Editing Cuilén

{{Short description|King of Alba from 967 to 971}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Cuilén mac Illuilb
| image        = File:Jacob Jacobsz de Wet II (Haarlem 1641-2 - Amsterdam 1697) - Culenus, King of Scotland (978-82) - RCIN 403295 - Royal Collection.jpg
| succession   = [[King of Alba (Scotland)]]
| reign        = 967–971
| predecessor  = [[Dub, King of Scotland|Dub]]
| successor    = [[Amlaíb, King of Scotland|Amlaíb]] and/or<br/ >[[Kenneth II of Scotland|Kenneth II]]
| death_date   = 971
| death_place  = [[Abingdon-on-Thames]], [[Kingdom of England]]
| burial_place = [[St Andrews]]
| issue        = [[Constantine III of Scotland|Custantín]], Máel Coluim?
| house        = [[House of Alpin|Alpin]]
| father       = [[Indulf|Ildulb mac Causantín]]
}}

'''Cuilén''' (also ''Culén, Cuilean'', [[anglicised]] Colin; died 971) was an early [[List of Scottish monarchs|King of Alba]] ([[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]]). He was a son of [[Illulb mac Custantín]], King of Alba, after whom he is known by the patronymic '''mac Illuilb''' (also ''mac Iduilb'', ''mac Ilduilb'' etc.{{#tag:ref|Since the 1990s, academics have accorded Cuilén various patronymic names in English secondary sources: ''Cuilén mac Iduilb'',<ref>[[#H1|Hudson, B.T. (1998a)]]; [[#H5|Hudson, B.T. (1996)]]; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]].</ref> ''Cuilén mac Iduilf'',<ref>[[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]].</ref> ''Cuilén mac Ilduilb'',<ref>[[#M4|McGuigan (2015)]].</ref> ''Cuilén mac Illduilb'',<ref>[[#TA1|Thornton (2001)]].</ref> ''Cuilén mac Illuilb'',<ref>[[#M1|''Monarchs of Scotland (842–1707)'' (2011)]]; [[#B4|Broun (2004b)]]; [[#W3|Woolf (2000)]]; [[#B2|Broun (1999)]].</ref> ''Cuilén Ring mac Illuilb'',<ref name="ReferenceA">[[#B1|Busse (2006b)]]; [[#B12|Busse (2006c)]].</ref> ''Culen mac Idulb'',<ref>[[#W7|Walker (2013)]].</ref> ''Culén mac Illduilb'',<ref>[[#CXX1|Charles-Edwards (2013)]].</ref> and ''Culén mac Illuilb''.<ref>[[#L1|Lynch (2001)]].</ref> Likewise, since the 1990s academics have accorded Cuilén various [[epithet]]s in English secondary sources: ''Cuilén Hringr'',<ref>[[#M1|''Monarchs of Scotland (842–1707)'' (2011)]]; [[#B4|Broun (2004b)]].</ref> ''Cuilén Ring mac Illuilb'',<ref name="ReferenceA">[[#B1|Busse (2006b)]]; [[#B12|Busse (2006c)]].</ref> ''Culen Hringr'',<ref>[[#O1|Oram (2011)]].</ref> and ''Culen Ring''.<ref>[[#W5|Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991)]].</ref>|group=note}}) of Clann Áeda meic Cináeda, a branch of the [[Alpínid dynasty]].

During the 10th century, the Alpínids rotated the kingship of Alba between two main dynastic branches. [[Dub mac Maíl Choluim]], a member of a rival branch of the kindred, seems to have succeeded after Indulf's death in 962. Cuilén soon after challenged him but was defeated in 965. Dub was eventually expelled and slain in 966/967. Whether Cuilén was responsible for his death is uncertain.

Following Dub's fall, Cuilén appears to have ruled as undisputed king from 966–971. Little is known of Cuilén's short reign other than his own death in 971. According to various sources, he and his brother, Eochaid, were slain by [[Celtic Britons|Britons]]. Some sources identify Cuilén's killer as [[Rhydderch ap Dyfnwal]], a man whose daughter had been abducted and raped by the king. Rhydderch was evidently a man of eminent standing and seems to have been a son of [[Dyfnwal ab Owain, King of Strathclyde]], and could have possibly ruled the Cumbrian [[Kingdom of Strathclyde]] at the time of Cuilén's death.

After Cuilén's assassination, the kingship of Alba may have been assumed by another member of Clann Áeda meic Cináeda, [[Cináed mac Maíl Choluim]], a man who appears to have launched a retaliatory raid against the Cumbrians. There is evidence indicating that Cináed faced considerable opposition from Cuilén's brother, [[Amlaíb, King of Scotland|Amlaíb]], a man who was accorded the title King of Alba in Irish sources recording his death at Cináed's hands in 977. Cuilén's son, [[Constantine III of Scotland|Custantín]], eventually succeeded Cináed as king. There is evidence to suggest that Cuilén had another son, Máel Coluim.

== Name ==
[[File:Cuilén mac Illuilb (Lat. 4126, folio 29v).jpg|thumb|Cuilén's name as it appears on folio 29v of Paris Bibliothèque Nationale MS Latin 4126 (the ''[[Poppleton manuscript]]''): "''Culenrīg''".<ref>[[#H4|Hudson, B.T. (1998b)]] p. 151; [[#S3|Skene (1867)]] p. 10; [[#L3|''Lat. 4126'' (n.d.)]] fol. 29v.</ref> The word might include an [[epithet]] at the end, or may be corrupted from a copying error.]]

