Editing Daphne Oram

{{Short description|British composer and electronic musician (1925–2003)}}
{{Distinguish|Daphne Blake}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name            = Daphne Oram
| image           = Daphne Oram.jpg
| landscape       =
| caption         =
| birth_name      = Daphne Blake Oram<ref name="Guardian Obit"/>
| alias           =
| birth_date      = {{birth date|1925|12|31|df=y}}
| birth_place     = [[Devizes]], Wiltshire, England
| death_date      = {{death date and age|2003|1|5|1925|12|31|df=y}}
| death_place     = [[Maidstone]], Kent, England<ref name="Indi" />
| origin          =
| instrument      = [[Synthesiser]]
| genre           = {{hlist|[[Electronic music]]|[[Experimental music|experimental]]|[[musique concrète]]|[[library music]]}}
| occupation      = [[Composer]], [[electronic music]]ian
| years_active    =
| label           =
| associated_acts = [[BBC Radiophonic Workshop]]
| website         =
| current_members =
| past_members    =
}}
'''Daphne Blake Oram''' (31 December 1925 – 5 January 2003) was a British composer and [[electronic music]]ian. She was one of the first British composers to produce electronic sound, and was an early practitioner of ''[[musique concrète]]'' in the UK.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/aug/01/daphne.oram.remembered|title=Daphne Oram: Portrait of an electronic music pioneer|last=Worby|first=Robert|date=2008-08-01|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2016-12-11}}</ref> As a co-founder of the [[BBC Radiophonic Workshop]], she was central to the development of British electronic music.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/10/09/141162005/a-relic-from-the-roots-of-electronic-music|title=A Relic From The Roots of Electronic Music|website=NPR.org|access-date=2016-12-11}}</ref> Her uncredited scoring work on the 1961 film ''[[The Innocents (1961 film)|The Innocents]]'' helped to pioneer the electronic soundtrack.<ref name="Guardian Obit"/>

Oram was the creator of the [[Oramics]] technique for [[graphical sound]]. She was the first woman to independently direct and set up a personal electronic music studio, and the first woman to design and construct an electronic musical instrument.<ref name=":2" /> In her book ''An Individual Note of Music, Sound and Electronics'' (1971) she explored philosophical themes related to [[acoustics]] and electronic composition.

== Early life and education ==
Oram was born to James and Ida Oram on 31 December 1925 in [[Devizes]], [[Wiltshire]], England. Her childhood home was within 10 miles of the stone circles of [[Avebury]] and 20 miles from [[Stonehenge]]. Her father was the President of the Wiltshire Archeological Society in the 1950s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=August 2011 |title=The Woman from New Atlantis |work=[[The Wire (magazine)|The Wire]]}}</ref> Educated at [[Sherborne School for Girls]] in [[Dorset]], she was taught [[piano]], [[organ (music)|organ]] and musical composition from an early age.<ref name="Guardian Obit">
{{cite web
 | last       = Davies
 | first      = Hugh
 | title      = Obituary: Daphne Oram
 | work  = [[The Guardian]]
 | date       = 24 January 2003
 | url        = https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/jan/24/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries
 }}</ref> 

== Career ==
=== Work at the BBC ===
In 1942, Oram was offered a place at the [[Royal College of Music]], but instead took up a position as a Junior Studio Engineer and "[[Audio engineer|music balancer]]" at the [[BBC]].<ref name="OramBBC">{{cite web
 |title        = The Oram Archive - BBC
 |publisher    = Daphneoram.org
 |year         = 2008
 |url          = http://daphneoram.org/oramarchive/bbc/
 |access-date   = 14 August 2008
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20110726134519/http://daphneoram.org/oramarchive/bbc/
 |archive-date = 26 July 2011
 |url-status   = dead
}}</ref> One of her job responsibilities was "shadowing" live concerts with a pre-recorded version so the broadcast would go on if interrupted by "enemy action".<ref name="Indi">{{Cite web |date=2003-02-10 |title=Obituaries: Daphne Oram |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/daphne-oram-36248.html |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en}}</ref> Other job duties included creating sound effects for radio shows and [[Audio mixing|mixing]] broadcast levels.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/artist/5iipMnjR9MbSaS0sioYXKs|title=Daphne Oram|website=Spotify|language=en|access-date=2019-02-18}}</ref> During this period she became aware of developments in electronic sound and began experimenting with tape recorders, often staying after hours to work late into the night. She recorded sounds on to tape, and then cut, spliced and looped, slowed them down, sped up, and played them backwards.<ref name=":2" />

