Editing Dardanelles

{{short description|Narrow strait in northwestern Turkey}}
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{{otheruses}}
{{Redirect|Hellespont|the ancient town|Hellespontine Phrygia|the Roman province|Hellespontus (province)}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name               = Dardanelles
| native_name        = {{native name|tr|Çanakkale Boğazı}}
| image              = Dardanelles map2.png
| caption            = Close-up topographic map of the Dardanelles
| image_bathymetry   = 
| caption_bathymetry = 
| depth              = 
| max-depth          = 
| inflow             = 
| outflow            = 
| catchment          = 
| basin_countries    = [[Turkey]]
| length             = {{convert|61  |km|abbr=on}}
| width              = 
| min_width          = {{convert| 1.2|km|abbr=on}}
| islands            = 
| etymology          = 
| location           = 
| pushpin_map        = Turkey#Europe
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt    = 
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|40.2|N|26.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint      = 
| part_of            = [[Turkish Straits]]
| alt                = 
| type               = [[Strait]]
| cities             = 
| area               = 
| oceans             = 
| other_name         = Strait of Gallipoli
}}

[[File:Turkish Strait disambig.svg|thumb|right|250px|Map showing the location of the Dardanelles (yellow), relative to the [[Bosporus]] (red), the Sea of Marmara, the Aegean Sea, and the Black Sea.]]
[[File:Gallipoli peninsula from space.png|thumb|right|250px|View of the Dardanelles taken from the Landsat 7 satellite in September 2006. The body of water on the left is the Aegean Sea, while the one on the upper right is the Sea of Marmara. The Dardanelles is the tapered waterway running diagonally between the two seas, from the northeast to the southwest. The long, narrow upper peninsula on the northern shores of the strait is Gallipoli ({{langx|tr|Gelibolu}}), and constitutes the banks of the continent of Europe, while the lower peninsula is Troad ({{langx|tr|Biga}}) and constitutes the banks of the continent of Asia. The city of Çanakkale is visible along the shores of the lower peninsula, centered at the only point where a sharp outcropping juts into the otherwise-linear Dardanelles.]]

The '''Dardanelles''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|d|ɑːr|d|ə|ˈ|n|ɛ|l|z}} {{respell|DAR|də|NELZ}}; {{langx|tr|Çanakkale Boğazı|lit=Strait of Çanakkale}}; {{langx|el|Δαρδανέλλια|translit=Dardanéllia}}), also known as the '''Strait of Gallipoli''' (after the [[Gallipoli]] peninsula) and in classical antiquity as the '''Hellespont''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɛ|l|ᵻ|s|p|ɒ|n|t}} {{respell|HEL|isp|ont}}; {{langx|grc-x-classic|Ἑλλήσποντος|translit=Hellḗspontos|lit=Sea of [[Helle (mythology)|Helle]]}}), is a narrow, natural strait and internationally significant waterway in northwestern [[Turkey]] that forms part of the continental boundary between [[Asia]] and [[Europe]] and separates Asian Turkey from European Turkey. Together with the [[Bosporus]], the Dardanelles forms the [[Turkish Straits]].

One of the world's narrowest straits used for [[International waterway|international navigation]], the Dardanelles connects the [[Sea of Marmara]] with the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] seas while also allowing passage to the [[Black Sea]] by extension via the Bosporus. The Dardanelles is {{convert|61|km|mi}} long and {{convert|1.2|to|6|km|mi}} wide. It has an average depth of {{convert|55|m|ft}} with a maximum depth of {{convert|103|m|ft}} at its narrowest point abreast the city of [[Çanakkale]]. The first [[fixed crossing]] across the Dardanelles opened in 2022 with the completion of the [[1915 Çanakkale Bridge]].

Most of the northern shores of the strait along the Gallipoli peninsula ({{langx|tr|Gelibolu}}) are sparsely settled, while the southern shores along the [[Troad]] peninsula ({{langx|tr|Biga}}) are inhabited by the city of Çanakkale's urban population of 110,000.

==Names==
The contemporary Turkish name {{lang|tr|Çanakkale Boğazı}}, meaning '{{lang|tr|Çanakkale|italic=no}} Strait', is derived from the [[Çanakkale|eponymous midsize city]] that adjoins the strait, itself meaning 'pottery fort'—from {{wikt-lang|ota|چاناق}} ({{lang|ota-Latn|çanak}}, 'pottery') + {{wikt-lang|ota|قلعه}} ({{wikt-lang|tr|kale}}, 'fortress')—in reference to the area's famous pottery and ceramic wares, and the landmark Ottoman fortress of Sultaniye.