Cuilén was one of three sons of [[Illulb mac Custantín, King of Alba]] (died 962).<ref>[[#B1|Busse (2006b)]]; [[#B4|Broun (2004b)]]; [[#B5|Broun (2004d)]]; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] pp. 91, 164, 169; [[#W5|Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991)]] pp. 91–92.</ref> The two other sons were Eochaid (died 971) and [[Amlaíb, King of Scotland|Amlaíb]] (died 977).<ref>[[#B4|Broun (2004b)]]; [[#B5|Broun (2004d)]]; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] pp. 91, 164, 169.</ref> Illulb was, in turn, a son of [[Custantín mac Áeda, King of Alba]] (died 952), a man who possessed strong connections with the Scandinavian dynasty of Dublin.<ref>[[#B3|Broun (2004a)]]; [[#B5|Broun (2004d)]]; [[#D1|Driscoll (1998)]] p. 113.</ref> There is evidence to suggest that some of Custantín's descendants bore Scandinavian names.<ref>[[#B5|Broun (2004d)]]; [[#W2|Woolf (2001)]]; [[#D1|Driscoll (1998)]] p. 113.</ref> For instance, Illulb's name could be either a [[Gaelicised]] form of the [[Old English]] personal name ''[[Eadwulf]]'',<ref>[[#C11|Clarkson (2014)]] ch. 6; [[#W7|Walker (2013)]] ch. 4; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 192; [[#D3|Dumville (2000)]] p. 81; [[#H4|Hudson, B.T. (1998b)]] p. 159, note 56; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] p. 89.</ref> or a Gaelicised form of the [[Old Norse]] personal name ''Hildulfr''.<ref>[[#C11|Clarkson (2014)]] ch. 6; [[#W7|Walker (2013)]] ch. 4; [[#W4|Woolf (2009)]] p. 258; [[#DZZ1|Downham (2007)]] p. 155; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 192; [[#B1|Busse (2006b)]]; [[#D3|Dumville (2000)]] p. 81; [[#D1|Driscoll (1998)]] p. 113, note 55; [[#H4|Hudson, B.T. (1998b)]] p. 159, note 56; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] p. 89; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] pp. 475, note 6, 484–485, note 3.</ref> If the latter possibility is indeed correct, Illulb's name could indicate that his mother was a member of a Scandinavian kindred.<ref>[[#B2XXX|Broun (2015e)]]; [[#DZZ1|Downham (2007)]] p. 155.</ref> Likewise, Amlaíb's name could represent a form of the [[Goidelic languages|Gaelic]] personal name ''[[Amalgaid]]'',<ref>[[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] p. 94.</ref> or else a Gaelicised form of an Old Norse personal name ''[[Óláfr]]''.<ref>[[#W4|Woolf (2009)]] p. 258; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 206; [[#D3|Dumville (2000)]] p. 81; [[#D1|Driscoll (1998)]] p. 113, note 55; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] p. 94.</ref> Therefore, Amlaíb's name could indicate that his mother was a member of a Scandinavian kindred as well,<ref>[[#C11|Clarkson (2014)]] ch. 7; [[#W4|Woolf (2009)]] p. 258; [[#W2|Woolf (2001)]]; [[#W6|Williams (1997)]] p. 96, note 33.</ref> and perhaps a descendant of [[Amlaíb Cúarán]] (died 980–981) or [[Amlaíb mac Gofraid]] (died 941).<ref name="W1-206">[[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 206.</ref>

Further evidence of Scandinavian influence on the contemporary Scottish court may be a possible [[epithet]] accorded to Cuilén by the ninth to twelfth century ''[[Chronicle of the Kings of Alba]]''.<ref>[[#DZZ1|Downham (2007)]] p. 151; [[#B1|Busse (2006b)]]; [[#D3|Dumville (2000)]] p. 81; [[#D1|Driscoll (1998)]] p. 113, note 55; [[#H1|Hudson, BT (1998a)]] p. 66; [[#W5|Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991)]] pp. 91–92.</ref> In one instance, this source records Cuilén's name as "''Culenri[n]g''".<ref>[[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] pp. 199, 203; [[#D2|Duncan (2002)]] pp. 20–21; [[#H1|Hudson, B.T. (1998a)]] p. 66; [[#H4|Hudson, B.T. (1998b)]] p. 151; [[#S3|Skene (1867)]] p. 10.</ref><ref>The ''n'' in ''Culenri[n]g'' is expanded from a [[scribal abbreviation]]. [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 203.</ref> Most likely this is just Cuilén Ríg – Ríg (modern Gaelic: rìgh) being the Gaelic word for "king". Whilst it has also been suggested that this word represents the Old Norse ''hringr'', meaning "[[Ring (jewellery)|ring]]"<ref>[[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 203; [[#B1|Busse (2006b)]]; [[#D2|Duncan (2002)]] p. 20; [[#D1|Driscoll (1998)]] p. 113, note 55; [[#H1|Hudson, BT (1998a)]] p. 66; [[#H4|Hudson, B.T. (1998b)]] p. 151, note 34.</ref> or "[[ring-giver]]",<ref name="B1XXX">[[#B1XXX|Broun (2015c)]].</ref> the name instead may be corrupted from a scribal error, and the word itself might refer to something else.<ref>[[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 203; [[#D2|Duncan (2002)]] pp. 20–21; [[#H1|Hudson, B.T. (1998a)]] p. 66; [[#H4|Hudson, B.T. (1998b)]] pp. 141, 151, note 34.</ref>

== The Alpínid dynasty ==
[[File:Cuilén mac Illuilb (map).png|thumb|upright|alt=Map of northern Britain|Locations relating to the life and times of Cuilén.]]

{{chart top|collapsed=yes|Simplified pedigree of two branches of the Alpínid dynasty:<ref name="dynasty">[[#L1|Lynch (2001)]]; [[#W3|Woolf (2000)]] p. 146 tab. 1; [[#H2|Hudson, BT (1994)]] p. 169.</ref> Clann Custantín meic Cináeda (highlighted blue) and Clann Áeda meic Cináeda (highlighted lime).<ref>[[#W3|Woolf (2000)]] p. 146 tab. 1.</ref>}}
{{tree chart/start|align=center|summary=Simplified pedigree of two competing branches of the Alpínid dynasty. Cuilén is highlighted.}}
{{tree chart | | | | | | | | |CIN| | |CIN=[[Cináed mac Ailpín]] (died 858)}}
{{tree chart | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart | | | | | | |CMC| |AMC| | |CMC=[[Custantín mac Cináeda]] (died 876) |AMC=[[Áed mac Cináeda]] (died 878)}}
{{tree chart | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart | | | | | | |DMC| |DOM| | |DMC=[[Domnall mac Causantín]] (died 900) |DOM=[[Custantín mac Áeda]] (died 952) |boxstyle_DOM = background-color: lime |boxstyle_DMC = background-color: #CEECF2}}
{{tree chart | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart | | | | | | |DAY| |IND| | |DAY=[[Máel Coluim mac Domnaill]] (died 954) |IND=[[Illulb mac Custantín]] (died 962) |boxstyle_IND = background-color: lime |boxstyle_DAY = background-color: #CEECF2}}
{{tree chart | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart | | |DUB| |CMM| |CMI| |AMI| | | |DUB=[[Dub mac Maíl Choluim]] (died 966/967) |CMM=[[Cináed mac Maíl Choluim]] (died 995) |CMI='''Cuilén mac Illuilb''' (died 971) |AMI=[[Amlaíb, King of Scotland|Amlaíb mac Illuilb]] (died 977) |boxstyle_CMI = background-color: lime|boxstyle_AMI = background-color: lime|boxstyle_DUB = background-color: #CEECF2 |boxstyle_CMM = background-color: #CEECF2}}
{{tree chart | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{tree chart | | | | | | |CXX| |CMX| | | | | | | | |CXX=[[Máel Coluim mac Cináeda]] (died 1034) |CMX=[[Constantine III of Scotland|Custantín mac Cuiléin]] (died 997) |boxstyle_CMX = background-color: lime|boxstyle_CXX = background-color: #CEECF2}}
{{tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

