Editing Cyprinidae

{{Short description|Family of freshwater fish}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Cyprididae]] and [[Cypridinidae]], families of ostracods}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|55|0|[[Eocene]] - [[Holocene]]}}
| image = Caprinus_carpio_Prague_Vltava_1.jpg
| image_caption = The [[cyprinus carpio|common carp]], ''Cyprinus carpio''
| taxon = Cyprinidae
| authority = [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1815<ref name = VDLEF>{{cite journal | author1 = Richard van der Laan | author2 = William N. Eschmeyer | author3 = Ronald Fricke | name-list-style = amp |year=2014 | title = Family-group names of recent fishes | url = https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3882.1.1/10480 | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3882 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–230| doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 | pmid = 25543675 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| type_genus = ''[[Cyprinus]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision = see text
}}

'''Cyprinidae''' is a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[freshwater fish]] commonly called the '''carp''' or '''minnow family''', including the [[carp]]s, the true [[minnow]]s, and their relatives the [[barb (fish)|barb]]s and [[barbel (fish)|barbel]]s, among others. Cyprinidae is the largest and most diverse fish family, and the largest [[vertebrate|vertebrate animal]] family overall, with about 1,780 species divided into 166 valid [[genus|genera]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CAS - Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes - Genera/Species by Family/Subfamily |url=https://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/SpeciesByFamily.asp |access-date=2025-03-12 |website=researcharchive.calacademy.org}}</ref> '''Cyprinids''' range from about {{cvt|12|mm|in|1}} in size to the {{cvt|3|m|ft|sp=us}} [[giant barb]] (''Catlocarpio siamensis'').<ref name=C.sFishbase>{{FishBase | genus = Catlocarpio | species = siamensis | year = 2015 | month = March}}</ref> By genus and species count, the family makes up more than two-thirds of the [[ostariophysi]]an order [[Cypriniformes]].<ref name="FB">{{FishBase family|family=Cyprinidae|month=July|year=2015}}</ref><ref name="CoF">{{Cof family|family=Cyprinidae|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Nelson | first = Joseph | title = Fishes of the World | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | location = Chichester | year = 2006 | isbn = 0-471-25031-7 }}</ref> The family name is derived from the Greek word {{transliteration|grc|kyprînos}} ({{wikt-lang|grc|κυπρῖνος}} 'carp').

==Biology and ecology==
Cyprinids are stomachless, or ''agastric'', fish with toothless jaws. Even so, food can be effectively chewed by the [[gill raker]]s of the specialized last gill bow. These [[pharyngeal teeth]] allow the fish to make chewing motions against a chewing plate formed by a [[Process (anatomy)|bony process]] of the [[skull]]. The pharyngeal teeth are unique to each species and are used to identify species. Strong pharyngeal teeth allow fish such as the [[common carp]] and [[ide (fish)|ide]] to eat hard baits such as [[snails]] and [[bivalves]].

Hearing is a well-developed sense in the cyprinids since they have the [[Weberian organ]], three specialized vertebral processes that transfer motion of the [[gas bladder]] to the inner ear. The vertebral processes of the Weberian organ also permit a cyprinid to detect changes in motion of the gas bladder due to atmospheric conditions or depth changes. The cyprinids are considered [[physostome]]s because the [[pneumatic duct]] is retained in adult stages and the fish are able to gulp air to fill the gas bladder, or they can dispose of excess gas to the gut.

[[File:Giant Barb.jpg|thumb|[[Giant barb]]s (''Catlocarpio siamensis'') are the largest members of this family.]]
Cyprinids are native to [[North America]], [[Africa]], and [[Eurasia]]. The largest known cyprinid is the [[giant barb]] (''Catlocarpio siamensis''), which may grow up to {{cvt|3|m|ft}} in length and {{cvt|300|kg|lb}} in weight.<ref name=C.sFishbase/> Other very large species that can surpass {{cvt|2|m|ft}} are the [[golden mahseer]] (''Tor putitora'') and [[Mangar (fish)|mangar]] (''Luciobarbus esocinus'').<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Tor | species = putitora | year = 2017 | month = March}}</ref><ref>{{FishBase | genus = Luciobarbus | species = esocinus | year = 2017 | month = March}}</ref> The largest North American species is the [[Colorado pikeminnow]] (''Ptychocheilus lucius''), which can reach up to {{cvt|1.8|m|ft}} in length.<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Ptychocheilus | species = lucius | year = 2015 | month = March}}</ref> Conversely, many species are smaller than {{cvt|5|cm|in|0}}. The [[Smallest organisms#Fish|smallest known fish]] is ''[[Paedocypris progenetica]]'', reaching {{cvt|10.3|mm|in}} at the longest.<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Paedocypris | species = progenetica | year = 2015 | month = March}}</ref>

All fish in this family are [[Oviparity|egg-layers]] and most do not guard their eggs; however, a few species build nests and/or guard the eggs. The bitterlings of subfamily [[Acheilognathinae]] are notable for depositing their eggs in bivalve [[Mollusca|molluscs]], where the young develop until able to fend for themselves.

Cyprinids contain the only known example of [[androgenesis]] in a vertebrate, in the [[Squalius alburnoides]] [[allopolyploid]] complex.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morgado-Santos |first1=Miguel |last2=Carona |first2=Sara |last3=Vicente |first3=Luís |last4=Collares-Pereira |first4=Maria João |title=First empirical evidence of naturally occurring androgenesis in vertebrates |journal=Royal Society Open Science |year=2017 |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=170200 |doi=10.1098/rsos.170200 |pmid=28573029 |pmc=5451830 |bibcode=2017RSOS....470200M |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Most cyprinids feed mainly on [[invertebrates]] and [[vegetation]], probably due to the lack of teeth and stomach; however, some species, like the [[Asp (fish)|asp]], are predators that specialize in fish. Many species, such as the [[ide (fish)|ide]] and the [[common rudd]], prey on small fish when individuals become large enough. Even small species, such as the [[moderlieschen]], are opportunistic predators that will eat larvae of the [[common frog]] in artificial circumstances.