Oram also dedicated time in the 1940s to composing music, including an [[Electroacoustic music|electroacoustic]] work entitled ''Still Point''.<ref name="Guardian Obit"/> This was an innovative piece for turntables, "double orchestra" and five microphones. Many{{Who?|date=June 2024}} consider ''Still Point'' the first composition that combined acoustic orchestration with live electronic manipulation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.factmag.com/2016/07/13/daphne-oram-still-point-turntables-orchestra-performance/|title=How Daphne Oram's radical turntable experiments were brought to life after 70 years|website=FACT Magazine: Music News, New Music.|date=13 July 2016|access-date=2016-12-11}}</ref> Rejected by the BBC and never performed during Oram's lifetime, ''Still Point'' remained unheard for 70 years; on 24 June 2016 composer [[Shiva Feshareki]] and the [[London Contemporary Orchestra]] performed it for the first time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lcorchestra.co.uk/conversation-james-bulley-daphne-orams-still-point/|title=In Conversation: James Bulley on Daphne Oram's 'Still Point' - London Contemporary Orchestra|date=2016-06-14|newspaper=London Contemporary Orchestra|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-11}}</ref> Following the discovery of the finalised score, the premiere of the revised version of ''Still Point'' was performed at the [[BBC Proms]] in London on 23 July 2018 by Feshareki and James Bulley with the LCO.<ref>{{cite web|title=Prom 13: Pioneers of Sound|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/events/ebzcd4|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Spice |first1=Anton |title=The original turntablist – Daphne Oram by Shiva Feshareki |url=https://thevinylfactory.com/features/shiva-feshareki-daphne-oram-the-original-turntablist/ |magazine=[[The Vinyl Factory]] |date=22 June 2016| access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref>

In the 1950s, Oram was promoted to a music studio manager at the BBC. Following a trip to the [[Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française|RTF]] studios in Paris, she began to campaign for the BBC to provide electronic music facilities, utilizing [[electronic music]] and ''[[musique concrète]]'' techniques, for use in its programming.<ref name="OramBBC" /> In 1957 she was commissioned to compose music for a production of the play ''[[Amphitryon 38]].'' She created this piece using a [[sine wave]] [[electronic oscillator|oscillator]], a tape recorder and self-designed [[Electronic filter|filters]], thereby producing the first wholly electronic score in BBC history.<ref name="OramBBC" /> Along with fellow electronic musician and BBC colleague [[Desmond Briscoe]], she began to receive commissions for many other works, including a production of [[Samuel Beckett]]'s ''[[All That Fall]]'' (1957). As demand grew for these electronic sounds, the [[BBC]] gave Oram and Briscoe a budget to establish the [[BBC Radiophonic Workshop]] in early 1958, where she was the first Studio Manager.<ref name="OramBBC" /> The workshop was focused on creating sound effects and theme music for all of the BBC's output, including the science fiction TV serial ''[[Quatermass and the Pit]]'' (1958–59) and the sounds of "Major Bloodnok's Stomach" for the radio comedy series ''[[The Goon Show]]''.

