Editing Creaky voice

{{Short description|Type of phonation}}{{Infobox IPA
| above = Creaky voice
| ipa symbol  = ◌̰
| decimal=816
}}
In [[linguistics]], '''creaky voice''' (sometimes called '''laryngealisation''', '''pulse phonation''', '''[[vocal fry register|vocal fry]]''', or '''glottal fry''') refers to a low, scratchy sound that occupies the vocal range below the common vocal register. It is a special kind of [[phonation]]<ref>{{cite journal | author = Titze, I. R. | year = 2008 | title = The Human Instrument | journal = [[Scientific American]] | volume = 298 | issue = 1 | pages = 94–101 | pmid = 18225701 | doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican0108-94 | bibcode = 2008SciAm.298a..94T }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Titze, I. R. | year = 1994 | title = Principles of Voice Production | publisher = Prentice Hall | isbn = 978-0-13-717893-3 }}</ref> in which the [[arytenoid cartilage]]s in the [[larynx]] are drawn together; as a result, the [[vocal folds]] are compressed rather tightly, becoming relatively slack and compact. They normally vibrate irregularly at 20&ndash;50 pulses per second, about two octaves below the frequency of [[Modal voice|modal voicing]], and the airflow through the [[glottis]] is very slow. Although creaky voice may occur with very low [[Pitch (music)|pitch]], as at the end of a long [[intonation unit]], it can also occur with a higher pitch.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kuang |first=Jianjing |date=2017-09-01 |title=Covariation between voice quality and pitch: Revisiting the case of Mandarin creaky voice |journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |volume=142 |issue=3 |pages=1693–1706 |doi=10.1121/1.5003649 |pmid=28964062 |bibcode=2017ASAJ..142.1693K |issn=0001-4966|doi-access=free }}</ref> All contribute to make a speaker's voice sound creaky or raspy. 

[[File:Vocal-Fry-May-Undermine-the-Success-of-Young-Women-in-the-Labor-Market-pone.0097506.s005.oga|thumb|Short demonstration of vocal&nbsp;fry/creaky&nbsp;voice]]

==In phonology==
In the [[Received Pronunciation]] of [[English language|English]], creaky voice has been described as a possible realisation of [[glottal reinforcement]]. For example, an alternative phonetic transcription of ''attempt'' {{IPA|[əˈtʰemʔt]}} could be {{IPA|[əˈtʰem͡m̰t]}}.<ref>{{cite journal |page=241 |doi=10.1017/S0025100304001768 |last=Roach |first=Peter |year=2004 |title=British English: Received Pronunciation |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=34 |issue=2 |s2cid=144338519 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D4AFF0A7118E7081ACF7C7586FF87590/S0025100304001768a.pdf/british_english_received_pronunciation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905105051/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D4AFF0A7118E7081ACF7C7586FF87590/S0025100304001768a.pdf/british_english_received_pronunciation.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-05 |url-status=live|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In some languages, such as [[Jalapa Mazatec language|Jalapa Mazatec]], creaky voice has a [[phoneme|phonemic status]]; that is, the presence or absence of creaky voice can change the meaning of a word.<ref name="AshbyMaidment2005">{{cite book | last1 = Ashby | first1 = M. | last2 = Maidment | first2 = J. A. | title = Introducing Phonetic Science | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2005 | page = 98 | isbn = 978-0-521-00496-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JxjTLu9slDUC&pg=PA98 | access-date = 2012-06-30 }}</ref> In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], creaky voice of a [[Phone (phonetics)|phone]] is represented by a [[diacritic]]al [[tilde]] {{unichar|0330|COMBINING TILDE BELOW|ulink=Phonetic symbols in Unicode|cwith=◌|size=100%}}, for example {{IPA|[d̰]}}. The [[Danish language|Danish]] [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosodic]] feature ''[[stød]]'' is an example of a form of laryngealisation that has a [[phoneme|phonemic]] function.<ref>{{cite book| last=Basbøll| first=Hans| date=2005| title=The Phonology of Danish|publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-824268-0 |quote=The Danish stød [...] is [...] a syllable prosody manifested by laryngealization. |quote-page=24}}</ref> A slight degree of laryngealisation, occurring in some [[Korean language]] consonants for example, is called "[[stiff voice]]".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ahn|first1=Sang-cheol|last2=Iverson|first2=Gregory K.|date=October 2004|title=Dimensions in Korean Laryngeal Phonology*|journal=Journal of East Asian Linguistics|volume=13|issue=4|pages=345–379|doi=10.1007/s10831-004-4256-x|s2cid=123061263|issn=0925-8558}}</ref>

==Social aspects==
{{main|Vocal fry register}}
Use of creaky voice across general speech and in singing is termed "vocal fry".

Some evidence exists of vocal fry becoming more common in the speech of young female speakers of American English in the early 21st century,<ref name=Yuasa/> with researcher Ikuko Patricia Yuasa finding that college-age Americans perceived female creaky voice as "hesitant, nonaggressive, and informal but also educated, urban-oriented, and upwardly mobile."<ref name=Yuasa>{{cite journal | author = Yuasa, I. P. | title = Creaky Voice: A New Feminine Voice Quality for Young Urban-Oriented Upwardly Mobile American Women? | journal = American Speech | year = 2010 | volume = 85 | issue = 3 | pages = 315–337 | doi = 10.1215/00031283-2010-018 }}</ref>

It is subsequently theorized that vocal fry may be a way for women to sound more "authoritative" and credible by using it to emulate the deeper male register.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dilley |first1=L. |last2=Shattuck-Hufnagel |first2=S. |last3=Ostendorf |first3=M. |title=Glottalization of word-initial vowels as a function of prosodic structure |journal=Journal of Phonetics |date=1996 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=423–444 |url=http://speechlab.cas.msu.edu/PDF/Old%20Publications/Dilley,%20Shattuck-Hufnagel%20&%20Ostendorf%201996.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522150205/http://speechlab.cas.msu.edu/PDF/Old%20Publications/Dilley,%20Shattuck-Hufnagel%20&%20Ostendorf%201996.pdf |archive-date=2017-05-22 |url-status=live |doi=10.1006/jpho.1996.0023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Coates |first1=Jennifer |title=Women, men and language: a sociolinguistic account of gender differences in language |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=9781138948785 |edition=3rd |doi=10.4324/9781315645612 |series=Routledge Linguistics Classics}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hollien |first1=Harry |last2=Moore |first2=Paul |last3=Wendahl |first3=Ronald W. |last4=Michel |first4=John F. |title=On the Nature of Vocal Fry |journal=Journal of Speech and Hearing Research |date=1966 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=245–247 |doi=10.1044/jshr.0902.245 |publisher=[[American Speech–Language–Hearing Association]] |pmid=5925528}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Borkowska |first1=Barbara |last2=Pawłowski |first2=Bogusław |title=Female voice frequency in the context of dominance and attractiveness perception |journal=[[Animal Behaviour (journal)|Animal Behaviour]] |date=2011 |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=55–59 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.03.024 |publisher=[[Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour]], Elsevier|s2cid=53275785 }}</ref> Yuasa<ref name=Yuasa/> further theorizes that because California is at the center of much of the entertainment industry, young Americans may unconsciously be using creaky voice more because of the media they consume.

==See also==
*[[Creaky-voiced glottal approximant]]
*[[Vocal fry register]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{SOWL}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b05tl3jm "Word of Mouth: Young Women as Linguistic Innovators"], BBC Radio 4, 18 May 2015, from c. 17:40 mins.

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[[Category:Phonation]]

[[br:Mouezh wigourus]]
[[fr:Voix craquée]]