Cuilén and his immediate family were members of the ruling [[Alpínid dynasty]], the patrilineal descendants of [[Cináed mac Ailpín, King of the Picts]] (died 858).<ref name="dynasty"/> The root of this kindred's early success laid in its ability to successfully rotate the royal succession amongst its members.<ref>[[#B10|Broun (2001)]].</ref> For example, Illulb's father – a member of the Clann Áeda meic Cináeda branch of the dynasty – succeeded [[Domnall mac Causantín]] (died 900) – a member of the Clann Custantín meic Cináeda branch – and following a reign of forty years resigned the kingship to this man's son, [[Máel Coluim mac Domnaill]] (died 954).<ref>[[#C4|Clancy (2006a)]]; [[#B10|Broun (2001)]]; [[#W2|Woolf (2001)]]; [[#W3|Woolf (2000)]] p. 152.</ref>{{#tag:ref|These two branches of the Alpínid dynasty are not attested by contemporary records but rather deduced as a result of the succession itself.<ref>[[#M4|McGuigan (2015)]] p. 274.</ref>|group=note}} Cuilén's father succeeded to the kingship following Máel Coluim's demise, and ruled as king until his own death in 962.<ref>[[#B2XXX|Broun (2015e)]]; [[#W7|Walker (2013)]] ch. 4; [[#B5|Broun (2004d)]]; [[#D2|Duncan (2002)]] p. 20; [[#B10|Broun (2001)]].</ref> The record of Illulb's fall at the hands of an invading Scandinavian host is the last time Irish and Scottish sources note [[Viking]] encroachment into the kingdom.<ref>[[#D2|Duncan (2002)]] p. 20; [[#D3|Dumville (2000)]] p. 81.</ref> The Scandinavian [[Kingdom of York]] had collapsed by the 950s, and the warbands of the [[kings of Dublin]] seem to have ceased their overseas adventures during this period as well. Unlike English monarchs who had to endure Viking depredations from the 980s to the 1010s, the kings of [[Kingdom of Alba|Alba]] were left in relative peace from about the time of Illulb's fall. Free from such outside threats the Alpínids seem to have struggled amongst themselves.<ref name="D2-20">[[#D2|Duncan (2002)]] p. 20.</ref>

== Contested kingship and kin-strife ==
[[File:Dub mac Maíl Choluim (Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 489, folio 32v).jpg|thumb|The name of Cuilén's rival kinsman, [[Dub mac Maíl Choluim]], as it appears on folio 32v of Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 489.<ref>[[#T2|''The Annals of Ulster'' (2012)]] § 967.1; [[#T1|''The Annals of Ulster'' (2008)]] § 967.1; [[#B14|''Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489'' (n.d.)]].</ref>]]

[[File:Sueno's Stone 20080430 panels 3-4.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of an inscribed panel on Sueno's Stone|upright|Detail of inscriptions upon [[Sueno's Stone]] which may represent Dub's demise. The visible arch could represent a bridge, and the framed head under the arch may represent Dub, whose body was traditionally said to have been hidden beneath a bridge.]]

There is some uncertainty regarding the succession after Illulb's demise. On one hand, he may well have been succeeded by Máel Coluim's son, [[Dub mac Maíl Coluim|Dub]] (died 966/967).<ref>[[#W7|Walker (2013)]] ch. 4; [[#W4|Woolf (2009)]] p. 258; [[#B6|Broun (2004c)]]; [[#B5|Broun (2004d)]].</ref>{{#tag:ref|Dub is the eponymous ancestor of the mediaeval [[Clann Duib]] earls of Fife.<ref>[[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 257; [[#B6|Broun (2004c)]]; [[#L1|Lynch (2001)]]; [[#B8|Bannerman (1998)]].</ref>|group=note}} Such a chronology is certainly evinced by the fourteenth century ''[[Chronica gentis Scotorum]]'' and various king lists.<ref>[[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] pp. 91, 174, note 10; [[#S2|Skene (1872)]] pp. 160–161; [[#S1|Skene (1871)]] pp. 168–169.</ref> The twelfth-century ''[[Prophecy of Berchán]]'', on the other hand, states that the kingship was temporarily shared by Dub and Cuilén. If correct, this source could indicate that neither man had been strong enough to displace the other in the immediate aftermath of Illulb's passing.<ref>[[#W7|Walker (2013)]] ch. 4; [[#H5|Hudson, B.T. (1996)]] pp. 49 § 164, 88 § 164; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] pp. 91–92; [[#A4|Anderson (1930)]] p. 47 § 162; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 474; [[#S3|Skene (1867)]] p. 95.</ref> Although the Alpínid branches represented by Illulb and Dub seem to have maintained peace throughout Illulb's reign,<ref>[[#B6|Broun (2004c)]].</ref> inter-dynastic conflict clearly erupted in the years that followed.<ref>[[#B3XXX|Broun (2015d)]]; [[#B6|Broun (2004c)]]; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] pp. 91–92.</ref>