Some cyprinids, such as the [[grass carp]], are specialized herbivores; others, such as the [[common nase]], eat algae and [[biofilm]]s, while others, such as the [[black carp]], specialize in snails, and some, such as the [[silver carp]], are specialized [[filter feeders]]. For this reason, cyprinids are often introduced as a management tool to control various factors in the aquatic environment, such as aquatic vegetation and diseases transmitted by snails.

Unlike most fish species, cyprinids generally increase in abundance in [[eutrophic]] lakes. Here, they contribute towards positive feedback as they are efficient at eating the [[zooplankton]] that would otherwise graze on the algae, reducing its abundance.

==Relationship with humans==
{{Anchor|Relationship with humans}}
[[File:Cyprinids wild capture.png|thumb|300px|right|{{center|Wild capture of cyprinids by species in million tonnes, 1950–2009, as reported by the FAO<ref name="faostat">Based on data sourced from the [http://faostat.fao.org/site/629/default.aspx FishStat database]</ref>}}]]

=== Food ===
Cyprinids are highly important food fish; they are [[fishing|fished]] and [[fish farming|farmed]] across [[Eurasia]]. In [[land-locked]] countries in particular, cyprinids are often the major species of fish eaten because they make the largest part of [[biomass]] in most water types except for fast-flowing rivers. In Eastern Europe, they are often prepared with traditional methods such as drying and salting. The prevalence of inexpensive [[frozen food|frozen]] fish products made this less important now than it was in earlier times. Nonetheless, in certain places, they remain popular for food, as well as [[recreational fishing]], for ornamental use, and have been deliberately stocked in ponds and lakes for centuries for this reason.<ref>{{cite book|title=Fishlore: British Freshwater Fishes|last=MacMahon|first=Alexander Francis Magri|date=1946|publisher=Penguin Books|series=Pelican Books|volume=161|pages=149–152}}</ref>

=== Sport ===
Cyprinids are popular for angling especially for [[match fishing]] (due to their dominance in biomass and numbers) and fishing for common carp because of its size and strength.

=== As pest control ===
Several cyprinids have been introduced to waters outside their natural ranges to provide food, sport, or biological control for some [[pest (organism)|pest]] species. The common carp (''Cyprinus carpio'') and the grass carp (''Ctenopharyngodon idella'') are the most important of these, for example in [[Florida]].

=== As a pest species ===
Carp in particular can stir up [[sediment]], reducing the clarity of the water and making plant growth difficult.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission |author-link=Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission |date=3 August 2005 |title=Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) |url=http://nis.gsmfc.org/nis_factsheet2.php?toc_id=183 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818063036/http://nis.gsmfc.org/nis_factsheet2.php?toc_id=183 |archive-date=18 August 2007 |access-date=3 May 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission |date=2006 |title=Exotic Freshwater Fishes |url=http://floridafisheries.com/Fishes/non-native.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208232238/http://floridafisheries.com/Fishes/non-native.html |archive-date=8 February 2007 |access-date=5 March 2007}}</ref>

In America and Australia, such as the [[Asian carp]] in the [[Mississippi Basin]], they have become [[invasive species]] that compete with native fishes or disrupt the environment.

''Cyprinus carpio'' is a major pest species in [[Australia]] impacting freshwater environments, amenity, and the agricultural economy, devastating [[biodiversity]] by decimating native fish populations where they first became established as a major pest in the wild in the 1960s. In the major river system of eastern Australia, the [[Murray–Darling basin|Murray-Darling Basin]], they constitute 80–90 per cent of fish biomass.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Peterson |first1=Douglas |last2=Pearson |first2=James |last3=Simpson |first3=William |date=2022-05-30 |title=Effects of common carp on water quality and submerged vegetation: results from a short-term mesocosm experiment in an artificial wetland |journal=Marine and Freshwater Research |volume=73 |issue=7 |pages=973–994 |doi=10.1071/mf22008 |s2cid=249222934 |issn=1323-1650|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 2016 the federal government announced A$15.2 million to fund the National Carp Control Plan to investigate using [[Cyprinid herpesvirus 3]] (carp virus) as a biological control agent while minimising impacts on industry and environment should a carp virus release go ahead. Despite initial, favourable assessment,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mankad |first1=Aditi |last2=Zhang |first2=Airong |last3=Carter |first3=Lucy |last4=Curnock |first4=Matthew |date=March 2022 |title=A path analysis of carp biocontrol: effect of attitudes, norms, and emotion on acceptance |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10530-021-02679-1 |journal=Biological Invasions |language=en |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=709–723 |doi=10.1007/s10530-021-02679-1 |bibcode=2022BiInv..24..709M |s2cid=244518717 |issn=1387-3547}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-01/herpes-to-eradicate-carp-in-murray-river-pyne-says/7373736|title=Herpes virus to be used in fight against carp in Murray River, Christopher Pyne says|first1=Nick|last1=Kilvert|first2=Kerrin|last2=Thomas|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|website=ABC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505164116/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-01/herpes-to-eradicate-carp-in-murray-river-pyne-says/7373736|archive-date=5 May 2016|date=1 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="CSIRO-Carp-herpesvirus">{{cite web | title=Carp herpesvirus | website=Managing Water Ecosystems - CSIRO | date=2018-04-26 | url=http://research.csiro.au/mwe/carp-herpesvirus/ | access-date=2020-11-09}}</ref> in 2020 this plan was found to be unlikely to work due to the high fecundity of the fish.<ref name="Mintram-2020">{{cite journal | last1=Mintram | first1=Kate S. | last2=Oosterhout | first2=Cock | last3=Lighten | first3=Jackie | editor-last=Knutie | editor-first=Sarah | title=Genetic variation in resistance and high fecundity impede viral biocontrol of invasive fish | journal=Journal of Applied Ecology | publisher=Wiley | date=2020-10-14 | volume=58 | pages=148–157 | issn=0021-8901 | doi=10.1111/1365-2664.13762 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Aquarium fish ===
Numerous cyprinids have become popular and important within the [[fishkeeping|aquarium and fishpond]] hobbies, most famously the [[goldfish]], which was bred in China from the [[Prussian carp]] (''Carassius (auratus) gibelio''). First imported into Europe around 1728, it was originally much-fancied by the Chinese nobility as early as 1150{{nbsp}}AD and, after it arrived there in 1502, also in [[Japan]]. In addition to the goldfish, the common carp was bred in Japan into the colorful ornamental variety known as [[koi]] — or more accurately {{Nihongo|2=錦鯉|3=nishikigoi}}, as {{Nihongo|2=鯉|3=koi}} simply means "common carp" in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] — from the 18th century until today.

