Editing Dao (Chinese sword)

{{short description|Single-edged Chinese sword primarily used for slashing and chopping}}
{{about|the Chinese sword|the Indian sword|Dao (Naga sword)}}
{{Italic title|reason=[[:Category:Chinese words and phrases]]}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic    = Saber with Scabbard and Belt Hook (清 腰刀) MET DP-834-001.jpg
| piccap = A Chinese ''dao'' and scabbard of the 18th century
| c      = [[wikt:刀|刀]]
| mi     = {{IPAc-cmn|d|ao|1}}
| l      = {{nowrap|(single-edged) [[sword]]}}<br>{{nowrap|weapon with a single-edged blade}}<br>[[knife]]
| p      = dāo
| w      = tao<sup>1</sup>
| y      = dou1
| ci     = {{IPAc-yue|d|ou|1}}
}}
'''''Dao''''' (<small>pronunciation:</small> {{IPAc-cmn|d|ao|1}}, <small>English approximation:</small> {{IPAc-en|d|aʊ}} {{respell|dow}}, [[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 刀; [[pinyin]]: ''dāo''; [[jyutping]]: ''dou1'') are single-edged [[Chinese sword]]s, primarily used for slashing and chopping. They can be straight or curved. The most common form is also known as the Chinese [[sabre]], although those with wider blades are sometimes referred to as Chinese [[broadswords]]. In China, the ''dao'' is considered one of the four traditional weapons, along with the ''[[Gun (staff)|gun]]'' (stick or staff), ''[[qiang (spear)|qiang]]'' (spear), and the ''[[jian]]'' (double-edged sword), called in this group "'''The General of Weapons'''".

==Name==
In [[Chinese language|Chinese]], the word {{lang|zh|{{linktext|刀}}}} can be applied to ''any'' weapon with a single-edged blade and usually refers to [[knives]]. Because of this, the term is sometimes translated as '''knife''' or {{nowrap|'''sword-knife'''.}} Nonetheless, within [[Chinese martial arts]] and in military contexts, the larger "sword" versions of the ''dao'' are usually intended.{{Citation needed|reason=刀 means generic knife or blade, citation needed that it has a connotation of sword|date=May 2023}}

==General characteristics==

{{More citations needed section|date=October 2020}}
[[File:Types of Dao (Dekker Typology).png|thumb|320x320px|Types of ''dao'']]
While the ''dao'' have varied greatly over the centuries, most single-handed ''dao'' of the [[Ming Dynasty|Ming]] period and later, and the modern swords based on them share several characteristics. ''Dao'' blades are moderately curved and single-edged, though often with a few inches of the back edge sharpened; the moderate curve allows them to be reasonably effective in the thrust. [[Hilt]]s are sometimes canted, curving in the opposite direction of the blade, which improves handling in some forms of cuts and thrusts. The cord is usually wrapped over the wood of the handle. Hilts may also be pierced like those of ''[[jian]]'' (straight-bladed Chinese sword) for the addition of [[lanyard]]s. However, modern swords for performances will often have tassels or scarves instead. Guards are typically disc-shaped and often cupped. This was to prevent rainwater from getting into the sheath and blood dripping down to the handle, making it more difficult to grip. Sometimes guards are thinner pieces of metal with an s-curve, the lower limb of the curve protecting the user's knuckles; very rarely, they may have guards like those of the ''jian''.

Other variations to the basic pattern include the large ''[[Baguazhang|bagua dao]]'' and the long-handled ''[[pudao]]''.