The ''Chronicle of the Kings of Alba'' may indicate that Dub spent much of his reign contending with Cuilén.<ref>[[#W3|Woolf (2000)]] p. 157.</ref> Certainly, this source states that the two battled each other on ''Dorsum Crup'', where Dúnchad, [[Abbot of Dunkeld]] (died 965), and [[Dubdon of Atholl|Dubdon, ''satrap'' of Atholl]] (died 965) were slain.<ref>[[#W7|Walker (2013)]] chs. 2, 4; [[#C7|Clarkson (2012)]] ch. 10; [[#C9|Charles-Edwards (2008)]] p. 183; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] pp. 199, 201–202; [[#D2|Duncan (2002)]] p. 20; [[#D3|Dumville (2000)]] p. 77; [[#W3|Woolf (2000)]] pp. 260–261; [[#H4|Hudson, B.T. (1998b)]] pp. 145, 151, 159; [[#H2|Hudson, BT (1994)]] p. 92; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] pp. 472–473; [[#S3|Skene (1867)]] p. 10.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The account of Dub and Cuilén identifies these men as ''Niger'' and ''Caniculus'' respectively. These are literal [[Latinisation of names|Latinisations]] of their names which in turn mean "black" and "little dog".<ref>[[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] pp. 92, 199–200, 202; [[#D2|Duncan (2002)]] p. 20; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] pp. 472–473, 472 nn. 5–6; [[#S3|Skene (1867)]] p. 10.</ref> The chronicler's employment of such Latinisations, including the term ''satrap'', seems to be an example of pride in his volubility with [[Latin]].<ref name="W1-202">[[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 202.</ref> The latter term appears to refer to a ''[[mormaer]]''.<ref>[[#C7|Clarkson (2012)]] ch. 9; [[#C6|Charles-Edwards (2006)]] vol. 1 p. 212 n. 3; [[#W3|Woolf (2000)]] pp. 260–261.</ref> ''The Prophecy of Berchán'' identifies Cuilén and Dub in Gaelic as ''fionn'' and ''dubh'', meaning "white" and black".<ref>[[#H1|Hudson, B.T. (1998a)]] p. 66; [[#H5|Hudson, B.T. (1996)]] pp. 49 § 164, 88 § 164; [[#A4|Anderson (1930)]] p. 47 § 162; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 474; [[#S3|Skene (1867)]] p. 95.</ref>|group=note}} The battle seems to have taken place at [[Duncrub]],<ref>[[#W7|Walker (2013)]] ch. 2; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 202; [[#B4|Broun (2004b)]]; [[#B6|Broun (2004c)]]; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] p. 92.</ref> possibly the same site as the first-century [[Battle of Mons Graupius]].<ref>[[#C7|Clarkson (2012)]] ch. 1; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 202; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] p. 92.</ref> The conflict itself is attested by the fifteenth–sixteenth century ''[[Annals of Ulster]]'' in 965, in an entry recording Dúnchad's fall in a clash between the men of Alba.<ref>[[#W7|Walker (2013)]] ch. 4; [[#T2|''The Annals of Ulster'' (2012)]] § 965.4; [[#T1|''The Annals of Ulster'' (2008)]] § 965.4; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 202; [[#D3|Dumville (2000)]] p. 77; [[#H2|Hudson, BT (1994)]] p. 92; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 471.</ref> Although the ''Chronicle of the Kings of Alba'' states that Dub attained the victory, the same source reports that he was later expelled from the kingdom.<ref>[[#M4|McGuigan (2015)]] p. 275; [[#W7|Walker (2013)]] ch. 4; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] pp. 199, 202; [[#D2|Duncan (2002)]] p. 20; [[#D3|Dumville (2000)]] p. 77; [[#H4|Hudson, BT (1998b)]] pp. 151, 159; [[#H5|Hudson, B.T. (1996)]] p. 88 n. 99; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] p. 92; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] pp. 472–473; [[#S3|Skene (1867)]] p. 10.</ref> ''The Annals of Ulster'' reports Dub's death in 967.<ref>[[#M4|McGuigan (2015)]] p. 275; [[#W7|Walker (2013)]] ch. 4; [[#T2|''The Annals of Ulster'' (2012)]] § 967.1; [[#W7|Walker (2013)]] ch. 4; [[#T1|''The Annals of Ulster'' (2008)]] § 967.1; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] pp. 196, 200, 202; [[#D2|Duncan (2002)]] p. 21; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] p. 92; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 472.</ref> According to the so-called "X" group of king lists, Dub was killed at [[Forres]] and his body was hidden under a bridge at [[Kinloss, Scotland|Kinloss]] during a [[solar eclipse]].<ref name="D2-21">[[#D2|Duncan (2002)]] p. 21.</ref> The account of Dub's death preserved by the fifteenth century ''[[Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland]]'',<ref>[[#H4|Hudson, B.T. (1998b)]] pp. 159–160 n. 64; [[#A3|Amours (1906)]] pp. 192–195; [[#L2|Laing (1872)]] pp. 92–93.</ref> and ''Chronica gentis Scotorum'' also associate the king's fall with an eclipse.<ref>[[#H4|Hudson, B.T. (1998b)]] pp. 159–160 n. 64; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] p. 92; [[#S2|Skene (1872)]] pp. 160–161; [[#S1|Skene (1871)]] pp. 168–169.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The account preserved by ''Chronica gentis Scotorum'' relates that Dub was murdered in his bed,<ref>[[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 203; [[#H2|Hudson, BT (1994)]] p. 92; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 473 n. 3; [[#S2|Skene (1872)]] pp. 160–161; [[#S1|Skene (1871)]] pp. 168–169.</ref> and is seemingly the inspiration behind the fictive murder of Duncan by [[Macbeth (character)|Macbeth]], portrayed in the second act of ''[[Macbeth]]'', an early modern [[Shakespearean tragedy|tragedy]] composed by the English playwright [[William Shakespeare]] (died 1616).<ref>[[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 203, n. 38.</ref>|group=note}} If these sources are to be believed, Dub would seem to have fallen before the solar eclipse of 20 July 966.<ref>[[#D2|Duncan (2002)]] p. 21; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] p. 92; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 473 n. 3.</ref>

There is reason to suspect that the inscriptions displayed upon [[Sueno's Stone]], alongside the Kinloss road at Forres, commemorate the final defeat and death of Dub.<ref>[[#H3|Hudson, B (2014)]] pp. 177–178; [[#W7|Walker (2013)]] ch. 4; [[#C7|Clarkson (2012)]] ch. 9; [[#B6|Broun (2004c)]]; [[#F1|Foster (2004)]] p. 111; [[#S5|Sellar (1993)]] pp. 112–114; [[#D4|Duncan (1984)]] p. 140.</ref> One of the panels of this remarkable monument appears to show corpses and heads lying under an arch which may well represent a bridge. One of the heads is framed, which may be that of Dub himself.<ref>[[#F1|Foster (2004)]] p. 111; [[#D2|Duncan (2002)]] p. 21; [[#S5|Sellar (1993)]] pp. 112–113; [[#D4|Duncan (1984)]] p. 140.</ref> Although the stone does not appear to make reference to an eclipse, it is possible that such an event was inserted into the traditional account as a means to improve the tale. If so, the aforesaid date recorded by the ''Annals of Ulster'' may well be correct.<ref name="D2-21"/> The chronology of Dub's death could be evidence that his downfall came after Cuilén's consolidation of the kingship.<ref>[[#W7|Walker (2013)]] ch. 4; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 200.</ref> Although it is conceivable that Dub was slain in favour of his successor,<ref>[[#W4|Woolf (2009)]] p. 258; [[#K1|Koch (2006)]]; [[#D2|Duncan (2002)]] p. 21; [[#B8|Bannerman (1998)]] p. 21.</ref> this may not necessarily have been the case<ref name="B3XXX;H2-92">[[#B3XXX|Broun (2015d)]]; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] p. 92.</ref> – certainly Cuilén is not stated to have been responsible for his death<ref name="D2-20"/> – and it is possible that events transpired without Cuilén's interference.<ref name="B3XXX;H2-92"/>

== Reign and death ==
[[File:Amlaíb mac Illuilb (Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 488, folio 15r).jpg|thumb|The name of Cuilén's brother, [[Amlaíb, King of Scotland|Amlaíb mac Illuilb]], as it appears on folio 15r of Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 488 (the ''[[Annals of Tigernach]]''): "''Amlaim mac Illuilb''".<ref name="tigernach1">[[#T3|''The Annals of Tigernach'' (2010)]] § 977.4; [[#A2|''Annals of Tigernach'' (2005)]] § 977.4; [[#B15|''Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488'' (n.d.)]].</ref> Amlaíb seems to have held the kingship between 971–976, 977.<ref name="D2-2122;H2-93">[[#D2|Duncan (2002)]] pp. 21–22; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] p. 93.</ref>]]

