Editing Dactylorhiza maculata subsp. fuchsii

{{short description|Subspecies of orchid}}
{{Infraspeciesbox
| image = Dactylorhiza fuchsii Mariazell 01.JPG
| genus = Dactylorhiza
| species = maculata
| subspecies = fuchsii
| authority = ([[George Claridge Druce|Druce]]) [[Hyl.]] (1966)
| synonyms = 
{{Collapsible list
|title = Synonyms list
| 
*''× Dactylanthera chevallieriana'' subsp. ''somersetensis'' {{small|(A.Camus) J.M.H.Shaw (2005)}}
*''× Dactylanthera somersetensis'' {{small|(A.Camus) B.Bock (2012)}}
*''Dactylorchis fuchsii'' <small>(Druce) Verm. (1947)</small>
*''Dactylorchis fuchsii'' subsp. ''sooana'' {{small|Borsos (1959)}}
*''Dactylorhiza andoeyana'' <small>Perko (2007)</small>
*''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' {{small|(Druce) [[Károly Rezső Soó|Soó]] (1962)}}
*''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' f. ''alpina'' {{small|Landwehr (1975)}}
*''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' var. ''alpina'' {{small|(Landwehr) R.M.Bateman & Denholm (1989)}}
*''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' f. ''andoeyana'' {{small|(Perko) P.Delforge (2008)}}
*''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' var. ''brachystachys'' {{small|(E.G.Camus) Soó (1962)}}
*''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' var. ''cornubiensis'' {{small|(Pugsley) Soó (1962)}}
*''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' subsp. ''fuchsii''
*''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' var. ''hebridensis'' {{small|(Wilmott) R.M.Bateman & Denholm (1989)}}
*''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' subsp. ''hebridensis'' {{small|(Wilmott) Soó (1962)}}
*''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' var. ''longibracteata'' {{small|Vöth (1978)}}
*''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' var. ''magnocalcarata'' {{small|Landwehr (1975)}}
*''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' f. ''meyeri'' {{small|(Rchb.f.) P.Delforge (2011)}}
*''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' var. ''meyeri'' {{small|(Rchb.f.) Soó (1962)}}
*''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' var. ''okellyi'' {{small|(Druce) R.M.Bateman & Denholm (1989)}}
*''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' subsp. ''okellyi'' {{small|(Druce) Soó (1962)}}
*''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' var. ''psychrophila'' {{small|(Schltr.) B.Bock (2012)}}
*''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' var. ''psychrophila'' {{small|(Schltr.) Soó (1962)}}
*''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' subsp. ''psychrophila'' {{small|(Schltr.) Holub (1964)}}
*''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' subsp. ''punicea'' {{small|J.Essink, L.Essink & Kreutz (2007)}}
*''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' f. ''rhodochila'' {{small|(Turner Ettl.) P.Delforge (2007)}}
*''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' var. ''rhodochila'' {{small|Turner Ettl. (1991)}}
*''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' subsp. ''sooana'' {{small|(Borsos) Borsos (1961)}}
*''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' var. ''sooana'' {{small|(Borsos) Kreutz (2004)}}
*''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' var. ''tatrensis'' {{small|Borsos ex Soó (1960)}}
*''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' var. ''trilobata'' {{small|(Bréb.) P.D.Sell (1996)}}
*''Dactylorhiza hebridensis'' <small>(Wilmott) Aver (1986)</small>
*''Dactylorhiza longibracteata'' <small>(F.W.Schmidt) Holub (1983)</small>
*''Dactylorhiza maculata'' subsp. ''hebridensis'' {{small|(Wilmott) H.Baumann & Künkele (1988)}}
*''Dactylorhiza maculata'' subsp. ''meyeri'' {{small|(Rchb.f.) Tournay (1967)}}
*''Dactylorhiza maculata'' subsp. ''okellyi'' {{small|(Druce) H.Baumann & Künkele (1988)}}
*''Dactylorhiza maculata'' var. ''psychrophila'' {{small|(Schltr.) Vöth (1980)}}
*''Dactylorhiza meyeri'' <small>(Rchb.f.) Aver. (1982)</small>
*''Dactylorhiza okellyi'' <small>(Druce) Aver. (1984)</small>
*''Dactylorhiza psychrophila'' <small>(Schltr.) Aver. (1982)</small>
*''× Orchiplatanthera somersetiensis'' {{small|A.Camus (1928)}}
*''Orchis fuchsii'' <small>Druce (1915)</small> ([[basionym]])
*''Orchis fuchsii'' f. ''lancefolia'' {{small|Snarskis (1963)}}
*''Orchis fuchsii'' f. ''maxima'' {{small|Snarskis (1963)}}
*''Orchis hebridensis'' <small>Wilmott (1939)</small>
*''Orchis longibracteata'' <small>F.W.Schmidt (1795), tentatively listed as a synonym.</small>
*''Orchis longibracteata'' {{small|Schur (1866), nom. illeg.}}
*''Orchis maculata'' var. ''brachystachys'' {{small|E.G.Camus (1921)}}
*''Orchis maculata'' var. ''cornubiensis'' {{small|Pugsley (1940)}}
*''Orchis maculata'' var. ''curvifolia'' {{small|E.G.Camus (1908)}}
*''Orchis maculata'' var. ''elongata'' {{small|Gadeceau (1892)}}
*''Orchis maculata'' subsp. ''meyeri'' {{small|(Rchb.f.) K.Richt. (1890)}}
*''Orchis maculata'' var. ''meyeri'' {{small|Rchb.f. (1851)}}
*''Orchis maculata'' f. ''minor'' {{small|Zapał. (1906)}}
*''Orchis maculata'' var. ''okellyi'' {{small|Druce (1909)}}
*''Orchis maculata'' f. ''paluster'' {{small|E.G.Camus (1908)}}
*''Orchis maculata'' var. ''psychrophila'' {{small|Schltr. (1927)}}
*''Orchis maculata'' f. ''recurvifolia'' {{small|Brenner (1911)}}
*''Orchis maculata'' var. ''slandzinskii'' {{small|Zapał. (1906)}}
*''Orchis maculata'' var. ''submontana'' {{small|Zapał. (1906)}}
*''Orchis maculata'' var. ''triloba'' {{small|E.G.Camus (1908)}}
*''Orchis maculata'' f. ''trilobata'' {{small|(Bréb.) Soó (1928)}}
*''Orchis maculata'' var. ''trilobata'' {{small|Bréb. (1835)}}
*''Orchis mascula'' var. ''triloba'' {{small|Bréb. (1879)}}
*''Orchis okellyi'' <small>(Druce) Druce (1915)</small>
*''× Rhizanthera somersetiensis'' {{small|(A.Camus) Soó (1966), not validly publ.}}
}}
|synonyms_ref=<ref name=powo>{{cite web |title=''Dactylorhiza maculata'' subsp. ''fuchsii'' (Druce) Hyl. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77254091-1 |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=3 September 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''''Dactylorhiza maculata'' subsp. ''fuchsii''''', the '''common spotted orchid''', is a subspecies of [[flowering plant]] in the orchid family [[Orchidaceae]].