Other popular aquarium cyprinids include [[danionin]]s, [[Rasbora|rasborines]] and [[Barbinae|true barbs]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Aquarium Atlas Volume 1|last1=Riehl|first1=R.|last2=Baensch|first2=H.|publisher=Voyageur Press|year=1996|pages=410}}</ref> Larger species are bred by the thousands in outdoor ponds, particularly in [[Southeast Asia]], and trade in these aquarium fishes is of considerable commercial importance. The small rasborines and danionines are perhaps only rivalled by [[characid]]s (tetras) and [[Poeciliidae|poecilid livebearers]] in their popularity for [[Community aquarium|community aquaria]].{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} Some of the most popular cyprinids among [[aquarists]], other than goldfish and koi, include the [[cherry barb]], [[Harlequin rasbora]], [[pearl danio]]s, [[rainbow shark]]s, [[tiger barb]]s, and the [[White Cloud Mountain minnow]].

One particular species of these small and undemanding danionines is the [[zebrafish]] (''Danio rerio''). It has become the standard [[model species]] for studying developmental genetics of [[vertebrate]]s, in particular fish.<ref>{{cite book|title=The diversity of fishes|last1=Helfman|first1=Gene S.|last2=Collette|first2=Bruce B.|last3=Facey|first3=Douglas E.|date=1997|publisher=Blackwell Science|isbn=978-0-86542-256-8|location=Malden, Mass|pages=228|oclc=299475257}}</ref>

=== Threatened families ===
[[Habitat destruction]] and other causes have reduced the wild stocks of several cyprinids to dangerously low levels; some are already entirely [[extinct]]. In particular, the cyprinids of the subfamily [[Leuciscinae]] from southwestern North America have been severely affected by [[pollution]] and unsustainable water use in the early to mid-20th century. The majority of globally extinct [[Cypriniformes|cypriniform]] species in fact belong to the leuciscinid cyprinids from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.

==Systematics==
The massive diversity of cyprinids has so far made it difficult to resolve their [[phylogeny]] in sufficient detail to make assignment to [[subfamilies]] more than tentative in many cases. Some distinct lineages obviously exist &ndash; for example, the [[Cultrinae]] and Leuciscinae, regardless of their exact delimitation, are rather close relatives and stand apart from [[Cyprininae]]{{snds}}but the overall [[systematics]] and [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] of the Cyprinidae remain a subject of considerable debate. A large number of [[genera]] are ''[[incertae sedis]]'', too equivocal in their traits and/or too little-studied to permit assignment to a particular subfamily with any certainty.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=De Graaf|first1=Martin|last2=Megens|first2=Hendrik-Jan|last3=Samallo|first3=Johannis|last4=Sibbing|first4=Ferdinand A.|year=2007|title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small ''Barbus'' species: Indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation|journal=Animal Biology|volume=57|pages=39–48|doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last1=He|first1=Shunping|last2=Mayden|first2=Richard L.|last3=Wang|first3=Xuzheng|last4=Wang|first4=Wei|last5=Tang|first5=Kevin L.|last6=Chen|first6=Wei-Jen|last7=Chen|first7=Yiyu|year=2008|title=Molecular phylogenetics of the family Cyprinidae (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes) as evidenced by sequence variation in the first intron of S7 ribosomal protein-coding gene: Further evidence from a nuclear gene of the systematic chaos in the family|url=https://sites.google.com/site/wjchenactinops/He_et_al_2008_S7_Cyp.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811032607/http://sites.google.com/site/wjchenactinops/He_et_al_2008_S7_Cyp.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-11 |url-status=live|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=46|issue=3|pages=818–29|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.001|pmid=18203625|bibcode=2008MolPE..46..818H }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal|last1=He|first1=Shunping|last2=Gu|first2=Xun|last3=Mayden|first3=Richard L.|last4=Chen|first4=Wei-Jen|last5=Conway|first5=Kevin W.|last6=Chen|first6=Yiyu|year=2008|title=Phylogenetic position of the enigmatic genus Psilorhynchus (Ostariophysi: Cypriniformes): Evidence from the mitochondrial genome|url=https://sites.google.com/site/wjchenactinops/He_et_al_2008_mt_cyp.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729005947/https://sites.google.com/site/wjchenactinops/He_et_al_2008_mt_cyp.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-29 |url-status=live|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=47|issue=1|pages=419–25|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.10.012|pmid=18053751|bibcode=2008MolPE..47..419H }}</ref>

