Editing Cow tipping

{{short description|Urban legend}}
{{for|the ''Beavis and Butt-Head'' episode|Cow Tipping (Beavis and Butt-Head episode){{!}}Cow Tipping (''Beavis and Butt-Head'' episode)}}
{{good article}}
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{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2018}}
[[File:Cow lying on side.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.5|alt=Photograph of a cow lying on its side|Cows routinely lie down to sleep.]]

'''Cow tipping''' is the purported activity of sneaking up on any unsuspecting or sleeping upright [[cow]] and pushing it over for entertainment. The practice of cow tipping is generally considered an [[urban legend]]<ref>{{cite book |title = American Folklore: An Encyclopedia |last = Zotti |first = Ed |editor = Brunvand, Jan Harold |page = 354 |publisher = Garland Publishing |location = New York and London |year = 1996 |isbn = 0-8153-3350-1 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oJuvqhxFXH8C&pg=354 |via = Google Books |access-date = May 23, 2016 |archive-date = October 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231013205257/https://books.google.com/books?id=oJuvqhxFXH8C&pg=354#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status = live }}</ref> and stories of such feats viewed as [[tall tale]]s.<ref name=Eaton /> The implication that [[Rural area|rural]] citizens seek such entertainment due to lack of alternatives is viewed as a [[stereotype]].<ref>{{cite news |last1 = Winter |first1 = Sam A. |title = Who You Calling a Hick?: Treatise of a Disgruntled Kansan |url = http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/3/6/who-you-calling-a-hick-i/ |access-date = December 28, 2014 |work = The Harvard Crimson |date = March 6, 2003 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150604031730/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/3/6/who-you-calling-a-hick-i/ |archive-date = June 4, 2015 |df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |page = 107 |title = The Book of Common Fallacies: Falsehoods, Misconceptions, Flawed Facts, and Half-Truths That Are Ruining Your Life |first = Philip |last = Ward |publisher = Skyhorse Publishing |location = New York, N.Y. |year = 2012 |isbn = 978-1-61608-336-6 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Q48k0bavIh8C&pg=PT107 |quote = In his article at the ''Harvard Crimson'', John Larew insists that since he arrived at college, every time he has told someone (especially someone from the city) where he grew up (deep in the country), they inevitably ask what he does for fun, and whether or not he's been cow tipping...[T]he ''New York Times''... perpetuates the mistake when the editor writes 'Saturday night is associated with pleasure and abandon, with toppling cows in rural Pennsylvania'. |via = Google Books |access-date = November 29, 2015 |archive-date = October 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231013205258/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q48k0bavIh8C&pg=PT107 |url-status = live }}</ref>  The concept of cow tipping apparently developed in the 1970s, though tales of animals that cannot rise if they fall has historical antecedents dating to the [[Roman Empire]].

Cows routinely lie down and can easily regain their footing unless sick or injured. Scientific studies have been conducted to determine if cow tipping is theoretically possible, with varying conclusions.  All agree that cows are large animals that are difficult to surprise and will generally resist attempts to be tipped. Estimates suggest a force of between {{convert|3000|and|4000|N|abbr=off}} is needed, and that at least four and possibly as many as fourteen people would be required to achieve this. In real-life situations where cattle have to be laid on the ground, or "cast", such as for [[livestock branding|branding]], [[hoof]] care or veterinary treatment, either rope restraints are required or specialized mechanical equipment is used that confines the cow and then tips it over.  On rare occasions, cattle can lie down or fall down in proximity to a ditch or hill that restricts their normal ability to rise without help. Cow tipping has many references in popular culture and is also used as a [[figure of speech]].