Cuilén's undisputed reign seems to have spanned from 966 to 971.<ref>[[#W7|Walker (2013)]] ch. 4; [[#M1|''Monarchs of Scotland (842–1707)'' (2011)]]; [[#B1|Busse (2006b)]]; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] p. 163 table 1; [[#W5|Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991)]] pp. 91–92.</ref> As far as surviving sources record, Cuilén's reign appears to have been relatively uneventful.<ref name="Walker 2013 ch. 4">[[#W7|Walker (2013)]] ch. 4.</ref> His death in 971 is noted by several sources. According to the ''Chronicle of the Kings of Alba'', Cuilén and his brother, Eochaid (died 971), were killed by Britons.<ref>[[#C3|Clarkson (2010)]] ch. 9; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] pp. 199, 204; [[#D5|Davidson (2002)]] p. 147, note 165; [[#H4|Hudson, BT (1998b)]] pp. 151, 160; [[#H5|Hudson, BT (1996)]] p. 88, note 100; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] p. 93; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 475; [[#S3|Skene (1867)]] p. 10.</ref> The ''Annals of Ulster'' also reports that Cuilén fell in battle against Britons,<ref>[[#M4|McGuigan (2015)]] p. 275; [[#C11|Clarkson (2014)]] ch. 7, note 5; [[#CXX1|Charles-Edwards (2013)]] p. 544, note 42; [[#W7|Walker (2013)]] ch. 4 ¶ 24; [[#T2|''The Annals of Ulster'' (2012)]] § 971.1; [[#C3|Clarkson (2010)]] ch. 9; [[#T1|''The Annals of Ulster'' (2008)]] § 971.1; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] pp. 196, 204; [[#D5|Davidson (2002)]] p. 147, n. 165; [[#H5|Hudson, BT (1996)]] p. 213; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] p. 93; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 475.</ref> whilst the twelfth century ''[[Chronicon Scotorum]]'' specifies that Britons killed him within a burning house.<ref>[[#C2|''Chronicon Scotorum'' (2012)]] § 971; [[#C1|''Chronicon Scotorum'' (2010)]] § 971; [[#W4|Woolf (2009)]] p. 258; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 204; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] p. 93; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 475.</ref> The ''Chronicle of the Kings of Alba'' locates Cuilén's fall to "''Ybandonia''".<ref>[[#M4|McGuigan (2015)]] p. 148, n. 488; [[#C11|Clarkson (2014)]] ch. 7; [[#C3|Clarkson (2010)]] ch. 9; [[#H6|Hicks (2003)]] p. 40; [[#M2|Macquarrie (1998)]] p. 16, note 3; [[#B17|Barrow (1973)]] p. 152; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 476; [[#S3|Skene (1867)]] p. 151.</ref> Although this might refer to [[Abington, South Lanarkshire|Abington]] in [[South Lanarkshire]],<ref>[[#C11|Clarkson (2014)]] ch. 7; [[#C3|Clarkson (2010)]] ch. 9; [[#H6|Hicks (2003)]] p. 40; [[#M2|Macquarrie (1998)]] p. 16, note 3; [[#H5|Hudson, BT (1996)]] p. 213; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 476, n. 2.</ref> a more likely location may be preserved by the twelfth–thirteenth century ''[[Chronicle of Melrose]]''. This source states that Cuilén was killed at "''Loinas''",<ref>[[#C11|Clarkson (2014)]] ch. 7; [[#H6|Hicks (2003)]] pp. 40–41; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 476, n. 4; [[#S4|Stevenson (1835)]] p. 226.</ref> a [[Scottish placenames|placename]] which seems to refer to either [[Lothian]] or [[The Lennox]],<ref>[[#C11|Clarkson (2014)]] ch. 7; [[#C3|Clarkson (2010)]] ch. 9; [[#H6|Hicks (2003)]] pp. 40–41.</ref> both plausible locations for an outbreak of hostilities between Scots and Britons.<ref name="C3-9">[[#C3|Clarkson (2010)]] ch. 9.</ref> In fact, "''Ybandonia''" itself could well refer to [[Lothian]],<ref>[[#M4|McGuigan (2015)]] p. 148, n. 488; [[#C11|Clarkson (2014)]] ch. 7; [[#M2|Macquarrie (1998)]] p. 16, note 3; [[#B17|Barrow (1973)]] p. 152, note 33.</ref> or the Lennox.<ref>[[#H6|Hicks (2003)]] p. 40.</ref> The account of Cuilén's demise preserved by ''The Prophecy of Berchán'' is somewhat different. According to this source, Cuilén met his end whilst "seeking a foreign land", which could indicate that he was attempting to lift taxes from the Cumbrians.<ref>[[#H4|Hudson, B.T. (1998b)]] p. 160, note 71; [[#M2|Macquarrie (1998)]] p. 16; [[#H5|Hudson, BT (1996)]] pp. 49 § 168, 88 § 168, pp. 213–214; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] p. 93; [[#A4|Anderson (1930)]] p. 48 § 166; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 477; [[#S3|Skene (1867)]] pp. 95–96.</ref> The ''Chronicle of the Kings of Alba'' reports that Cuilén's killer was a certain [[Rhydderch ap Dyfnwal]] ([[fl.]] 971), a man who slew Cuilén for the sake of his own daughter.<ref>[[#C3|Clarkson (2010)]] ch. 9; [[#M2|Macquarrie (1998)]] p. 16; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 476, note 1; [[#S3|Skene (1867)]] p. 151.</ref> The thirteenth century ''Verse Chronicle'',<ref>[[#B20|Broun (2005)]] pp. 87–88, note 37; [[#S3|Skene (1867)]] p. 179.</ref> the ''Chronicle of Melrose'',<ref>[[#C3|Clarkson (2010)]] ch. 9; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 204; [[#M3|Macquarrie (2004)]]; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 476; [[#S4|Stevenson (1835)]] p. 226.</ref> and ''Chronica gentis Scotorum'' likewise identify Cuilén's killer as Rhydderch, the father of an abducted daughter raped by the king.<ref>[[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] pp. 93, 174, note 10; [[#S2|Skene (1872)]] pp. 161–162; [[#S1|Skene (1871)]] pp. 169–170.</ref>

[[File:Rhydderch ap Dyfnwal (British Library MS Cotton Faustina B IX, folio 8v).jpg|left|thumb|The name of Cuilén's killer, [[Rhydderch ap Dyfnwal]], as it appears on folio 8v of British Library Cotton MS Faustina B IX (the ''[[Chronicle of Melrose]]''): "''Radhardus''".<ref>[[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 476; [[#S4|Stevenson (1835)]] p. 226; [[#C8|''Cotton MS Faustina B IX'' (n.d.)]].</ref>]]

