Editing Crannog

{{Short description|Prehistoric lake dwelling}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
[[File:Crannog Centre - geograph.org.uk - 1049899.jpg|thumb|A reconstructed crannog near [[Kenmore, Perth and Kinross]], on [[Loch Tay]], [[Scotland]]]]
{{wikt | crannog}}
A '''crannog'''<ref name="O'Sullivan 2000">{{cite book |last=O'Sullivan |first =A. |date=2000 |title =Crannogs: Lake Dwellings of Ireland |publisher =Irish Treasure Series |location =Dublin}}</ref><ref name=Lynn>{{cite journal |last=Lynn |first =C. J. |date =1983 |title =Some 'early' ring forts and crannogs |journal =Journal of Irish Archaeology |volume =1 |pages =47–58}}</ref><ref name="Dixon 2004">{{cite book |first=Nicholas |last =Dixon |title =The Crannogs of Scotland: An underwater archaeology |publisher =Tempus Publishing, Limited |date =2004 |isbn =0-7524-3151-X}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|r|æ|n|ə|ɡ}}; {{langx|ga|crannóg}} {{IPA|ga|ˈkɾˠan̪ˠoːɡ|}}; {{langx|gd|crannag}} {{IPA|gd|ˈkʰɾan̪ˠak|}}) is typically a partially or entirely [[artificial island]], usually constructed in [[lake]]s, [[bog]]s and [[estuary|estuarine]] waters of [[Scotland]], [[Wales]], and [[Ireland]]. Unlike the [[prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps]], which were built on shores and not inundated until later, crannogs were built in the water, thus forming artificial islands.

Humans have inhabited crannogs over five millennia, from the [[Neolithic#Europe|European Neolithic Period]]<ref name="Armit 2003">{{cite book |last=Armit |first=Ian |date=2003 |chapter=The Drowners: permanence and transience in the Hebridean Neolithic |editor1-first =I. |editor1-last =Armit |editor2-first =E. |editor2-last =Murphy |editor3-first =D. |editor3-last =Simpson |title =Neolithic Settlement in Ireland and Western Britain |publisher =Oxbow |location =Oxford}}</ref> to as late as the 17th/early-18th centuries.<ref name="Dixon 2004" /> In Scotland there is no convincing evidence in the archaeological record of their use in the Early or Middle [[Bronze Age Britain|Bronze Age]] or in the [[Scandinavian Scotland|Norse period]]. The [[radiocarbon dating]] obtained from key sites such as Oakbank and Redcastle indicates at a 95.4 per cent [[confidence level]] that they date to the Late Bronze Age to [[Iron Age Britain|Early Iron Age]]. The date ranges fall ''after'' around 800 BC and so could be considered Late Bronze Age by only the narrowest of margins.<ref name="Dixon 2004" /><ref name="Henderson 1998" />

Some crannogs apparently involved free-standing wooden structures, as at [[Loch Tay]],<ref name="Dixon 2004" /> although more commonly they are composed of brush, stone or timber mounds that can be [[revetment|revetted]] with timber piles. In areas such as the [[Outer Hebrides]] of Scotland, timber was unavailable from the [[Neolithic era]] onwards.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last = Edwards |editor1-first = K. J. |editor2-last =Ralston |editor2-first =I. |date =1997 |title = Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archaeology and History, 8000 BC–1000 AD |publisher = Wiley & Sons |location = New York}}</ref> As a result, crannogs made completely of stone and supporting [[dry stone | drystone]] architecture are common there.<ref name="Armit 1996">{{cite book |last =Armit |first =Ian |date =1996 |title =The Archaeology of Skye and the Western Isles |publisher = Edinburgh University Press}}</ref>