== Scientific study ==
[[File:Cow lying on side in field.jpg|thumb|left|A healthy cow lying on her side is not immobilized; she can rise whenever she chooses.]]
Some versions of the urban legend suggest that because cows sleep standing up, it is possible to approach them and push them over without the animals reacting.<ref name="Haines" /> However, cows only sleep lightly while standing up, and they are easily awakened.<ref name = Cow1>{{cite news |last = Malvern |first = Jack |title = Cow-Tipping Myth Hasn't Got a Leg to Stand On |newspaper = Times Online |url = https://www.thetimes.com/uk/science/article/cow-tipping-myth-hasnt-got-a-leg-to-stand-on-7p7b5zfsfn7 |access-date = October 28, 2006 |location = London |date = November 5, 2005 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110629083548/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article586737.ece |archive-date = June 29, 2011 |url-status = live }}</ref> They lie down to sleep deeply.<ref name=collins /> Furthermore, numerous sources have questioned the practice's feasibility, since most cows weigh over {{convert|450|kg|lb|abbr=off}} and easily resist any lesser force.<ref name = Cow1 /><ref>{{cite web |last = Semke |first = Matt |title = The Statics of Cow Tipping |publisher = University of Nebraska – Lincoln (UNL) College of Engineering and Mechanics Course Project |url = http://emweb.unl.edu/Mechanics-Pages/Matt-Semke/The%20Statics%20of%20Cow%20Tipping.htm |access-date = April 17, 2007 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080827083454/http://emweb.unl.edu/Mechanics-Pages/Matt-Semke/The%20Statics%20of%20Cow%20Tipping.htm |archive-date = August 27, 2008 |df = mdy-all }}</ref>

A 2005 study led by Margo Lillie, a [[zoology|zoologist]] at the [[University of British Columbia]], and her student Tracy Boechler, concluded that tipping a cow would require a force of nearly {{convert|3000|N}}<ref name="Haines">{{cite news |last = Haines |first = Lester |title = Boffins Debunk Cow-Tipping Myth |newspaper = The Register |date = November 9, 2005 |access-date = November 30, 2012 |url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/11/09/cow_tipping |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121031144516/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/11/09/cow_tipping/ |archive-date = October 31, 2012 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> and is therefore impossible to accomplish by a single person. Her calculations found that it would require more than four people to apply enough force to push over a cow,<ref name="Haines" /> based on an estimate that a single person could exert {{convert|660|N}} of force. However, since a cow can brace itself, Lillie and Boechler suggested that five or six people would, most likely, be needed.<ref name=collins /> Further, cattle are well aware of their surroundings and are very difficult to surprise, due to excellent senses of both smell and hearing.<ref name=collins>{{cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/10289862/Cow-tipping-myth-dispelled.html |title = Cow Tipping Myth Dispelled |first = Nick |last = Collins |work = [[The Daily Telegraph]] |date = September 6, 2013 |access-date = May 18, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160426021919/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/10289862/Cow-tipping-myth-dispelled.html |archive-date = April 26, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=Glenn>{{cite news |first = Eddie |last = Glenn |url = http://tahlequahdailypress.com/archive/x519330324 |title = Cow-Tipping: Myth or Reality? |work = Tahlequah Daily Press |date = December 15, 2006 |access-date = May 18, 2016 |archive-date = June 22, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120622203359/http://tahlequahdailypress.com/archive/x519330324 |url-status = live }}</ref> Lillie and Boechler's analysis found that if a cow did not move, the principles of static physics suggest that two people might be able to tip a cow if its [[centre of mass]] were pushed over its hooves before the cow could react. However, cows are not rigid or unresponsive, and the faster humans have to move, the less force they can exert. Thus Lillie and Boechler concluded that it is unlikely that cows can actually be tipped over in this way.<ref name="Haines" /> Lillie stated, "It just makes the physics of it all, in my opinion, impossible."<ref name=collins />

