Editing Culture of Peru

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{{Culture of Peru}}

'''Peruvian culture''' is the gradual blending of Amerindian cultures with European and Asian ethnic groups. The ethnic diversity and rugged [[geography of Peru]] allowed diverse [[traditions]] and customs to co-exist. Peruvian culture has been deeply influenced by Native culture, [[Spanish culture]], and [[Asian culture]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indigenous Culture {{!}} Multiple Ethnic & Linguistic groups {{!}} Northern Peru's Amazon & Andean Regions|url=https://www.perunorth.com/indigenous-culture-in-northern-peru|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Northern Peru & Amazonia Tours {{!}} Kuelap & Gocta {{!}} Amazon River Cruises & Lodges|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Belknap|first1=Daniel F.|last2=Sandweiss|first2=Daniel H.|date=2014-06-03|title=Effect of the Spanish Conquest on coastal change in Northwestern Peru|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=111|issue=22|pages=7986–7989|doi=10.1073/pnas.1404568111|issn=0027-8424|pmid=24843118|pmc=4050538 |bibcode=2014PNAS..111.7986B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cultural Tidbit: Afro-Peruvian Culture {{!}} Ecela Spanish|url=https://ecelaspanish.com/cultural-tidbit-afro-peruvian-culture/#:~:text=Afro-Peruvians%20have%20contributed%20tremendously,and%20drums%20were%20once%20banned.|access-date=2022-01-15|website=ecelaspanish.com}}</ref> Other minor influences on their culture are Chinese, Japanese, and other European peoples.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 17, 2019|first=Hannah|last=Walhout|title=How Japanese Immigrants Shaped Peruvian Food|url=https://www.foodandwine.com/chefs/nikkei-peruvian-japanese-food|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Food & Wine|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=European Contact Overwhelms the Inca Empire: Francisco Pizarro's Conquest of Peru|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/european-contact-overwhelms-inca-empire-francisco-pizarros-conquest-peru|access-date=2022-01-15|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref>

==Literature==
{{Main|Peruvian literature}}
[[File:Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala.jpg|left|thumb|Self-portrait of Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala, who is taking on the relationships and legends of the ancient Indians, who by their headdresses are distinguished as coming from several provinces and from various ranks.]]
Peruvian literature has been shaped by the convergence of indigenous [[oral tradition]] and the technical resources of [[writing]] introduced by the Spanish. This fusion, from the very beginning, enabled the collection and expression of the diverse and complex cultural realities that came into conflict after the [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire|conquest]].

[[Quechuan literature|Quechua]] and [[Aymara language|Aymara]] literature, transmitted orally, was deeply linked to [[Religious ritual|religious]], agricultural, romantic, festive, and funerary rituals. These characteristics are reflected in certain forms of [[poetry]] and [[prose]], as seen in the early historical chronicles, including the [[Comentarios Reales de los Incas|''Comentarios Reales'']]<ref>Garcilaso de la Vega, I. (1609). Comentarios reales de los Incas.</ref> by [[Inca Garcilaso de la Vega]] and ''[[El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno|Nueva Crónica y Buen Gobierno]]''<ref>Guaman Poma de Ayala, F. (2000). Nueva Crónica y Buen Gobierno.</ref> by [[Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala]]. Also notable is the connection between the yaravíes and patriotic and [[romantic poetry]], represented in the work of [[Mariano Melgar]].<ref>Puduñay, A. (1989). Literatura quechua: Antología.</ref>

