Editing Curculionidae

{{Short description|Family of beetles}}
{{automatic taxobox
| name = True weevils and bark beetles
| image = Weevil (Cholus cinctus) Anton Valley.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Cholus cinctus]]'', Panama
| taxon = Curculionidae
| display_parents = 3
| authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1802
| diversity_link = #Phylogeny and systematics
| subdivision_ranks =
| subdivision =
| diversity = Some 20 subfamilies (see text)
}}
[[File:Flickr - Lukjonis - Bug-Cionus hortulanus.jpg|thumb|right|A true weevil]]
The '''Curculionidae''' are a family of [[weevil]]s, commonly called '''snout beetles''' or '''true weevils'''. They are one of the largest animal families with 6,800 genera and 83,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gbif.org/species/4239|title=Curculionidae|website=www.gbif.org}}</ref> species described worldwide.<!--  They are surpassed only by the [[Ichneumonidae]] ([[Hymenoptera]]), with over 60,000 species, and the [[Staphylinidae]] ([[Coleoptera]]), with 58,000 species. --> They are the sister group to the family [[Brentidae]].<ref name=nlg>{{Cite journal |last1=Gunter |first1=Nicole L |last2=Oberprieler |first2=Rolf G |last3=Cameron |first3=Stephen L |date=May 2016 |title=Molecular phylogenetics of Australian weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea): exploring relationships in a hyperdiverse lineage through comparison of independent analyses |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aen.12173 |journal=Austral Entomology |language=en |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=217–233 |doi=10.1111/aen.12173 |issn=2052-174X}}</ref>

They include the [[bark beetle]]s as the [[subfamily]] [[Scolytinae]], which are modified {{Unreliable source?|date=December 2013}} in shape in accordance with their wood-boring lifestyle. They do not much resemble other weevils, so they were traditionally considered a distinct family, Scolytidae. The family also includes the [[ambrosia beetle]]s, of which the present-day [[subfamily]] [[Platypodinae]] was formerly considered the distinct family Platypodidae.

==Description==
Adult Curculionidae can be recognised by the well-developed, downwards-curved snout ([[Rostrum (anatomy)|rostrum]]) possessed by many species, though the rostrum is sometimes short (e.g. Entiminae).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Coleoptera {{!}} What Bug Is That? |url=https://anic.csiro.au/insectfamilies/biota_details.aspx?OrderID=25407&BiotaID=26524&PageID=families |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=anic.csiro.au}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Family Curculionidae - Snout and Bark Beetles |url=https://bugguide.net/node/view/139 |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=bugguide.net}}</ref> They have elbowed [[Antenna (biology)|antennae]] that end in clubs, and the first antennal segment often fits into a groove in the side of the rostrum.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The body tends to be robust, convex, heavily sclerotised and covered in scales or bristles.<ref name=":0" /> Curculionidae range in size from 1–35 mm long, usually being 5–15 mm long.<ref name=":1" /> Most Curculionidae are [[Sexual dimorphism|sexually dimorphic]] with females (compared to males) having antennae positioned more basally and a longer, thinner rostrum.<ref name=":1" />

Larval Curculionidae are C-shaped and lightly sclerotised, with minute antennae, robust mandibles<ref name=":0" /> and no legs.<ref name=":2" />

Most weevils feed on plants as larvae and adults, and they include important pests of cultivated plants that chew holes in fruits, nuts and other parts.<ref name=":1" /> The long rostrum possessed by most adult weevils is used by females to help lay eggs (oviposit) inside plant tissue.<ref name=":2" /> Some feed on rotten wood or bark (e.g. Cossoninae and Cryptorhynchinae), and some are [[Woodboring beetle|wood-borers]] that feed on [[ambrosia fungi]] (Platypodinae and some Scolytinae).<ref name=":0" />[[File:Curculionidae . Curculio elephas (33105941022).jpg|thumb|''[[Curculio elephas]]'']]
Although pesticide resistance hasn't historically been an issue with these insects, recently a mutation was discovered in association with the voltage-gated sodium channel in the species ''[[Maize weevil|Sitophilus zeamais]]'', indicating there is a lot to learn about how these insects adapt to changing environments.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Araújo|first1=Rúbia A.|last2=Williamson|first2=Martin S.|last3=Bass|first3=Christopher|last4=Field|first4=Linda M.|last5=Duce|first5=Ian R.|date=2011|title=Pyrethroid resistance in ''Sitophilus zeamais'' is associated with a mutation (T929I) in the voltage-gated sodium channel|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2583.2011.01079.x|journal=Insect Molecular Biology|language=en|volume=20|issue=4|pages=437–445|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2583.2011.01079.x|pmid=21496128 |s2cid=205307830 |issn=1365-2583}}</ref>
[[File:Pissodes_pini_(Linnaeus,_1758).png|alt=Pissodes_pini_(Linnaeus,_1758)|thumb|''[[Pissodes pini]]'']]

==Behavior==
When disturbed, adult curculionids often [[Apparent death|play dead]] by lying motionless on their backs.<ref name=":1" />

Many species of weevils are common household and garden pests, but don't harm people, pets, or buildings. Their presence is more of a temporary nuisance, usually to plants and their fruits in their larval stage. In tropical areas they have larger effects, specifically several species in the genera ''[[Conotrachelus]]'' and ''[[Copturus]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fuentes |first1=Luis Martin Hernandez |url=http://www.intechopen.com/books/insect-physiology-and-ecology/weevil-borers-in-tropical-fruit-crops-importance-biology-and-management |title=Weevil Borers in Tropical Fruit Crops: Importance, Biology and Management |last2=Vildozola |first2=Alvaro Castaneda |last3=Urias-Lopez |first3=Mario Alfonso |date=2017-04-12 |publisher=InTech |isbn=978-953-51-3033-8 |editor-last=Shields |editor-first=Vonnie D.C. |pages=43 |language=en |doi=10.5772/66635}}</ref>