Although biologist Steven Vogel agrees that it would take a force of about 3,000 newtons to push over a standing cow, he thinks that the study by Lillie and Boechler overestimates the pushing ability of an individual human.<ref name="Vogel" /> Using data from Cotterell and Kamminga, who estimated that humans exert a pushing force of 280 newtons,<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Cotterell |first1 = Brian |last2 = Kamminga |first2 = Johan |title = Mechanics of Pre-industrial Technology : Introduction to the Mechanics of Ancient and Traditional Material Culture |date = 1992 |publisher = Cambridge University Press |location = Cambridge |isbn = 978-0-521-42871-2 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0-xOM8y6Uc8C |via = Google Books |access-date = May 19, 2016 |archive-date = October 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231013205258/https://books.google.com/books?id=0-xOM8y6Uc8C |url-status = live }}</ref> Vogel suggests that someone applying force at the requisite height to topple a cow might generate a maximum push of no more than 300 newtons. By this calculation, at least 10 people would be needed to tip over a non-reacting cow. However, this combined force requirement, he says, might not be the greatest impediment to such a prank. Standing cows are not asleep and, like other animals, have ever-vigilant reflexes. "If the cow does no more than modestly widen its stance without an overall shift of its center of gravity", he says, "about 4,000 newtons or 14 pushers would be needed—quite a challenge to deploy without angering the cow."<ref name="Vogel">{{cite book |last = Vogel |first = Steven |title = Glimpses of Creatures in Their Physical Worlds |publisher = Princeton University Press |year = 2009 |page = 238 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qaOi_huPdfsC |isbn = 978-0-691-13806-0 |access-date = May 19, 2016 |archive-date = October 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231013205259/https://books.google.com/books?id=qaOi_huPdfsC |url-status = live }}</ref>

== Historical origins ==

The belief that certain animals cannot rise if pushed over has historical antecedents. [[Julius Caesar]] recorded a belief that a [[European elk]] had no knee joints and could not get up if it fell.<ref>{{cite book |publisher = Harper & Brothers |location = New York |last = Caesar |first = Julius |author2 = Aulus Hirtius |title = Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic and Civil Wars |chapter = XXVII |page = 154 |year = 1879 |isbn = 0-217-45287-6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Caesar |first = Caius Julius |editor = Rhys, Ernest |translator = W. A. MacDevitt |title = The Commentaries of Caius Julius Caesar: The War in Gaul |chapter = Book VI, paragraph XXVII |url = https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/10657/pg10657.txt |year = 1915 |via = Project Gutenberg |access-date = May 23, 2016 |archive-date = December 1, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211201104846/https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/10657/pg10657.txt |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] said the same about the hind legs of an animal he called the [[achlis]], which Pliny's 19th-century translators Bostock and Riley said was merely another name for the elk.<ref name="Pliny">{{cite book |author = Pliny the Elder |title = The Natural History |chapter = 16: The Animals of the North; the Elk, the Achlis, and the Bonasus |translator1 = Bostock, John |translator2 = Riley, Henry Thomas |publisher = Taylor and Francis |location = London |year = 1855 |access-date = July 31, 2013 |url = https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plin.+Nat.+8.16&redirect=true |via = Perseus Digital Library |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110805040217/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plin.+Nat.+8.16&redirect=true |archive-date = August 5, 2011 }}</ref> They noted that Pliny's belief about the jointless back legs of the achlis (elk) was false.<ref name="Pliny" />

In 1255, [[Louis IX of France]] gave an elephant to [[Henry III of England]] for his [[menagerie]] in the [[Tower of London]].<ref name="Fine Rolls">{{cite web |last1 = Cassidy |first1 = Richard |last2 = Clasby |first2 = Michael |title = Matthew Paris and Henry III's Elephant |work = Henry III Fine Rolls Project |publisher = The National Archives and King's College London |url = http://www.finerollshenry3.org.uk/redist/pdf/fm-06-2012.pdf |pages = 1–4 |access-date = May 19, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160113065519/http://www.finerollshenry3.org.uk/redist/pdf/fm-06-2012.pdf |archive-date = January 13, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> A drawing by the historian [[Matthew Paris]] for his ''[[Chronica Majora]]'' can be seen in his [[bestiary]] at [[Parker Library]] of [[Corpus Christi College, Cambridge]].<ref name ="Fine Rolls" /> An accompanying text cites elephant lore suggesting that elephants did not have knees and were unable to get up if they fell.<ref>{{cite book |last = Clark |first = Willene B. |title = A Medieval Book of Beasts: The Second-Family Bestiary: Commentary, Art, Text and Translation |publisher = The Boydell Press |location = Woodbridge, United Kingdom |year = 2006 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0olPRmCoE8MC&pg=PA128 |page = 128 |via = Google Books |isbn = 0-85115-682-7 |access-date = September 27, 2016 |archive-date = October 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231013205332/https://books.google.com/books?id=0olPRmCoE8MC&pg=PA128#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status = live }}</ref>