During the [[Colonial peru|colonial]] and republican periods, the dominance of the [[Criollo people|criollo]] [[oligarchy]] in Peruvian society favored the adoption of European literary forms at the expense of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous ones]]. In this context, [[Neoclassicism|neoclassical]] authors such as Manuel Ascensio Segura and [[Felipe Pardo y Aliaga]] emerged, dominating the literary scene until the late 19th century when [[romanticism]] took hold through figures like Carlos Augusto Salaverry and José Arnaldo Márquez.<ref>Basadre, J. H. (1968). Historia de la República del Perú.</ref> The crisis resulting from the [[War of the Pacific]] paved the way for [[modernism]], with exponents such as [[José Santos Chocano]] and [[José María Eguren]].
[[File:MASegura.jpg|thumb|Manuel Ascensio Segura y Cordero (Lima, 1805 - 1871) was a Peruvian writer and playwright, a representative of the costumbrista movement.]]
In the 20th century, [[Avant-garde|avant-garde movements]] gained strength, driven by magazines like ''Colónida'' and ''Amauta'', the latter founded in 1926 by [[José Carlos Mariátegui]], with notable collaborators such as [[César Vallejo]].<ref name="auto">Wiesse, P. (1971). Historia del arte peruano.</ref><ref>Mariátegui, J. C. (1928). 7 ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana.</ref> Meanwhile, [[indigenism]] resurfaced in the poetry of Luis Fabio Xammar.<ref>Salazar Bondy, S. (1963). Literatura peruana: 1928-1960.</ref> The [[Avant-garde|avant-garde movements]] fragmented into various [[Lyric poetry|lyrical]] proposals, such as those of [[Xavier Abril]], Alberto Hidalgo, [[Sebastián Salazar Bondy]], [[Carlos Germán Belli]], among others, opening new and diverse expressive fields.

In 19th-century Peruvian prose, the [[costumbrismo]] of Manuel Ascensio Segura and [[Ricardo Palma]], along with the [[modernism]] of [[Manuel González Prada]] and [[José Santos Chocano]], set the literary course. By the 20th century, [[Indigenism|indigenist]] [[prose]] reached some of its peak moments with [[Ciro Alegría]] and [[José María Arguedas]], whose influences extended to authors such as [[Sebastián Salazar Bondy]], [[Manuel Scorza]], and [[Julio Ramón Ribeyro]]. [[Mario Vargas Llosa]]<ref>Vargas Llosa, M. (1969). Conversación en la Catedral.</ref> and [[Alfredo Bryce|Alfredo Bryce Echenique]],<ref>Bryce Echenique, A. (1965). Huerto cerrado.</ref> while maintaining a realist approach, incorporated new [[List of narrative techniques|narrative techniques]].

In [[poetry]], prominent figures include Emilio Adolfo Westphalen, [[Jorge Eduardo Eielson]], [[Carlos Germán Belli]], [[Arturo Corcuera]], [[Antonio Cisneros]], [[Washington Delgado|Wáshington Delgado]], [[Marco Martos Carrera|Marco Martos]], and Carmen Ollé. In [[Contemporary literature|contemporary narrative]], notable authors include [[Miguel Gutiérrez (writer)|Miguel Gutiérrez]],<ref>Gutiérrez, M. (1989). La ciudad de los perros.</ref> [[Gregorio Martínez Sierra|Gregorio Martínez]], [[Alonso Cueto]], and [[Gustavo Rodríguez (writer)|Gustavo Rodríguez]], among others.

==Art==
{{Main|Peruvian art}}
[[File:Stirrup-spout vessel with four bosses, Cupisnique culture, Peru north coast, Early Horizon, c. 900-200 BC, ceramic - Dallas Museum of Art - DSC04697.jpg|thumb|left|Stirrup-spout vessel with four bosses from the Cupisnique culture, Peru. ]]
Peru's cultural heritage originates from the ancient [[Andean civilizations]] that emerged in its territory before the arrival of the Spanish.<ref>Lumbreras, L. E. (1974). Nuestro Perú.</ref> The archaeological treasures of [[Peru]] testify to a significant cultural development that occurred without contact with other extracontinental cultures.

The earliest artistic expressions with a high degree of intellectual and technological evolution are found in the sites of [[Chavín de Huántar]] and [[Cupisnique District|Cupisnique]], dated between the 9th and 4th centuries BCE.<ref>Burger, R. L. (1992). Chavín and the origins of Andean civilization. University of Texas Press.</ref> These expressions include silver and gold [[Jewellery|jewelry]], [[Ceramic|ceramics]], [[architecture]], and [[stone sculpture]], reflecting [[Symbolism (movement)|symbolic]] and [[religious art]].<ref>Menzel, D. (1964). The art of ancient Peru. Thames and Hudson.</ref>