In October 1958, Oram was sent by the BBC to the "Journées Internationales de Musique Expérimentale" at [[Expo 58]] in [[Brussels]], where [[Edgard Varèse]] presented his electroacoustic work ''[[Poème électronique]]'' in the [[Philips Pavilion]] (alongside Pavilion architect [[Iannis Xenakis]]' piece ''[[Concret PH]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pavillon Philips, Brussels – Iannis Xenakis |url=https://www.iannis-xenakis.org/en/pavillon-philips-bruxelles/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=[[Iannis Xenakis]] official website |language=en-US}}</ref> After hearing some of the work produced by her contemporaries, and unhappy with the BBC's continued refusal to push electronic composition into the foreground of their activities, she decided to resign from the Radiophonic Workshop less than one year after it had opened, hoping to develop her techniques further on her own.<ref name="Guardian Obit" />

In 1965, Oram produced the piece ''Pulse Persephone'' for the "Treasures of the Commonwealth" exhibition at the [[Royal Academy of Arts|Royal Academy of the Arts]].<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20170522-daphne-oram-pioneered-electronic-music|title=The woman who could 'draw' music|last=Williams|first=Holly|website=Bbc.co.uk|date=30 May 2017 |language=en|access-date=2018-03-11}}</ref>
=== Film ===
Oram provided the prominent electronic sounds for the soundtrack of ''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr. No]]'' (1962) from her six-minute work ''Atoms in Space'', but she was not credited in the film.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Graham |date=17 March 2020 |title=The early James Bond Music: Atoms In Space |url=https://midcenturybond.wordpress.com/2020/03/17/the-early-james-bond-music-atoms-from-space/ |website=Mid-Century Bond}}{{self-published source|date=December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDadgfW3B4A |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223214021/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDadgfW3B4A&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=2020-02-23 |access-date=2020-05-19 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> These sounds were also used in the following two [[James Bond]] films. Oram also manipulated [[Johnny Hawksworth]]'s soundtrack for ''[[Snow (1963 film)|Snow]]'' (1963), a short documentary by [[Geoffrey Jones]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/1234415/index.html|title=BFI Screenonline: Snow (1963)|website=Screenonline.org.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/punctuated-equilibrium/2010/dec/06/1|title=Snow (1963)|last=GrrlScientist|date=2010-12-06|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-03-11}}</ref> after the success of ''Snow'', she worked with Jones again on ''[[Rail (1967 film)|Rail]]'' (1967).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/1319220/credits.html|title=BFI Screenonline: Rail (1967) Credits|website=Screenonline.org.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-03-11}}</ref>

=== Oramics ===
[[File:Tower Folly, Gravesend Road, Wrotham, Kent - geograph.org.uk - 778149.jpg|thumb|Tower Folly in Fairseat, Kent, where Oram established her [[Oramics]] Studios]]
{{Main|Oramics}}
{{quote box|quote="We will be entering a strange world where composers will be mingling with capacitors, computers will be controlling crotchets and, maybe, memory, music and magnetism will lead us towards [[metaphysics]]."<ref name="iamanagram">{{cite web|title=ORAMICS: ATLANTIS ANEW a film by AURA SATZ|url=https://www.iamanagram.com/oramics.php|website=iamanagram.com|access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref>|source=— Daphne Oram, ''An Individual Note of Music, Sound and Electronics'' (1971)|width=25%|align=right|style=padding:8px;|border=2px}}
Immediately after leaving the BBC in 1959, Oram established the Oramics Studios for Electronic Composition in Tower Folly, a converted [[oast house]] at Fairseat, [[Kent]], near [[Wrotham]].<ref name=":4" />

Oramics, which Oram devised along with engineer Graham Wrench,<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Marshall |first=Steve |date=February 2009 |title=Graham Wrench: The Story Of Daphne Oram's Optical Synthesizer |url=https://www.soundonsound.com/people/graham-wrench-story-daphne-orams-optical-synthesizer |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=[[Sound on Sound]]}}</ref> is a [[graphical sound]] technique that involves drawing directly onto [[135 film|35mm film]]. Shapes and designs for various parameters of sound etched into the film strips are read by photo-electric cells and transformed into sounds.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Daphne Oram {{!}} Biography & History {{!}} AllMusic |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/daphne-oram-mn0000938016 |access-date=2016-12-29 |website=AllMusic}}</ref> According to Oram, "Every nuance, every subtlety of phrasing, every tone gradation or pitch inflection must be possible just by a change in the written form."<ref name=":0" />