Journalist Jake Steelhammer believes the American urban myth of cow tipping originated in the 1970s. It "stampeded into the '80s", he says, "when movies like ''[[Tommy Boy]]'' and ''[[Heathers]]'' featured cow tipping expeditions."<ref name=Steelhammer2013>{{citation|title=Settling a Beef with Cow Tipping|newspaper=[[Charleston Gazette-Mail]]|location=Charleston, West Virginia|date=September 22, 2013|last=Steelhammer|first=Rick|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-35161437.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220213216/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-35161437.html|archive-date=February 20, 2016|df=mdy-all|access-date=November 29, 2015}}</ref> Stories about cow tipping tend to be second-hand, he says, told by someone who does not claim to have tipped a cow but who knows someone else who says they did.<ref name=Steelhammer2013 />

== Veterinary and husbandry practices ==

[[File:Calf cradle.JPG|thumb|left|A calf cradle used for branding in Australia]]

Cattle may need to be deliberately thrown or tipped over for certain types of [[animal husbandry|husbandry]] practices and medical treatment. When done for medical purposes, this is often called "casting", and when performed without mechanical assistance requires the attachment of {{convert|30|to|40|ft|m|order=flip|0}} of rope around the body and legs of the animal. After the rope is secured by non-slip [[bowline]] knots, it is pulled to the rear until the animal is off-balance. Once the cow is forced to lie down in [[sternum|sternal]] recumbency (on its chest), it can be rolled onto its side and its legs tied to prevent kicking.<ref>{{cite web |title = Rope Squeeze |url = http://research.vet.upenn.edu/Dairy/Restraint/CastingRestraints/RopeSqueeze/tabid/3917/Default.aspx |website = University of Pennsylvania Veterinary Medicine |access-date = May 16, 2016 |date = 2016 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160523185855/http://research.vet.upenn.edu/Dairy/Restraint/CastingRestraints/RopeSqueeze/tabid/3917/Default.aspx |archive-date = May 23, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Burley Method of Casting |url = http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/fieldservice/Dairy/RESTR/burley.htm |website = New Bolton Center Field Service Department |access-date = May 16, 2016 |date = 2003 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160525221519/http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/fieldservice/Dairy/RESTR/burley.htm |archive-date = May 25, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref>

A calf table or calf cradle, also called a "tipping table" or a "throw down", is a relatively modern invention designed to be used on [[Calf (animal)|calves]] that are being [[livestock branding|branded]]. A calf is run into a [[cattle chute|chute]], confined, and then tipped by the equipment onto its side for easier branding and [[castration]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Working Calves in the Calf Table |url = http://thepioneerwoman.com/confessions/working-calves-in-the-calf-table/ |website = The Pioneer Woman |access-date = May 16, 2016 |language = en-US |date = June 3, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Tipping Tables |url = http://www.starkeng.com.au/tipping-tables.php |website = Stark Engineering |access-date = May 16, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160405203814/http://starkeng.com.au/tipping-tables.php |archive-date = April 5, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref>