Between the 8th century BCE and the 1st century CE, the [[Paracas culture|Paracas Cavernas]] and [[Paracas culture|Paracas Necrópolis]] cultures developed. The former produced polychrome ceramics with religious representations, while the latter is known for its monochrome ceramics and complex, delicate textiles.
[[File:Detail, Bird, Paracas mantle, 0-100 C.E. Brooklyn Museum.jpg|thumb|252x252px|This Paracas mantle would have been used by an adult male, as clothing or for ceremonial purposes, or for both.]]
In the period between the 3rd century BCE and the 7th century CE, the urban cultures of the [[Moche culture|Moche]] in [[Lambayeque Province|Lambayeque]] and the [[Nazca culture|Nazca]] in the Río Grande valley in [[Department of Ica|Ica]] emerged.<ref>Donnan, C. B. (1978). Moche art and iconography. University of Texas Press.</ref> Both cultures are notable for their advanced [[Terrace (earthworks)|terrace agriculture]], [[hydraulic engineering]], and [[Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas|ceramic]], [[textile]], [[Visual arts|pictorial]], and [[Sculpture|sculptural]] productions.

The [[Wari culture|Wari civilization]], between the 7th and 12th centuries, established in [[Ayacucho]], pioneered rational urban design, a concept that spread to other areas such as [[Pachacamac|Pachacámac]], [[Cajamarquilla]], and [[Wari Willka]]. The [[Tiwanaku Empire|Tiahuanaco culture]], which developed on the shores of [[Lake Titicaca]] between the 9th and 13th centuries, is known for its monumental stone [[architecture]] and [[sculpture]], facilitated by the use of [[bronze]].

The [[Chimor|Chimú people]], between the 14th and 15th centuries, built the city of [[Chan Chan]] in the Moche River valley in [[La Libertad (Department of Peru)|La Libertad]], and they excelled in [[Jewellery|jewelry]]-making and [[hydraulic engineering]].
[[File:Lima Convento de San Francisco.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Basilica and Convent of San Francisco in Lima, Peru.]]
The [[History of the Incas|Inca civilization]], which absorbed much of the cultural legacy of its predecessors, left significant evidence such as the cities of [[Cusco|Cuzco]], the architectural remains of [[Sacsayhuamán|Sacsahuamán]] and [[Machu Picchu]], and a network of roads connecting [[Cusco|Cuzco]] with other regions of the [[Inca Empire|empire]].<ref>Isbell, W. H. (1997). The empire of the Inca. University of Chicago Press.</ref> The arrival of the Spanish led to a cultural blending reflected in [[Architecture of Peru|Peruvian architecture]], combining European styles with indigenous influences. After the [[Renaissance|Renaissance period]], the [[Baroque]] reached a rich expression in buildings such as the [[Basilica and Convent of San Francisco, Lima|Convent of San Francisco]] in [[Lima]] and the [[Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús, Cusco|Iglesia de la Compañia]] in [[Cusco|Cuzco]].

The [[Peruvian War of Independence|War of Independence]] created a creative void that French-inspired [[Neoclassicism]] attempted to fill. During the 20th century, architectural eclecticism was observed, with constructive functionalism emerging as a response, exemplified by the [[Plaza San Martín, Lima|Plaza San Martín]] in [[Lima]].

Peruvian sculpture and painting developed from workshops founded by religious figures, influenced by the Sevillian Baroque school. This artistic movement can be seen in works such as the choir stalls of the [[Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima|cathedral]] and the [[Fountain of the Plaza Mayor, Lima|fountain]] in the [[Plaza Mayor, Lima|Plaza Mayor]].
[[File:El ingreso del presidente Luis José de Orbegoso a Lima.jpg|thumb|247x247px|''The Entry of President [[Luis José de Orbegoso]] to Lima.'' (1842) painted by Ignacio Merino.]]
Artistic mestizaje was more evident in painting, which incorporated elements of native heritage. Examples include the portrait of the imprisoned Atahualpa by Damián de la Bastida y Mora and the works of artists such as [[Matteo Pérez|Mateo Pérez de Alesio]], [[Angelino Medoro]], Francisco Bejarano, Jesús de Illescas, and Joaquín Rodríguez.<ref>Romero, E. (1970). Historia del Perú.</ref>