Part of the solution seems that the delicate rasborines are the core group, consisting of minor lineages that have not shifted far from their [[ecological niche|evolutionary niche]], or have [[coevolution|coevolved]] for millions of years. These are among the most basal lineages of living cyprinids. Other "rasborines" are apparently distributed across the diverse lineages of the family.<ref name=":1" />

The validity and circumscription of proposed subfamilies like the [[Labeoninae]] or [[Squaliobarbinae]] also remain doubtful, although the latter do appear to correspond to a distinct lineage. The sometimes-seen grouping of the [[large-headed carp]]s ([[Hypophthalmichthyinae]]) with ''[[Xenocypris]]'', though, seems quite in error. More likely, the latter are part of the Cultrinae.<ref name=":1" />

The entirely [[paraphyletic]] "Barbinae" and the disputed Labeoninae might be better treated as part of the Cyprininae, forming a close-knit group whose internal relationships are still little known. The small African "[[barb (fish)|barb]]s" do not belong in ''[[Barbus]]'' ''[[sensu stricto]]'' &ndash; indeed, they are as distant from the typical [[barbel (fish)|barbel]]s and the [[typical carp]]s (''Cyprinus'') as these are from ''[[Garra]]'' (which is placed in the Labeoninae by most who accept the latter as distinct) and thus might form another as yet unnamed subfamily. However, as noted above, how various minor lineages tie into this has not yet been resolved; therefore, such a radical move, though reasonable, is probably premature.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Biology of Cyprinids|last=Howes|first=G.I.|publisher=Chapman and Hall Ltd.|year=1991|editor-last=Winfield|editor-first=I.J.|location=London|pages=1–33|chapter=Systematics and biogeography: an overview|editor-last2=Nelson|editor-first2=J.S.}}</ref>

The [[tench]] (''Tinca tinca''), a significant food species farmed in western Eurasia in large numbers, is unusual. It is most often grouped with the Leuciscinae, but even when these were rather loosely circumscribed, it always stood apart. A [[cladistic]] analysis of [[DNA sequence]] data of the S7 [[ribosomal protein]] [[intron]]{{nbsp}}1 supports the view that it is distinct enough to constitute a [[monotypic]] subfamily. It also suggests it may be closer to the small [[East Asia]]n ''[[Aphyocypris]]'', ''[[Hemigrammocypris]]'', and ''[[Yaoshanicus]]''. They would have diverged roughly at the same time from cyprinids of east-central Asia, perhaps as a result of the [[Alpide orogeny]] that vastly changed the [[topography]] of that region in the late [[Paleogene]], when their divergence presumably occurred.<ref name=":2" />

A DNA-based analysis of these fish places the Rasborinae as the basal lineage with the Cyprininae as a sister clade to the Leuciscinae.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tao|first1=Wenjing|last2=Mayden|first2=Richard L.|last3=He|first3=Shunping|date=March 2013|title=Remarkable phylogenetic resolution of the most complex clade of Cyprinidae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes): A proof of concept of homology assessment and partitioning sequence data integrated with mixed model Bayesian analyses|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=66|issue=3|pages=603–616|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.09.024|issn=1055-7903|pmid=23044401|bibcode=2013MolPE..66..603T |url=http://ir.ihb.ac.cn/handle/342005/19264|access-date=2019-12-07|archive-date=2020-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608122159/http://ir.ihb.ac.cn/handle/342005/19264|url-status=dead}}</ref> The subfamilies [[Acheilognathinae]], [[Gobioninae]], and [[Leuciscinae]] are monophyletic.

==Subfamilies and genera==
[[File:Fransenlipper.JPG|thumb|right| [[Rainbow shark]], ''Epalzeorhynchos frenatum'', a somewhat aggressive aquarium fish]]
[[File:Acheilognathus longipinnis2.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Acheilognathus longipinnis]]'': [[Acheilognathinae]]]]
[[File:Pseudogobio esocinus(Hamamatsu,Shizuoka,Japan).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Pseudogobio esocinus]]'' , [[Gobioninae]]]]
[[File:Hypophthalmichthys molitrix adult.jpg|thumb|right|[[Silver carp]], ''Hypophthalmichthys molitrix'': [[Xenocyprinae]], alternatively [[Hypophthalmichthyinae]]]]
[[File:Labeo rohita.JPG|thumb|right|[[Rohu]], ''Labeo rohita'', of the disputed [[Labeoninae]]]]
[[File:FemaleTench1.JPG|thumb|right| The [[tench]], ''Tinca tinca'', is of unclear affiliations and often placed in a [[subfamily]] or family of its own.]]

''[[Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes]]'' sets out the subfamilies and genera within the family Cyprinidae as follows:<ref name = ECof>{{cite web |url=https://www.calacademy.org/scientists/catalog-of-fishes-classification |title=Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Classification |access-date=11 December 2024 |publisher=[[California Academy of Sciences]]}}</ref><ref name = VDLEF/><ref name = Yang>{{cite journal |author=Lei Yang |author2=Tetsuya Sado |author3=M. Vincent Hirt |author4=Emmanuel Pasco-Viel |author5=M. Arunachalam |author6=Junbing Li |author7=Xuzhen Wang |author8=Jörg Freyhof |author9=Kenji Saitoh |author10= Andrew M. Simons |author11=Masaki Miya |author12=Shunping He |author13=Richard L. Mayden |display-authors=1 |title=Phylogeny and polyploidy: Resolving the classification of cyprinine fishes (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=85 |year=2015 |pages=97-116 |ISSN=1055-7903 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2015.01.014}}</ref>