Financial pressures meant it was necessary to maintain her work as a commercial composer, and her work covered a wider range than the Radiophonic Workshop. She produced music for not only radio and television but also theatre, short commercial films, sound installations and exhibitions, including electronic sounds for [[Jack Clayton]]'s horror film ''[[The Innocents (1961 film)|The Innocents]]'' (1961), concert works such as ''Four Aspects'' (1960), and collaborations with composers [[Thea Musgrave]] and Ivor Walsworth.<ref name="SANBio">{{cite web|url=http://www.sara.uea.ac.uk/?artist&id=749|title=Daphne Oram|publisher=[[Sonic Arts Network]]|access-date=14 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921122352/http://www.sara.uea.ac.uk/?artist&id=749|archive-date=21 September 2008}}</ref>

[[Image:Oramics Machine - details 2.jpg|thumb|[[Oramics]] machine displayed at the [[Science Museum (London)|Science Museum]], London (2011)]]
In February 1962, Oram was awarded a grant of £3,550 ({{Inflation|UK|3550|1962|fmt=eq|r=-3|cursign=£}}){{Inflation-fn|UK}} from the [[Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation]] to support the development of the Oramics system; a second Gulbenkian grant of £1,000 was awarded in 1965. Oram's first composition using the Oramics machine, entitled "Contrasts Essonic", was recorded in 1963. As the Oramics project evolved, Oram's focus turned to the subtle nuances and interactions between sonic parameters, and she applied her research to the [[Nonlinear system|nonlinear]] behavior of the human ear and to perception of the brain's apprehension of the world. She used Oramics to study vibrational phenomena, divided into "commercial Oramics" and "[[Mysticism|mystical]] Oramics", and the Oramics machine became used more for research than composition. In her notes, Oram defined Oramics as "the study of sound and its relationship to life."<ref name=":0" />

In the mid-1980s Oram worked on a software version of Oramics for the [[Acorn Archimedes]] computer using grant money received from the [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]] Trust.<ref name="Guardian Obit"/><ref name="Brewer2018">{{cite web
| title = The Sound of 'Doctor Who'
| first = Nathan | last = Brewer
| work = IEEE: The Institute
| date = March 2018
| access-date = 2018-03-12
| url = http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/institute_march2018/index.php?startid=7#/6
}}</ref> She wished to continue her "mystical Oramics" research, but a lack of funding prevented this project from being fully realized.<ref name=":0" />

== Written works ==
Throughout her career, Oram lectured on electronic music and studio techniques. Her book ''An Individual Note of Music, Sound and Electronics'' (1971) investigates [[acoustics]] and the history and techniques of electronic music in a philosophical manner. A new edition of the book was published by Anomie Publishing in December 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anomie's autumn/winter 2016–17 brochure now available|url=http://www.anomie-publishing.com/anomies-autumnwinter-2016-17-brochure-now-available/|website=Anomie Publishing|access-date=16 January 2017|archive-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412211422/http://www.anomie-publishing.com/anomies-autumnwinter-2016-17-brochure-now-available/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Daphne Oram: An Individual Note of Music, Sound and Electronics|last1=Oram|first1=Daphne|last2=Angliss|first2=Sarah|date=2016-12-16|publisher=Anomie Academic|isbn=9781910221112|editor-last=Price|editor-first=Matt|location=London|language=en}}</ref> In the book, Oram characterised her one of her musical machines as a control system that computed the resulting feedback, reflecting the influence of [[cybernetics]], although Oram's commitment to the composer's authorial control set her at odds with the canon of self-generating computer music.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Loughridge |first=Deirdre |date=2021 |title=Daphne Oram: Cyberneticist? |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/res/article-abstract/2/4/503/119564/Daphne-OramCyberneticist?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Resonance |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=503–522 |doi=10.1525/res.2021.2.4.503 |via=University of California Press}}</ref>

In the late 1970s Oram began a second book, which survives in manuscript, titled ''The Sound of the Past - A Resonating Speculation''. In this manuscript she speculates on archaeological acoustics, and presents a theory suggesting that [[Neolithic]] [[chambered cairn]]s and ancient sites such as [[Stonehenge]] and the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]] were used as acoustic [[resonator]]s. She said that her research suggested that the people of these eras may have possessed acute knowledge about the properties of sound in long-distance communication.<ref name=":0" />