==Etymology and uncertain meanings==
The Irish word {{lang|ga|crannóg}} derives from [[Old Irish]] {{lang|sga|crannóc}},<ref>{{cite book|date=2009 |chapter=crannog |title=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |chapter-url= http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/crannog |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120926104237/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/crannog |archive-date=26 September 2012}}</ref> which referred to a wooden structure or vessel, stemming from ''crann'', which means "tree", suffixed with "-óg" which is a [[diminutive]] ending ultimately borrowed from Welsh. The suffix ''-óg'' is sometimes misunderstood by non-native Irish-speakers as ''óg'', which is a separate word that means "young". This misunderstanding leads to a [[folk etymology]] whereby ''crannóg'' is misanalysed as ''crann óg'', which is pronounced differently and means "a young tree". The modern sense of the term first appears sometime around the 12th century; its popularity spread in the medieval period along with the terms ''isle'', ''ylle'', ''inis'', ''eilean'' or ''oileán''.<ref name="Morrison">{{cite book |title=Landscape with Lake Dwellings |last=Morrison |first=I. |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |date=1985}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and early Ireland |first1=Dáibhí |last1=Ó Cróinín |author-link1=Dáibhí Ó Cróinín |first2=Theodore William |last2=Moody |author-link2=Theodore William Moody |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2005 |isbn=0-19-821737-4}}</ref>

There is some confusion on what the term ''crannog'' originally referred to, as the structure atop the island or the island itself.<ref name=Morrison /> The additional meanings of Irish {{lang|ga|crannóg}} can be variously related as 'structure/piece of wood', including '[[crow's nest]]', '[[pulpit]]', or 'driver's box on a coach'; 'vessel/box/chest' more generally; and 'wooden pin'.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dinneen |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick S. Dinneen |title=Foclóir Gaedhilge agus Béarla |date=1927 |publisher= [[Irish Texts Society]]}}</ref> The [[Scottish Gaelic]] form is {{lang|gd|crannag}} and has the additional meanings of 'pulpit' and '[[Butter churn|churn]]'.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mark |first=C. |date=2003 |title=The Gaelic English Dictionary |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-203-22259-8 |page=175}}</ref> Thus, there is no real consensus on what the term ''crannog'' actually implies, although the modern adoption in the English language broadly refers to a partially or completely artificial islet that saw use from the prehistoric to the Post-Medieval period in Ireland and Scotland.<ref name=Morrison />

==Location==
Crannogs are widespread in [[Ireland]], with an estimated 1,200 examples,<ref name="O'Sullivan 1998">{{cite book |last= O'Sullivan |first=A. |date=1998 |title=The Archaeology of Lake Settlement in Ireland |publisher= Discovery Programme |location= Dublin}}</ref> while [[Scotland]] has 389 sites officially listed as such.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/search/result?SITETYPE=508&SITECOUNTRY=1&view=map |title=Canmore Database/Royal Commission on Ancient and Historic Monuments Scotland |access-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021173247/http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/results/?sitename=&site_type_term=CRANNOG+&site_discipline=1&numlink=&mapno=&site=&council_code=&parish=&region_code=&district_code=&county_code=&ngr=&locat_xy_radius_m=&collection_name=&biblio_surname=&biblio_inits=&biblio_title=&biblio_date=&biblio_journal=&site_country=1&submit=Search |archive-date=21 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The actual number in Scotland varies considerably depending on definition—between about 350 and 500, due to the use of the term "island dun" for well over one hundred Hebridean examples—a distinction that has created a divide between mainland Scottish crannog and Hebridean islet settlement studies.<ref name="Harding 2000">{{cite journal |last= Harding |first=D. W. |date=2000 |title=Crannogs and island duns: Classification, dating and function |journal=Oxford Journal of Archaeology |volume=19 |number=3 |pages=301–17 |doi= 10.1111/1468-0092.00111}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Harding |first=D. W. |date=2007 |chapter=Crannogs and island duns: An aerial perspective |editor1-last=Barber |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Clarke |editor2-first=C. |editor3-last=Crone |editor3-first=A. |editor4-last=Hale |editor4-first=A. |editor5-last=Henderson |editor5-first=J. |editor6-last=Housley |editor6-first=R. |editor7-last=Sands |editor7-first=R. |editor8-last=Sheridan |editor8-first=A. |title=Archaeology from the Wetlands: Proceedings of the 11th WARP Conference, Edinburgh 2007 |publisher=Society of Antiquaries of Scotland |pages=267–73}}</ref> Previously unknown crannogs in Scotland and Ireland are still being found as underwater surveys continue to investigate loch beds for completely submerged examples.<ref>{{cite book |last= Lenfert |first=Robert |date=2009 |title=Uist Island Dun Investigation – Dun Borosdale, Western Isles (South Uist parish), preliminary investigation |series= Discovery Excav Scot, New |volume=10 |publisher= Cathedral Communications Limited |location= Wiltshire, England}}</ref>