==Early history==
[[File:Han iron weapons 01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Han dynasty]] steel ring-headed dao of different sizes (bottom).]]
The earliest dao date from the [[Shang dynasty]] in China's [[Bronze Age]], and are known as ''zhibeidao'' (直背刀)&nbsp;– straight-backed knives. As the name implies, these were straight-bladed or slightly curved weapons with a single edge. Originally bronze, these weapons were made of iron or steel by the time of the late [[Warring States]] period as metallurgical knowledge became sufficiently advanced to control the carbon content. Originally less common as a military weapon than the ''[[jian]]''&nbsp;– the straight, double-edged blade of China&nbsp;– the dao became popular with [[cavalry]] during the [[Han dynasty]] due to its sturdiness, superiority as a chopping weapon, and relative ease of use&nbsp;– it was generally said that it takes a week to attain competence with a dao/saber, a month to attain competence with a ''qiang''/spear, and a year to attain competence with a ''jian''/straight sword. Soon after dao began to be issued to infantry, beginning the replacement of the ''jian'' as a standard-issue weapon.<ref name="Tom 2001 207">{{harvnb|Tom|2001|p=207}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Graff|2002|p=41}}</ref> Late Han dynasty dao had round grips and ring-shaped pommels, and ranged between 85 and 114 centimeters in length. These weapons were used alongside rectangular shields.{{sfn|Lorge|2011|pp=69–70}}

By the end of the [[Three Kingdoms period]], the single-edged ''dao'' had almost completely replaced the ''jian'' on the battlefield.{{sfn|Lorge|2011|p=78}} The ''jian'' subsequently became known as a weapon of self-defense for the scholarly aristocratic class, worn as part of court dress.{{sfn|Lorge|2011|pp=83–84}}

== Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties ==
[[File:Chinese swords Sui Dynasty about 600 found near Luoyang.jpg|thumb|320px|Two [[Sui dynasty]] ''zhibeidao'' with ring-shaped pommels.]]

As in the preceding dynasties, [[Tang dynasty]] ''dao'' were straight along the entire length of the blade. Single-handed {{Transliteration|zh|peidao}} ("belt ''dao''") were the most common sidearm in the Tang dynasty. These became known as ''hengdao'' ("horizontal ''dao''" or "cross ''dao''") from the preceding [[Sui dynasty]] onward. Two-handed ''[[changdao]]'' ("long ''dao''") or {{Transliteration|zh|modao}} were also used in the Tang, with some units specializing in their use.{{sfn|Lorge|2011|p=103}}

During the [[Song dynasty]], one form of infantry dao was the ''shoudao'', a chopping weapon with a clip point. While some illustrations show them as straight, the 11th century Song military encyclopedia the ''[[Wujing Zongyao]]'' depicts them with curved blades&nbsp;– possibly an influence from the [[steppe]] tribes of [[Central Asia]], who would conquer parts of China during the Song period. Also dating from the Song are the [[falchion]]-like ''dadao'',<ref>{{harvnb|Tom|Rodell|2005|p=84}}</ref> the long, two-handed ''[[zhanmadao]]'',<ref>{{harvnb|Hanson|2004}}</ref> and the long-handled, similarly two-handed ''buzhandao'' (步戰刀).

==Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties==
[[File:宋代刀八色與明代刀器.png|thumb|400px|Swords and polearms as depicted in the [[Wubei Zhi]], including ''dao''.]]

With the [[Mongols|Mongol]] invasion of China in the early 13th century and the formation of the [[Yuan dynasty]], the curved steppe saber became a greater influence on Chinese sword designs. Sabers had been used by [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]], [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic]], and other steppe peoples of [[Central Asia]] since at least the 8th century CE. It was a favored weapon among the Mongol aristocracy. Its effectiveness for mounted warfare and popularity among soldiers throughout the Mongol empire had lasting effects.<ref name="Tom 2001 207"/>

[[File:Portrait of the Imperial Bodyguard Zhanyinbao.jpg|right|thumb|243px|Zhanyinbao, an [[Imperial Guards Brigade|Imperial bodyguard]], wearing a sheathed ''dao''. Notice the [[lanyard]] through the handle. (1760)]]