Hydraulic tilt tables for adult cattle have existed since the 1970s and are designed to lift and tip cattle onto their sides to enable veterinary care, particularly of the animals' [[genitalia]], and for [[hoof]] maintenance.<ref name="Gunville" /> (Unlike horses, cows generally do not cooperate with a [[farrier]] when standing.)<ref name=CTV /> A Canadian veterinarian explained, "Using the table is much safer and easier than trying to get underneath to examine the animal", and noted that cows tipped over on a padded table usually stop struggling and become calm fairly quickly.<ref name="Gunville">{{cite web |last1 = Gunville |first1 = Lynne |title = Vet Table Tilts a Cow's World |url = http://www.canadiancattlemen.ca/2014/10/28/vet-table-tilts-a-cows-world/ |website = Canadian Cattlemen |access-date = May 16, 2016 |date = October 28, 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160601082048/http://www.canadiancattlemen.ca/2014/10/28/vet-table-tilts-a-cows-world/ |archive-date = June 1, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> One design, developed at the [[Western College of Veterinary Medicine]] in [[Saskatoon]], [[Saskatchewan]], included "cow comfort" as a unique aspect of care using this type of apparatus.<ref name=CTV>{{cite news |url = http://saskatoon.ctvnews.ca/video?clipId=498169 |title = Stephanie Massicotte Goes Cow Tipping with Veterinarian Dr. Chris Clark |work = [[CTV News]] |location = Saskatoon, Saskatchewan |publisher = Bell Media |year = 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160610075849/http://saskatoon.ctvnews.ca/video?clipId=498169 |archive-date = June 10, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref>

=== Involuntary recumbency ===

Cows may inadvertently tip themselves. Due to their bulk and relatively short legs, cattle cannot roll over. Those that lie down and roll to their sides with their feet pointing uphill may become stuck and unable to rise without assistance, with potentially fatal results. In such cases, two humans can roll or flip a cow onto its other side, so that its feet are aimed downhill, thus allowing it to rise on its own.<ref>{{cite web |last1 = Swearingen |first1 = Jake |title = Cow Tipping Doesn't Exist – But Cow Flipping Does – Modern Farmer |url = http://modernfarmer.com/2013/09/cow-tipping-doesnt-exist-cow-flipping/ |website = Modern Farmer |access-date = May 16, 2016 |language = en-US |date = September 9, 2013 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160526180102/http://modernfarmer.com/2013/09/cow-tipping-doesnt-exist-cow-flipping/ |archive-date = May 26, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> In one documented case of "real-life cow tipping", a pregnant cow rolled into a gully in [[New Hampshire]] and became trapped in an inverted state until rescued by [[volunteer fire fighters]]. The owner of the cow commented that he had seen this happen "once or twice" before.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.ledgertranscript.com/News/A-case-of-cow-tipping-on-Hancock-farmland-1321887 |title = A Case of Cow Tipping on Hancock Farmland |first = Ben |last = Conant |date = April 4, 2016 |newspaper = [[Monadnock Ledger-Transcript]] |location = Monadnock, New Hampshire |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160509170019/http://www.ledgertranscript.com/News/A-case-of-cow-tipping-on-Hancock-farmland-1321887 |archive-date = May 9, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref>

Trauma or illness may also result in a cow unable to rise to its feet. Such animals are sometimes called "[[downer (animal)|downers]]." Sometimes this occurs as a result of muscle and nerve damage from calving or a disease such as [[mastitis]].<ref name=Downer /> Leg injuries, muscle tears, or a massive infection of some sort may also be causes.<ref name="VanMetre">{{cite web |last1 = Van Metre |first1 = David C. |last2 = Garry |first2 = Frank B. |title = Figuring out down cows |url = http://www.cvmbs.colostate.edu/ilm/proinfo/wdn/2008/WDN%20Dec%20downers.pdf |work = Western Dairy News |access-date = May 16, 2016 |date = December 2008 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130129113039/http://www.cvmbs.colostate.edu/ilm/proinfo/wdn/2008/WDN%20Dec%20downers.pdf |archive-date = January 29, 2013 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> Downer cows are encouraged to get to their feet and have a much greater chance of recovery if they do. If unable to rise, some have survived—with medical care—as long as 14 days and were ultimately able to get back on their feet. Appropriate medical treatment for a downer cow to prevent further injury includes rolling from one side to the other every three hours, careful and frequent feeding of small amounts of [[fodder]], and access to clean water.<ref name=Downer>{{cite web |title = The Downer Cow |url = http://www.thecattlesite.com/diseaseinfo/246/the-downer-cow/ |website = The Cattle Site |access-date = May 16, 2016 |archive-date = November 12, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201112034933/http://www.thecattlesite.com/diseaseinfo/246/the-downer-cow/ |url-status = live }}</ref>