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* Subfamily [[Acrossocheilinae]] <small>L. Yang et al, 2015</small>
** ''[[Acrossocheilus]]'' <small>[[Masamitsu Ōshima|Oshima]], 1919</small>
** ''[[Folifer]]''  <small>[[Wu Hsien-Wen|H. W. Wu]], 1977</small>
** ''[[Onychostoma]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1896</small>

* Subfamily [[Barbinae]] <small>[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1859</small>
** ''[[Aulopyge]]'' <small>[[Johann Jakob Heckel|Heckel]], 1841</small>
** ''[[Barbus]]'' <small>[[François Marie Daudin|Daudin]], 1805</small>
** ''[[Caecocypris]]'' <small>[[Keith Edward Banister|Banister]] & [[M. K. Bunni|Bunni]], 1980</small>
** ''[[Capoeta]]'' <small>[[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1842</small>
** ''[[Cyprinion]]'' <small>Heckel, 1843</small>
** ''[[Kantaka barb|Kantaka]]'' <small>[[Sunder Lal Hora|Hora]], 1942</small>
** ''[[Luciobarbus]]'' <small>Heckel, 1843</small>
** ''[[Paracapoeta]]'' <small>[[Davut Turan|Turan]], [[Cüneyt Kaya|Kaya]], [[İsmail Aksu|Aksu]], [[Yusuf Bektaş|Bektaş]], 2022</small>
** ''[[Scaphiodonichthys]]'' <small>[[Decio Vinciguerra|Vinciguerra]], 1890</small>
** ''[[Schizocypris]]'' <small>Regan, 1914</small>
** ''[[Semiplotus]]'' <small>Bleeker, 1860</small>

* Subfamily [[Cyprininae]] <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1815</small>
** ''[[Aaptosyax]]'' <small>[[Walter J. Rainboth|Rainboth]], 1991</small>
** ''[[Albulichthys]]'' <small>Bleeker, 1860</small>
** ''[[Amblyrhynchichthys]]'' <small>Bleeker, 1860</small>
** ''[[Balantiocheilos]]'' <small>Bleeker, 1860</small>
** ''[[Carassioides]]'' <small>Oshima, 1926</small>
** ''[[Carassius]]'' <small>[[Feliks Paweł Jarocki|Jarocki]], 1822</small>
** ''[[Cosmochilus]]'' <small>[[Henri Émile Sauvage|Sauvage]], 1878</small>
** ''[[Cyclocheilichthys]]'' <small>Bleeker, 1859</small>
** ''[[Cyclocheilos]]'' <small>Bleeker, 1859</small>
** ''[[Cyprinus]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758</small>
** ''[[Discherodontus]]'' <small>Rainboth, 1989</small>
** ''[[Eirmotus]]'' <small>[[Leonard Peter Schultz|Schultz]], 1959</small>
** ''[[Hypsibarbus]]'' <small>Rainboth, 1996</small>
** ''[[Kalimantania]]'' <small>[[Petru Mihai Bănărescu|Bănărescu]], 1980</small>
** ''[[Laocypris]]'' <small>[[Maurice Kottelat|Kottelat]], 2000</small>
** ''[[Luciocyprinus]]'' <small>[[Léon Vaillant|Vaillant]], 1904</small>
** ''[[Mystacoleucus]]'' <small>Günther, 1868</small>
** ''[[Neobarynotus]]'' <small>Bănărescu, 1980</small>
** ''[[Parasikukia]]'' <small>[[Atsushi Doi|Doi]], 2000</small>
** ''[[Paraspinibarbus]]'' <small>[[Xin-Luo Chu|X.-L. Chu]] & Kottelat, 1989</small>
** ''[[Parator (fish)|Parator]]'' <small>H. W. Wu, [[Yang Gan-Rong|G. R. Yang]], [[Yue Pei-Qi|P. Q. Yue]] & [[Huang Hong-Jin|H. J. Huang]], 1963</small>
** ''[[Poropuntius]]'' <small>H. M. Smith, 1931</small>
** ''[[Procypris]]'' <small>[[Lin Shu-yen|S.-Y. Lin]], 1933</small>
** ''[[Pseudosinocyclocheilus]]'' <small>C.-G. Zhang & Y.-H. Zhao, 2016</small>
** ''[[Puntioplites]]'' <small>H. M. Smith, 1929</small>
** ''[[Rohteichthys]]'' <small>Bleeker, 1860</small>
** ''[[Sawbwa barb|Sawbwa]]'' <small>[[Nelson Annandale|Annandale]], 1918</small>
** ''[[Scaphognathops]]'' <small>H.M. Smith, 1945</small>
** ''[[Sikukia]]'' <small>H. M. Smith, 1931</small>
** ''[[Sinocyclocheilus]]'' <small>P.-W. Fang, 1936</small>
** ''[[Troglocyclocheilus]]'' <small>Kottelat & [[Franck Bréhier|Bréhier]], 1999</small>
** ''[[Typhlobarbus]]'' <small>X.-L. Chu & W.-R. Chen, 1982</small>