During the 17th and 18th centuries, [[Baroque]] dominated the [[visual arts]], while in the 19th century, [[Neoclassicism in France|French Neoclassical]] and [[French Romanticism|Romantic]] currents found their best representatives in [[Luis Montero Cáceres|Luis Montero]], [[Ignacio Merino]], and Francisco Masías.<ref name="auto"/>

In the 20th century, the foundation of the [[National Superior Autonomous School of Fine Arts, Lima|School of Fine Arts of Lima]] in 1919 marked a milestone in Peruvian sculpture and painting. Notable sculptors include Luis Agurto, Luis Valdettaro, [[Joaquín Roca Rey]], [[Jorge Piqueras]], Alberto Guzmán, [[Víctor Delfín]], and Francisco Sánchez, and painters such as [[Daniel Hernández Morillo]], Ricardo Grau, César Quispez Asín, and [[José Sabogal]]. The latter led the indigenist movement, a pillar of contemporary Peruvian painting, with representatives such as [[Fernando de Szyszlo]], Alberto Dávila, [[Armando Villegas]], Sabino Springett, Víctor Humareda, Mario Alejandro Cuadros, Ángel Chávez, Milner Cajahuaringa, Arturo Kubotta, [[Venancio Shinki]], Alberto Quintanilla, Germán Chávez, [[Tilsa Tsuchiya]], David Herskowitz, [[Oscar Allain|Óscar Allain]], and Carlos Revilla.<ref>Tauro del Pino, A. (1981). Enciclopedia ilustrada del Perú.</ref>

Among the most widespread crafts in [[Peru]] are [[Ceramic|ceramics]], both artistic and utilitarian, [[carving]], [[Household silver|silverwork]], [[Repoussé and chasing|leather embossing]], [[Straw plaiting|straw weaving]], and [[Textile industry|textile work]], with colorful [[Alpaca fiber|alpaca wool]] fabrics standing out.

==Architecture==
{{Main|Architecture of Peru}}
[[File:Huaca Sol lou.jpg|thumb|right|''Huacas del Sol y de la Luna'', located six
 kilometers south from Trujillo]]

Peruvian architecture is a conjunction of European styles exposed to the influence of indigenous imagery. Two of the most well-known examples of the Early Colonial period are the [[Cathedral of Cusco]] and the [[Church of Santa Clara of Cuzco]]. After this period, the mestization reached its richer expression in the [[Baroque]]. Some examples of this [[Baroque|Baroque period]] are the [[Convento de San Francisco]], the [[Iglesia de la Compañía]], and the facade of the [[National University of San Antonio Abad in Cuzco|University of Cuzco]] and, overall, the churches of [[Church of San Agustín, Lima|San Agustín]] and [[Iglesía de Santa Rosa|Santa Rosa]] of [[Arequipa (Department of Peru)|Arequipa]].

Although these later examples are rarer; the [[The Independence of Peru|Independence War]] left a creative emptiness that was filled by the [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassicism]]. The 20th century was characterized by the [[Eclecticism|eclectic]] architecture, which has been in stark opposition to [[Functionalism (architecture)|constructive functionalism]]. Its considerable example is [[Plaza San Martín (Lima)|San Martin Plaza]] in [[Lima]].

==Music==
{{Main|Music of Peru}}
[[Image:Zampoña.jpg|thumb|right|A Peruvian man playing the [[zampoña]]]]

The pre-Hispanic Andean cultures of Peru were distinguished by their rich tradition in artistic expressions, especially in music. Most communal agricultural activities were accompanied by music and songs, known in [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]] as ''taqui''.<ref>Ramos, C. (1999). Folklore del Perú: Música y Danzas. Editorial Universitaria.</ref> The ethnic diversity of [[ancient Peru]] resulted in the coexistence of various traditions and customs, which have persisted over time and have been fundamental to the development of post-Hispanic Peruvian folklore.

