2">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 31, 2008 |title=U.S. Census website }}</ref>
|blank1_name              = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info              = 0331512<ref name="GR3">{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|access-date=January 31, 2008|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=October 25, 2007}}</ref>
|website                  = {{URL|www.cityofdarienga.com|cityofdarienga.com}}
|footnotes                = 
}}
'''Darien''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ɛər|i|ˈ|ɛ|n}}) is a city in and the [[county seat]] of [[McIntosh County, Georgia|McIntosh County]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], United States.<ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |access-date=June 7, 2011 |title=Find a County |publisher=National Association of Counties |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |archive-date=May 31, 2011  }}</ref> It lies on Georgia's coast at the mouth of the [[Altamaha River]], approximately {{convert|50|mi|km|sp=us|abbr=off}} south of [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]], and is part of the [[Brunswick, Georgia]] [[Metropolitan Statistical Area|metropolitan statistical area]]. It is the second-oldest planned city in Georgia and was originally called '''New Inverness'''. The population of Darien was 1,460 at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]],<ref name="Census 2020"/> down from 1,975 in [[2010 United States census|2010]].

==History==
===Colonial period===
[[Image:DarienMarkers.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Historical markers]]
The British built [[Fort King George]] in 1721, near what would become Darien. At the time it was the southernmost outpost of the [[British Empire]] in North America. The fort was abandoned in 1727 following attacks from the Spanish. Its remains constitute the oldest fort on the Georgia coast.

The town of Darien (originally known as "New Inverness") was founded in January 1736 by [[Scottish Highlanders]] recruited by [[James Oglethorpe]] to act as settler-soldiers protecting the frontiers of Georgia from the Spanish in [[Spanish Florida|Florida]], the French in the [[Alabama River|Alabama basin]], and the Indian allies of each colonial enterprise. On January 10, 1736, 177 emigrants, including women and children, arrived on the ''Prince of Wales'' to establish Darien, which was named after the [[Darien scheme]], a former Scottish colony in [[Panama]]. Among the initial settlers was [[Lachlan McGillivray]], who became a noted trader with the [[Muscogee|Creek people]], and [[Lachlan McIntosh]], a leader during the [[American Revolutionary War]].

The Scots originated mainly from around [[Inverness]] and consisted of both [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] and [[House of Hanover|Hanoverian]] supporting [[clan]]s, the majority of whom spoke only [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]]. When visited by Oglethorpe in February, the settlers had already constructed "a [[Artillery battery|battery]] of four pieces of cannon, built a guardhouse, a storehouse, a chapel, and several huts for particular people."<ref name="Parker2010">{{cite book |author=Anthony W. Parker |title=Scottish Highlanders in Colonial Georgia: The Recruitment, Emigration, and Settlement at Darien, 1735-1748 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xNydb93XUMC&pg=PA53 |date=July 1, 2010 |publisher=University of Georgia Press |isbn=978-0-8203-2718-1 |page=53}}</ref> Darien was laid out in accordance with the now-famous [[Oglethorpe Plan]].<ref name="Wilson2015">{{cite book |author=Thomas D. Wilson |title=The Oglethorpe Plan: Enlightenment Design in Savannah and Beyond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uLNSBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT109 |date=February 12, 2015 |publisher=University of Virginia Press |isbn=978-0-8139-3711-3 |page=109}}</ref>

They showed similar progress in the construction of military forts: by March the Scottish settlers had begun work on two forts, [[Fort St. Andrews]] on [[Cumberland Island]],<ref name="Bullard2005">{{cite book |author=Mary R. Bullard |title=Cumberland Island: A History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfoQKhk4fQ4C&pg=PA30 |date=January 1, 2005 |publisher=University of Georgia Press |isbn=978-0-8203-2741-9 |pages=30–31}}</ref> and Fort St. George on the [[St. Johns River]], {{cvt|60|mi|-1}} to the south of the territory claimed by the British government in the Georgia charter.

In 1736, the British abandoned Fort St. George by agreement with the Spanish officials in Florida. In 1736 Darien settlers began work on [[Fort Frederica National Monument|Fort Frederica]] on [[St. Simons, Georgia|St. Simons Island]], a few miles south of Darien, between it and Cumberland Island. Scots settlers whose travel was paid for by the Trustees of the Colony were organized into two companies, the [[Independent Highland Companies|Highland Independent Company of Foot]], an infantry force, and the Highland [[Colonial American military history|Rangers]], a mounted force. By 1737 the constant military activity of the Darien colony was taking its toll. An additional 44 Highland settlers arrived to expand the town.

Initially the settlers' economy was based on the cultivation of crops; however, after the first year, they suffered a succession of poor harvests. They concentrated on rearing cattle and harvesting timber for sale in nearby [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]].