* Subfamily [[Labeoninae]] <small>Bleeker, 1859</small>
** ''[[Ageneiogarra]]'' <small>[[Samuel Garman|Garman]], 1912</small>
** ''[[Altigena]]'' <small>[[Maurice Burton|Burton]], 1934</small>
** ''[[Bangana]]'' <small>[[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Hamilton]], 1822</small>
** ''[[Barbichthys]]'' <small>Bleeker, 1860</small>
** ''[[Ceratogarra]]'' <small>Kottelat, 2020</small>
** ''[[Cirrhinus]]'' <small>[[Lorenz Oken|Oken]], 1817</small>
** ''[[Cophecheilus]]'' <small>[[Zhu Yu (ichthyologist)|Y. Zhu]], [[Zhang E|E. Zhang]], [[Zhang Ming (biologist)|M. Zhang]] & [[Han Yao-Quan|Y. Q. Han]], 2011</small>
** ''[[Crossocheilus]]'' <small>[[Heinrich Kuhl|Kuhl]] & [[Johan Conrad van Hasselt|van Hasselt]], 1823</small>
** ''[[Decorus]]'' <small>[[Lan-Ping Zheng|Zheng]], [[Xiao-Yong Chen|Chen]] & [[Jun-Xing Yang|Yang]], 2019</small>
** ''[[Diplocheilichthys]]'' <small>Bleeker, 1859</small>
** ''[[Discocheilus]]'' <small>E. Zhang, 1997</small>
** ''[[Discogobio]]'' <small>[[Lin Shu-Yen|S. Y. Lin]],  1931</small>
** ''[[Epalzeorhynchos]]'' <small>Bleeker, 1855</small>
** ''[[Fivepearlus]]'' <small>[[Li Chunquing|C.-Q. Li]], [[Yang Hongfu|H. Yang]], [[Li Weixan|W. Li]] & [[Chen Hongyu (ichthyologist)|H. Chen]] 2017</small>
** ''[[Garra]]'' <small>Hamilton, 1822</small>
** ''[[Garroides]]'' <small>[[Nguyễn Văn Hảo|V. H. Nguyễn]] & [[T.H. N. Vu]], 2014</small>
** ''[[Guigarra]]'' <small>[[Zhi-Bang Wang|Z.-B. Wang]], [[Xiao-Yong Chen|X.-Y. Chen]] & L.-P. Zheng 2022</small>
** ''[[Gymnostomus]]'' <small>Heckel, 1843</small>
** ''[[Henicorhynchus]]'' <small>H. M. Smith, 1945</small>
** ''[[Hongshuia]]'' <small>E. Zhang, [[Qiang Xie|X. Qiang]] & [[Lan Jia-Hu|J. H. Lan]], 2008</small>
** ''[[Incisilabeo behri|Incisilabeo]]'' <small>[[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]], 1937</small>
** ''[[Labeo]]'' <small>[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1816</small>
** ''[[Labiobarbus]]'' <small>van Hasselt, 1823</small>
** ''[[Lanlabeo]]'' <small>[[Min Yao|M. Yao]], [[You He|Y. He]] & [[Zuo-Gang Peng|Z.-G. Peng]], 2018</small>
** ''[[Linichthys]]'' <small>E. Zhang & [[Fang Fang Kullander|Fang]], 2005</small>
** ''[[Lobocheilos]]'' <small>Bleeker, 1854</small>
** ''[[Longanalus]]'' <small>W. X. Li, 2006</small>
** ''[[Mekongina]]'' <small>Fowler, 1937</small>
** ''[[Osteochilus]]'' <small>Günther, 1868</small>
** ''[[Paracrossochilus]]'' <small>[[Canna Maria Louise Popta|Popta]], 1904</small>
** ''[[Parapsilorhynchus]]'' <small>Hora, 1921</small>
** ''[[Paraqianlabeo]]'' <small>[[Hai-Tao Zhao|H.-T. Zhao]], [[John P. Sullivan (ichthyologist)|Sullivan]], [[Yao-Guang Zhang|Y.-G. Zhang]] & Z.-G. Peng 2014</small>
** ''[[Parasinilabeo]]'' <small>H. W. Wu, 1939</small>
** ''[[Placocheilus]]'' <small>H.-W. Wu, 1977</small>
** ''[[Prolixicheilus]]'' <small>L.-P. Zheng, X.-Y. Chen & J.-X. Yang, 2016</small>
** ''[[Protolabeo]]'' <small>[[An Li|L. An]], [[Liu Bai-Song|B. S. Liu]], [[Zhao Ya-Hui|Y. H. Zhao]] & [[Zhang Chun-Guang|C. G. Zhang]], 2010</small>
** ''[[Pseudocrossocheilus]]'' <small>E. Zhang & J.-X. Chen, 1997</small>
** ''[[Pseudogyrinocheilus]]'' <small>[[Peng-Weng Fang|P.-W. Fang]], 1933</small>
** ''[[Pseudoplacocheilus]]'' <small>[[Xu Li (ichthyologist)|X. Li]], [[Wei Zhou|W. Zhou]], [[Chao Sun (ichthyologist)|C. Sun]] & [[Xing Yun (ichthyologist)|X. Yun]], 2024</small>
** ''[[Ptychidio]]'' <small>[[George S. Myers|Myers]], 1930</small>
** ''[[Qianlabeo]]'' <small>E. Zhang & [[Chen Yi-Yu|Yi-Yu Chen]], 2004</small>
** ''[[Rectoris]]'' <small>S.-Y. Lin, 1935</small>
** ''[[Schismatorhynchos]]'' <small>Bleeker, 1855</small>
** ''[[Semilabeo]]'' <small>[[Wilhelm Peters|Peters]], 1881</small>
** ''[[Sinigarra]]'' <small>E. Zhang & W. Zhou, 2012</small>
** ''[[Sinilabeo]]'' <small>[[Hialmar Rendahl|Rendahl]], 1933</small>
** ''[[Sinocrossocheilus]]'' <small>H.-W. Wu, 1977</small>
** ''[[Speolabeo]]'' <small>Kottelat, 2017</small>
** ''[[Stenorynchoacrum]]'' <small>[[Huang Yan-Fei|Y. F. Huang]], J. X. Yang & X. Y. Chen, 2014</small>
** ''[[Supradiscus]]'' <small>X. Li, W. Zhou, C. Sun & X. Yun, 2024</small>
** ''[[Tariqilabeo]]'' <small>Mirza & Saboohi, 1990</small>
** ''[[Thynnichthys]]'' <small>Bleeker, 1859</small>
** ''[[Vinagarra]]'' <small>V. H. Nguyễn & [[Bùi Thế Anh|T. A. Bùi]], 2009</small>
** ''[[Zuojiangia]]'' <small>L.-P. Zheng, Y. He, J. X. Yang & [[Lun-Biao Wu|L.B. Wu]] 2018</small>