''Dactylorhiza maculata'' subsp. ''fuchsii'' is one of Europe's most common wild orchids. It is widespread across much of [[Europe]], with the range extending eastward into [[Siberia]], [[Mongolia]] and [[Xinjiang]]. The species is also reportedly naturalised in the Canadian Province of [[Ontario]].<ref name="natasha">{{cite web |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=55291 |title=Dactylorhiza fuchsii (Druce) Soó, Nom. Nov. Gen. Dactylorhiza: 8 (1962) |website=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}}</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=250092494 Flora of China v 25 p 116, <big>紫斑掌裂兰</big> zi ban zhang lie lan, ''Dactylorhiza fuchsii'' (Druce) Soó, Nom. Nov. Gen. Dactylorhiza. 8. 1962.]</ref><ref>Castroviejo, S. & al. (eds.) (2005). Flora Iberica 21: 1-366. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid.</ref><ref>Griebl, N. (2008). Vorkommen und verbreitung der gattung Dactylorhiza in Österreich. Berichte aus den arbeitskreisen heimische orchideen 25(2): 80-118.</ref><ref>Curtis, T. & Thompson, R. (2009). The orchids of Ireland: 1-160. National Museums of Northern Ireland, Cultra, Holywood.</ref><ref>Vázquez Pardo, F.M. (2009). Revisión de la familia Orchidaceae en Extremadura (España). Folia Botanica Extremadurensis 3: 1-367.</ref>

''Dactylorhiza maculata'' subsp. ''fuchsii'' is a herbaceous [[perennial plant]] ranging from {{convert|10|to|60|cm|round=5}} in height. The inflorescence is a dense-flowered spike, produced in June–August, that is at first conical then cylindrical. The flower colour can vary from white to pale purple with purple spots, a symmetrical pattern of dark purple loops or dots and dashes. The [[Labellum (botany)|lip]] has three lobes. The [[bract]]s are usually shorter than the flower. The lip is smaller than that of the very similar ''[[Dactylorhiza maculata]]'' and has three deeper cuts. The middle lobe is more than half as large as a lateral lobe. Some colonies are highly perfumed, attractive to day-flying moths. The leaves are narrow lanceolate, keeled and often dark-spotted.