In 1739 eighteen of the most prominent members of the Darien colony signed the first [[Wikisource:Petition against the Introduction of Slavery|petition against the introduction of slavery]] into Georgia, in response to pleas to Oglethorpe and the trustees by inhabitants of Savannah to lift the prohibition of slavery.<ref name="JonesWood2005">{{cite book |author1=Jacqueline Jones |author2=Peter Wood |author3=Elaine Tyler May |author4=Thomas Borstelmann |author5=A. Ruiz |author6=Vicki L. Ruiz |title=Created Equal: A Social and Political History of the United States to 1877 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6UiGOgZh-iMC&q=%22Highlanders%22 |date=February 1, 2005 |publisher=Longman Publishing |isbn=978-0-321-31814-5 |page=142}}</ref> The Highlanders' petition was successful, but slavery was introduced ten years later in 1749 because the proprietors could not attract enough laborers to make the colony profitable.

Conflicts continued with Spanish and Indian forces during this time. The [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] began in October 1739. In November, in response to two Scots garrisoned on [[Amelia Island]] being killed in an ambush by Spanish-allied Indians, the Darien settlers mobilized and, together with forces from [[Province of South Carolina|South Carolina]], captured the Spanish forts [[Fort Picolata|Picolata]], [[Fort San Francisco de Pupo|San Francisco de Pupo]], [[Fort San Diego|San Diego]], and [[Fort Mose Historic State Park|Mose]], before attempting to lay siege to [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]]. The Spanish won the [[Siege of Fort Mose#Battle|Battle of Fort Mose]], resulting in the death or capture of 51 Darien settlers.

After the battle, a number of the settlers abandoned Darien for South Carolina. By 1741 another shipload of 43 colonists had arrived. These colonists received land grants from the trustees which specified that the land was to pass to the male or female descendants of the original recipients, in "Tail General". The trustees were trying to keep settlers in the colony. Previously, all land grants in the American colonies had been granted in "Tail Male", descending to only the male children. The Highland settlers objected to the change, as it went against their traditional [[patrilineal]] landholding and inheritance practices. In the future, the majority of Georgia land grants were made in "Tail General".

In January 1775, the city passed a resolution condemning slavery, saying:

{{Blockquote|text=To show the world that we are not influenced by any contracted or interested motives, but a general philanthropy for all mankind, of whatever climate, language, or complexion, we hereby declare our disapprobation and abhorrence of the unnatural practice of [[Slavery in the United States|Slavery]] in ''America'', (however the uncultivated state of our country, or other specious arguments may plead for it,) a practice founded in injustice and cruelty, and highly dangerous to our liberties, (as well as our lives,) debasing part of our fellow-creatures below men, and corrupting the virtue and morals of the rest; and is laying the basis of that liberty we contend for (and which we pray the Almighty to continue to the latest posterity) upon a very wrong foundation. We therefore resolve, at all times to use our utmost endevours for the manumission of Slaves...|author=Darien Committee|source=Darien Resolutions, January 12, 1775<ref name="Gehrke2006">{{cite book|author=Maria Gehrke|title=The Revolution of the People: Thoughts and Documents on the Revolutionary Process in North America 1774-1776|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=suGs9JNciAoC&pg=RA1-PA153|year=2006|publisher=Universitätsverlag Göttingen|isbn=978-3-938616-42-0|page=153}}</ref>}}

===Civil War and after===
[[Image:DarienRuins.jpg|thumb|200px|Ruins of warehouses on the waterfront from the burning of the city in 1863]]
[[File:Building in Darien, GA, US at Broad & Screven.jpg|right|thumb|Adam Strain building at Broad and Screven, the only existing building that survived the 1863 burning of Darien by the US Army]]
On June 11, 1863, [[Union Army|Union]] troops stationed on [[St. Simons Island]] looted and destroyed most of the town, including the homes of black residents, mostly slaves. This was not part of [[Sherman's March to the Sea]], which occurred more than a year later. Confusion has arisen because the St. Simons Island troops were under the command of another General Sherman, stationed in the South Carolina Sea Islands. The destruction of the undefended city, which was of little strategic importance, was carried out by the [[54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment|54th Massachusetts Volunteers]] under the command of a reluctant Colonel [[Robert Gould Shaw]] and the [[2nd South Carolina Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Colored)|2nd South Carolina Volunteers]] under the command of Colonel [[James Montgomery (colonel)|James Montgomery]]. Colonel Montgomery ordered that the town be looted and burned. This was part of the Union strategy to damage the Confederate states' ability to supply food and materiel towards their war effort.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unf.edu/floridahistoryonline/montgomery/ |title="Montgomery's Raids in Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina", by William Lee Apthorp, Lt. Colonel, 34th United States Colored Infantry, June 1864. |access-date=August 8, 2017 |archive-date=September 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925184618/http://www.unf.edu/floridahistoryonline/montgomery/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Montgomery's troops allegedly broke ranks and looted freely, while Shaw ordered his troops to take only what would be useful at camp. (He later described the raid as a "Satanic action.")<ref>{{Cite web|title = Massachusetts 54th Company A|url = http://www.mass54thcompany-a.com/history/index.html|website = www.mass54thcompany-a.com|access-date = November 10, 2015}}</ref>

The destruction of Darien was most famously depicted in the 1989 film [[Glory (1989 film)|Glory]].