* Subfamily [[Probarbinae]] <small>L. Yang et al, 2015</small>
** ''[[Catlocarpio]]'' <small>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1898</small>
** ''[[Probarbus]]'' <small>Sauvage, 1880</small>

* Subfamily [[Schizopygopsinae]] <small>[[Mohammad R. Mirza|Mirza]], 1991</small>
** ''[[Oxygymnocypris stewartii|Oxygymnocypris]]'' <small>[[W. H. Tsao]], 1964</small>
** ''[[Ptychobarbus]]'' <small>Steindachner, 1866</small>
** ''[[Schizopygopsis]]'' <small>Steindachner, 1866</small>

* Subfamily [[Schizothoracinae]] <small>McClelland, 1842</small>
** ''[[Aspiorhynchus]]'' <small>[[Karl Kessler|Kessler]], 1879</small>
** ''[[Diptychus]]'' <small>[[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]],  1866</small>
** ''[[Percocypris]]'' <small>[[Chu Yuan-Ting|Y. T. Chu]], 1935</small>
** ''[[Schizopyge]]'' <small>Heckel, 1847</small>
** ''[[Schizothorax]]'' <small>Heckel, 1838</small>

* Subfamily [[Smiliogastrinae]] <small>Bleeker, 1863</small>
** ''[[Amatolacypris]]'' <small>[[Paul H. Skelton|Skelton]], [[Ernst R. Swartz|Swartz]] & [[Emmanuel J. Vreven|Vreven]], 2018</small>
** ''[[Barbodes]]'' <small>Bleeker, 1859</small>
** ''[[Barboides]]'' <small>[[Christian Brüning|Brüning]], 1929</small>
** ''[[Greenstripe barb|Bhava]]'' <small>[[Hiranya Sudasinghe|Sudasinghe]], [[Lukas Rüber|Rüber]] & [[Madhava Meegaskumbura|Meegaskumbura]], 2023</small>
** ''[[Caecobarbus]]'' <small>Boulenger, 1921</small>
** ''[[Chagunius]]'' <small>[[Hugh McCormick Smith|H.M. Smith]], 1938</small>
** ''[[Cheilobarbus]]'' <small>[[Andrew Smith (zoologist)|A. Smith]] 1841</small>
** ''[[Clypeobarbus]]'' <small>Fowler, 1936</small>
** ''[[Coptostomabarbus]]'' <small>[[Lore Rose David|David]] & [[Max Poll|Poll]] 1937</small>
** ''[[Dawkinsia]]'' <small>[[Rohan Pethiyagoda|Pethiyagoda]], [[Madhava Meegaskumbura|Meegaskumbura]] & [[Kalana Maduwage|Maduwage]], 2012</small>
** ''[[Desmopuntius]]'' <small>Kottelat, 2013</small>
** ''[[Eechathalakenda]]'' <small>[[Ambat Gopalan Kutty Menon|Menon]], 1999</small>
** ''[[Enteromius]]'' <small>[[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1867</small>
** ''[[Gymnodiptychus]]'' <small>[[Solomon Herzenstein|Herzenstein]], 1892</small>
** ''[[Haludaria]]'' <small>[[Rohan Pethiyagoda|Pethiyagoda]], 2013</small>
** ''[[Hampala]]'' <small>Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1823</small>
** ''[[Namaquacypris]]'' <small>Skelton, Swartz & Vreven, 2018</small>
** ''[[Oliotius]]'' <small>Kottelat, 2013</small>
** ''[[Oreichthys]]'' <small>H. M. Smith, 1933</small>
** ''[[Osteobrama]]'' <small>Heckel, 1843</small>
** ''[[Pethia]]'' <small>Pethiyagoda, Meegaskumbura & [[Kalana Maduwage|Maduwage]], 2012</small>
** ''[[Plesiopuntius]]'' <small>Sudasinghe, Rüber & Meegaskumbura, 2023</small>
** ''[[Prolabeo]]'' <small>[[John Roxborough Norman|Norman]], 1932</small>
** ''[[Prolabeops]]'' <small>Schultz, 1941</small>
** ''[[Pseudobarbus]]'' <small>A. Smith, 1841</small>
** ''[[Puntigrus]]'' <small>Kottelat, 2013</small>
** ''[[Puntius]]'' <small>Hamilton, 1822</small>
** ''[[Rohanella]]'' <small>Sudasinghe, Rüber & Meegaskumbura, 2023</small>
** ''[[Rohtee]]'' <small>[[William Henry Sykes|Sykes]] 1839</small>
** ''[[Sedercypris]]'' <small>Skelton, Swartz & Vreven, 2018</small>
** ''[[Striuntius]]'' <small>Kottelat, 2013</small>
** ''[[Systomus]]'' <small>[[John McClelland (doctor)|McClelland]], 1838</small>
** ''[[Waikhomia]]'' <small>[[Unmesh Katwate|Katwate]], [[Pradeep Kumkar|Kumkar]], [[Rajeev Raghavan|Raghavan]] & [[Neelesh Dahanukar|Dahanukar]], 2020</small>
** ''[[Xenobarbus]]'' <small>Norman, 1923</small>