The English name ''Dardanelles'' is an abbreviation of ''Strait of the Dardanelles''. During Ottoman times there was a castle on each side of the strait. These castles together were called the ''Dardanelles'',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first1=David van |last1=Hoogstraten |first2=Matthaeus Brouërius van |last2=Nidek |first3=Jan Lodewyk |last3=Schuer |encyclopedia=Groot algemeen historisch, geografisch, genealogisch, en oordeelkundig woordenboek |volume=4: D en E |location=Amsterdam/Utrecht/The Hague |date=1727 |page=25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gM-Ioe4CVgYC&pg=PA25 |title=Dardanellen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024131728/https://books.google.nl/books?id=gM-Ioe4CVgYC&pg=PA25&lpg=PA25&dq=roumeli+iski-issar&source=bl&ots=hmSzTovLCV&sig=xxcHuj-Bjp4xaKd0NjcNi1W6I_4&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjroKyBovfTAhXsCsAKHVOqCPEQ6AEIPDAH |archive-date=24 October 2017 |url-status=live |lang=nl |oclc=1193061215}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-link=George Crabb (writer) |first=George |last=Crabb |encyclopedia=Universal Historical Dictionary |volume=1 |location=London |date=1833 |url=https://archive.org/details/universalhistori10crab/page/n519/mode/2up |title=Dardanelles |oclc=1158045075}}</ref> probably named after [[Dardanus (city)|Dardanus]], an ancient city on the Asian shore of the strait which in turn was said to take its name from [[Dardanus (son of Zeus)|Dardanus]], the mythical son of [[Zeus]] and [[Electra (Pleiad)|Electra]]. The name comes from the [[Dardani]] in the Balkans, according to Papazoglu.<ref>Papazoglu, F. (1978). The Central Balkan Tribes in Pre-Roman Times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians. Niederlande: Hakkert, p. 132</ref>

The ancient [[Greek language|Greek]] name {{lang|grc|Ἑλλήσποντος}} ({{lang|grc|Hellēspontos}}) means "Sea of Helle", and was the ancient name of the narrow strait. It was variously named in classical literature {{lang|la|Hellespontium Pelagus}}, {{lang|la|Rectum Hellesponticum}}, and {{lang|la|Fretum Hellesponticum}}. It was so called from [[Helle (mythology)|Helle]], the daughter of Athamas, who was drowned here in the mythology of the [[Golden Fleece]].<ref>{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Hellespont|volume=13|page=246}}</ref>

==Geography==
As a [[wikt:maritime|maritime]] [[waterway]], the Dardanelles connects various seas along the [[Eastern Mediterranean]], the [[Balkans]], the [[Near East]], and [[Western Eurasia]], and specifically connects the [[Aegean Sea]] to the [[Sea of Marmara]]. The Marmara further connects to the [[Black Sea]] via the [[Bosporus]], while the Aegean further links to the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]]. Thus, the Dardanelles allows maritime connections from the Black Sea all the way to the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean via Gibraltar, and the Indian Ocean through the [[Suez Canal]], making it a crucial international waterway, in particular for the passage of goods coming in from [[Russia]].

The strait is located at approximately {{coord|40|13|N|26|26|E|}}.

===Present morphology===
The strait is {{convert|61|km|mi}} long, and {{convert|1.2|to|6|km|mi|1}} wide, averaging {{convert|55|m|ft}} deep with a maximum depth of {{convert|103|m|ft}} at its narrowest point at [[Nara Burnu]], abreast [[Çanakkale]]. There are two major currents through the strait: a [[surface current]] flows from the Black Sea towards the Aegean Sea, and a more saline [[subsurface current|undercurrent]] flows in the opposite direction.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rozakis|first1=Christos L. |first2=Petros N. |last2=Stagos |title=The Turkish Straits |date=1987 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=90-247-3464-9 |page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yJc7HWhF-K8C |access-date=1 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

The Dardanelles is unique in many respects. The very narrow and winding shape of the strait is more akin to that of a river. It is considered one of the most hazardous, crowded, difficult and potentially dangerous waterways in the world. The currents produced by the tidal action in the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara are such that ships under sail must wait at anchorage for the right conditions before entering the Dardanelles.

==History==
As part of the only passage between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, the Dardanelles has always been of great importance from a commercial and military point of view, and remains strategically important today. It is a major sea access route for numerous countries, including [[Russia]] and [[Ukraine]]. Control over it has been an objective of a number of hostilities in modern history, notably the attack of the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]] on the Dardanelles during the 1915 [[Battle of Gallipoli]] in the course of [[World War I]].