Today, various musical expressions, such as [[Dance in Peru|dance]] and song, popular festivals (both religious and non-religious), [[Peruvian handicrafts|handicrafts]], [[Peruvian Gastronomy|gastronomy]], and other regionally varied activities, are significant aspects of Peruvian and Latin American cultural heritage.<ref>Flores Ochoa, J. (1976). Los Dioses de los Andes: Simbolismo y Arte en las Alturas del Perú. Editorial América.</ref>

Pre-Hispanic Andean musicians primarily used [[Wind instrument|wind instruments]], such as the ''[[quena]]'', ''[[Pinkillu|pinkillo]]'', ''[[erke]]'', ''[[Siku (instrument)|antara]]'' or ''[[Siku (instrument)|siku]]'' (also known as ''[[Siku (instrument)|zampoña]]''), and the ''pututo''. They also employed [[Percussion instrument|percussion instruments]] like the ''[[tinya]]'' (hand drum), ''pomatinyas'' (made from [[Puma (genus)|puma]] skin), and ''runatinyas'' (made from [[human skin]]), used in battles, as well as the ''wankar'', a large drum.

With the arrival of the Spanish, European instruments like [[Harp|harps]], [[Guitar|guitars]], [[Vihuela|vihuelas]], [[Bandurria|bandurrias]], and [[Lute|lutes]] were introduced. The combination of these instruments with indigenous ones led to the creation of mestizo instruments, such as the Andean harp and the ''[[charango]]'', which is made from the shell of the [[armadillo]].<ref>Romero, R. (1994). Música, Danza y Fiesta en los Andes Peruanos. Fondo de Cultura Económica.</ref>
== Dances ==
[[File:ZAMACUECA DANCE.jpg|thumb|Zamacueca, dance that was banned in Peru because of its daring moves and its connection to Marinera.|227x227px]]
Cultural blending was not limited to the interaction between [[Indigenous cultures|indigenous]] and [[European culture|European cultures]]; African influence is also evident in the rhythms and percussion instruments. This influence is reflected in musical forms such as ''[[festejo]]'' and ''[[zamacueca]].''

Among the native dances, those related to [[Farmworker|agricultural work]], [[hunting]], and [[War|warfare]] are prominent.<ref>Mujica, E. (2001). El Arte de la Cultura Andina: Música, Danza y Ritualidad. Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.</ref> Some of these [[Choreography|choreographies]] show Christian influence. Two of the most representative Andean dances are the ''[[Cachua|kashua]]'', communal in nature, performed in groups in open spaces, and the ''[[Huayno|wayño]]'' or ''[[huayno]]'', a "salon dance" performed in pairs in enclosed spaces. Other Andean-origin dances include the ''yaraví'' and ''triste'', which are songs with typically very sentimental lyrics.

[[Ceremonial dance|Ritual dances]] include the ''achocallo'', ''pinkillada'', ''[[llamerada]]'' (imitating the movement of [[Llama|llamas]]), and ''[[kullawada]]'' (of the spinners). Hunting-related dances include ''llipi-puli'' and ''choq'elas'', colorful highland dances associated with [[vicuña]] hunting.

Warfare dances include the ''chiriguano'', of [[Aymara people|Aymara]] origin; ''chatripuli'', which satirizes Spanish royalist soldiers; and ''kena-kenas'', referring to the Chilean soldiers who occupied [[Peru]] during the [[War of the Pacific]] (1879). Carnival dances are also significant, a Western festival that in the [[Andes|Peruvian Andes]] coincides with the [[Harvest|harvest season]]; many [[rural communities]] celebrate with [[ancestral rites]] and mestizo dances, marking the initiation of youth and, in many cases, the formation of new couples.<ref>Valcárcel, L. (1954). El Proceso de la Cultura en el Antiguo Perú. Editorial Huascarán.</ref>

The most internationally recognized Peruvian dance is the ''[[Marinera|marinera norteña]]'', which represents the courtship of a man towards a young woman.<ref>Carrión, B. (1989). La Danza en el Perú: Origen y Evolución. Editorial Milla Batres.</ref> There are local variations of this dance in [[Lima]] and other regions of the country.

