Editing Cypriniformes

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Short description|Order of fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|71|0|[[Late Cretaceous]] ([[Maastrichtian]]) to recent}}
| image = Karper 59326.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| image_caption = A wild-type [[common carp]] (''Cyprinus carpio'', [[Cyprinidae]]: [[Cyprininae]])
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Cypriniformes
| authority = [[Edwin Stephen Goodrich|Goodrich]], 1909<ref name = N&T>{{cite journal |author=Thomas J. Near |author2=Christine E. Thacker |title=Phylogenetic Classification of Living and Fossil Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii) |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=3-302 |doi=10.3374/014.065.0101}}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision_ref = 
| subdivision = see [[#Systematics|text]]
| type_species = ''[[Cyprinus carpio]]''
| type_species_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| diversity = Around 4,205 species
}}

'''Cypriniformes''' {{IPAc-en|s|ᵻ|ˈ|p|r|ɪ|n|ᵻ|f|ɔːr|m|iː|z}} is an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]], which includes many [[Family (biology)|families]] and [[Genus|genera]] of '''cyprinid''' ([[Carp|carps]] and their kin) fish, such as [[Barb (fish)|barbs]], [[Loach|loaches]], [[Botia|botias]], and [[minnow]]s (among others). Cypriniformes is an "order-within-an-order", placed under the [[Superorder (biology)|superorder]] '''[[Ostariophysi]]'''—which is also made up of cyprinid, '''ostariophysin''' fishes. The order contains 11–12 families (with some authorities having listed as many as 23),<ref name="T&A">{{cite journal|author1=Milton Tan|author2=Jonathan W. Ambruster|name-list-style=amp|year=2018|title=Phylogenetic Classification of Extant Genera of Fishes of the Order Cypriniformes|url=https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/article/viewFile/zootaxa.4476.1.4/15982|journal=Zootaxa|volume=4476|issue=1|pages=006–039|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4476.1.4|pmid=30313339|s2cid=52976511 }}</ref> over 400 genera, and more than 4,250 named [[species]]; new species are regularly described, and new genera are recognized frequently.<ref name=FBO>{{FishBase order | order = Cypriniformes| month = December | year = 2012}}</ref><ref name=CoF>Eschmeyer, W.N., Fong, J.D. (2015) [http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/SpeciesByFamily.asp#Cyprinidae Species by family/subfamily] in the [[Catalog of Fishes]], California Academy of Sciences (retrieved 2 July 2015)</ref> Cyprinids are most diverse in [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]] and are entirely absent from [[Australia]] and [[South America]].<ref name=Nelson>Nelson (2006)</ref> At 112 years old, the longest-lived cypriniform fish documented is the [[bigmouth buffalo]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Lackmann|first1=Alec R.|last2=Andrews|first2=Allen H.|last3=Butler|first3=Malcolm G.|last4=Bielak-Lackmann|first4=Ewelina S.|last5=Clark|first5=Mark E.|date=2019-05-23|title=Bigmouth Buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus sets freshwater teleost record as improved age analysis reveals centenarian longevity|url= |journal=Communications Biology|language=En|volume=2|issue=1|pages=197|doi=10.1038/s42003-019-0452-0|pmid=31149641|pmc=6533251|issn=2399-3642}}</ref>

Their closest living relatives are the [[Characiformes]] ([[characin]]s, [[Tetra|tetras]] and their kin), the [[Gymnotiformes]] ([[electric eel]] and [[Gymnotiformes|American knifefish]]es), and the [[Catfish|Siluriformes]] ([[Catfish|catfishes]]).<ref>Saitoh ''et al.'' (2003), Briggs (2005)</ref>

==Description==

Like other orders of the [[Ostariophysi]], fishes of Cypriniformes possess a [[Weberian apparatus]]. They differ from most of their relatives in having only a [[dorsal fin]] on their backs; most other fishes of Ostariophysi have a small, fleshy [[adipose fin]] behind the dorsal fin. Other differences are the Cypriniformes' unique [[kinethmoid]], a small median bone in the snout, and the lack of teeth in the mouth. Instead, they have [[convergent evolution|convergent]] structures called [[pharyngeal teeth]] in the throat. While other groups of fish, such as [[cichlid]]s, also possess pharyngeal teeth, the cypriniformes' teeth grind against a chewing pad on the base of the skull, rather than an upper pharyngeal jaw.<ref name=Nelson />