== Death ==
In the 1990s Oram suffered two [[stroke]]s and was forced to stop working, later moving to a [[nursing home]]. She died in [[Maidstone]], Kent on 5 January 2003, aged 77.<ref name="Guardian Obit" /><ref name="Indi" />

== Archive ==
After Oram's death a large archive relating to her life's work passed to composer [[Hugh Davies (composer)|Hugh Davies]]. When Davies died two years later, this material passed to the [[Sonic Arts Network]], and in 2008 the archive went to [[Goldsmiths, University of London]]. It is now held within Goldsmiths Special Collections & Archives, where it is open for public access and ongoing research.<ref>{{cite web |title=Special Collections & Archives |url=http://www.gold.ac.uk/library/collections/special-collections/ |website=Gold.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://daphneoram.org/trust/|title=The Trust|website=Daphneoram.org|date=10 July 2014}}</ref> The launch of the archive was celebrated with a symposium and a series of concerts at the [[Southbank Centre]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Electronic Music Studios - Archived News & Events: 2008 - 2009|url=http://www.gold.ac.uk/ems/events-archive08-09/|publisher=Goldsmiths, University of London|access-date=27 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329135211/http://www.gold.ac.uk/ems/events-archive08-09/|archive-date=29 March 2015}}</ref> This included a concert of newly reworked versions of material from the collection by [[People Like Us (musician)|People Like Us]].<ref>
{{cite web
 | title      = People Like Us incoming MP3s
 | publisher  = [[WFMU]]
 | date       = 5 August 2008
 | url        = http://blog.wfmu.org/freeform/2008/08/3-new-releases.html
 | access-date = 4 May 2009 }}</ref>

In 2007, a two-CD compilation of her music, entitled ''Oramics'', was released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stalk.net/paradigm/pd21.html|title=Daphne Oram - Oramics (PD 21)|website=Stalk.net}}</ref>

In 2008, a [[BBC Radio 3]] documentary on Oram's life was broadcast as part of the ''Sunday Feature'' strand, entitled ''Wee Have Also Sound-Houses''.{{refn|group=notes|''Wee Have Also Sound-Houses'' is a quotation from [[Francis Bacon]]'s 1626 utopian novel ''[[New Atlantis]]''. Oram often referred to this quotation,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Boon |first1=Tim |title=We have also sound-houses |url=https://blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk/we-have-also-sound-houses/ |website=Science Museum |date=25 March 2011 |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> and gave an extended quotation from this passage at the end of her book ''An Individual Note'',<ref>{{cite book|last1=Oram|first1=Daphne|title=An Individual Note - of music, sound and electronics|url=https://archive.org/details/individualnotemu00oram|url-access=limited|date=1972|isbn=0852491093|publisher=Galliard|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/individualnotemu00oram/page/n70 128]}}</ref> beginning:
{{blockquote|{{not a typo|Wee have also Sound-Houses, wher wee practise and demonstrate all Sounds, and their Generation. Wee have Harmonies which you have not, of Quarter-Sounds and lesser Slides of Sounds.<!-- Archaic spelling and capitalisation, as quoted by Oram -->}} [...] |author=[[Francis Bacon]] |title=''[[New Atlantis]]'' (1626)}}}}<ref>
{{cite web
 | title      = BBC Radio 3 Programmes - Sunday Feature: Wee Have Also Sound-Houses
 | publisher  = BBC
 | url        = http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00ct1y1
 | access-date = 6 January 2009
}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Oram's work at the Radiophonic Workshop also helped pave the way for [[Delia Derbyshire]], who arrived at the BBC in 1960 and co-composed the original [[Doctor Who theme music|''Doctor Who'' theme music]] in 1963.<ref name=":1" />

Oram furthered music philosophy in her writings, and dedicated time to considering the human element in connection to acoustics. In her unfinished manuscript, ''The Sound of the Past, a Resonating Speculation'', she postulated that ancient civilizations might have done this to a highly evolved degree.<ref name=":0" /> In a letter to [[Sir George Trevelyan, 4th Baronet|Sir George Trevelyan]], Oram expressed hope that her work on Oramics would plant seeds that would mature in the 21st century.