There is reason to suspect that Cuilén's killer was a son of [[Dyfnwal ab Owain, King of Strathclyde]] (died 975).<ref>[[#B1XXX|Broun (2015c)]]; [[#C11|Clarkson (2014)]] ch. 7; [[#W7|Walker (2013)]] ch. 4; [[#C7|Clarkson (2012)]] ch. 9; [[#O1|Oram (2011)]] chs. 2, 5; [[#C3|Clarkson (2010)]] ch. 9; [[#B12|Busse (2006c)]]; [[#B11|Broun (2004f)]] p. 135; [[#M3|Macquarrie (2004)]]; [[#M2|Macquarrie (1998)]] pp. 6, 16; [[#W5|Williams; Smyth; Kirby (1991)]] pp. 92, 104.</ref> Although there is no specific evidence that Rhydderch was himself a king,<ref>[[#M3|Macquarrie (2004)]]; [[#TA1|Thornton (2001)]] p. 67 n. 66.</ref> the fact that Cuilén was involved with his daughter, coupled with the fact that his warband was evidently strong enough to overcome that of Cuilén, suggests that Rhydderch must have been a man of eminent standing.<ref>[[#M3|Macquarrie (2004)]].</ref> At about the time of Cuilén's demise, a granddaughter of Dyfnwal could well have been in her [[teens]] or [[Young adult|twenties]], and it is possible that the recorded events refer to a visit by the King of Alba to the court of the [[King of Strathclyde]].<ref name="C3-9"/> Such a visit may have taken place in the context of Cuilén exercising his lordship over the Britons. His dramatic death suggests that the Scots severely overstepped the bounds of hospitality,<ref>[[#W4|Woolf (2009)]] p. 258; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 205; [[#H5|Hudson, B.T. (1996)]] pp. 213–214.</ref> and could indicate that Rhydderch was compelled to fire his own hall. Certainly, such killings are not unknown in Icelandic and Irish sources.<ref>[[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 205.</ref> The Lothian placename of [[West Linton]] appears as ''Lyntun Ruderic'' in the twelfth century. The fact that the place name seems to refer to a man named Rhydderch could indicate that this was the place where Cuilén and Eochaid met their end.<ref>[[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 205, note 40.</ref> Another way in which Cuilén may have met his end concerns the record of his father's earlier seizure of [[Edinburgh]] preserved by the ''Chronicle of the Kings of Alba''. The fact that this conquest would have likely included at least part of Lothian,<ref>[[#W7|Walker (2013)]] ch. 4; [[#H4|Hudson, B.T. (1998b)]] pp. 151, 159; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 468; [[#S3|Skene (1867)]] p. 10.</ref> coupled with the evidence locating Cuilén's demise to the same area, could indicate that Cuilén was slain in the midst of exercising overlordship of this contested territory. If so, the records that link Rhydderch with the [[regicide]] could reveal that this wronged father exploited Cuilén's vulnerable position in the region and that Rhydderch seized the opportunity to avenge his daughter.<ref name="Walker 2013 ch. 4"/>

[[File:Cináed mac Maíl Choluim (Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 488, folio 15r).jpg|thumb|right|The name of Cuilén's successor, [[Cináed mac Maíl Choluim]], as it appears on folio 15r of Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 488: "''Cinaeth mac Mail Cholaim''".<ref name="tigernach1"/>]]

Although the ''Chronicle of the Kings of Alba'' reports that Dub's brother, [[Cináed mac Maíl Choluim]] (died 995), was the next King of Alba,<ref>[[#W7|Walker (2013)]] ch. 4; [[#W4|Woolf (2009)]] p. 258; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 205; [[#H4|Hudson, B.T. (1998b)]] pp. 151, 161; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] pp. 512–513; [[#S3|Skene (1867)]] p. 10.</ref> Irish sources – such as royal genealogies,<ref>[[#B9|''Book of Leinster'' (2015)]] § Genelach rig Alban; [[#D2|Duncan (2002)]] p. 21; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] p. 94.</ref> the fourteenth century ''[[Annals of Tigernach]]'',<ref>[[#T3|''The Annals of Tigernach'' (2010)]] § 977.4; [[#A2|''Annals of Tigernach'' (2005)]] § 977.4; [[#D2|Duncan (2002)]] p. 21; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 484.</ref> and the ''Annals of Ulster'' – appear to reveal that Amlaíb possessed the kingship before his death at Cináed's hands.<ref>[[#W7|Walker (2013)]] ch. 4; [[#T2|''The Annals of Ulster'' (2012)]] § 977.4; [[#D3|Dumville (2000)]] p. 77; [[#W4|Woolf (2009)]] p. 258; [[#T1|''The Annals of Ulster'' (2008)]] § 977.4; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] pp. 196, 205; [[#D2|Duncan (2002)]] p. 21; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] p. 93; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] pp. 484–485, note 3 and note 4.</ref> Whilst Cináed may well have initially succeeded to the kingship,<ref>[[#B6XXX|Broun (2015f)]]; [[#W7|Walker (2013)]] ch. 4; [[#B4|Broun (2004b)]]; [[#B7|Broun (2004e)]]; [[#D2|Duncan (2002)]] p. 21.</ref> it seems that Amlaíb was able to mount a successful – if only temporary – bid for the throne. Certainly, the aforesaid annal-entries style Amlaíb a king and accord Cináed a mere patronymic name.<ref>[[#W7|Walker (2013)]] ch. 4; [[#D2|Duncan (2002)]] p. 21.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The ''Annals of Ulster'' misidentifies Cináed's father as Domnall,<ref>[[#T2|''The Annals of Ulster'' (2012)]] § 977.4; [[#T1|''The Annals of Ulster'' (2008)]] § 977.4; [[#D2|Duncan (2002)]] p. 21, note 45; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 485, note 4.</ref> a name which is that of his grandfather.|group=note}} Amlaíb's tenure is not attested by any Scottish king list,<ref>[[#D2|Duncan (2002)]] p. 22.</ref> and it would appear that his reign was indeed brief, perhaps dating from 971–976, 977.<ref name="D2-2122;H2-93"/> One possibility is that the kingship had been shared between Amlaíb and Cináed until the former's death.<ref>[[#C11|Clarkson (2014)]] ch. 7.</ref>

This revolving succession within the Alpínid dynasty reveals that the inter-dynastic struggle between Cuilén and Dub was continued by their respective brothers.<ref>[[#W7|Walker (2013)]] ch. 4; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] p. 93.</ref>{{#tag:ref|If Sueno's Stone indeed commemorates Dub, it is likely that its erection dates to Cináed's reign.<ref name="D2-21"/>|group=note}} As for Cuilén's other brother, Eochaid, this man's death with Cuilén seems to be evidence of his prominent position within the kingdom. The fact that Amlaíb reigned after his brother's death likewise appears to indicate that he too played an important part in Cuilén's regime.<ref>[[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] pp. 205–206.</ref> One of Cináed's first acts as king was evidently an invasion of the Kingdom of Strathclyde.<ref>[[#C11|Clarkson (2014)]] ch. 7; [[#W7|Walker (2013)]] ch. 4 ¶ 25; [[#W4|Woolf (2009)]] p. 259; [[#B13|Busse (2006a)]]; [[#C3|Clarkson (2010)]] ch. 9; [[#B7|Broun (2004e)]].</ref> This campaign could well have been a retaliatory response to Cuilén's killing,<ref>[[#W7|Walker (2013)]] ch. 4 ¶ 25; [[#W4|Woolf (2009)]] p. 259.</ref> carried out in the context of crushing a British affront to Scottish authority.<ref>[[#W7|Walker (2013)]] ch. 4 ¶ 25.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Cináed's strike into Cumbrian territory could have been the last conflict of Dyfnwal's reign.<ref name="C3-9"/>|group=note}} In any event, Cináed's invasion ended in defeat,<ref>[[#C3|Clarkson (2010)]] ch. 9; [[#B7|Broun (2004e)]].</ref> a fact which coupled with Cuilén's killing reveals that the Kingdom of Strathclyde was indeed a power to be reckoned with.<ref>[[#M4|McGuigan (2015)]] p. 140; [[#C7|Clarkson (2012)]] ch. 9; [[#C3|Clarkson (2010)]] ch. 9.</ref>