===Ancient Dardanian, Persian, Roman, and Byzantine eras (pre-1454)===
====Dardanian and Persian history====
[[File:Xerxes lash sea.JPG|thumb|upright|An artist's illustration depicting [[Xerxes I of Persia|Xerxes]]' alleged "punishment" of the Hellespont]]
The ancient city of [[Troy]] was located near the western entrance of the strait, and the strait's Asiatic shore was the focus of the [[Trojan War]]. Troy was able to control the marine traffic entering this vital waterway. The [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]] army of [[Xerxes I of Persia]] and later the Macedonian army of [[Alexander the Great]] crossed the Dardanelles in opposite directions to invade each other's lands, in 480 BC and 334 BC respectively.

[[Herodotus]] says that, circa 482 BC, Xerxes I (the son of [[Darius the Great|Darius]]) had two [[pontoon bridge]]s built across the width of the Hellespont at [[Abydos, Hellespont|Abydos]], in order that his huge army could cross from Persia into [[Ancient Greece|Greece]]. This crossing was named by [[Aeschylus]] in his tragedy ''[[The Persians]]'' as the cause of divine intervention against Xerxes.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Aeschylus]] |url=http://classics.mit.edu/Aeschylus/persians.html |title=The Persians |translator-first=Robert |translator-link=Robert Potter (translator) |translator-last=Potter |access-date=2003-09-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031119043049/http://classics.mit.edu/Aeschylus/persians.html |archive-date=19 November 2003 |via=The Internet Classics Archive}}</ref>

According to Herodotus (vv.34), both bridges were destroyed by a storm and [[Xerxes I of Persia|Xerxes]] had those responsible for building the bridges beheaded and the strait itself whipped. [[The Histories of Herodotus]] vii.33–37 and vii.54–58 give details of building and crossing of [[Xerxes' Pontoon Bridges]]. Xerxes is then said to have thrown [[fetters]] into the strait, given it three hundred lashes with multiple whips and branded it with red-hot irons as the soldiers shouted at the water.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Peter Green (historian) |last=Green |first=Peter |title=The Greco-Persian Wars |publisher=The University of California Press |location=Berkeley; London |date=1996 |page=75 |isbn=0-520-20573-1}}</ref>

Herodotus commented that this was a "highly presumptuous way to address the Hellespont" but in no way atypical of Xerxes. (vii.35)

[[Harpalus (engineer)|Harpalus the engineer]] is said to have eventually helped the invading armies to cross by lashing the ships together with their bows facing the current and adding two additional anchors to each ship. 

From the perspective of [[ancient Greek mythology]] [[Helle (mythology)|Helle]], the daughter of Athamas, supposedly was drowned at the Dardanelles in the legend of the [[Golden Fleece]]. Likewise, the strait was the scene of the legend of [[Hero and Leander]], wherein the lovesick Leander swam the strait nightly in order to tryst with his beloved, the priestess Hero, but was ultimately drowned in a storm.

====Byzantine history====
The Dardanelles were vital to the defence of [[Constantinople]] during the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] period.

Also, the Dardanelles was an important source of income for the ruler of the region. At the [[Istanbul]] Archaeological Museum a marble plate contains a law by the [[Anastasius I (emperor)|Byzantine Emperor Anastasius I]] (491–518 AD), that regulated fees for passage through the customs office of the Dardanelles. Translation:

<blockquote>... Whoever dares to violate these regulations shall no longer be regarded as a friend, and he shall be punished. Besides, the administrator of the Dardanelles must have the right to receive 50 golden Litrons, so that these rules, which we make out of piety, shall never ever be violated... ... The distinguished governor and major of the capital, who already has both hands full of things to do, has turned to our lofty piety in order to reorganize the entry and exit of all ships through the Dardanelles... ... Starting from our day and also in the future, anybody who wants to pass through the Dardanelles must pay the following: <br />
– All wine merchants who bring wine to the capital (Constantinopolis), except [[Cilicia]]ns, have to pay the Dardanelles officials 6 [[follis]] and 2 [[sextarius]] of wine. <br />
– In the same manner, all merchants of olive-oil, vegetables and lard must pay the Dardanelles officials 6 follis. Cilician sea-merchants have to pay 3 follis and in addition to that, 1 keration (12 follis) to enter, and 2 keration to exit.<br />
– All wheat merchants have to pay the officials 3 follis per modius, and a further sum of 3 follis when leaving.</blockquote>

Since the 14th century the Dardanelles have almost continuously been controlled by the Turks.