The largest concentrations of crannogs in Ireland are found in the Drumlin Belt of the Midlands, North and Northwest. In Scotland, crannogs are mostly found on the western coast, with high concentrations in [[Argyll]] and [[Dumfries and Galloway]].<ref name="Henderson 1998">{{cite journal |last= Henderson |first=J. C. |date=1998 |title=Islets through time: the definition, dating and distribution of Scottish crannogs |journal= Oxford Journal of Archaeology |volume=17 |number=2 |pages=227–44 |doi=10.1111/1468-0092.00060}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Henderson |first= J. C. |date=2000 |chapter= Shared traditions? The drystone settlement records of Atlantic Scotland and Ireland 700 BC – AD 200 |editor-first=J. C. |editor-last=Henderson |title=BAR 861 |location= Oxford |pages=117–54}}</ref> In reality, the Western Isles contain the highest density of lake-settlements in Scotland, yet they are recognised under varying terms besides "crannog".<ref name="Armit 1992">{{cite book |last=Armit |first=Ian |date=1992 |title=The Later Prehistory of the Western Isles of Scotland |location=Oxford |series=BAR Brit Ser. 221}}</ref> One lone Welsh example exists at [[Llangorse Lake]], probably a product of Irish influence.<ref name="Redknap & Lane">{{cite journal|last1=Redknap |first1=Mark |first2=Alan |last2=Lane |date=1994 |title=The early medieval crannog at Llangors, Powys: an interim statement on the 1989–1993 seasons |journal= International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |volume=23 |number=3 |pages=189–205 |doi= 10.1111/j.1095-9270.1994.tb00460.x|bibcode=1994IJNAr..23..189R }}</ref>

In Ireland, crannogs were most prevalent in [[Connacht]] and [[Ulster]]; where they were built on bogs and small lakes such as [[Lough Conn]] and [[Lough Gara]], while being less frequent on larger lakes such as [[Lough Erne]], or rivers such as the [[River Shannon|Shannon]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=O'Sullivan |first=Aidan |date=March 2004 |title=The Social And Ideological Role Of Crannogs In Early Medieval Ireland |url=https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/id/eprint/5079/1/Aidan_O%27Sullivan_Vol_1_20140624090451.pdf |journal=Maynooth University |volume=1 |pages=24}}</ref> Today, crannogs typically appear as small, circular islets, often {{convert|8-25|m|ft||sigfig=1}} in diameter, covered in dense vegetation due to their inaccessibility to grazing livestock.<ref name=":0" />
Reconstructed Irish crannógs are located at [[Craggaunowen]], [[County Clare]], in the [[Irish National Heritage Park]], [[County Wexford]] and at [[Castle Espie]], [[County Down]]. In Scotland there are reconstructions at the "Scottish Crannog Centre" at [[Loch Tay]], [[Perthshire]]; this centre offers guided tours and hands-on activities, including wool-spinning, wood-turning and making fire, holds events to celebrate wild cooking and crafts, and hosts yearly [[Midsummer]], [[Lughnasadh]] and [[Samhain]] festivals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://crannog.co.uk/|title=Home|website=The Scottish Crannog Centre}}</ref>