== Interment and offspring ==
[[File:Custantín mac Cuiléin (Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 488, folio 15v).jpg|left|thumb|The name of Cuilén's son, [[Constantine III of Scotland|Custantín mac Cuiléin]], as it appears on folio 15v of Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 488: "''Constantin mac Cuilindaín''".<ref>[[#T3|''The Annals of Tigernach'' (2010)]] § 997.1; [[#A2|''Annals of Tigernach'' (2005)]] § 997.1; [[#B15|''Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488'' (n.d.)]].</ref>]]

Cuilén appears to have been buried at [[St Andrews]], the site of his father's burial.<ref>[[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] p. 91.</ref> According to ''The Prophecy of Berchán'', he was laid to rest "above the edge of the wave", a location which seems to refer to St Andrews.<ref>[[#H5|Hudson, B.T. (1996)]] pp. 49 § 168, 88 § 168, 88, note 100; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] p. 93; [[#A4|Anderson (1930)]] p. 48 § 166; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 477; [[#S3|Skene (1867)]] p. 95.</ref> In other sources, he is sometimes stated to have been buried on [[Iona]].<ref>[[#B4|Broun (2004b)]]; [[#S2|Skene (1872)]] pp. 161–162; [[#S1|Skene (1871)]] pp. 169–170.</ref> After an apparent two decade lull in the aforesaid Alpínid kin-strife,<ref>[[#B7|Broun (2004e)]].</ref> Cuilén's son, [[Constantine III of Scotland|Custantín]] (died 997), eventually became king after Cináed's assassination in 995.<ref>[[#B4XXX|Broun (2015b)]]; [[#O1|Oram (2011)]] ch. 5; [[#W4|Woolf (2009)]] p. 260; [[#B13|Busse (2006a)]]; [[#B4|Broun (2004b)]]; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] pp. 104–105.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Custantín is the first Scottish king for which a pedigree survives. This genealogy stretches back to Cináed mac Ailpín and beyond, revealing that the dynasty claimed to be patrilineally descended from the [[kings of Dál Riata]]. Whether this was indeed the case is uncertain. The pedigree certainly reveals that the Alpínids wished to be regarded as Gaels by the end of the tenth century.<ref name="W4-260">[[#W4|Woolf (2009)]] p. 260.</ref>|group=note}}

Custantín had no known male offspring.<ref>[[#B4|Broun (2004b)]].</ref> He was the last of Clann Áeda meic Cináeda to hold the kingship,<ref>[[#B4XXX|Broun (2015b)]]; [[#B5XXX|Broun (2015g)]]; [[#M4|McGuigan (2015)]] pp. 160, 274; [[#C5|Clancy (2006b)]]; [[#B4|Broun (2004b)]]; [[#H2|Hudson, B.T. (1994)]] pp. 104–105.</ref> or even appear on record.<ref name="W4-260"/> There is a possibility that Cuilén had another son, a certain Máel Coluim mac Cuiléin who appears in a note preserved in the ninth–twelfth century ''[[Book of Deer]]'' detailing donors to the [[monastery of Deer]].<ref>[[#B16|Broun (2015h)]] p. 50, note 193; [[#J1|Jackson (2008)]] pp. 33–34, 42–43, 49–50; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 345; [[#R2|Ross, AD (2003)]] p. 143; [[#W3|Woolf (2000)]] p. 158.</ref> Certainly, ''Cuilén'' was a relatively rare personal name.<ref>[[#J1|Jackson (2008)]] p. 43; [[#W3|Woolf (2000)]] p. 158.</ref> However, none of the names that precede his in the note can be linked to known historical personages, making such an identification questionable.<ref>[[#W3|Woolf (2000)]] p. 158.</ref> Nevertheless, the names that are recorded immediately after this man are certainly identifiable with known royal figures: [[Máel Coluim mac Cináeda]] (died 1034), [[Máel Coluim of Moray|Máel Coluim mac Maíl Brigte]] (died 1029), and [[Máel Snechtai|Máel Snechta mac Lulaig]] (died 1085).<ref>[[#J1|Jackson (1972)]] pp. 33–34, 42, 48–49; [[#W3|Woolf (2000)]] p. 158.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Máel Coluim mac Cináeda was a member of the Clann Custantín meic Cináeda branch of the Alpínids. Máel Coluim mac Maíl Brigte and Máel Snechta were members of [[Clann Ruaidrí (Moray)|Clann Ruaidrí]], a kindred that contested the kingship with the Alpínids after the extinction of the Clann Áeda meic Cináeda branch.<ref>[[#M4|McGuigan (2015)]] p. 275; [[#W3|Woolf (2000)]] pp. 146 tab. 1, 158.</ref>|group=note}} If Máel Coluim mac Cuiléin was indeed a son of Cuilén, this attestation could reveal that he represented Clann Áeda meic Cináeda for a time during Cináed's reign (971–995).<ref>[[#W3|Woolf (2000)]] p. 158; [[#R2|Ross, AD (2003)]] p. 143.</ref>

== Clann Áeda meic Cináeda power centre ==
[[File:Cuilén mac Illuilb (Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 489, folio 33r) 2.jpg|thumb|right|The title accorded to Cuilén on folio 33r of Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 489.<ref>[[#T2|''The Annals of Ulster'' (2012)]] § 971.1; [[#T1|''The Annals of Ulster'' (2008)]] § 971.1; [[#B14|''Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489'' (n.d.)]].</ref> Cuilén's patrilineal ancestor Áed mac Cináeda – eponym of Clann Áed meic Cináeda – is the last king to be accorded the Latin title ''[[rex Pictorum]]'' ("king of the Picts").<ref>[[#W4|Woolf (2009)]] pp. 251–252; [[#B19|Broun (2007)]] p. 72; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 340.</ref> Scottish kings were afterwards styled in Gaelic ''[[rí Alban]]'' ("king of Alba").<ref>[[#B18|Broun (2015a)]] pp. 120, 122–123; [[#W4|Woolf (2009)]] p. 252.</ref>]]