===Ottoman era (1354–1922)===
[[File:Map of the Dardanelles - Belon Pierre - 1554.jpg|thumb|1554 map of the Dardanelles in [[Observations (Belon book)|Belon's Observations]]]]
The Dardanelles continued to constitute an important waterway during the period of the [[Ottoman Empire]], which [[Fall of Gallipoli|conquered Gallipoli]] in 1354.

Ottoman control of the strait continued largely without interruption or challenges until the 19th century, when the Empire started [[Decline of the Ottoman Empire|its decline]].

====Nineteenth century====
Gaining control of, or guaranteed access to, the strait became a key foreign-policy goal of the [[Russian Empire]] during the 19th century. During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Russia—supported by [[United Kingdom|Great Britain]] in the [[Dardanelles Operation]]—[[Battle of the Dardanelles (1807)|blockaded the straits]] in 1807. 

In 1833, following the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s defeat in the [[Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)|Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829]], Russia pressured the Ottomans to sign the [[Treaty of Hunkiar Iskelesi]]—which required the closing of the straits to warships of non-Black Sea powers at Russia's request. That would have effectively given Russia a free hand in the Black Sea.

This treaty alarmed the [[Ottoman Empire]], who were concerned that the consequences of potential Russian expansionism in the Black Sea and Mediterranean regions could conflict with their own possessions and economic interest in the region. At the [[London Straits Convention]] in July 1841, the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], [[Austria]], and [[Prussia]] pressured Russia to agree that only Turkish warships could traverse the Dardanelles in peacetime. The United Kingdom and France subsequently sent their fleets through the straits to defend the Danube front and to attack the [[Crimean Peninsula]] during the [[Crimean War]] of 1853–1856 – but they did so as allies of the Ottoman Empire. Following the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War, the [[Congress of Paris]] in 1856 formally reaffirmed the London Straits Convention.

====World War I====
{{Main|Occupation of Constantinople|Chanak Crisis}}
{{Main|Gallipoli Campaign}}
[[File:Landing French-Gallipoli.jpg|thumb|left|1915 Landing of French troops in Moudros (Lemnos island) during the [[Gallipoli Campaign]]]]
[[File:Landing at Gallipoli (13901951593).jpg|thumb|Landing at Gallipoli in April 1915]]
[[File:View_of_Anzac_Cove_-_Gallipoli_Peninsula_-_Dardanelles_-_Turkey_-_01_(5734713946).jpg|thumb|[[Anzac Cove]]]]
[[File:Gallipoli ANZAC Cove Sphinx 2.JPG|thumb|The Sphinx overlooking Anzac Cove]]

In 1915 the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] sent a substantial invasion force of British, Indian, Australian, New Zealand, French and Newfoundland troops to attempt to open up the straits. In the [[Gallipoli campaign]], Turkish troops trapped the Allies on the coasts of the Gallipoli peninsula. The campaign damaged the career of [[Winston Churchill]], then [[First Lord of the Admiralty]] (in office 1911–1915), who had eagerly promoted the (unsuccessful) use of [[Royal Navy]] [[sea power]] to force open the straits. [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], subsequent founder of the [[Republic of Turkey#Republic of Turkey|Republic of Turkey]], served as an Ottoman commander during the land campaign.

The Turks mined the straits to prevent Allied ships from penetrating them but, in minor actions two submarines, one British and one Australian, did succeed in penetrating the minefields. The British submarine sank an obsolete Turkish [[pre-dreadnought battleship]] off the [[Golden Horn]] of Istanbul. [[Ian Hamilton (British Army officer)|Sir Ian Hamilton]]'s [[Mediterranean Expeditionary Force]] failed in its attempt to capture the Gallipoli peninsula, and the British cabinet ordered its withdrawal in December 1915, after eight months' fighting. Total Allied deaths included 41,000 British and Irish,<ref>{{cite news |title=Key facts of Gallipoli casualties |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/key-facts-of-gallipoli-casualties/7kwbwhum1 |access-date=14 November 2024 |work=[[SBS World News]] |date=17 April 2014 |language=en}}</ref> 15,000 French, 8,700 Australians, 2,700 New Zealanders, 1,370 Indians and 49 Newfoundlanders.<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/interactive/gallipoli-casualties-country
|title = Gallipoli casualties by country 
|date=2016-03-01
|website = New Zealand History 
|publisher = New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage
|access-date = 6 November 2020
}}</ref> Total Turkish deaths were around 60,000.