The Daphne Oram Creative Arts Building at [[Canterbury Christ Church University]] was opened in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daphne Oram creative arts building |url=https://www.canterbury.ac.uk/study-here/student-life/our-locations/canterbury-campus/daphne-oram |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=[[Canterbury Christ Church University]] |language=en}}</ref>

===''Click'' tribute===

In its first show of 2012, the BBC television technology programme ''[[Click (TV programme)|Click]]'' featured a piece about Daphne Oram,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-01-06 |title=The beginning of electronic music |language=en-GB |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/click_online/9671950.stm |access-date=2023-02-13}}</ref> mainly prompted by the three-part Oramics Machine being on display at the [[Science Museum, London]] during a year-long exhibition on the history of electronic music.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-04-04 |title=Daphne Oram's Oramics Machine to go on display |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-12953859 |access-date=2023-02-13 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> The programme showed the machine being installed in a large display cabinet, and described how it was no longer possible to play due to its fragile state. However, an interactive, virtual version of the machine has been created, which allows visitors to create their own compositions.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} The programme showed archive footage of Oram describing the process of what became Oramics, also showing her 'drawing' the music, then playing her machine. The piece described Oram as an 'unsung hero' of electronic music.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

=== ''Daphne Oram's Wonderful World of Sound'' ===
''Daphne Oram's Wonderful World of Sound'' is a play that detailed Oram's life and career. It was presented by Blood of the Young and [[Tron Theatre]]. The play premiered in Glasgow on 9 May 2017 and toured around Scotland from May 2017 to June 2017. The play was written by Isobel McArthur and directed by Paul Brotherston. It was live-scored by Anneke Kampman, a Scottish electronic sound artist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloodoftheyoung.org/daphne-orams-wonderful-world-of-sound-1|title=Daphne Oram's Wonderful World of Sound|website=Blood of the Young|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tron.co.uk/event/daphne-orams-wonderful-world-of-sound/|title=Daphne Oram's Wonderful World of Sound at Tron Theatre Ltd.|website=Tron Theatre Ltd.|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-03-09|archive-date=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309182758/https://www.tron.co.uk/event/daphne-orams-wonderful-world-of-sound/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anakanak.co.uk/about/|title=ANNEKE KAMPMAN - ABOUT|website=Anakanak.co.uk|access-date=2018-03-09}}</ref>