[[File:Steinbeisser 001.jpg|thumb|left|A true loach - the [[spined loach]], ''Cobitis taenia'']]
The most notable family placed here is the [[Cyprinidae]] ([[carp]]s and [[minnow]]s), which make up two-thirds of the order's diversity. This is one of the largest families of fish, and is widely distributed across [[Africa]], [[Eurasia]], and [[North America]]. Most species are strictly freshwater inhabitants, but some are found in [[brackish]] water, such as [[common roach|roach]] and [[Carp bream|bream]]. At least one species is found in saltwater, the Pacific redfin, ''[[Tribolodon brandtii]]''.<ref>Orlov & Sa-a {2007]</ref> Brackish water and marine cyprinids are invariably [[anadromous]],{{Citation needed|date=September 2014}} swimming upstream into rivers to spawn.  Sometimes separated as family [[Psilorhynchus|Psilorhynchidae]], they seem to be specially adapted fishes of the Cyprinidae.<ref>FishBase (2004d,f), He ''et al.'' (2008)</ref>

The [[Balitoridae]] and [[Gyrinocheilidae]] are families of mountain-stream fishes feeding on [[alga]]e and small [[invertebrate]]s. They are found only in [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] [[Asia]]. While the former are a speciose group, the latter contain only a handful of [[species]].<ref>FishBase (2004a,e)</ref> The suckers ([[Catostomidae]]) are found in [[temperate]] [[North America]] and eastern Asia.{{Citation needed|date=September 2014}} These large fishes are similar to carps in appearance and ecology. Members of the [[Cobitidae]] are common across [[Eurasia]] and parts of [[North Africa]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2014}} A midsized group like the suckers,<ref>FishBase (2004b,c)</ref> they are rather similar to catfish in appearance and behaviour, feeding primarily off the substrate and equipped with barbels to help them locate food at night or in murky conditions. Fishes in the families Cobitidae, Balitoridae, Botiidae, and Gyrinocheilidae are called loaches, although the last do not seem to belong to the lineage of "true" loaches, but are related to the suckers.<ref name = heetal2008>He ''et al.'' (2008)</ref>

== Systematics ==
[[File:Nemac fasci 080519 9380 ckoep.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Nemacheilus chrysolaimos]]'' is a stone loach. Closely related to true loaches, like these, they have barbels.]]
[[File:Chinese algae eater.jpg|thumb|right|The Chinese algae eater (''[[Gyrinocheilus aymonieri]]'') is one of the sucking loaches, which are distant from other "loaches".]]
[[File:Erimyzon sucetta.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Erimyzon sucetta]]'', a small sucker]]
Historically, these included all the forms now placed in the [[superorder]] [[Ostariophysi]] except the catfish, which were placed in the order [[Siluriformes]]. By this definition, the Cypriniformes were [[paraphyletic]], so recently, the orders [[Gonorhynchiformes]], [[Characiformes]], ([[characin]]s and allies), and [[Gymnotiformes]] ([[Gymnotiformes|knifefishes]] and [[electric eel]]s) have been separated out to form their own [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] orders.<ref>Helfman ''et al.'' (1997): pp.228-229</ref>

The [[family (biology)|families]] of Cypriniformes are traditionally divided into two [[Order (biology)#Hierarchy of ranks|suborders]]. Superfamily [[Cyprinioidea]] contains the carps and minnows ([[Cyprinidae]]) and also the mountain carps as the family [[Psilorhynchidae]].<ref name=Nelson/> In 2012, [[Maurice Kottelat]] reviewed the superfamily [[Cobitoidei]] and under his revision it now consists of the following families: hillstream loaches ([[Balitoridae]]), [[Barbuccidae]], [[Botiidae]], suckers ([[Catostomidae]]), true loaches ([[Cobitidae]]), [[Ellopostomatidae]], [[Gastromyzontidae]], sucking loaches ([[Gyrinocheilidae]]), stone loaches ([[Nemacheilidae]]), [[Serpenticobitidae]], and long-finned loaches ([[Vaillantellidae]]).<ref name=Kottelat2012>Kottelat, M. (2012)</ref>