The rotating succession of the Alpínid dynasty was similar to that practiced in [[Gaelic Ireland|Ireland]] by the [[Northern Uí Néill|Cenél nEógain]] and [[Clann Cholmáin]] branches of the [[Uí Néill]], a dominant Irish kindred that monopolised the [[kingship of Tara]] between the eighth and tenth centuries.<ref>[[#M4|McGuigan (2015)]] p. 274; [[#W4|Woolf (2009)]] p. 258; [[#B10|Broun (2001)]]; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] pp. 223–224; [[#W3|Woolf (2000)]] pp. 152–154.</ref> This alternation amongst the Uí Néill was facilitated by the considerable distance between the two segments. The inability of either branch to dominate the other, and therefore cut off their rivals from key resources, enabled such a rotating scheme to succeed.<ref>[[#M4|McGuigan (2015)]] p. 274; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] pp. 223–224; [[#W3|Woolf (2000)]] pp. 153–154.</ref>

[[File:Cast of hogback stone, Kelvingrove Museum, Glasgow - DSC06243.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Photograph of a hogback sculpted tombstone|A [[Hogback (sculpture)|hogback]] grave slab on display in [[Glasgow]]. Such monuments may be indicative of Scandinavian settlement in [[Perthshire]] and [[Fife]]. The aforesaid evidence of Scandinavian influence upon Cuilén's immediate family could indicate that his kindred was involved with such immigration.<ref name="B1XXX"/>]]

The similarities between the regulated Irish and Scottish successions suggest that the power centres of the two Alpínid branches were also separated.<ref>[[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 224; [[#R2|Ross, AD (2003)]] pp. 140–141; [[#W3|Woolf (2000)]] p. 154.</ref> By the early eleventh century, after the final fall of Clann Áeda meic Cináeda, the opposing Clann Custantín meic Cináeda branch faced challenges to the kingship from the [[Province of Moray|Moray]]-based [[Clann Ruaidrí (Moray)|Clann Ruaidrí]].<ref name="Ruaidrí1">[[#M4|McGuigan (2015)]] pp. 274–275; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 224; [[#R2|Ross, AD (2003)]] pp. 140–141; [[#W3|Woolf (2000)]] pp. 154–157.</ref>{{#tag:ref|It is possible that Clann Ruaidrí possessed a matrilineal link with Clann Áeda meic Cináeda, a familial connection with the Alpínids that may have enabled members of Clann Ruaidrí to launch bids for the kingship.<ref>[[#C9|Charles-Edwards (2008)]] p. 183; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] pp. 240–241; [[#R2|Ross, AD (2003)]] p. 141; [[#W3|Woolf (2000)]] pp. 154–155.</ref> The first certain member of this kindred to appear on record is [[Findláech mac Ruaidrí]] in 1020.<ref>[[#W3|Woolf (2000)]] p. 154.</ref> It is possible that this man's father – the eponymous Ruaidrí – or grandfather married a member of Clann Áeda meic Cináeda.<ref>[[#W3|Woolf (2000)]] p. 155.</ref>|group=note}} This could indicate that Clann Áeda meic Cináeda was similarly seated north of the [[Mounth]] in Moray, with the power base of Clann Custantín meic Cináeda situated in the south.<ref>[[#T4|Taylor (2016)]] p. 8; [[#M4|McGuigan (2015)]] pp. 274–275; [[#R1|Ross, A (2008)]]; [[#W1|Woolf (2007)]] p. 224; [[#W3|Woolf (2000)]] pp. 154–157.</ref> That the latter kindred was hostile to the men of the north may be evidenced by the record of Máel Coluim mac Domnaill's invasion of Moray preserved by the ''Chronicle of the Kings of Alba''.<ref>[[#W3|Woolf (2000)]] p. 157; [[#H2|Hudson, BT (1994)]] pp. 150–158; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 452; [[#S3|Skene (1867)]] p. 10.</ref> Furthermore, both this dynast and his son, Dub, are stated by ''Chronica gentis Scotorum'' to have been killed by Moravians.<ref>[[#R2|Ross, AD (2003)]] p. 143; [[#W3|Woolf (2000)]] p. 157; [[#S2|Skene (1872)]] pp. 159–161; [[#S1|Skene (1871)]] pp. 167–169.</ref> In contrast to these records of conflict, there is no evidence of hostility between Clann Áeda meic Cináeda and the men of Moray.<ref>[[#C9|Charles-Edwards (2008)]] p. 183; [[#W3|Woolf (2000)]] p. 157.</ref>

On the other hand, the fact that king lists locate Dub's demise to Forres might indicate that Clann Custantín meic Cináeda was instead based in the north.<ref name="branch1">[[#M4|McGuigan (2015)]] pp. 256, 275–276.</ref> Moreover, the fact that ''The Prophecy of Berchán'' records that Custantín mac Áeda retired to St Andrews,<ref>[[#M4|McGuigan (2015)]] pp. 256, 275–276; [[#C9|Charles-Edwards (2008)]] p. 183; [[#H5|Hudson, B.T. (1996)]] pp. 47 § 47, 87 § 156, 87 n. 95; [[#A4|Anderson (1930)]] p. 45 § 154; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] p. 448; [[#S3|Skene (1867)]] pp. 92–93.</ref> a site where his descendants, Illulb and Cuilén, are also said to have been buried,<ref>[[#C9|Charles-Edwards (2008)]] p. 183; [[#H5|Hudson, B.T. (1996)]] p. 88, 88 n. 98, 88 n. 100; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] pp. 471, 477; [[#S3|Skene (1867)]] pp. 94–95.</ref> coupled with the location of Cuilén's death in the south against the Cumbrians, could reveal that Clann Áeda meic Cináeda was centred south of the Mounth.<ref name="branch1"/> Such a location may also be evidenced by the aforesaid deaths of the Abbot of Dunkeld and the ''satrap'' of Atholl, men who seem to have fallen supporting the cause of Cuilén against Dub.<ref>[[#C9|Charles-Edwards (2008)]] p. 183; [[#H4|Hudson, B.T. (1998b)]] pp. 151, 159; [[#A1|Anderson (1922)]] pp. 472–473; [[#S3|Skene (1867)]] p. 10.</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
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{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|Cuilén mac Illuilb}}
* [https://www.royal.uk/culen-or-colin-r-967-971 Culen or Colin] at the official website of the [[British monarchy]]

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Alpin]]||||971}}
{{S-reg|}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Dub, King of Scotland|Dub]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of Scottish monarchs|King of Alba]]|years=967–971}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Amlaíb, King of Scotland|Amlaíb]] and/or<br/ >[[Kenneth II of Scotland|Kenneth II]]}}  
{{S-end}}

{{Pictish and Scottish Monarchs}}
{{English, Scottish and British monarchs}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cuilen}}

[[Category:971 deaths]]
[[Category:10th-century Scottish monarchs]]
[[Category:10th-century murdered monarchs]]
[[Category:Assassinated Scottish people]]
[[Category:House of Alpin]]
[[Category:Gaels]]