* Subfamily [[Spinibarbinae]] <small>Yang et al, 2015</small>
** ''[[Spinibarbichthys]]'' <small>Oshima, 1926</small>
** ''[[Spinibarbus]]'' <small>Oshima, 1919</small>

* Subfamily [[Torinae]] <small>Karaman, 1971</small>
** ''[[Acapoeta]]'' <small>[[Theodore D. A. Cockerell|Cockerell]], 1910</small>
** ''[[Arabibarbus]]'' <small>[[Kai Borkenhagen|Borkenhagen]], 2014</small>
** ''[[Atlantor]]'' <small>Borkenhagen & [[Jörg Freyhof|Freyhof]], 2023</small>
** ''[[Carasobarbus]]'' <small>[[Stanko Karaman|Karaman]], 1971</small>
** ''[[Hypselobarbus]]'' <small>Bleeker, 1860</small>
** ''[[Labeobarbus]]'' <small>[[Eduard Rüppell|Rüppell]], 1835</small>
** ''[[Lepidopygopsis]]'' <small>[[B. Sundara Raj|B. S. Raj]] 1941</small>
** ''[[Mesopotamichthys]]'' <small>Karaman, 1971</small>
** ''[[Naziritor]]'' <small>[[M. R. Mirza|Mirza]] & [[M. N. Javed|Javed]], 1985</small>
** ''[[Neolissochilus]]'' <small>Rainboth, 1985</small>
** ''[[Osteochilichthys]]'' <small>Hora, 1942</small>
** ''[[Pterocapoeta]]'' <small>Günther, 1902</small>
** ''[[Sanagia]]'' <small>[[Maximillian Holly|Holly]], 1926</small>
** ''[[Tor (fish)|Tor]]'' <small>[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1834</small>

{{col-end}}

With such a large and diverse family the taxonomy and phylogenies are always being worked on so alternative classifications are being created as new information is discovered, for example:<ref name = Betancur/>

==Phylogeny==
{{cladogram
|title=Phylogeny of living Cyprinoidei<ref name = Betancur>{{cite journal |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=17 |issue=162 |pages= 162|title=Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes |first=Ricardo  |last=Betancur-Rodriguez |author2=Edward O. Wiley |author3=Gloria Arratia |author4=Arturo Acero |author5=Nicolas Bailly |author6=Masaki Miya |author7=Guillaume Lecointre |author8=Guillermo Ortí | edition=4 |doi=10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 |pmid = 28683774|year=2017|pmc=5501477 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017BMCEE..17..162B }}</ref><ref name= Yang/> with clade names from van der Laan 2017.<ref name="van der Laan">{{cite book| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322153430 |pages=997 |title=Freshwater fish list |first=Richard |last=van der Laan |format=PDF | edition=23rd |issn=2468-9157  |date= December 2017}}</ref>
|{{clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%;width:400px;
|1={{clade
  |1={{clade
    |label1=[[Psilorhynchidae]]
    |1=''[[Psilorhynchus]]''
    |label2='''Cyprinidae'''
    |2={{clade
      |1=[[Probarbinae]]
      |2={{clade
        |label1=[[Labeoninae]]
        |1={{clade
          |1=[[Parapsilorhynchini]]
          |2=[[Labeonini]]
          |3=[[Garrini]]
           }}
        |2={{clade
          |1=[[Torinae]]
          |2={{clade
            |1=[[Smiliogastrinae]]
            |label2=[[Cyprininae]]
            |2={{clade
              |1={{clade
                |1=[[Cyprinini]]
                |2=[[Rohteichthyini]]
                 }}
              |2={{clade
                |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Schizopygopsini]]
                  |2=[[Barbini (fish)|Barbini]]
                   }}
                |1={{clade
                  |1=[[Acrossocheilini]]
                  |2={{clade
                    |1=[[Spinibarbini]]
                    |2=[[Schizothoracini]]
                     }}
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
  |label2=[[Leuciscidae]]
  |2={{clade
    |label1=[[Danioninae]]
    |1={{clade
      |1=?[[Paedocypridini]]
      |2=?[[Sundadanionini]]
      |3=[[Rasborini]]
      |4=[[Danionini]]
      |5=[[Chedrini]]
       }}
    |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Leptobarbinae]]
      |1=''[[Leptobarbus]]''
      |2={{clade
        |label1=[[Xenocyprinae]]
        |1={{clade
          |1=[[Squaliobarbini]]
          |2=[[Opsariichthyini]]
          |3=[[Oxygastrini]]
          |4=[[Hypophthalmichthyini]]
          |5=[[Xenocypridini]]
           }}
        |2={{clade
          |label1=[[Tincinae]]
          |1=''[[Tench|Tinca]]''
          |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
              |1=[[Acheilognathinae]]
              |label2=[[Gobioninae]]
              |2={{clade
                |1=''[[Hemibarbus]]''-''[[Squalidus]]'' clade
                |2=[[Sarcocheilichthyini]]
                |3=[[Gobionini]]
                 }}
               }}
            |2={{clade
              |label1=[[Tanichthyinae]]
              |1=''[[Tanichthys]]''
              |label2=[[Leuciscinae]]
              |2={{clade
                |1=[[Phoxinini]]
                |2=[[Laviniini]]
                |3=[[Plagiopterini]]
                |4=[[Leuciscini]]
                |5=[[Pogonichthyini]]
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}
}}
<br>


































































<br />

==See also==
*[[List of fish families]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Cyprinidae}}
{{Wikispecies-inline|Cyprinidae}}

{{Carp}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q35047}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cyprinidae| ]]
[[Category:Cypriniformes families]]
[[Category:Fish of North America]]
[[Category:Fish of Asia]]
[[Category:Fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Fish of Africa]]
[[Category:Extant Eocene first appearances]]