The First African Baptist Church (claimed to be the oldest African American church in the county) was destroyed along with the rest of the town. It was rebuilt, and later some meetings of the 20th-century [[Civil Rights Movement]] were held there.

After the [[U.S. Army]] destroyed Darien, gunboats were used to [[Union blockade|blockade]] the port. The troops plundered residents and plantations of McIntosh County for food, as armies lived off the land to a great extent. The only defenders left in the county were a group of men too old for military service. On the night of August 3, 1864, the county's white defenders had met at the Ebenezer Church, {{cvt|9|mi}} north of Darien. Union troops found out about the meeting from the local enslaved people. The troops surrounded the church, opened fire, and captured 23 men.<ref>{{cite book |title=The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0VlkzPZRlMC&pg=PA424 |volume=XXXV |year=1891 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=424}}</ref> These men were marched to a landing near Darien, put on ships, and taken to prisons in the North.<ref name="GeorgiaInfo2016">{{cite web |title=Historical Markers by County - GeorgiaInfo |url=http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/historical_markers/county/mcintosh/capture-of-23-old-men-in-1864 |website=georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu |publisher=Digital Library of Georgia |access-date=July 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918131920/http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/historical_markers/county/mcintosh/capture-of-23-old-men-in-1864 |archive-date=September 18, 2016 |language=en|date=2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:General view of Darien.jpg|left|thumb|View of [[St. Andrew's Episcopal Church (Darien, Georgia)|St. Andrews Episcopal Church]] and [[Vernon Square–Columbus Square Historic District|Vernon Square]] in Darien in 1910.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://standrewsstcyprians.georgiaepiscopal.org/ |title=The Episcopal Community of McIntosh County |website=standrewsstcyprians.georgiaepiscopal.org |language=en-US |access-date=April 13, 2017}}</ref>]]

Following the Civil War, Darien was rebuilt, with financial aid coming in small part from the family of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw. He had been killed during the war but had written to his family of his shame in participating in the destruction of it.<ref>Burchard, Peter. ''One Gallant Rush,'' p.151</ref>

Into the early 1900s, Darien was one of the largest Southeastern ports for shipping lumber. When the timber was depleted, Darien became a fishing village, known primarily for Georgia wild [[shrimp]]. It was once famous for its [[oyster]]s.

On September 8, 1930, two African American men, George Grant and Willie Bryan, were [[Lynching|lynch]]ed by a mob of Darien's residents in the Darien Jail due to the death of Police Chief Robert L. Freeman and the wounding of Deputy Collins and two other officers while trying to capture the two men after a robbery at the Darien Bank. The town was put under [[martial law]] by Colonel W.R. Neal of the Georgia militia in response to the mob.<ref name="NYT1930">{{cite news|title=Darien, Georgia Negro Lynchings|url=http://www.rarenewspapers.com/view/626279?imagelist=1#full-images|access-date=July 7, 2017|work=New York Times|date=September 9, 1930|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707025404/http://www.rarenewspapers.com/view/626279?imagelist=1#full-images|archive-date=July 7, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Donald Lee Grant. ''The Way it was in the South: The Black Experience in Georgia,'' p.327</ref>

There are 32 markers of historic sites near Darien and 42 markers in McIntosh County. (See the external link for a list.)

Darien in the 21st century has shown signs of growth. With the formation of the [[Interstate Highway System]], [[Interstate 95 in Georgia|Interstate 95]] was constructed and passes approximately {{cvt|1|mi|0}} west of the city. This drew off businesses from the city center as development ensued near the I-95 interchange with [[Georgia State Route 251|GA 251]]. This has resulted in the building of several chain restaurants, gas stations, and hotels, as well as a small outlet mall. But downtown Darien has flourished with an emphasis on its historic heritage and the waterfront. Many new businesses have opened as the city has reclaimed its walking center.{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}}

==Geography==
Darien is located on the southern edge of McIntosh County at {{coord|31|22|16|N|81|25|51|W|type:city}} (31.371134, −81.430742).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=April 23, 2011|date=February 12, 2011|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> It is bordered to the south by the [[Altamaha River]], {{convert|10|mi|0}} upstream (west) from its mouth at the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. The city is sited on a low bluff overlooking the Darien River, a tidal channel that reaches the Atlantic at Doboy Sound north of the Altamaha.