[[Catostomoidea]] is usually treated as a [[Synonym (taxonomy)#Zoology|junior synonym]] of the Cobitoidei, but it could be split off the Catostomidae and Gyrinocheilidae in a distinct superfamily; the Catostomoidea might be closer relatives of the carps and minnows than of the "true" loaches. While the Cyprinioidea seem more "primitive" than the loach-like forms,<ref name=Nelson/> they were apparently successful enough never to shift from the original [[ecological niche]] of the [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] [[Ostariophysi]]. Yet, from the [[ecomorphological]]ly conservative main lineage apparently at least two major [[evolutionary radiation|radiation]]s branched off. These diversified from the lowlands into torrential river [[habitat]]s, acquiring similar [[Morphology (biology)|habitus]] and [[adaptation]]s [[convergent evolution|in the process]].<ref name = heetal2008 />

The mountain carps are the highly [[Cladistics#apomorphy|apomorph]]ic Cyprinidae, perhaps close to [[Cyprininae|true carps]] (Cyprininae), or maybe to the [[danionin]]s. While some details about the [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] structures of this massively diverse family are known &ndash; e.g. that [[Cultrinae]] and [[Leuciscinae]] are rather close relatives and stand apart from Cyprininae &ndash;  no good consensus exists yet on how the main lineages are interrelated. A systematic list, from the most ancient to the most modern lineages, can thus be given as:<ref name=ECoF>{{cite web |url=https://www.calacademy.org/scientists/catalog-of-fishes-classification |title=Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Classification |access-date=5 November 2024 |publisher=[[California Academy of Sciences]]}}</ref>[[File:Amyzon hunanensis 01.jpg|thumb|Fossil of ''[[Jianghanichthys]]'', the earliest known cypriniform]]
* Family †[[Jianghanichthyidae]] <small>Liu, Chang, Wilson & Murray, 2015</small> ([[Paleocene]] to [[Eocene]] of China)<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Juan |last2=Chang |first2=Mee-Mann |last3=Wilson |first3=Mark V. H. |last4=Murray |first4=Alison M. |date=2015-11-02 |title=A new family of Cypriniformes (Teleostei, Ostariophysi) based on a redescription of † Jianghanichthys hubeiensis (Lei, 1977) from the Eocene Yangxi Formation of China |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2015.1004073 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=e1004073 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2015.1004073 |bibcode=2015JVPal..35E4073L |issn=0272-4634}}</ref>
* Suborder [[Gyrinocheilus|Gyrinocheiloidei]] <small>[[Ricardo Betancur-R|Betancur-R]], ''et al.'', 2017</small>
** Family [[Gyrinocheilus|Gyrinocheilidae]] <small>[[Theodore Gill|Gill]], 1907</small> (algae eaters)
* Suborder [[Catostomidae|Catostomoidei]] <small>Betancur-R, et al., 2017</small>
** Family [[Catostomidae]] <small>[[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1850</small> (suckers)
* Suborder [[Cobitoidei]] <small>[[Leopold  Fitzinger|Fitzinger]], 1832</small>
** Family [[Botiidae]] <small>[[Lev Berg|Berg]]</small>, 1940 (pointface loaches)
** Family [[Vaillantellidae]] <small>Nalbant & [[Petru Mihai Bănărescu|Bănărescu]], 1977</small> (longfin loaches)
** Family [[Cobitidae]] <small>[[William Swainson|Swainson]], 1838</small> (spined loaches)
** Family [[Barbuccidae]] <small>[[Maurice Kottelat|Kottelat]], 2012</small> (scooter loaches)
** Family [[Gastromyzontidae]] <small>[[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]], 1905</small> (hillstream loaches)
** Family [[Serpenticobitidae]] <small>Kottelat, 2012</small> (snake loaches)
** Family [[Balitoridae]] <small>Swainson, 1839</small> (river loaches)
** Family [[Ellopostomatidae]] <small>[[Jörg Bohlen|Bohlen]] & [[Vendula Šlechtová|Šlechtová]], 2009</small> (square-head loaches)
** Family [[Nemacheilidae]] <small>[[Charles Tate Regan|Regan]], 1911</small> (brook loaches)
* Suborder [[Cyprinoidei]] <small>Fitzinger, 1832</small>
** Family [[Paedocyprididae]] <small>[[Richard L. Mayden|Mayden]] & [[Wei-Jen Chen|W.J. Chen]], 2010</small> (tiny carps)
** Family [[Psilorhynchidae]] <small>[[Sunder Lal Hora|Hora]], 1926</small> (mountain carps)
** Family [[Cyprinidae]] <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1815</small> (carps)
** Family [[Sundadanionidae]] <small>Mayden & Chen, 2010</small> (tiny danios)
** Family [[Danionin|Danionidae]] <small>[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1863</small> (danionids)
** Family [[Leptobarbidae]] <small>Bleeker, 1864</small> (cigar barbs)
** Family [[Xenocyprididae]] <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1868</small> (East Asian minnows or sharpbellies)
** Family [[Tincidae]] <small>[[David Starr Jordan|D. S. Jordan]], 1878</small> (tenches)
** Family [[Acheilognathidae]] <small>Bleeker, 1863</small> (bitterlings)
** Family [[Gobioninae|Gobionidae]] <small>Bleeker, 1863</small> (freshwater gudgeons)
** Family [[Tanichthyidae]] <small>Mayden & Chen, 2010</small> (mountain minnows)
** Family [[Leuciscidae]] <small>[[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1835</small> (minnows)