[[File:Marinera Norteña.jpg|thumb|250x250px|''Marinera Norteña'', the most representative dance from Peru. Mostly performed in the Coast.]]
==Celebrations==
Popular festivals, which result from the [[Tradition|traditions]] and legends of each town, bring together music, dance, typical foods, and drinks. In addition to religious festivals, such as [[Christmas]], [[Feast of Corpus Christi|Corpus Christi]], or [[Holy Week]], there are others that express the syncretism between indigenous and [[Christianity|Christian beliefs]], such as the ''[[alasitas]]'' fairs (an [[Aymara language|Aymara word]] that some scholars interpret as "buy me"), which combine a craft and miniature fair with dances, foods, and a mass.<ref>Morote, A. (1988). Sincretismo Religioso en el Perú Andino. Editorial Horizonte.</ref> Another important festival is the pilgrimage of [[Quyllurit'i|Q'oyllor-riti]] ([[Cusco]]), which integrates the ancient worship of the ''apus'' (tutelary deities of the [[Mountain|mountains]]) with a [[pilgrimage]] to a Christian sanctuary, in a walk up to a snow-capped peak over 5,000 meters above sea level.

==Sports==
{{Main|Sport in Peru}}
[[File:Pizarro training FC Bayern (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Claudio Pizarro]], former captain of the [[Peru national football team]].]]

[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Peru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noticias |first=A. P. |title=Top 10: Los deportes más populares en Perú - AP Noticias |url=https://www.apnoticias.pe/peru/el-chino/top-10-los-deportes-mas-populares-en-peru-448062 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=AP Noticias Perú |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-17 |title=¿Qué convirtió al fútbol en el deporte más popular? Esta publicación del Fondo Editorial PUCP lo explica |url=https://puntoedu.pucp.edu.pe/investigacion-y-publicaciones/publicaciones/que-convirtio-al-futbol-en-el-deporte-mas-popular-publicacion-del-fondo-editorial-pucp/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=PuntoEdu PUCP |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Football in Peru]] is governed by the [[Peruvian Football Federation]] (PFF), which organizes the [[Peru national football team|men's]] and [[Peru women's national football team|women's]] national teams. Football legends from Peru include [[Alejandro Villanueva (footballer)|Alejandro Villanueva]], [[Teodoro Fernández]], [[Valeriano López]], [[Alberto Terry]], [[Hugo Sotil]], [[César Cueto]], [[Roberto Challe]], [[Héctor Chumpitaz]] and [[Teófilo Cubillas]], Peru's most successful striker in the World Cup finals with ten goals, [[Nolberto Solano]].

Current renowned players include defender [[Carlos Zambrano (footballer)|Carlos Zambrano]] ([[FC Rubin Kazan|Rubin Kazan]]), midfielder [[Juan Manuel Vargas]] ([[Club Universitario de Deportes|Universitario]]) and strikers [[Claudio Pizarro]] ([[Werder Bremen]]), [[Paolo Guerrero]] ([[Clube de Regatas do Flamengo|Flamengo]]) and [[Jefferson Farfán]] ([[FC Lokomotiv Moscow|Lokomotiv Moscow]]). [[Alianza Lima]], [[Sporting Cristal]] and [[Universitario de Deportes]] are the biggest teams in Peru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PERÚ |first=NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO |date=2020-01-24 |title=Así llegan los tres clubes grandes del fútbol peruano para el comienzo de la temporada 2020{{!}} Alianza Lima{{!}} Universitario {{!}} Cristal {{!}} Liga 1 2020 {{!}} DEPORTE-TOTAL |url=https://elcomercio.pe/deporte-total/asi-llegan-los-tres-clubes-grandes-del-futbol-peruano-para-el-comienzo-de-la-temporada-2020-alianza-lima-universitario-cristal-liga-1-2020-noticia/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=El Comercio Perú |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DePeru.com |title=Los tres Grandes del Fútbol Peruano |url=https://www.deperu.com/abc/club-de-futbol/930/los-tres-grandes-del-futbol-peruano |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=DePeru.com |language=es}}</ref> In 2003, Cienciano won the [[Copa Sudamericana]] after defeating Argentinian club [[Club Atlético River Plate|River Plate]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=GrupoRPP |date=2020-12-19 |title=Tocó la gloria: hace 17 años Cienciano ganó la Copa Sudamericana |url=https://rpp.pe/futbol/copa-sudamericana/cienciano-hace-17-anos-el-club-cusqueno-toco-la-cima-al-ganar-la-copa-sudamericana-noticia-1310757 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=RPP |language=es}}</ref> and then proceeded to beat Latin American powerhouse [[Boca Juniors]] (also from Argentina) in the [[Recopa Sudamericana]] played in [[Miami]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-07 |title=Cienciano campeón de la Recopa 2004 - CONMEBOL |url=https://www.conmebol.com/noticias/cienciano-campeon-de-la-recopa-2004/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=www.conmebol.com |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=de 2022 |first=Por Joaquín Santiago Parra Jordán9 de Junio |title=Cuando Cienciano logró la descomunal hazaña de salir campeón de la Copa Sudamericana 2003 y la Recopa 2004 |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/peru/2022/06/09/cuando-cienciano-logro-la-descomunal-hazana-de-salir-campeon-de-la-copa-sudamericana-2003-y-la-recopa-2004/ |access-date=2022-07-20 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref> Sporting Cristal was finalist in the Copa Libertadores de América 1997, South America's most important football tournament. Also Universitario de Deportes, but in 1972.