==Types and problems with definition==
[[File:Crannog Centre - geograph.org.uk - 1330788.jpg|thumb|A replica crannóg on [[Loch Tay]]]]
Crannogs took on many different forms and methods of construction based on what was available in the immediate landscape. The classic image of a prehistoric crannog stems from both post-medieval illustrations<ref name="O'Sullivan 1998" /> and highly influential excavations, such as [[Milton Loch]] in Scotland by [[Peggy Guido|C. M. Piggot]] after [[World War II]].<ref name=Piggott>{{cite journal|last=Piggott |first=C. M. |date=1953 |title=Milton Loch Crannog I. A native house of the 2nd century AD in Kirkcudbrightshire |journal=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland |volume=87 |pages=134–52|doi=10.9750/PSAS.087.134.152 |s2cid=257298470 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Milton Loch interpretation is of a small islet surrounded or defined at its edges by timber piles and a gangway, topped by a typical Iron Age roundhouse.

The choice of a small islet as a home may seem odd today, yet waterways were the main channels for both communication and travel until the 19th century in much of Ireland and, especially, Highland Scotland. Crannogs are traditionally interpreted as simple prehistorical farmsteads. They are also interpreted as boltholes in times of danger, as status symbols with limited access, and as inherited locations of power that imply a sense of legitimacy and ancestry towards ownership of the surrounding landscape.

A strict definition of a crannog, which has long been debated, requires the use of timber.<ref name=Lynn /> Sites in the Western Isles do not satisfy this criterion, although their inhabitants shared the common habit of living on water.<ref name=Lynn /><ref name="Harding 2000" /> If not classed as "true" crannogs, small occupied islets (often at least partially artificial in nature) may be referred to as "island duns".<ref name="Armit 1996" /> Rather confusingly, 22 islet-based sites are classified as "proper" crannogs due to differing interpretations of inspectors or excavators who drew up field reports.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/results/?sitename=&site_type_term=CRANNOG+&site_discipline=1&numlink=&mapno=&site=&council_code=410&parish=&region_code=&district_code=&county_code=&ngr=&locat_xy_radius_m=&collection_name=&biblio_surname=&biblio_inits=&biblio_title=&biblio_date=&biblio_journal=&site_country=1&submit=Search |title=Canmore search for crannog in the Western Isles |access-date=18 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021173514/http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/results/?sitename=&site_type_term=CRANNOG+&site_discipline=1&numlink=&mapno=&site=&council_code=410&parish=&region_code=&district_code=&county_code=&ngr=&locat_xy_radius_m=&collection_name=&biblio_surname=&biblio_inits=&biblio_title=&biblio_date=&biblio_journal=&site_country=1&submit=Search |archive-date=21 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Hebridean island dwellings or crannogs were commonly built on both natural and artificial islets, usually reached by a stone causeway. The visible structural remains are traditionally interpreted<ref name="Beveridge, E 1911">Beveridge, E. 1911. North Uist: Its Archaeology and Topography, William Brown, Edinburgh.</ref> as [[dun (fortification)|dun]]s or, in more recent terminology, as "Atlantic roundhouses". This terminology has recently become popular when describing the entire range of robust, drystone structures that existed in later prehistoric [[Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland|Atlantic Scotland]].<ref name="Armit 1992" />

The majority of crannog excavations were, by modern standards, poorly conducted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by early antiquarians, or were purely accidental finds as lochs were drained during the improvements to increase usable farmland or pasture.<ref name="Munro Ancient">{{cite book|title=Ancient Scottish Lake Dwellings, or Crannogs|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientscottish00munrgoog|last=Munro|first=R.|publisher=David Douglas|date=1882|location=Edinburgh}}</ref><ref>Wilde, W. R. 1840. "Antiquities recently discovered at Dunshanghlin". ''Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy'', vol. 1 pp. 420–426.</ref><ref>Wilson, G. 1873. "Notes on the crannogs and lake dwellings of Wigtownshire", ''Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland'', vol. 9, pp. 368&ndash;378.</ref> In some early digs, labourers hauled away tons of materials, with little regard to anything that was not of immediate economic value. Conversely, the vast majority of early attempts at proper excavation failed to accurately measure or record [[stratigraphy]], thereby failing to provide a secure context for artefact finds. Thus only extremely limited interpretations are possible. Preservation and conservation techniques for waterlogged materials such as [[Dugout canoe|logboats]] or structural material were all but non-existent, and a number of extremely important finds were destroyed as a result; in some instances, they were even dried out for firewood.<ref name="Munro Ancient" />