[[U.S. Route 17]] passes through the center of town, leading north {{convert|11|mi}} to [[Eulonia, Georgia|Eulonia]] and south {{convert|17|mi}} to [[Brunswick, Georgia|Brunswick]]. [[Interstate 95]] passes through the west side of the city limits, with access from Exit 49 ([[Georgia State Route 250|State Route 250]]). I-95 leads north {{convert|62|mi}} to [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] and south {{convert|78|mi}} to [[Jacksonville, Florida]].

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|24.0|sqmi}}, of which {{convert|21.2|sqmi}} are land and {{convert|2.9|sqmi}}, or 11.94%, are water.<ref name="CenPopGazetteer2022"/>

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1850= 550
|1860= 570
|1870= 547
|1880= 1543
|1890= 1491
|1900= 1739
|1910= 1391
|1920= 823
|1930= 937
|1940= 1015
|1950= 1380
|1960= 1569
|1970= 1826
|1980= 1731
|1990= 1783
|2000= 1719
|2010= 1975
|2020= 1460
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Darien racial composition as of 2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=Explore Census Data|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US1321716&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|access-date=2021-12-14|website=data.census.gov}}</ref>
!Race
!Num.
!Perc.
|-
|[[White (U.S. Census)|White]] (non-Hispanic)
|810
|55.48%
|-
|[[African American (U.S. Census)|Black or African American]] (non-Hispanic)
|542
|37.12%
|-
|[[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]]
|14
|0.97%
|-
|[[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]]
|15
|1.03%
|-
|[[Race (United States Census)|Other/Mixed]]
|58
|3.97%
|-
|[[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]]
|21
|1.44%
|}
As of the [[2020 United States census]], there were 1,460 people, 957 households, and 609 families residing in the city.

==Government==
The city has changed its form of government to council/manager and has hired a [[city manager]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2018}}

== Education ==

=== McIntosh County School District ===
The [[McIntosh County School District]] consists of two elementary schools, a middle school, and a high school. The district has 121 full-time teachers and 1,979 students.<ref>[http://www.school-stats.com/GA/MCINTOSH/MCINTOSH_COUNTY.html School Stats], Retrieved June 24, 2010.</ref>
*Todd Grant Elementary School
*McIntosh County Middle School
*[[McIntosh County Academy]]

[[File:MARSHLANDSDARIEN.jpg|thumb|Marshland view from historic downtown area.]]
[[File:Darienboats.jpg|thumb|Shrimping boats docked near Darien River WaterFront Park & Docks. (March 2022)]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:DarienWaterfrontPark.jpg|Waterfront Park
Image:DarienMethChurch.jpg|Methodist church
Image:DarienAfricanBaptistChurch.jpg|First African Baptist church
Image:DarienPostBellumHouse.jpg|Postbellum house
File:Darien River, Georgia, USA.jpg|The Darien River. The city of Darien is to the left.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Vernon Square–Columbus Square Historic District]]
* [[West Darien Historic District]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
*Burchard, Peter (1965) ''One Gallant Rush'' St. Martin's Press, New York, NY;
* Parker, A.W. (1997) ''Scottish Highlanders in Colonial Georgia, The Recruitment, Emigration and Settlement at Darien, 1735–1748'' University of Georgia Press, Athens, GA, {{ISBN|0-8203-1915-5}} ;
* Sullivan, Buddy, ed. ''The Darien Journal of John Girardeau Legare, Ricegrower'' (University of Georgia Press; 2010). 168 pages. Journal kept by 1877 migrant from South Carolina, who documents the decline of rice cultivation in tidewater Georgia and the rise of the timber industry.

==External links==
* {{Official website|www.cityofdarienga.com}}
* [http://www.sherpaguides.com/georgia/coast/central_coast/darien.html Darien], ''Sherpa Guides'' 
* [http://www.gastateparks.org/fortkinggeorge Fort King George], Georgia State Parks
* [https://dlg.usg.edu/records?utf8=%E2%9C%93&search_field=both&q=McIntosh+County&collection_record_id=dlg_ghm Historical markers in McIntosh County, Georgia Info]
* [https://dlg.usg.edu/record/dlg_ghm_the-burning-of-darien The burning of Darien]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051217222857/http://www.georgiamagazine.com/counties/mcintosh/markers.htm "McIntosh County Roadside Historical Markers"], ''Georgia Magazine'', December 17, 2005

{{McIntosh County, Georgia}}
{{Georgia county seats}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Cities in McIntosh County, Georgia]]
[[Category:County seats in Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Brunswick metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Scottish-American history]]
[[Category:Scottish-American culture in Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:African-American history of Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1736]]