== Identification ==
It is similar to other orchids in the ''[[Dactylorhiza maculata]]'' group. ''D.&nbsp;maculata'' ssp. ''maculata'' is distinguished by having the lip less deeply trilobed, while ''D.&nbsp;maculata'' subsp. ''saccifera'' has one spur large and saccular (sac-shaped) and the bracts of the inflorescence as long as or longer than the flowers. Outside of the "maculata group", ''[[Dactylorhiza majalis|D.&nbsp;majalis]]'' is very similar to ''D.&nbsp;maculata subsp. fuchsii'', but is distinguished by the following characters: the spots of the leaves are less elongated, the bracts of the inflorescence are longer and the lower transcend the inflorescence itself; it tends to be less cylindrical (a little more 'globular'), the stem is hollow (not solid) and the leaves are slightly larger. Other similar orchids are ''[[Dactylorhiza incarnata|D.&nbsp;incarnata]]'' and [[Dactylorhiza majalis subsp. lapponica|''D.&nbsp;majalis'' subsp. ''lapponica'']] but these species have hollow stems and different habitat (fens and bogs).

== Distribution and habitat ==
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2023}} 
''Dactylorhiza&nbsp;maculata'' subsp. ''fuchsii'' is a [[Palearctic realm|Eurosiberian]] species occurring over Europe from Ireland in the west eastwards to Mongolia, the [[Altai Mountains]] and across northern Asia.<ref name="natasha" /> It is [[sympatric]] with ''D.&nbsp;maculata''.

Typical habitats are, variously across the range, conifer, beech and chestnut forests, moderately [[wet meadow]]s, bogs and margins of streams. The preferred substrate is supposedly calcareous although it seems not to be particularly linked to this type of substrate. In mountain, subalpine and alpine ecosystems ''D.&nbsp; maculata'' subsp. ''fuchsii'' is found from 900 to 2300&nbsp;m above sea level. Elsewhere it is found from sea level.

The full list of areas (World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions) for ''D.&nbsp;maculata'' subsp. ''fuchsii'' is Finland, Great Britain, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Slovakia, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland, Corsica, Italy, Romania, former Yugoslavia, Belarus, Baltic States, Central European Russia, East European Russia, North European Russia, South European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Ukraine, [[Altai Republic|Altay]], [[Buryatiya]], [[Chita Oblast|Chita]], [[Irkutsk]], [[Krasnoyarsk]], [[Tuva]], [[West Siberian Plain|West Siberia]], [[Yakutiya]], [[Xinjiang]], Mongolia.

In Italy it is found mainly in the Alps in the northern [[Apennines]]. In Britain it is widespread, the most common orchid, occurring from alkaline marshes to chalk downland. After the bee orchid, ''[[Ophrys apifera]]'', it is the most successful orchid coloniser of waste land.

==Ecology==
Pollination may be by [[bumblebees]], or the longhorn beetle ''[[Alosterna tabacicolor]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4220914 | jstor=4220914 | title=Deceptive Pollination of Dactylorhiza incarnata: An Experimental Test of the Magnet Species Hypothesis | last1=Lammi | first1=Antti | last2=Kuitunen | first2=Markku | journal=Oecologia | date=1995 | volume=101 | issue=4 | pages=500–503 | doi=10.1007/BF00329430 | pmid=28306966 | bibcode=1995Oecol.101..500L }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hardyorchidsociety.org.uk/HOS%201012/HOSweb5/dac-fuc%20poll3021.htm |title=Hardy Orchid Society |access-date=2018-12-05 |archive-date=2018-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205193504/http://www.hardyorchidsociety.org.uk/HOS%201012/HOSweb5/dac-fuc%20poll3021.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0006320790901145 | doi=10.1016/0006-3207(90)90114-5 | title=Pollination of the orchid Dactylorhiza fuchsii by longhorn beetles in primeval forests of Northeastern Poland | date=1990 | last1=Gutowski | first1=Jerzy M. | journal=Biological Conservation | volume=51 | issue=4 | pages=287–297 | bibcode=1990BCons..51..287G }}</ref>