[[File:Loch Tay, a crannog and Ben Lawers - geograph.org.uk - 2566330.jpg|thumb|Reconstructed crannog]]
From about 1900 to the late 1940s there was very little crannog excavation in Scotland, while some important and highly influential contributions were made in Ireland.<ref>Hencken, H. O.1937. "Ballinderry Crannog 1", ''Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy'', vol. 43, pp. 103&ndash;239.</ref><ref>Hencken, H. O. 1942 "Ballinderry Crannog 2" in ''Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy'' 47Ci (1942) 1&ndash;76.</ref><ref name="Hencken, H.O 1950">Hencken, H.O. 1950. "Lagore Crannog: an Irish royal residence of the seventh to tenth century AD", in ''Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy'' 53C, 1&ndash;248.</ref> In contrast, relatively few crannogs have been excavated since the [[Second World War]]. This number has steadily grown, especially since the early 1980s, and may soon surpass prewar totals.<ref name="Crone, B. A 2000">Crone, B. A. 2000. "The History of a Scottish Lowland Crannog: Excavations at Buiston, Ayrshire", 1989&ndash;90, ''STAR Monograph'' 4, AOC/Historic Scotland, Edinburgh.</ref><ref name="O'Sullivan & Sands">{{cite book |last1= O'Sullivan |first1=A. |last2=Sands |first2=R. |chapter= Impressive, well-appointed, rich and enigmatic: Collure Demense crannog, Lough Derravaragh, County Westmeath |editor1-last=Barber |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Clarke |editor2-first=C. |editor3-last=Crone |editor3-first=A. |editor4-last=Hale |editor4-first=A. |editor5-last=Henderson |editor5-first=J. |editor6-last=Housley |editor6-first=R. |editor7-last=Sands |editor7-first=R. |editor8-last=Sheridan |editor8-first=A. |title= Archaeology from the Wetlands: Proceedings of the 11th WARP Conference |location= Edinburgh |date=2005 |publisher= Society of Antiquaries for Scotland |pages=303–11}}</ref><ref>Scott, J. 1960. "Loch Glashan", ''Discovery and Excavation in Scotland'' no. 354.</ref> The overwhelming majority of crannogs show multiple phases of occupation and re-use, often extending over centuries. Thus the re-occupiers may have viewed crannogs as a legacy that was alive in local tradition and memory.

Crannog reoccupation is important and significant, especially in the many instances of crannogs built near natural islets, which were often completely unused. This long chronology of use has been verified by both [[radiocarbon dating]] and more precisely by [[dendrochronology]].<ref name="Crone, B. A 2000"/>

Interpretations of crannog function have not been static; instead they appear to have changed in both the archaeological and historic records. Rather than the simple domestic residences of prehistory, the medieval crannogs were increasingly seen as strongholds of the upper class or regional political players, such as the Gaelic chieftains of the O'Boylans and McMahons in [[County Monaghan]] and the Kingdom of [[Airgíalla]], until the 17th century.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} In Scotland, the medieval and post-medieval use of crannogs is also documented into the early 18th century.<ref name="Dixon 2004" /><ref name=Morrison /> Whether this increase in status is real, or just a by-product of increasingly complex material assemblages, remains to be convincingly validated.<ref name=Fredengren>{{cite book |last=Fredengren |first=Christina |date=2002 |title=Crannogs: A Study of People's Interaction with Lakes, with Special Reference to Loch Gara in the North West of Ireland |publisher=Wordwell |location=Bray}}</ref>