In China, Mongol influence lasted long after the collapse of the Yuan dynasty at the hands of the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]], continuing through both the Ming and the [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] dynasties, furthering the popularity of the dao and spawning a variety of new blades. Blades with greater curvature became popular, and these new styles are collectively referred to as {{Transliteration|zh|peidao}} (佩刀).{{NoteTag|Literal translation:"Worn-Sabre" or "Carried-Sabre". This is a generic term in Chinese referring to all sabres worn on belt or waist, not merely to denote Turko-Mongol sabers and other curved swords.}} During the mid-Ming, these new sabers would completely replace the ''jian'' as a military-issue weapon.<ref>{{harvnb|Tom|2001|pp=207–209}}</ref> The four main types of {{Transliteration|zh|peidao}} are:<ref name="Tom 2001 211">{{harvnb|Tom|2001|p=211}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Tom|Rodell|2005|p=76}}</ref>

===Yanmaodao===
{{main|Yanmaodao}}

The ''yanmaodao'' or "goose-quill saber" is largely straight like the earlier ''zhibeidao'', with a curve appearing at the [[center of percussion]] near the blade's tip. This allows for thrusting attacks and overall handling similar to that of the ''jian'' while preserving much of the dao's strengths in cutting and slashing.<ref>{{harvnb|Tom|Rodell|2005|p=77}}</ref>

===Liuyedao===
{{main|Liuyedao}}
The ''liuyedao'' or "willow leaf saber" is the most common form of Chinese saber. It first appeared during the Ming dynasty and features a moderate curve along the length of the blade. This weapon became the standard sidearm for cavalry and infantry, replacing the ''yanmaodao'', and is the sort of saber used by many schools of [[Chinese martial arts]].<ref>{{harvnb|Tom|Rodell|2005|pp=77–78}}</ref>

===Piandao===
{{main|Piandao}}
The ''piandao'' or "slashing saber" is a deeply curved dao meant for slashing and draw-cutting. This weapon bears a strong resemblance to the shamshir and scimitar. Skirmishers generally used it in conjunction with a [[shield]].<ref>{{harvnb|Tom|Rodell|2005|p=78}}</ref>

===Niuweidao===
{{main|Niuweidao}}
The ''niuweidao'' or "oxtail saber" is a heavy-bladed weapon with a characteristic flaring tip. It is the archetypal "Chinese broadsword" of kung fu movies today. It was first recorded in the early 19th century (the latter half of the [[Qing dynasty]]) and only as a civilian weapon: there is no record of it being issued to troops, and it does not appear in any listing of official weaponry. Its appearance in movies and modern literature is thus often [[anachronism|anachronistic]].<ref name="Tom 2001 211"/><ref>{{harvnb|Tom|Rodell|2005|pp=78–79}}</ref>

=== Other types ===
Besides these four major types of dao, the ''duandao'' or "short dao" was also used, this being a compact weapon generally in the shape of a ''liuyedao''.<ref>{{harvnb|Tom|Rodell|2005|pp=80, 84}}</ref> The ''dadao'' saw continued use, and during the Ming dynasty the large two-handed ''[[Changdao (sword)|changdao]]'' and {{Transliteration|zh|[[zhanmadao]]}} were used both against the cavalry of the northern steppes and the ''[[wokou]]'' ([[pirate]]s) of the southeast coast; these latter weapons (sometimes under different names) would continue to see limited use during the Qing period.<ref>{{harvnb|Tom|Rodell|2005|p=85}}</ref> Also, during the Qing, there appeared weapons such as the ''[[nandao]]'', regional variants in the name or shape of some of the above dao, and more obscure variants such as the "nine ringed broadsword", these last likely invented for street demonstrations and theatrical performances rather than for use as weapons. The word ''dao'' is also used in the names of several polearms that feature a single-edged blade, such as the ''[[pudao]]'' and {{Transliteration|zh|[[guandao]]}}.

The Chinese [[qiang (spear)|spear]] and dao (''liuyedao'' and ''yanmaodao'') were commonly issued to infantry due to the expense of and relatively greater amount of training required for the effective use of the Chinese straight sword, or ''[[jian]]''. Dao can often be depicted in period artwork worn by officers and infantry.