Achievements from the [[Peru national football team]] include competing at the [[FIFA World Cup]], in [[1930 FIFA World Cup|1930]], [[1970 FIFA World Cup|1970]] (quarterfinalists), [[1978 FIFA World Cup|1978]], and [[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982]], being [[Teófilo Cubillas]], among the top 10 goal scorers in the history of the [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] and having a record as the only player to score 5 goals in 2 different World Cups. The national team won two Copa América's in [[1939 South American Championship|1939]] and [[1975 Copa América|1975]].

[[Claudio Pizarro]] holds the record as the top scorer from a foreign country in the history of [[Bundesliga]]. [[Paolo Guerrero]] holds the record as the current all-time top scorer in the history of the [[Copa América]] still active, finishing as the top scorer in all three of these tournaments ([[2011 Copa América|2011]], [[2015 Copa América|2015]] and [[2019 Copa América|2019]]), which is also a record.

[[File:Sofía Mulánovich.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sofía Mulánovich]], Peruvian surfing World Champion.|180px]]
Achievements from the [[Peru women's national football team]] include finishing third place at the [[1998 Sudamericano Femenino]], and finishing fourth place at the [[2003 Sudamericano Femenino]].

Women's [[volleyball]] is a popular and also successful sport in Peru (silver medal in the [[1988 Summer Olympics]], runners-up in the Volleyball World Championship, and 12 times South American champion).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Comercio |first=El |title=Selección de vóley de Seúl 88 {{!}} El Comercio Peru |url=https://especiales.elcomercio.pe/?q=especiales/seul-88/index.html |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=El Comercio.pe |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PERÚ |first=NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO |date=2021-07-23 |title=China campeón y Perú segundo en el mundial de vóley l Bicentenario {{!}} BICENTENARIO |url=https://elcomercio.pe/bicentenario/1982-l-china-campeon-y-peru-segundo-en-el-mundial-de-voley-l-bicentenario-noticia/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=El Comercio Perú |language=es}}</ref>

[[Tennis in Peru|Tennis]], [[Surfing in Peru|surfing]] and [[Rugby union in Peru|rugby]] in [[Peru]] are minor but growing sports.

[[Alex Olmedo|Alejandro "Alex" Olmedo Rodríguez]] (March 24, 1936 – December 9, 2020) was a tennis player from Peru with American citizenship. He was listed by the USTA as a "foreign" player for 1958, but as a U.S. player for 1959.[3] He helped win the Davis Cup for the United States in 1958 and was the No. 2 ranked amateur in 1959. Olmedo won two Majors in 1959 (Australia and Wimbledon) and the U.S. Pro Championships in 1960, and was inducted into the Tennis Hall of Fame in 1987.

[[Sofía Mulánovich]] is the first South American ever to win the [[World surfing champion|Surfing World Title]], which she did in 2004. She is also the first Peruvian surfer ever to win a [[World Surf League]] [[World championship tour (WCT) surfing|World Championship Tour]] event. In 2004, she won three out of the six World Championship Tour events, and finished the season as World Champion. Felipe Pomar was also a world champion.