==History==
The earliest-known constructed crannog is the completely artificial Neolithic islet of [[Eilean Dòmhnuill]], Loch Olabhat on [[North Uist]] in Scotland. Eilean Domhnuill<ref name="Armit 1996" /> has produced radiocarbon dates ranging from 3650 to 2500 BC.<ref name="Armit 2003" /> Irish crannogs appear in middle [[Bronze Age]] layers at [[Ballinderry, Mid Ulster|Ballinderry]] (1200–600 BC).<ref>{{cite book | title=National Handbook of Underwater Archaeology | publisher=Springer | author=Carol Ruppé, Jan Barstad | date=2002 | isbn=0-3064-6345-8 | series=The Springer Series in Underwater Archaeology}}</ref> Recent [[radiocarbon]] dating of worked timber found in Loch Bhorghastail on the [[Isle of Lewis]] has produced evidence of crannogs as old as 3380–3630 BC.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Garrow |first=D. |date =2019 |title=Neolithic crannogs: Rethinking settlement, monumentality and deposition in the Outer Hebrides and beyond |journal=[[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]] |volume=93 |number=369 |pages=664–684 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2019.41|doi-access=free }}</ref> Prior to the [[Bronze Age]], the existence of artificial island settlement in Ireland is not as clear. While lakeside settlements are evident in Ireland from 4500 BC, these settlements are not crannogs, as they were not intended to be islands. Despite having a lengthy chronology, their use was not at all consistent or unchanging.

Crannog construction and occupation was at its peak in Scotland from about 800 BC to AD 200.<ref name="Henderson 1998" /> Not surprisingly, crannogs have useful defensive properties, although there appears to be more significance to prehistoric use than simple defense, as very few weapons or evidence for destruction appear in excavations of prehistoric crannogs. In Ireland, crannogs were at their zenith during the Early Historic period,<ref name="O'Sullivan 2000" /> when they were the homes and retreats of kings, lords, prosperous farmers and, occasionally, socially marginalised groups, such as monastic hermits or metalsmiths who could work in isolation. Despite scholarly concepts supporting a strict Early Historic evolution,<ref name=Lynn /> Irish excavations are increasingly uncovering examples that date from the "missing" Iron Age in Ireland.<ref name="O'Sullivan & Sands" />

==Construction==
[[File:Loughbrickland Crannog.jpg|thumb|[[Loughbrickland Crannóg]] in [[Northern Ireland]].]]

The construction techniques for a crannog (prehistoric or otherwise) are as varied as the multitude of finished forms that make up the archaeological record. Island settlement in Scotland and Ireland is manifest through the entire range of possibilities ranging from entirely natural, small islets to completely artificial islets, therefore definitions remain contentious. For crannogs in the strict sense, typically the construction effort began on a shallow reef or rise in the lochbed.

When timber was available, many crannogs were surrounded by a circle of wooden [[Deep foundation|piles]], with axe-sharpened bases that were driven into the bottom, forming a circular enclosure that helped to retain the main mound and prevent erosion. The piles could also be joined by [[mortise and tenon]], or large holes cut to carefully accept specially shaped timbers designed to interlock and provide structural rigidity. On other examples, interior surfaces were built up with any mixture of clay, peat, stone, timber or brush – whatever was available. In some instances, more than one structure was built on crannogs.<ref name="Armit 2003" />

In other types of crannogs, builders and occupants added large stones to the waterline of small natural islets, extending and enlarging them over successive phases of renewal. Larger crannogs could be occupied by extended families or communal groups, and access was either by logboats or coracles. Evidence for timber or stone causeways exists on a large number of crannogs. The causeways may have been slightly submerged; this has been interpreted as a device to make access difficult<ref name="Beveridge, E 1911"/> but may also be a result of loch level fluctuations over the ensuing centuries or millennia. Organic remains are often found in excellent condition on these water-logged sites. The bones of [[cattle]], [[deer]], and [[Pig|swine]] have been found in excavated crannogs, while remains of wooden utensils and even dairy products have been completely preserved for several millennia.<ref name="Dixon 2004" />