===Phylogeny===
Phylogeny based on the work of the following works<ref name="slech">{{cite journal|pmid=17433724|year=2007|last1=Slechtová|first1=V.|title=Families of Cobitoidea (Teleostei; Cypriniformes) as revealed from nuclear genetic data and the position of the mysterious genera Barbucca, Psilorhynchus, Serpenticobitis and Vaillantella|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=44|issue=3|pages=1358–65|last2=Bohlen|first2=J.|last3=Tan|first3=H. H.|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.019|bibcode=2007MolPE..44.1358S }}</ref><ref name="chen">{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02398.x|pmid=20738682|title=Molecular phylogeny of the Cobitoidea (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) revisited: Position of enigmatic loach ''Ellopostomaresolved'' with six nuclear genes|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|volume=75|issue=9|pages=2197–2208|year=2009|last1=Chen|first1=W.-J.|last2=Lheknim|first2=V.|last3=Mayden|first3=R. L.|bibcode=2009JFBio..75.2197C }}</ref><ref name="bohlen">Jörg Bohlen, Vendula Šlechtová: ''Phylogenetic position of the fish genus ''Ellopostoma'' (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) using molecular genetic data.'' Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. Bd.&nbsp;20, Nr.&nbsp;2, 2009, S.&nbsp;157–162 ([http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/04biol/pdf/ief20_2_05.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924072138/http://www.pfeil-verlag.de/04biol/pdf/ief20_2_05.pdf |date=24 September 2015 }}; 1,8 MB)</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1 = Mikko Haaramo |title=Cobitoidei – loach-like cypriniforms |website=Mikko's Phylogeny Archive |access-date= 2013-10-26 |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/actinopterygii/cypriniformes/cobitoidei.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=638796#null|title=ITIS Standard Report Page: Cyprinoidea|website=www.itis.gov|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref>

{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;width:700px;
|label1=Cypriniformes
|1={{clade
  |label1=Cyprinoidei
  |1={{clade
    |label1=Cyprinoidea
    |1={{clade
      |1=[[Cyprinidae]] (carps & minnows) [[File:Common carp (white background).jpg|70 px]]
      |2=[[Psilorhynchidae]] <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Psilorhynchus balitora Day Mintern 122.jpg|70 px]]</span>
    }}
  }}
  |label2=Cobitoidei
  |2={{clade
    |label1=Catostomoidea (suckers)
    |1=[[Catostomidae]] [[File:Ictiobus niger (white background).jpg|70 px]]
    |2={{clade
      |label1=Gyrinocheiloidea
      |1=[[Gyrinocheilidae]]
      |label2=[[Cobitoidea]] (loaches)
      |2={{clade
        |1=[[Botiidae]] <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Chromobotia macracanthus Bleeker.jpg|70 px]]</span>
        |2={{clade
          |1=[[Vaillantellidae]] <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Vaillantella euepiptera.png|70 px]]</span>
          |2={{clade
            |1=[[Cobitidae]] <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Acantopsis choirorhynchos Bleeker.jpg|70 px]]</span>
            |2={{clade
              |1=[[Balitoridae]] <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Homaloptera zollingeri Bleeker (cropped).jpg|70 px]]</span>
              |2={{clade
                |1=[[Ellopostomatidae]]
                |2=[[Nemacheilidae]] [[File:Nemachilus barbatulus (white background).jpg|70 px]]
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}