=== Death ===
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Dead animals may appear to have been tipped over, but this is actually the process of [[rigor mortis]], which stiffens the muscles of the carcass,<ref name="Black's">{{cite book |editor = Boden, Edward |title = Black's Veterinary Dictionary |date = 1998 |publisher = Barnes & Noble Books |location = Lanham, Maryland |isbn = 0-389-21017-X |page = 449 |edition = 19th |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rxAD2cWqYI0C&pg=PA449 |via = Google Books |access-date = May 24, 2016 |archive-date = October 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231013205357/https://books.google.com/books?id=rxAD2cWqYI0C&pg=PA449#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status = live }}</ref> beginning six to eight hours after death and lasting for one to two days. It is particularly noticeable in the limbs, which stick out straight.<ref name="UGAvet">{{cite web |title = Postmortem Changes |url = http://vet.uga.edu/ivcvm/courses/VPAT5200/02_injury/postmortem/postmortem.htm |website = University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine |access-date = May 19, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160512062750/http://vet.uga.edu/ivcvm/courses/VPAT5200/02_injury/postmortem/postmortem.htm |archive-date = May 12, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> Post-mortem bloat also occurs because of gas formation inside the body.<ref name="UGA5">{{cite web |title = Post Mortem Changes 5 |url = http://vet.uga.edu/ivcvm/courses/VPAT5200/02_injury/postmortem/pm05.html |website = University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine |access-date = May 19, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160518073442/http://vet.uga.edu/ivcvm/courses/VPAT5200/02_injury/postmortem/pm05.html |archive-date = May 18, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> The process may result in cattle carcasses that wind up on their back with all four feet in the air.

== In popular culture ==
[[File:Cow tipping creamery.jpg|thumb|The Cow Tipping Creamery in [[Frisco, Texas]]]]

Assorted individuals have claimed to have performed cow tipping,<ref>{{cite news |title = Johnny Flynn: The Brit Folkster Talks Influences, from Shakespeare to Scratchy 78s |last = Eakin |first = Marah |newspaper = [[The A.V. Club]] |date = May 31, 2011 |url = http://www.avclub.com/article/johnny-flynn-55289 |access-date = May 24, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160405092333/http://www.avclub.com/article/johnny-flynn-55289 |archive-date = April 5, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> often while under the influence of alcohol.<ref name=Eaton>{{cite news|title=Cow Tipping? Probably Bull|newspaper=The Roanoke Times|location=Roanoke, Virginia|date=September 6, 2006|last=Eaton|first=Joe|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-150987528.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220132809/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-150987528.html|archive-date=February 20, 2016|df=mdy-all|access-date=November 29, 2015}}</ref> These claims, to date, cannot be reliably verified,<ref name=Haines /> with Jake Swearingen of ''[[Modern Farmer (magazine)|Modern Farmer]]'' noting in 2013 that [[YouTube]], a popular source of videos of challenges and stunts, "fails to deliver one single actual cow-tipping video".<ref>{{cite magazine |url = https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/09/the-mathematical-formula-that-proves-cow-tipping-is-a-myth/279357/ |title = The Mathematical Formula That Proves Cow-Tipping Is a Myth |magazine = The Atlantic |date = September 4, 2013 |access-date = October 9, 2016 |author = Garber, Megan |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170302053434/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/09/the-mathematical-formula-that-proves-cow-tipping-is-a-myth/279357/ |archive-date = March 2, 2017 |df = mdy-all }}</ref>