==Cuisine==
{{Main|Peruvian cuisine}}
[[File:Arequipa..jpg|thumb|Chupe de camarones is a traditional Peruvian soup from Arequipa that can be found in every picantería in the city.]]
Due to the rich variety and the harmony of its flavor and the food used,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Conrecu |date=2020-06-18 |title=Tipos de Cocina Peruana |url=https://www.conrecutecu.tv/tipos-de-cocina-peruana/ |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Con Recutecu.tv |language=es}}</ref> [[Peruvian cuisine|Peruvian food]] is constantly winning internationally and the chefs often have international recognition and distinction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Perú mejor destino culinario en el mundo 2021 |url=https://www.excelenciasgourmet.com/es/turismo-gastronomico/peru-mejor-destino-culinario-en-el-mundo-2021 |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=Excelencias Gourmet |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PERÚ |first=Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA |title=¡Excelente! Perú es distinguido como el mejor destino culinario líder en el mundo 2021 |url=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-excelente-peru-es-distinguido-como-mejor-destino-culinario-lider-el-mundo-2021-873649.aspx |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}</ref> One notable element is the constant new innovations and new dishes, especially those that incorporate the food found by experimentation. Each region maintains its rich cuisine by its food having a mix of colors and ingredients.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Por estas 7 razones la cocina peruana es reconocida en el mundo|url=https://institutpaulbocuse.usil.edu.pe/blog/por-estas-7-razones-la-cocina-peruana-es-reconocida-en-el-mundo|access-date=2021-06-03|website=institutpaulbocuse.usil.edu.pe|language=es-pe}}</ref>

The great variety of native foods, such as [[Maize|corn]], [[Tomato|tomatoes]], [[Potato|potatoes]], ''[[Capsicum pubescens|uchu]]'' or [[Capsicum baccatum|chili pepper]], ''[[Oxalis tuberosa|oca]]'', ''[[Ullucus|olluco]]'', [[avocado]], and fruits like [[cherimoya]], ''[[Pouteria lucuma|lúcuma]]'', and [[pineapple]] (''ananás''), along with animals such as ''[[Taruca|tarucas]]'' (deer), [[Llama|llamas]], and [[Guinea pig|guinea pigs]], led to the creation of new dishes and methods of preparation when combined with European and Moorish culinary traditions. The successive arrivals of Africans and Chinese also influenced the development of [[Peruvian cuisine|''criollo'' cuisine]], which is now varied and rich.

Among the most representative dishes of [[Peruvian cuisine]] are ''[[ceviche]]'' (fish and seafood marinated in [[Lime (fruit)|lime juice]]), ''[[chupe]]'' (soup) of [[Cryphiops caementarius|shrimp]], ''[[Anticucho|anticuchos]]'' (grilled beef heart skewers), ''[[Olluquito|olluco con charqui]]'', the Andean ''[[pachamanca]]'' (meats, [[Tuber|tubers]], and [[Vicia faba|beans]] cooked in a [[Masonry oven|stone oven]]), ''[[lomo saltado]]'' (stir-fried beef with [[Tomato|tomatoes]] and [[Onion|onions]], served with [[fried potatoes]] and [[rice]]) of Chinese influence, and ''picante de cuy''. These dishes are often accompanied by typical drinks such as ''[[chicha de jora]]'' (corn fermented and sun-dried), with very low alcohol content, as well as non-alcoholic ''[[chicha]]'' made from [[purple corn]] or [[Peanut|peanuts]].<ref>Izaguirre, L. (2012). Gastronomía Peruana: Historia, Cultura y Tradición. Instituto Nacional de Cultura.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Culture of South America]]
* [http://www.everythingperu.com Everything Peru- Cultural Information about Peru and Online Community]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |author=Phipps, Elena | title= ''The colonial Andes: tapestries and silverwork, 1530-1830'' | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=2004 | isbn=1588391310|display-authors=etal | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/121641}}

{{Peru topics}}
{{Latin America topic|Culture of|Latin American culture}}

[[Category:Culture of Peru| ]]