''Dactylorhiza maculata'' subsp. ''fuchsii'' forms [[mycorrhizal fungi|mycorrhizal]] associations with fungi in the [[Tulasnellaceae]] and [[Ceratobasidium]] groups.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3732/ajb.1200117 | doi=10.3732/ajb.1200117 | title=Does mycorrhizal specificity affect orchid decline and rarity? | date=2012 | last1=Bailarote | first1=Bruno Cachapa | last2=Lievens | first2=Bart | last3=Jacquemyn | first3=Hans | journal=American Journal of Botany | volume=99 | issue=10 | pages=1655–1665 | pmid=23032816 }}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
''Dactylorhiza'' is [[Ancient Greek]] for finger root, referring to the shape of the plant's roots. The subspecies name ''fuchsii'' honours the 16th-century German botanist [[Leonhart Fuchs]]. The English name 'common spotted' refers to the species' abundance and the spots on its leaves. The French and German common names also honour [[Leonhart Fuchs]].

This plant belongs to a [[Species problem|problematic group]] of orchids. ''D.&nbsp;maculata'' subsp. ''fuchsii'' is very variable in flower colour and flower morphology, plant height and the scent of flowers. This is due to the ease of [[introgression]] (the transfer of genetic material from one [[sympatric]] species to another, only partially isolated from the first, through interspecific hybridization and repeated backcrossing to a parental species), the ability of these plants to adapt quickly and easily to habitat and different substrates and possibly other causes. As a result, a multitude of forms have been defined for this plant. The World Checklist of [[Kew Gardens]] lists over 25 varieties, of which 7 are recognized as valid.<ref name="WCSP">{{cite web |url= http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do |title=Quick Search: [Dactylorhiza fuchsia] |website=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=4 July 2013}}</ref>

=== Hybrids ===
Hybrids with other species of the same genus are frequent. Species include:
*''[[Dactylorhiza majalis]]'' <small>(Rchb.) PFHunt & Summerh.</small>
*''[[Dactylorhiza traunsteineri]]'' <small>(Saut. ''ex'' Rchb.)</small>
*''[[Dactylorhiza incarnata]]'' <small>(L.) Soó</small> subsp. ''ochroleuca''
This plant hybridizes easily with species of different genera (intergeneric hybridization). The list below shows some of these intergeneric hybrids (these hybrids are not always recognized by all botanists):
*×''Dactylodenia lawalreei'' <small>P.Delforge & D.Tyteca</small> – hybrid with ''[[Gymnadenia odoratissima]]''
*×''Dactylodenia st-quintinii'' <small>(Godfery) J. Duvigneaud ''in'' De Langhe ''et al.''</small> – hybrid with ''[[Gymnadenia conopsea]]''
*×''Dactyloglossum mixtum'' <small>(Ascherson & Graebner) Rauschert</small> – hybrid with ''[[Coeloglossum viride]]''
*×''Rhizanthera martysiensis'' <small>Balayer</small> – hybrid with ''[[Platanthera chlorantha]]''

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode=packed heights=220>
Dactylorhiza fuchsii alba - Käesalu.jpg|''D. maculata'' subsp. ''fuchsii'' alba, White-flowered form
Dactylorhiza fuchsii hebridensis 01.jpg|''D. maculata'' subsp. ''fuchsii'' ''hebridensis''
Dactylorhiza fuchsii okellyi 02.jpg|''D. maculata'' subsp. ''fuchsii'' ''okellyi''
Mg-k d1002355 dactylorhiza fuchsii x gymnadenia conopsea.jpg|Hybrid between ''D.&nbsp;maculata'' subsp. ''fuchsii'' and ''[[Gymnadenia conopsea]]''
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=55291 World Checklist of Monocotyledons, Kew Botanical Gardens]

== External links ==
* {{Commons-inline|Dactylorhiza fuchsii|''Dactylorhiza fuchsii''}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Dactylorhiza fuchsii|''Dactylorhiza fuchsii''}}
* [http://offene-naturfuehrer.de/web/Zur_Unterscheidung_von_Dactylorhiza_fuchsii_und_maculata_%E2%80%93_Abgrenzung_und_%C3%96kologie_%28Manfred_Hennecke%29 Manfred Hennecke]

{{Taxonbar|from= Q130233156|from2=Q637526}}

[[Category:Dactylorhiza|maculata subsp. fuchsii]]
[[Category:Orchids of Europe]]
[[Category:Orchids of Asia]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1915]]