Pranksters have sometimes pushed over artificial cows. Along Chicago's [[Michigan Avenue (Chicago)|Michigan Avenue]] in 1999, two "apparently drunk" men felled six fiberglass cows that were part of a [[CowParade|Cows on Parade]] public art exhibit. Four other vandals removed a "Wow cow" sculpture from its lifeguard chair at [[Oak Street Beach]] and abandoned it in a pedestrian underpass.<ref>{{cite news |last = Cassell |first = Jennifer |title = Udder Disrespect: Beach Wow Cow Carried Off, Vandalized |work = Chicago Sun–Times |url = http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/doc/nb/news/0EB42423491CF4CF?p=AMNEWS |via = NewsBank |page = 4 |edition = Late Sports Final |date = July 16, 1999 |access-date = November 29, 2015 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> A year later, New York City anchored its CowParade art cows, including "A Streetcow Named Desire", to concrete bases "to prevent the udder disrespect of cow-tippers and thieves."<ref>{{cite news |last = Stephenson |first = Heather |title = UVM Hopes to Milk Art Cow Project in New York City |url = http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/doc/nb/news/10D8385439F094A0?p=AMNEWS |work = Rutland Herald |date = June 4, 2000 |via = NewsBank |url-access = subscription |access-date = November 30, 2015 |archive-date = October 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231013205304/https://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/user/login?destination=doc/nb/news/10D8385439F094A0%3Fp%3DAMNEWS |url-status = live }}</ref>

Cow tipping has been featured in films from the 1980s and later, such as ''[[Heathers]]'' (1988), ''[[Tommy Boy]]'' (1995), '' [[Barnyard (film)|Barnyard]]'' (2006), and ''[[I Love You, Beth Cooper (film)|I Love You, Beth Cooper]]'' (2009).<ref name=Steelhammer2013 /><ref>{{cite web |title = Barnyard Poster and Trailer |date = January 2, 2006 |last = Parsons |first = Ryan |work = The Can Magazine |url = http://www.canmag.com/news/4/3/2737 |publisher = Minds Eye One |access-date = May 24, 2016 |url-status = usurped |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160606184535/http://www.canmag.com/news/4/3/2737 |archive-date = June 6, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Movie Review: I Love You Beth Cooper |work = Huffington Post |first = Zorianna |last = Kit |date = August 10, 2009 |url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/zorianna-kit/movie-review-i-love-you-b_b_229932.html |access-date = May 24, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160405082256/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/zorianna-kit/movie-review-i-love-you-b_b_229932.html |archive-date = April 5, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> It was also used in the title of a 1992 documentary film by [[Randy Redroad]], ''Cow Tipping—The Militant Indian Waiter''.<ref>{{cite book |title = Native Americans on Film: Conversations, Teaching, and Theory |editor1-last = Marubbio |editor1-first = M. Elise |editor2-last = Buffalohead |editor2-first = Eric L. |publisher = University Press of Kentucky |year = 2013 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ob0gu0LgSpkC |isbn = 978-0-8131-3665-3 |page = 294 |via = Google Books }}</ref> 

Variants of cow tipping have also been seen in popular media such as the film ''[[Cars (film)|Cars]]'' (2006), which features a vehicular variant called [[tractor]]-tipping, and the video game ''[[Fallout: New Vegas]]'', which allows the character to sneak up on and tip over a Brahmin, the game's two-headed cow-like animal. The board game ''[[Battle Cattle]]'' is based on the practice, with heavily armed cows having "Tipping Defense Numbers."<ref name="Battle Cattle">{{Cite web |last=Cross |first=Todd |date=May 21, 1999 |title=Review of Battle Cattle |url=https://www.rpg.net/reviews/archive/classic/rev_1709.phtml |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=RPGNet |archive-date=October 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015045139/https://www.rpg.net/reviews/archive/classic/rev_1709.phtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[the Little Willies]] song "Lou Reed" from their 2006 [[The Little Willies (album)|self-titled debut album]], [[Norah Jones]] sings about a fictional event during which musician [[Lou Reed]] tips cows in Texas.<ref>{{cite news |title = Giving Us Willies: Norah Jones and Friends Go Country |first = Mary |last = Huhn |date = February 5, 2006 |newspaper = New York Post |url = https://nypost.com/2006/02/05/giving-us-willies-norah-jones-and-friends-go-country/ |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170705185154/http://nypost.com/2006/02/05/giving-us-willies-norah-jones-and-friends-go-country/ |archive-date = July 5, 2017 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> In another medium, ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]'', a television show, uses cow tipping lore as an element to establish the nature of a rural character, [[Penny (The Big Bang Theory)|Penny]].<ref name="Farghaly Leone">{{cite book |last1 = Farghaly |first1 = Nadine |last2 = Leone |first2 = Eden |title = The Sexy Science of The Big Bang Theory: Essays on Gender in the Series |publisher = McFarland & Company |location = Jefferson, North Carolina |year = 2015 |isbn = 978-0-7864-7641-1 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9US7CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA167 |access-date = April 8, 2016 |page = 167 |via = Google Books |archive-date = October 13, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231013205301/https://books.google.com/books?id=9US7CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA167#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status = live }}</ref>

