Editing Coronal consonant

{{Short description|Type of consonant sound involving tongue placement}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{IPA notice}}
'''Coronals''' are consonants [[place of articulation|articulated]] with the flexible front part of the [[tongue]]. Among places of articulation, only the coronal consonants can be divided into as many articulation types: [[apical consonant|apical]] (using the tip of the tongue), [[laminal consonant|laminal]] (using the blade of the tongue), [[domed consonant|domed]] (with the tongue bunched up), or [[subapical consonant|subapical]] (using the underside of the tongue) as well as different [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] articulations (some of which also involve the back of the tongue as an articulator): [[palato-alveolar]], [[alveolo-palatal]] and [[retroflex]]. Only the front of the tongue (coronal) has such dexterity among the major places of articulation, allowing such variety of distinctions. Coronals have another dimension, [[sulcalization|grooved]], to make [[sibilant]]s in combination with the orientations above.

==Places of articulation==
Coronal [[places of articulation]] include the [[dental consonant]]s at the upper [[tooth|teeth]], the [[alveolar consonant]]s at the upper [[gingiva|gum]] (the [[alveolar ridge]]), the various [[postalveolar consonant]]s (including domed palato-alveolar, laminal [[alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal]], and apical retroflex) just behind that, the subapical [[retroflex consonant]]s curled back against the hard [[palate]], and [[linguolabial consonant]]s with the tongue against the upper lip.  Alveolo-palatal and linguolabial consonants sometimes behave as [[dorsal consonant|dorsal]] and [[labial consonant|labial]] consonants, respectively, rather than as coronals.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Coronal sibilants
! colspan="2" |
! IPA<br>symbol
! meaning
|-
! rowspan="13" | [[place of articulation|place<br>of articulation]]
! rowspan="4" | [[Place of articulation#Place of articulation (active)|passive<br>(mouth)]]
! {{angbr IPA|s&#810;}}
| [[dental consonant|dental]]
|-
! {{angbr IPA|s̟}}
| [[advanced articulation|advanced]]<br>([[denti-alveolar consonant|denti-alveolar]])
|-
! {{angbr IPA|s͇}}
| [[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
|-
! {{angbr IPA|s̠}}
| [[retracted articulation|retracted]]<br>([[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]])
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Place of articulation#Place of articulation (active)|active<br>(tongue)]]
! {{angbr IPA|s̺}}
| [[apical consonant|apical]]
|-
! {{angbr IPA|s̻}}
| [[laminal]]
|-
! {{angbr IPA|ʂ}}
| [[retroflex]]
|-
! rowspan="6" | [[secondary articulation|secondary]]
! {{angbr IPA|sʲ}}
|  [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] coronal
|-
! {{angbr IPA|ɕ}}
| [[alveolo-palatal]]
|-
! {{angbr IPA|ʃ}}
| [[palato-alveolar]]
|-
! {{angbr IPA|sʷ}}
| [[labialized]] coronal
|-
! {{angbr IPA|sˠ}}
| [[velarized]] coronal
|-
! {{angbr IPA|sˤ}}
| [[pharyngealized]] coronal
|-
! colspan="2" | [[voice-onset time]]
! {{angbr IPA|sʰ}}
| [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]] coronal
<!-- If there are additions, copy this and use it:
|-
! {{angbr IPA|}}
| -->
|}

==Examples==
===Arabic===
In Arabic and Maltese philology, the [[Sun and moon letters|sun letters]] represent coronal consonants.

===European===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ European coronal consonants<!-- missing: linguolabial, alveolo-palatal, retroflex)-->
! IPA<br>symbol
! Name of the consonant
! Language
! Example
! IPA
|-
! {{angbr IPA|z}}
| [[Voiced alveolar sibilant]]
| rowspan="11" | [[English language|English]]
| '''''z'''oo'' || {{IPA|/zuː/}}
|-
! {{angbr IPA|s}}
| [[Voiceless alveolar sibilant]]
| '''''s'''ea'' || {{IPA|/siː/}}
|-
! {{angbr IPA|ð}}
| [[Voiced dental fricative]]
| '''''th'''at'' || {{IPA|/ðæt/}}
|-
! {{angbr IPA|θ}}
| [[Voiceless dental fricative]]
| '''''th'''ud'' || {{IPA|/θʌd/}}
|-
! {{angbr IPA|ʒ}}
| [[Voiced palato-alveolar fricative]]
| vi'''si'''on'' || {{IPA|/ˈvɪʒən/}}
|-
! {{angbr IPA|ʃ}}
| [[Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative]]
| '''''sh'''e'' || {{IPA|/ʃiː/}}
|-
! {{angbr IPA|n}}
| [[Alveolar nasal]]
| '''''n'''ame'' || {{IPA|/neɪm/}}
|-
! {{angbr IPA|d}}
| [[Voiced alveolar plosive]]
| '''''d'''ay'' || {{IPA|/deɪ/}}
|-
! {{angbr IPA|t}}
| [[Voiceless alveolar plosive]]
| '''''t'''ea'' || {{IPA|/tiː/}}
|-
! {{angbr IPA|ɹ}}
| [[Alveolar approximant]]
| '''''r'''eef'' || {{IPA|/ɹiːf/}}
|-
! {{angbr IPA|l}}
| [[Alveolar lateral approximant]]
| '''''l'''ift'' || {{IPA|/lɪft/}}
|-
! {{angbr IPA|r}}
| [[Alveolar trill]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| ''pe'''rr'''o'' || {{IPA|/ˈpero/}}
|-
! {{angbr IPA|ɾ}}
| [[Alveolar flap]]
| ''pe'''r'''o'' || {{IPA|/ˈpeɾo/}}
|}

===Australian Aboriginal===
In [[Australian Aboriginal languages]], coronals contrast with [[peripheral consonant]]s.

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|+Australian coronal consonants<ref>{{cite book|first=R. M. W. |last=Dixon | author-link=Robert M. W. Dixon |title=Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2002|id=|url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521473780|page=63|isbn=0521473780 }}</ref>
!rowspan=2| 
!colspan=2| [[Laminal consonant|Laminal]]
!colspan=2| [[Apical consonant|Apical]]
|-
! [[alveopalatal consonant|Alveopalatal]]
! [[dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
|-
! [[stop consonant|Stop]]
|align="center"| {{IPA|c ~ t̠ʲ}}
|align="center"| {{IPA|t̪}}
|align="center"| {{IPA|t}}
|align="center"| {{IPA|ʈ}}
|-
! [[nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|align="center" | {{IPA|ɲ ~ n̠ʲ}}
|align="center" | {{IPA|n̪}}
|align="center" | {{IPA|n}}
|align="center" | {{IPA|ɳ}}
|-
! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|align="center" | {{IPA|ʎ ~ l̠ʲ}}
|align="center" | {{IPA|l̪}}
|align="center" | {{IPA|l}}
|align="center" | {{IPA|ɭ}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Peripheral consonant]]s, the set of non-coronal consonants
* [[Apical consonant]]
* [[Laminal consonant]]
* [[Subapical consonant]]
* [[Place of articulation]]
* [[List of phonetics topics]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{SOWL}}

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[[Category:Coronal consonants| ]]