=== The Oram Awards ===
The annual Oram Awards was launched by the PRS Foundation and the New BBC Radiophonic Workshop to celebrate "emerging artists in the fields of music, sound and related technologies in honour of Daphne Oram, and other pioneering women in music and sound."<ref name=":3" /> The inaugural Oram Awards took place on 3 July 2017 at the Turner Contemporary in [[Margate]], as a part of the Oscillate Festival of Experimental Music and Sound. Two female innovators received a prize of £1,000, while six others received £500.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://prsfoundation.com/funding-support/funding-music-creators/next-steps/the-oram-awards/|title=The Oram Awards - PRS for Music Foundation|work=PRS for Music Foundation|access-date=2018-03-09|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Discography==
* "Electronic Sound Patterns" (1962), single,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Daphne-Oram-Electronic-Sound-Patterns/release/929220|title=Daphne Oram - Electronic Sound Patterns|website=Discogs|date=1962 |access-date=2016-12-11}}</ref> also included on ''Listen, Move and Dance Volume 1'' from same year with work from Vera Gray<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Daphne-Oram-Vera-Gray-Listen-Move-And-Dance-Volume-1/release/929222|title=Daphne Oram & Vera Gray - Listen, Move And Dance Volume 1|website=Discogs|date=1962 |access-date=2016-12-11}}</ref>
* ''Oramics'' (2007), compilation on Paradigm Discs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stalk.net/paradigm/pd21.html|title=Daphne Oram - Oramics (PD 21)|website=Stalk.net|access-date=2016-12-11}}</ref>
* "Spaceship UK: The Untold Story of the British Space Programme" (2010), promotional 7" split single with [[Belbury Poly]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soundandmusic.org/projects/spaceship-uk|title=Spaceship UK {{!}} Sound and Music|website=Soundandmusic.org|access-date=2016-12-11|archive-date=19 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819232629/http://www.soundandmusic.org/projects/spaceship-uk|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''Private Dreams and Public Nightmares'' (2011), remix album by [[Andrea Parker (DJ)|Andrea Parker]] and [[Daz Quayle]] on Aperture<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andreaparker.co.uk/showcase/normal/private-dreams-and-public-nightmares|title=Private Dreams and Public Nightmares|website=Andreaparker.co.uk|access-date=2016-12-11|archive-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108172151/http://www.andreaparker.co.uk/showcase/normal/private-dreams-and-public-nightmares|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''The Oram Tapes: Volume 1'' (2011), compilation on Young Americans<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boomkat.com/vinyl/473521-daphne-oram-the-oram-tapes-volume-one|title=DAPHNE ORAM - The Oram Tapes: Volume One|website=Boomkat|access-date=2016-12-11}}</ref>
* ''Sound Houses'' (2014), remix album by [[Walls (band)|Walls]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thequietus.com/articles/15317-walls-interview-daphne-oram|title=The Quietus {{!}} Features {{!}} A Quietus Interview {{!}} World of Sound: Walls Discuss The Work of Daphne Oram|newspaper=The Quietus|access-date=2016-12-11}}</ref>
* ''Pop Tryouts'' (2015), mini album on cassette and download on Was Ist Das?<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wasistdas.co.uk/label/daphne-oram-pop-tryouts/|title=Daphne Oram – Pop Tryouts|date=2015-02-18|newspaper=Was Ist Das? label page|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-11|archive-date=20 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920050300/http://wasistdas.co.uk/label/daphne-oram-pop-tryouts/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Publication==
* {{cite book |last1=Oram |first1=Daphne |title=An Individual Note - of music, sound and electronics |date=1972 |isbn=0852491093 |publisher=Galliard |location=London}}
::Second edition, 2016, Anomie Publishing {{ISBN|978-1910221112}}
::Third edition, 2020, The Daphne Oram Trust and Anomie Publishing

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=notes}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Daphne Oram}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080828052934/http://daphneoram.org/ Daphne Oram archived website]
* [http://www.calmview.eu/Goldsmiths/CalmView/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=ORAM Daphne Oram archived catalogue]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210194050/http://www.sonicartsnetwork.org/Oram/oram.html |date=10 February 2006 |title=Daphne Oram: A Tribute to a Pioneer}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030207194116/http://www.obsolete.com/120_years/machines/oramics/ Daphne Oram and "Oramics"], 120years.net
* [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2008/aug/01/daphne.oram.remembered "Daphne Oram: Portrait of an electronic music pioneer"] from ''[[The Guardian]]''
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2669735.stm BBC News story: "Daphne Oram, the unsung pioneer of techno"]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517133312/http://www.sonicartsnetwork.org/ARTICLES/ARTICLE2000JoHutton.html |date=17 May 2006 |title="Radiophonic Ladies"}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hutton |first1=Jo |title=Daphne Oram: innovator, writer and composer |journal=Organised Sound |date=19 January 2004 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=49–56 |doi=10.1017/S1355771803001055|s2cid=62536601 }}
* {{IMDb name|1990398}}

{{Radiophonic Workshop}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oram, Daphne}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:BBC Radiophonic Workshop members]]
[[Category:English experimental musicians]]
[[Category:English electronic musicians]]
[[Category:English composers]]
[[Category:British women composers]]
[[Category:People from Devizes]]
[[Category:People educated at Sherborne Girls]]
[[Category:English women in electronic music]]
[[Category:Graphical sound]]
[[Category:20th-century English women musicians]]
[[Category:Women audio engineers]]
[[Category:People from Wrotham]]
[[Category:English audio engineers]]