The term ''cow tipping'' is sometimes used as a [[figure of speech]] for pushing over something big. In ''A Giant Cow-Tipping by Savages'', author John Weir Close uses the term to describe contemporary [[mergers and acquisitions]].<ref>{{cite journal |last = Pinkerton |first = Stewart |title = Book Review: ''A Giant Cow-Tipping by Savages'', by John Weir Close |journal = The Wall Street Journal |publisher = Dow Jones & Company |url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303560204579248133982873374 |date = December 12, 2013 |access-date = November 24, 2015 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208060339/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303560204579248133982873374 |archive-date = December 8, 2015 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> "Tipping [[Sacred cow (idiom)|sacred cows]]" has been used as a deliberate [[mixed metaphor]] in titles of books on Christian ministry and business management.<ref>{{citation |title = Tipping Over Sacred Cows |last = Fowlds |first = Sean |work = Ministry Today |date = April 30, 2007 |url = http://ministrytodaymag.com/index.php/ministry-today-archives/198-words/15106-tipping-over-sacred-cows |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208173841/http://ministrytodaymag.com/index.php/ministry-today-archives/198-words/15106-tipping-over-sacred-cows |archive-date = December 8, 2015 |df = mdy-all }} (review of ''Change Your Church for Good: The Art of Sacred Cow Tipping'' by Brad Powell)</ref><ref>{{cite news |last = Breeden |first = Jake |title = 'Tipping Sacred Cows' Reveals Dangerous Work Behaviors |date = March 22, 2013 |publisher = CNBC |url = https://www.cnbc.com/2013/03/22/tipping-sacred-cows-reveals-dangerous-work-behaviors.html |access-date = May 19, 2016 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160524101654/http://www.cnbc.com/id/100565152 |archive-date = May 24, 2016 |df = mdy-all }}</ref>
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== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite journal |journal = [[Skeptic (U.S. magazine)|Skeptic]] |issue = 2 |year = 1999 |title = Cow Tipping: The Most Urban of all Urban Legends |last = Linse |first = Pat |volume = 7 |url = http://www.skeptic.com/reading_room/cow-tipping-the-most-urban-of-all-urban-legends/ }}
* {{cite book |last1 = McCoy |first1 = Red |last2 = Rightious |first2 = Duke |title = The Official Cow Tipper's Handbook: The Original Cow Tipping Guide for Serious Cow Tippers |publisher = Falling Lane Publishers |year = 2005 |isbn = 978-0-9774876-0-8 }}

== External links ==
{{portal|Agriculture}}

* [http://research.udmercy.edu/find/special_collections/digital/cfa/index.php?field=keyword&term=cow%20tipping Cow tipping] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728190006/http://research.udmercy.edu/find/special_collections/digital/cfa/index.php?field=keyword&term=cow%20tipping |date=July 28, 2017 }} James T. Callow Folklore Archive at [[University of Detroit Mercy]]
* [http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/821/is-there-really-such-a-thing-as-cow-tipping The Straight Dope on Cow Tipping]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230064049/http://barnyardvet.com/articles/cow-tipping-the-myth-finally-proven/16 |date=December 30, 2012 |title=The Cow Tipping Myth Debunked by a Veterinarian }}
{{Urban legends}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Fictional activities]]
[[Category:Urban legends]]
[[Category:Stereotypes of rural people]]