==Phylogeny and systematics==
The [[phylogeny]] of the group is complex; with so many species, a spirited debate exists about the relationships between subfamilies and genera. A 1997 analysis attempted to construct a phylogeny based mainly on larval characteristics.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |author=Adriana E. Marvaldi |year=1997 |title=Higher level phylogeny of Curculionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) based mainly on larval characters, with special reference to broad-nosed weevils |journal=[[Cladistics (journal)|Cladistics]] |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=285–312 |url=http://www.cricyt.edu.ar/entomologia/Articulos/Cladistics13%281997%29.pdf |doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.1997.tb00321.x |pmid=34911227 |s2cid=202843753 |access-date=2009-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218064752/http://www.cricyt.edu.ar/entomologia/Articulos/Cladistics13(1997).pdf |archive-date=2012-02-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref><!-- Two recent (and widely different) systematic schemes: Oberprieler ''et al.'' (2007), Bouchard ''et al.'' (2011) -->

Recent work on the phylogenetic relationships in weevils mentions the two subfamily groups '''Adelognatha''' (''short-nosed weevils'', subfamily [[Entiminae]]) and '''Phanerognatha''' (''long-nosed weevils'', subfamilies of Curculionidae other than Entiminae) for the species of Curculionidae.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bark and wood boring insects in living trees in Europe: a synthesis |date=2007 |publisher=Kluwer |isbn=978-1-4020-2240-1 |editor-last=Lieutier |editor-first=François |edition=Repr |location=Dordrecht}}</ref>

Almost two dozen [[subfamilies]] are recognized by some authors even when merging those that are certainly invalid. Others, however, recognize a lesser number – the only subfamilies that are almost universally considered valid are the [[Baridinae]], [[Cossoninae]], [[Curculioninae]], [[Cyclominae]], [[Entiminae]], [[Molytinae]], [[Platypodinae]], and [[Scolytinae]]. The various proposed [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] schemes typically recognize as many additional subfamilies again, but little agreement is seen between authorities about which. In particular, the delimitation of the [[Molytinae]] has proven difficult.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

The timeline for current and extant weevil speciation and diversification is consistent with the radiation of [[gymnosperm]]s during the Mesozoic period.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Shin|first1=Seunggwan|last2=Clarke|first2=Dave J|last3=Lemmon|first3=Alan R|last4=Moriarty Lemmon|first4=Emily|last5=Aitken|first5=Alexander L|last6=Haddad|first6=Stephanie|last7=Farrell|first7=Brian D|last8=Marvaldi|first8=Adriana E|last9=Oberprieler|first9=Rolf G|last10=McKenna|first10=Duane D|date=2018-04-01|title=Phylogenomic Data Yield New and Robust Insights into the Phylogeny and Evolution of Weevils|url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/35/4/823/4765916|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|language=en|volume=35|issue=4|pages=823–836|doi=10.1093/molbev/msx324|pmid=29294021 |issn=0737-4038|doi-access=free|hdl=11336/57287|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
[[File:Curculio larva.jpg|thumb|160px|''Curculio'', scarabeiform larva]]
The subfamilies considered valid by at least some authors today:
* [[Bagoinae]] (sometimes in Molytinae)
* [[Baridinae]]
* [[Brachycerinae]] (disputed; sometimes placed at family level)
* [[Ceutorhynchinae]] (sometimes in Baridinae)
* [[Conoderinae]] (sometimes in Baridinae)
* [[Cossoninae]]
* [[Cryptorhynchinae]] (sometimes in Curculioninae)[[File:Cionus tuberculosus - 2012-06-29.ogv|thumb|''Cionus tuberculosus'' ([[Curculioninae]])]]
** ''[[Acalles]]''
* [[Curculioninae]] – flower weevils, acorn and nut weevils
[[File:Weevil3.jpg|thumb|''Curculio nucum'', a brown nut-weevil]]
* [[Cyclominae]]
* [[Dryophthorinae]] (sometimes placed at family level)
* [[Entiminae]] – broad-nosed weevils
* [[Hyperinae]] (sometimes in Molytinae)
* [[Lixinae]] (sometimes in Molytinae)
* [[Mesoptiliinae]] (sometimes in Molytinae)
* [[Molytinae]]
* [[Orobitidinae]] (sometimes in Baridinae)
* [[Platypodinae]] – typical [[ambrosia beetle]]s, "higher" Curculionidaes<ref name=nlg/>
* [[Raymondionyminae]] (sometimes in Brachycerinae)
* [[Scolytinae]] – bark beetles
* [[Xiphaspidinae]] (sometimes in Baridinae)

== See also ==
{{Portal|Insects|Arthropods}}
* [[Black vine weevil]]
* [[Boll weevil]]
* [[Curculio caryae|Pecan weevil]]
* [[Wheat weevil]]
* ''[[Hylobius]]''
* ''[[Orthorhinus cylindrirostris]]''
* ''[[Premnotrypes]]''
* ''[[Scolytoplatypus]]''
* [[Pests and diseases of roses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline}}
{{Coleoptera|4}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q7415384}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Curculionidae}}
[[Category:Curculionidae| ]]
[[Category:Insect vectors of plant pathogens]]
[[Category:Beetle families]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]