===Evolution===
Cypriniformes include the most primitive of the Ostariophysi in the narrow sense (i.e. excluding the [[Gonorynchiformes]]). This is evidenced not only by physiological details, but also by their great distribution, which indicates they had the longest time to spread. The earliest that Cypriniformes might have diverged from [[Characiphysi]] ([[Characiformes]] and relatives) is thought to be about the [[Early Triassic]], about 250 million years ago ([[mya (unit)|mya]]).<ref>Saitoh ''et al.'' (2003)</ref> However, their divergence probably occurred only with the splitting-up of [[Pangaea]] in the [[Jurassic]], maybe 160 million years ago (Mya). By 110 Mya, the [[plate tectonics]] evidence indicates that the [[Laurasia]]n Cypriniformes must have been distinct from their [[Gondwana]]n relatives.<ref>Briggs (2005), Nelson (2006)</ref>

The Cypriniformes are thought to have originated in [[South-east Asia]], where the most diversity of this group is found today. The alternative hypothesis is that they began in [[South America]], similar to the other [[Otophysi|otophysans]]. If this were the case, they would have spread to Asia through Africa or North America before the continents split up, for these are purely freshwater fishes. As the Characiformes began to diversify and spread, they may have outcompeted South American basal cypriniforms in Africa, where more advanced cypriniforms survive and coexist with characiforms.<ref name=briggs>Briggs (2005)</ref>

Until 2025, no cypriniform fossil remains were known predating the [[Cenozoic]]. In 2025, multiple fossil remains of an indeterminate cypriniform, including jaws, tooth plates, and vertebrae, were identified from the early [[Maastrichtian]]-aged (71-69 Mya) [[Prince Creek Formation]] of Alaska. This occurrence suggests that in contrast to previous hypotheses, cypriniforms may have originated in high-latitude regions and radiated southwards during the Cenozoic.<ref name="Brinkman2025">{{Cite journal |last=Brinkman |first=Donald B. |last2=López |first2=J. Andrés |last3=Erickson |first3=Gregory M. |last4=Eberle |first4=Jaelyn J. |last5=Muñoz |first5=Xochitl |last6=Wilson |first6=Lauren N. |last7=Perry |first7=Zackary R. |last8=Murray |first8=Alison M. |last9=Van Loon |first9=Lisa |last10=Banerjee |first10=Neil R. |last11=Druckenmiller |first11=Patrick S. |date=2025 |title=Fishes from the Upper Cretaceous Prince Creek Formation, North Slope of Alaska, and their palaeobiogeographical significance |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/spp2.70014 |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=e70014 |doi=10.1002/spp2.70014 |issn=2056-2802}}</ref> The next-oldest cypriniform fossils are already assignable to the living [[family (biology)|family]] Catostomidae; from the [[Paleocene]]-aged [[Paskapoo Formation]] of [[Alberta]], they are roughly 60 million years old. During the [[Eocene]] (55–35 Mya), catostomids and cyprinids spread throughout Asia; the earliest members of the cyprinid subfamilies [[Barbinae]] and [[Danionin|Danioninae]] are known from the Eocene [[Sangkarewang Formation]] of [[Indonesia]], in addition to possibly [[Smilogastrinae]] and [[Labeoninae]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=Alison M. |date=2020-01-02 |title=Early Cenozoic Cyprinoids (Ostariophysi: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae and Danionidae) from Sumatra, Indonesia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2020.1762627 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=e1762627 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2020.1762627 |bibcode=2020JVPal..40E2627M |issn=0272-4634}}</ref> The extinct family [[Jianghanichthyidae]] is known from the Eocene of China.<ref name=":1" /> In the [[Oligocene]], around 30 Mya, advanced cyprinids began to outcompete catostomids wherever they were [[Sympatry|sympatric]], causing a decline of the suckers. Cyprinids reached North America and Europe about the same time, and Africa in the early [[Miocene]] (some 23–20 Mya). The cypriniforms spread to North America through the [[Beringia|Bering land bridge]], which formed and disappeared again several times during the many millions of years of cypriniform [[evolution]].<ref name=briggs/>

==Relationship with humans==
The Cyprinidae in particular are important in a variety of ways. Many species are important food fish, particularly in Europe and Asia. Some are also important as aquarium fish, of which the [[goldfish]] and [[koi]] are perhaps the most celebrated. The other families are of less commercial importance. The Catostomidae have some importance in [[angling]], and some "loaches" are bred for the international [[aquarium]] fish trade.