=== Fire and reconstruction ===
In June 2021, the Loch Tay Crannog was seriously damaged in a fire<ref>{{Cite web|title='Simply awful': Recreated Iron Age roundhouse gutted by fire overnight|url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/19368267.loch-tay-scottish-crannog-centre-gutted-fire-overnight/|access-date=2021-08-22|website=The National|date=12 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> but funding was given to repair the structure, and conserve the museum materials retained.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scottish Government gives fire-hit Crannog Centre £51k to help recovery|url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/19484806.crannog-centre-secures-51k-scottish-government-devastating-fire/|access-date=2021-08-22|website=The National|date=2 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The [[UNESCO]] Chair in Refugee Integration through Languages and the Arts, [[Alison Phipps (refugee researcher)|Alison Phipps]] of [[University of Glasgow|Glasgow University]] and African artist Tawona Sithole considered its future and its  impact as a symbol of common human history and 'potent ways of healing' including restarting the creative weaving with [[Soay sheep]] wool in 'a thousand touches'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A new vision of the Crannog centre after fire tore through cultural landmark|url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/19529432.new-vision-crannog-centre-fire-tore-cultural-landmark/|access-date=2021-08-22|website=The National|date=22 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book
|last=Burnett |first=George
|title=The Family of Burnett of Leys
|url=https://archive.org/details/familyofburnetto00burn |editor-last=Allardyce |editor-first=J.
|publisher=New Spalding Club
|location=Aberdeen
|date=1901
}}
* {{cite book
|first=Ian |last=Armit
|title=Scotland's Hidden History
|publisher=[[Tempus Publishing]]
|date=2000
|isbn=0-7524-1400-3
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Crone |first=A.
|date=2000
|title=The History of a Scottish Lowland Crannog: Excavations at Buiston
|publisher=AOC/STAR
|series=Monographs |issue=4
|location=Edinburgh
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Halsall |first=Guy
|date=2003
|title=Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West, 450–900
|location=London
|publisher=Routledge.
}}

==See also==
* [[Island castle]]

==External links==
{{commons category|Crannogs}}
* [http://crannogs.weebly.com/ Robert Lenfert MA PhD, ''crannogs.weebly.com''], "Living on Water: Scottish Crannogs and Island Dwellings".
* [http://www.crannog.co.uk/ Crannog.co.uk], The Scottish Crannog Centre Reconstruction of a crannog.
* [http://www.mcmahonsofmonaghan.org/crannogs.html McMahonsOfMonaghan.org], Crannog illustration showing attack in [[Monaghan]], [[Ireland]] in the 16th century.
* [http://www.channel4.com/history/timeteam/snapshot_crannogs.html Channel4.com], Time Team on Crannogs.
* [http://www.channel4.com/history/timeteam/2004_migdale.html Channel4.com], Time Team excavation at Loch Migdale, January 2004.
* [http://www.rcahms.gov.uk Canmore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204122032/http://www.rcahms.gov.uk/highlightacp3.html |date=4 December 2008 }}, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland's Canmore database, a searchable database of archaeological and architectural sites in Scotland, including crannogs.
* [http://archaeology.about.com/od/lterms/qt/llangorse_crann.htm About.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720143504/http://archaeology.about.com/od/lterms/qt/llangorse_crann.htm |date=20 July 2008 }}, Llangors Crannog.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2MvOcWwLyY&feature=youtu.be The Iron Age Crannogs of Ayrshire, ''www.youtube.com''], Crannogs in Ayrshire, Scotland.

{{Prehistoric Scotland}}
{{Scottish architecture}}
{{Fortifications}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crannog}}
[[Category:Fortifications by type]]
[[Category:Archaeology of Ireland]]
[[Category:Archaeology of Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Archaeology of Scotland]]
[[Category:Stone Age sites in Scotland]]
[[Category:Stone Age Europe]]
[[Category:Bronze Age Scotland]]
[[Category:Iron Age Scotland]]
[[Category:Crannogs| ]]
[[Category:Prehistoric Ireland]]
[[Category:Neolithic Scotland]]
[[Category:Forts in Scotland]]
[[Category:Forts in Ireland]]
[[Category:House types]]
[[Category:Ancient Ireland]]
[[Category:Medieval history of Ireland]]