Following the war, the 1920 [[Treaty of Sèvres]] demilitarized the strait and made it an international territory under the control of the [[League of Nations]]. The Ottoman Empire's non-ethnically Turkish territories were broken up and partitioned among the Allied Powers, and Turkish jurisdiction over the [[Turkish Straits|straits]] curbed.

===Turkish republican and modern eras (1923–present)===
After the dissolution of the [[Ottoman Empire]] following a lengthy campaign by Turks as part of the [[Turkish War of Independence]] against both the Allied Powers and the Ottoman court, the [[Republic of Turkey]] was created in 1923 by the [[Treaty of Lausanne (1923)|Treaty of Lausanne]], which established most of the modern sovereign territory of Turkey and restored the [[Turkish Straits|straits]] to Turkish territory, with the condition that Turkey keep them demilitarized and allow all foreign warships and commercial shipping to traverse the straits freely.

As part of its national security strategy, Turkey eventually rejected the terms of the treaty, and subsequently remilitarized [[Turkish Straits|the straits]] area over the following decade. Following extensive diplomatic negotiations, the reversion was formalized under the [[Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits]] on 20 July 1936. That convention, which is still in force today, treats the straits as an international shipping lane while allowing Turkey to retain the right to restrict the naval traffic of non-Black Sea states.

During [[World War II]], through February 1945, when Turkey was neutral for most of the length of the conflict, the Dardanelles were closed to the ships of the belligerent nations. Turkey declared war on Germany in February 1945, but it did not employ any offensive forces during the war.

In July 1946, the [[Soviet Union]] sent a note to Turkey proposing a new régime for the Dardanelles that would have excluded all nations except the Black Sea powers. The second proposal was that the straits should be put under joint Turkish-Soviet defence. This meant that Turkey, the Soviet Union, Bulgaria and Romania would be the only states having access to the Black Sea through the Dardanelles. The Turkish government however, under pressure from the United States, rejected these proposals.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cabell |first=Phillips B. H. |title=The Truman presidency : the history of a triumphant succession |location=New York |publisher=Macmillan |date=1966 |pages=102–103 |oclc=1088163662}}</ref>

Turkey joined [[NATO]] in 1952, thus affording its straits even more strategic importance as a commercial and military waterway.

In more recent years,{{when|date=March 2019}} the [[Turkish Straits]] have become particularly important for the oil industry. Russian oil, from ports such as [[Novorossyisk]], is exported by tankers primarily to western Europe and the U.S. via the Bosporus and the Dardanelles straits.

The Dardanelles were closed in late February 2022 to all foreign warships at the beginning of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in accordance with the [[Montreux Convention]].<ref name=navnews-closed-2022>{{Cite web |last=Ozberk |first=Tayfun |date=2022-02-28 |title=Turkey closes the Dardanelles and Bosphorus to warships |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/02/turkey-closes-the-dardanelles-and-bosphorus-to-warships/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Crossings ==
[[File:1915 Çanakkale Bridge 20220327.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The [[Çanakkale 1915 Bridge]] on the Dardanelles strait, connecting Europe and Asia, is the [[List of longest suspension bridge spans|longest suspension bridge in the world]].<ref name="hdn">{{cite news |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/groundbreaking-ceremony-for-bridge-over-dardanelles-to-take-place-on-march-18.aspx?pageID=238&nID=110948&NewsCatID=345 |newspaper=[[Hürriyet Daily News]] |title=Groundbreaking ceremony for bridge over Dardanelles to take place on March 18 |date=2017-03-17 |access-date=2017-03-19 }}</ref>]]

=== Maritime ===
The waters of the Dardanelles are traversed by numerous passenger and vehicular ferries daily, as well as recreational and fishing boats ranging from dinghies to yachts owned by both public and private entities.

The strait also experiences significant amounts of commercial shipping traffic.