Accidentally or deliberately introduced populations of [[common carp]] (''Cyprinus carpio'') and [[grass carp]] (''Ctenopharyngodon idella'') are found on all [[continent]]s except [[Antarctica]]. In some cases, these [[Invasive species|exotic species]] have a negative impact on the environment. Carp in particular stir up the riverbed, reducing the clarity of the water, making plant growth difficult.<ref>GSMFC (2005), FFWCC [2008]</ref>

In science, one of the most famous members of the Cypriniformes is the [[zebrafish]] (''Danio rerio''). The zebrafish is one of the most important vertebrate [[model organism]]s in biological and biochemical sciences, being used in many kinds of experiments. During early development, the zebrafish has a nearly transparent body, so it is ideal for studying developmental biology. It is also used for the elucidation of biochemical signaling pathways.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zfin.org|title=Biochemical Signaling Pathways|publisher=ZFIN}}</ref> They are also good pets, but can be shy in bright light and crowded tanks.

===Threats and extinction===
[[File:Thicktail Chub.jpg|thumb|left|The [[thicktail chub]] (''Gila crassicauda'') is globally [[extinct]] since about 1960.]]
[[Habitat destruction]], [[damming]] of upland rivers, [[pollution]], and in some cases [[overfishing]] for food or the pet trade have driven some Cypriniformes to the brink of [[extinct]]ion or even beyond. In particular, Cyprinidae of southwestern [[North America]] have been severely affected; a considerable number went entirely extinct after settlement by Europeans. For example, in 1900 the [[thicktail chub]] (''Gila crassicauda'') was the most common freshwater fish found in [[California]]; 70 years later, not a single living individual existed.

[[File:Epalzeorhynchos bicolor.jpg|thumb|right|Few if any [[red-tailed black shark]]s (''Epalzeorhynchos bicolor'') remain in the wild today.]]
The well-known [[red-tailed black shark]] (''Epalzeorhynchos bicolor'') from the [[Mae Klong]] River of ''[[The Bridge on the River Kwai]]'' fame possibly only survives in captivity. Ironically, while pollution and other forms of overuse by humans have driven it from its native home, it is bred for the aquarium fish trade by the thousands. The [[Acanthobrama telavivensis|Yarqon bleak]] (''Acanthobrama telavivensis'') from the [[Yarqon River]] had to be rescued into captivity from imminent extinction; new populations have apparently<!-- IUCN says no in 2006, but paper was published shortly thereafter --> been established again successfully from captive stock. The Balitoridae and Cobitidae, meanwhile, contain a very large number of species about which essentially nothing is known except how they look and where they were first found.<ref name =iucn2007 />

Globally extinct Cypriniformes species are:<ref name =iucn2007>IUCN (2007)</ref>
* ''[[Acanthobrama hulensis]]''
* [[Alburnus akili|Gökçe balığı]], ''Alburnus akili''
* ''[[Barbus microbarbis]]''
* [[Snake River sucker]], ''Chasmistes muriei''
* ''[[Chondrostoma scodrense]]''
* ''[[Cyprinus yilongensis]]''
* [[Mexican dace]], ''Evarra bustamantei''
* [[Plateau chub]], ''Evarra eigenmanni''
* [[Endorheic chub]], ''Evarra tlahuacensis''
* [[Thicktail chub]], ''Gila crassicauda''
* [[Pahranagat spinedace]], ''Lepidomeda altivelis''
* [[Harelip sucker]], ''Moxostoma lacerum''
* [[Durango shiner]], ''Notropis aulidion''
* [[Phantom shiner]], ''Notropis orca''
* [[Salado shiner]], ''Notropis saladonis''
* [[Clear Lake splittail]], ''Pogonichthys ciscoides''
* [[Las Vegas dace]], ''Rhinichthys deaconi''
* [[Stumptooth minnow]], ''Stypodon signifer''
* ''[[Telestes ukliva]]''