During the Yuan dynasty and after, some aesthetic features of [[Persian people|Persian]], [[Indian people|Indian]], and [[Turkic peoples|Turkish]] swords would appear on dao. These could include intricate carvings on the blade and "rolling pearls": small metal balls that would roll along [[fuller (weapon)|fuller]]-like grooves in the blade.<ref>{{harvnb|Tom|2001|pp=209, 218}}</ref>

==Recent history==

{{More citations needed section|date=October 2020}}

[[File:Chinese soldiers from a "Big Sword Unit" during the Japanese invasion of Jehol Province, China, 1933.jpg|thumb|Chinese soldiers from a "Big Sword Unit" during the Japanese attack of [[Rehe Province]], China, 1933]]
The ''dadao'' was used by some Chinese [[militia]] units against Japanese invaders in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], occasioning "[[The Sword March]]". The ''[[miaodao]]'', a descendant of the ''[[Changdao (sword)|changdao]]'', also saw use. These were used during planned ambushes on Japanese troops because the Chinese military and patriotic resistance groups often had a shortage of firearms. {{Citation needed|reason=please give a reliable source for this assertion.|date=April 2010}}

Most [[Chinese martial arts]] schools still train extensively with the dao, seeing it as a powerful conditioning tool and a versatile weapon, with self-defense techniques transferable to similarly sized objects more commonly found in the modern world, such as [[Walking stick|canes]], [[baseball]] or [[cricket bat]]s, for example. Some schools teach double sword {{Transliteration|zh|shuangdao}} [[wiktionary:雙|雙]][[wiktionary:刀|刀]], forms and fencing, one dao for each hand. {{Citation needed|reason=please give a reliable source for this assertion.|date=April 2010}}

One measure of the proper length of the sword should be from the hilt in your hand, the tip of the blade at the brow, and, in some schools, the shoulder height. Alternatively, the sword's length should be from the middle of the throat along the size of the outstretched arm. There are also significantly larger versions of dao used for training in some [[Baguazhang]] and [[Taijiquan]] schools. {{Citation needed|reason=please give a reliable source for this assertion.|date=April 2010}}

=== Nandao ===
{{main|Nandao}}
The ''nandao'' or "southern broadsword" is a modern innovation used for [[Wushu (sport)|contemporary wushu]] practice.

== In modern wushu ==
''Daoshu'' ({{Lang-zh|s=刀术|t=刀術|p=Dāo shù|l=Broadsword Play}}) refers to the competitive event in modern [[Wushu (sport)|wushu]] taolu where athletes utilize a dao in a routine. It was one of the four main weapon events implemented at the [[1991 World Wushu Championships|1st World Wushu Championships]] due to its general popularity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Results|url=http://www.iwuf.org/competition-results/|access-date=2021-01-09|website=IWUF|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Apparatus ===
The dao itself consists of a thin blade that makes noise when stabbing or cutting techniques are used. Over time, the edge has become more flimsy to create more noise, and the sword has become lighter to allow for faster handling. The only exception to this trend was in 1997 when the [[Chinese Wushu Association]] for one year required all swords to have a stiff blade in domestic competition.

In older generations of modern wushu, broadsword flags were generally large, but over the years they have greatly reduced in size to allow for more speed and clarity of the movements.

As of the 2024 IWUF rules, broadsword blades should be no shorter than the top of a competitor's ear if held vertically beside the body with the left hand. The flag must also be no shorter than 30 centimeters.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-14 |title=Wushu Taolu Competition Rules and Judging Methods (2024) |url=https://www.iwuf.org/xhimg/soft/240912/WUSHU-TAOLU-COMPETITION-RULES-AND-JUDGING-METHODS-2024.pdf |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=[[International Wushu Federation]]}}</ref>

=== Routines ===
As of the 2024 IWUF rules, daoshu routines must be between 1 minute 20 seconds to 1 minute 35 seconds in length.<ref name=":1" /> Daoshu routines are also required to have the following techniques:

'''Sword techniques'''
* Chán Tóu (缠头) – Broadsword Twining
* Guǒ Nǎo (裹脑) – Wrapping with the Broadsword
* Pī Dāo (劈刀) – Broadsword Chop
* Zhā Dāo (扎刀) – Broadsword Thrust
* Zhǎn Dāo (斩刀) – Broadsword Hack
* Guà Dāo (挂刀) – Broadsword Hooking Parry
* Yún Dāo (云刀) – Broadsword Cloud Waving
* Bèi Huā Dāo (背花刀) – Broadsword Wrist Figure 8 Behind the Back)
'''Stances'''

* Gōng Bù (弓步) – Bow Stance
* Mǎ Bù (马步) – [[Horse Stance]]
* Pū Bù (仆步) – Drop Stance
* Xū Bù (虚步) – Empty Stance
* Xiē Bù (歇步) – Cross-Legged Crouching Stance

=== Scoring criteria ===

Daoshu adheres to the same deduction content (A score) and degree of difficulty content and connections (C score) as changquan, gunshu, jianshu, and qiangshu. This three-score system has been in place since the 2005 IWUF rules revision. Only the techniques Chán Tóu (缠头) and Guǒ Nǎo (裹脑) have deduction content (code 62).<ref name=":1" /> 
[[Image:Wushu dao.jpg|thumb|right|A ''dao'' as seen in [[wushu (sport)|modern wushu]]]]

==See also==
*[[Chinese swords]]
*[[Jian]]
*[[Sabre]]
*[[Nandao]]

== Citations ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Explanatory notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== General and cited references ==
* {{citation
 | last = Graff
 | first = David A.
 | year = 2002
 | title = Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300–900
 | publisher = [[Routledge]]
 | location = London
 | isbn = 0-415-23955-9
}}
* {{citation
 | last = Grancsay
 | first = Stephen
 | title = Two Chinese Swords
 | journal = The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin
 | volume = 25
 | issue = 9
 | year = 1930
 | pages = 194–196
 | doi=10.2307/3255712
| jstor = 3255712
 }}
* {{citation
 | last = Hanson
 | first = Chris
 | title = The Mongol Siege of Xiangyang and Fan-ch'eng and the Song military
 | url = http://deremilitari.org/2014/05/the-mongol-siege-of-xiangyang-and-fan-cheng-and-the-song-military/
 | year = 2004
 | access-date = August 23, 2014
}}
* {{citation
 | last = Lorge
 | first = Peter A.
 | title = Chinese Martial Arts: From Antiquity to the Twenty-First Century
 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]
 | location = Cambridge
 | year = 2011
 | isbn = 978-0-521-87881-4
}}
* {{citation
 | last = Tom
 | first = Philip M. W.
 | s2cid = 191359442
 | title = Some Notable Sabers of the Qing Dynasty at the Metropolitan Museum of Art
 | journal = Metropolitan Museum Journal
 | volume = 36
 | year = 2001
 | pages = 11, 207–222
 | doi=10.2307/1513063
| jstor = 1513063
 }}
* {{citation
 | last1 = Tom
 | first1 = Philip M. W.
 | last2 = Rodell
 | first2 = Scott M.
 | author-link2 = Scott M. Rodell
 | title = An Introduction to Chinese Single-Edged Hilt Weapons (Dao) and Their Use in the Ming and Qing Dynasties
 | journal = Kung Fu Tai Chi
 | date = February 2005
 | pages = 76–85
}}
* {{citation
 | last = Werner
 | first = E. T. C.
 | year = 1989
 | title = Chinese Weapons
 | publisher = Graham Brash
 | location = Singapore
 | isbn = 9971-4-9116-8}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/33573 Sword with Scabbard] - 17th century example - [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
* [http://www.metmuseum.org/collection/the-collection-online/search/22412 Saber (Peidao) with Scabbard] – 18th or 19th-century example – Metropolitan Museum of Art

{{Chinese weapons}}
{{Swords by region}}
{{WWIIChineseInfantryWeapons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dao (Sword)}}
[[Category:Chinese inventions]]
[[Category:Chinese swords]]
[[Category:Events in wushu]]
[[Category:Single-edged swords]]
[[Category:World War II infantry weapons of China]]