=== Land ===
{{Main|Çanakkale 1915 Bridge}}
The Çanakkale 1915 Bridge joins [[Lapseki]], a district of Çanakkale, on the Asian side and [[Sütlüce, Gelibolu|Sütlüce]], a village of the [[Gelibolu]] district, on the European side.<ref>{{cite web |title=Project Information |url=https://www.1915canakkale.com/en-us/corporate/project-information |publisher=1915 Çanakkale Bridge |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> It is part of planned expansions to the Turkish National Highway Network. Work on the bridge began in March 2017, and it was opened on March 18, 2022.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/turkey-worlds-biggest-bridge/index.html | newspaper=CNN | title=Turkey opens record-breaking bridge between Europe and Asia | date=2022-03-18 | access-date=2022-03-19 }}</ref>

=== Subsea ===
2 [[Submarine power cable|submarine cable]] systems transmitting electric power at 400 kV bridge the Dardanelles to feed west and east of Istanbul. They have their own landing stations in Lapseki and Sütlüce. The first, situated in the northeast quarter portion of the strait, was energised in April 2015 and provides 2 [[Gigawatt|GW]] via 6 phases 400 kV AC 3.9&nbsp;km far through the sea. The second, somewhat in the middle of the strait, was still under construction in June 2016 and will provide similar capabilities to the first line.

Both subsea power lines cross 4 optical fibre data lines laid earlier along the strait.<ref>{{cite conference |first=Gülnazi |last=Yüce |url=http://hro-cigre.hr/downloads/SEERC_CD/papers/topic_2/2-03_presentation.pdf |title=Submarine Cable Projects (2-03) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409043054/http://hro-cigre.hr/downloads/SEERC_CD/papers/topic_2/2-03_presentation.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2018 |conference=First South East European Regional CIGRÉ Conference |location=Portorož, Slovenia |date=7–8 June 2016 |access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> A published map shows communication lines leading from Istanbul into the Mediterranean, named MedNautilus and landing at [[Athens]], [[Sicily]] and elsewhere.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://submarine-cable-map-2017.telegeography.com |title=Submarine Cable Map 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928152213/http://submarine-cable-map-2017.telegeography.com/ |archive-date=28 September 2017 |url-status=live |work=TeleGeography |access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref>

== Image gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Byzantine Dardanelles Customs Law.JPG|Marble plate with 6th century AD [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] law regulating payment of customs in the Dardanelles
File:Dardanelles and Gulf of Saros by Piri Reis.jpg|Historic map of the Dardanelles by [[Piri Reis]]
File:Anzac Beach 1915.jpg|The [[ANZAC]]s at [[Gallipoli]] in 1915
File:Graphic map of the Dardanelles.JPG|Map of the Dardanelles drawn by G. F. Morrell, 1915, showing the [[Gallipoli]] peninsula and the west coast of Turkey, as well as the location of front line troops and landings during the [[Gallipoli Campaign]]
File:Dardanellen 1.JPG|A view of the Dardanelles from [[Gallipoli]] peninsula
File:Chanakkale Turkey.jpg|A view of [[Çanakkale]] from the Dardanelles
File:ChanakkaleFerry.jpg|[[Ferry]] line across the Dardanelles in [[Çanakkale]]
File:Havadan cnk.jpg|Aerial view of the city of [[Çanakkale]]
File:Dardanelles 2021.jpg|Dardanelles in 2021
File:Narrowest section of the Strait of Çanakkale.jpg|The narrowest section of the Dardanelles
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Action of 26 June 1656]]
* [[Battle of the Dardanelles (disambiguation)]]
* [[Dardanelles Commission]]
* [[List of maritime incidents in the Turkish Straits]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Dardanelles}}
* [http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/canakkale_turkey Pictures of the city of Çanakkale]
* [http://www.fsmitha.com/h1/map13ga.html Map of Hellespont]
* [https://www.livius.org/he-hg/hellespont/hellespont.html Livius.org: Hellespont] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901205228/http://www.livius.org/he-hg/hellespont/hellespont.html |date=1 September 2013 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726082914/http://www.gallipoli.com.tr/if_stones_could_speak/18th_march_etching.htm Monuments and memorials of the Gallipoli campaign along the Dardanelles]
* [http://merhav.nli.org.il/primo-explore/search?query=any,contains,dardanelles%20maps&tab=default_tab&search_scope=Local&sortby=lso01&vid=NLI&mfacet=rtype,include,maps,1&mfacet=tlevel,include,online_resources,2&lang=en_US Old Maps of the Dardanelles], Eran Laor Cartographic collection, The [[National Library of Israel]]

{{Authority control}}
{{Ancient Greece topics}}
{{Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dardanelles}}
[[Category:Dardanelles| ]]
[[Category:Landforms of Çanakkale Province]]
[[Category:Straits of the Mediterranean Sea]]
[[Category:World Heritage Tentative List for Turkey]]
[[Category:Straits of Turkey]]
[[Category:Turkish Straits]]
[[Category:Important Bird Areas of Turkey]]