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{aut|Briggs, John C.}} (2005): The biogeography of otophysan fishes (Ostariophysi: Otophysi): a new appraisal. ''[[Journal of Biogeography|J. Biogeogr.]]'' '''32'''(2): 287–294. <small>{{doi|10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01170.x}}</small> (HTML abstract)
* {{aut|[[FishBase]]}} (2004a): [https://web.archive.org/web/20080511171951/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=126 Family Balitoridae - River loaches]. Version of 2004-NOV-22. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
* {{aut|[[FishBase]]}} (2004b): [http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?id=125 Family Catostomidae - Suckers]. Version of 2004-NOV-22. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
* {{aut|[[FishBase]]}} (2004c): [https://web.archive.org/web/20080511172839/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=127 Family Cobitidae - Loaches]. Version of 2004-NOV-22. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
* {{aut|[[FishBase]]}} (2004d): [https://web.archive.org/web/20080710085449/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?ID=122 Family Cyprinidae - Minnows or carps]. Version of 2004-NOV-22. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
* {{aut|[[FishBase]]}} (2004e): [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930035034/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?id=123 Family Gyrinocheilidae - Algae eaters]. Version of 2004-NOV-22. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
* {{aut|[[FishBase]]}} (2004f): [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930141429/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/FamilySummary.cfm?id=124 Family Psilorhynchidae - Mountain carps]. Version of 2004-NOV-22. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
* {{aut|[[FishBase]]}} (2005): [https://web.archive.org/web/20081016043421/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/OrdersSummary.cfm?order=Cypriniformes Order Summary for Cypriniformes]. Version of 2005-FEB-15. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
* {{aut|Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FFWCC)}} (2006): [http://floridafisheries.com/Fishes/non-native.html Florida's Exotic Freshwater Fishes]. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
* {{aut|[[Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission]] (GSMFC)}} (2005): [https://web.archive.org/web/20070818063036/http://nis.gsmfc.org/nis_factsheet2.php?toc_id=183 Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)]. Version of 2005-08-03. Retrieved 2007-05-03.
* {{aut|He, Shunping; Gub, Xun; Mayden, Richard L.; Chen, Wei-Jen; Conway, Kevin W. & Chen, Yiyu}} (2008): Phylogenetic position of the enigmatic genus ''Psilorhynchus'' (Ostariophysi: Cypriniformes): Evidence from the mitochondrial genome. ''[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]]'' '''47''': 419–425. <small>{{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2007.10.012}}</small> (HTML abstract)
* {{aut|Helfman, G.; Collette, B. & Facey, D.}} (1997): ''The Diversity of Fishes''. Blackwell Publishing. <small>{{ISBN|0-86542-256-7}}</small>
* {{aut|[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN)}} (2007): ''[www.iucnredlist.org 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]''.
* Kottelat, M. (2012): [https://web.archive.org/web/20130211134858/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s26/Conspectus_cobitidum.pdf Conspectus cobitidum: an inventory of the loaches of the world (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cobitoidei).]  ''The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Suppl. No. 26: 1-199.''
* {{aut|Nelson, Joseph S.}} (2006): ''[[Fishes of the World]]''. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <small>{{ISBN|0-471-25031-7}}</small>
* {{aut|Orlov, Alexei & Sa-a, Pascualita}} [2007]: [[FishBase]] - [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930153641/http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Summary/speciesSummary.php?ID=47843&genusname=Tribolodon&speciesname=brandtii ''Tribolodon brandtii'']. Retrieved 2007-03-05.
* {{aut|Saitoh, Kenji; Miya, Masaki; Inoue, Jun G.; Ishiguro, Naoya B. & Nishida, Mutsuminame}} (2003): Mitochondrial Genomics of Ostariophysan Fishes: Perspectives on Phylogeny and Biogeography. ''[[Journal of Molecular Evolution|J. Mol. Evol.]]'' '''56'''(4): 464–472. <small>{{doi|10.1007/s00239-002-2417-y}} {{PMID|12664166}}</small> (HTML abstract)
* {{aut|Tan, Milton & Armbruster, Jonathan W.}} (2018): Phylogenetic classification of extant genera of fishes of the order Cypriniformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). ''[[Zootaxa]]'' '''4476'''(1): 006–039. <small>{{doi|10.11646/zootaxa.4476.1.4}}</small> (HTML abstract)

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070406040007/http://bio.slu.edu/mayden/cypriniformes/home.html Cypriniformes Tree of Life]

{{Actinopterygii}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q177879}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cypriniformes| ]]
[[Category:Ray-finned fish orders]]
[[Category:Ostariophysi]]
[[Category:Fish of Africa]]
[[Category:Fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Fish of Asia]]
[[Category:Fish of North America]]
[[Category:Fish of Central America]]
[[Category:Extant Maastrichtian first appearances]]