Editing Corinthian order

{{Short description|Order of classical architecture}}

[[File:Temple of Bacchus at Baalbek.jpg|thumb|Corinthian ''[[peripteros]]'' of the [[Temple of Bacchus]], [[Baalbek]], Lebanon, unknown architect, 150–250]]
[[File:The Pantheon, Rome (14811596068).jpg|thumb|Corinthian columns from the [[Pantheon, Rome]], unknown architect, {{circa}} 114–124 AD, which provided a prominent model for Renaissance and later architects]]
[[File:ARCHITECTURE ORDERS Greeks Etruscan Roman (Doric Ionic Corinthian Tuscan Composite) by Paolo Villa ENG edition.pdf|thumb|Compared of the [[Doric order|Doric]], [[Tuscan order|Tuscan]], [[Ionic order|Ionic]], Corinthian and [[Composite order|Composite]] orders; with [[stereobate|staircase]]]]
The '''Corinthian order''' ({{langx|el|Κορινθιακὸς ῥυθμός}}, ''Korinthiakós rythmós''; {{langx|la|Ordo Corinthius}}) is the last developed and most ornate of the three principal [[classical order]]s of [[Ancient Greek architecture]] and [[Ancient Roman architecture|Roman architecture]]. The other two are the [[Doric order]], which was the earliest, followed by the [[Ionic order]]. In Ancient Greek architecture, the Corinthian order follows the Ionic in almost all respects, other than the capitals of the columns, though this changed in Roman architecture.<ref>Lawrence, 85; Summerson, 124, 176</ref>

A Corinthian capital may be seen as an enriched development of the Ionic capital, though one may have to look closely at a Corinthian capital to see the Ionic [[volute]]s ("helices"), at the corners, perhaps reduced in size and importance, scrolling out above the two ranks of [[Acanthus (ornament)|stylized acanthus leaves]] and stalks ("cauliculi" or ''caulicoles''), eight in all, and to notice that smaller volutes scroll inwards to meet each other on each side. The leaves may be quite stiff, schematic and dry, or they may be extravagantly drilled and undercut, naturalistic and spiky. The flat [[Abacus (architecture)|abacus]] at the top of the capital has a concave curve on each face, and usually a single flower ("rosette") projecting from the leaves below overlaps it on each face.

When [[classical architecture]] was revived during the [[Renaissance]], two more orders were added to the [[wikt:canon|canon]]: the [[Tuscan order]] and the [[Composite order]], known in Roman times, but regarded as a grand imperial variant of the Corinthian.  The Corinthian has [[Fluting (architecture)|fluted]] [[column]]s and elaborate [[capital (architecture)|capitals]] decorated with [[acanthus (ornament)|acanthus]] leaves and scrolls. There are many variations.<ref name="Corinthian Columns">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aoc.gov/capitol-hill/architecture-elements/corinthian-columns|title=Corinthian Columns|website=Architect of the Capitol|language=en|access-date=2019-03-24}}</ref>

The name ''Corinthian'' is derived from the ancient Greek city of [[Ancient Corinth|Corinth]], although it was probably invented in [[Athens]].<ref name="Summerson, 124">Summerson, 124</ref>

==Description==
===Greek Corinthian order===
[[File:The frieze of the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates on January 21, 2021.jpg|thumb|Frieze and capitals of the [[Choragic Monument of Lysicrates]], Athens, unknown architect, 330s BC, one of the earliest surviving examples]]
The Corinthian order is named for the Greek city-state of [[Corinth]], to which it was connected in the period. However, according to the architectural historian [[Vitruvius]], the column was created by the sculptor [[Callimachus (sculptor)|Callimachus]], probably an Athenian, who drew acanthus leaves growing around a votive basket of toys, with a slab on top, on the grave of a Corinthian girl.<ref name="Summerson, 124"/>

Its earliest use can be traced back to the Late Classical Period (430–323 BC). The earliest Corinthian capitals, already in fragments and now lost, were found in [[Bassae]] in 1811–12; they are dated around 420 BC, and are in a temple of Apollo otherwise using the Ionic.  There were three of them, carrying the frieze across the far end of the cella, which was open to the [[adytum]].  The Corinthian was probably devised to solve the awkwardness the Ionic capital created at corners by having clear and distinct front or back and side-on faces,<ref>Lawrence, 179 (Plate 80)</ref> a problem only finally solved by [[Vincenzo Scamozzi]] in the 16th century.

A simplified late version of the Greek Corinthian capital is often known as the "Tower of the Winds Corinthian" after its use on the porches of the [[Tower of the Winds]] in Athens (about 50 BC).  There is a single row of [[Acanthus (ornament)|acanthus]] leaves at the bottom of the capital, with a row of "tall, narrow leaves" behind.<ref>Lawrence, 237</ref>  These cling tightly to the swelling shaft, and are sometimes described as "lotus" leaves, as well as the vague "water-leaves" and palm leaves; their similarity to leaf forms on many ancient Egyptian capitals has been remarked on.<ref>Brown, 232; [[James Fergusson (architect)|Fergusson, James]], ''The Illustrated Handbook of Architecture'', Vol 2, p. 273, 1855, John Murray, [https://books.google.com/books?id=pswUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA273 google books]</ref>  The form is usually found in smaller columns, both ancient and modern.

===Roman Corinthian order===
[[File:Temple of Vesta, built in the early 1st century BC on the acropolis of Tibur, Tivoli (14920855626).jpg|thumb|[[Bucrania]] with [[festoons]] decorating the [[Temple of Vesta, Tivoli|Temple of Vesta]] from [[Hadrian's Villa]], Tivoli]]
[[File:Arco di Settimio Severo Roma 09feb08.jpg|thumb|Corinthian columns of the [[Arch of Septimius Severus]], in the [[Forum Romanum]]]]
[[File:Leptis Magna, Libya - panoramio - Jan Hazevoet (1).jpg|thumb|Corinthian columns of the [[Arch of Septimius Severus (Leptis Magna)|Arch of Septimius Severus]] in [[Leptis Magna]]]]

The style developed its own model in Roman practice, following precedents set by the [[Temple of Mars Ultor]] in the [[Forum of Augustus]] ({{circa|2 AD}}).<ref>Mark Wilson Jones, "Designing the Roman Corinthian order", ''Journal of Roman Archaeology'' 2:35-69 (1989).</ref> It was employed in southern Gaul at the [[Maison Carrée]], Nîmes and at the comparable [[Temple of Augustus and Livia]] at [[Vienne, Isère|Vienne]]. Other prime examples noted by [[Mark Wilson Jones]] are the lower order of the [[Basilica Ulpia]] and the [[Arch of Trajan (Ancona)|Arch of Trajan]] at [[Ancona]] (both of the reign of [[Trajan]], 98–117 AD), the [[Column of Phocas]] (re-erected in [[Late Antiquity]] but 2nd century in origin), and the [[Temple of Bacchus]] at [[Baalbek]] ({{circa|150 AD}}).<ref>Jones 1989.</ref>

Proportion is a defining characteristic of the Corinthian order: the "coherent integration of dimensions and ratios in accordance with the principles of ''symmetria''" are noted by Mark Wilson Jones, who finds that the ratio of total column height to column-shaft height is in a 6:5 ratio, so that, secondarily, the full height of column with capital is often a multiple of 6 [[Roman foot|Roman feet]] while the column height itself is a multiple of 5. In its proportions, the Corinthian column is similar to the [[Ionic order|Ionic column]], though it is more slender, and stands apart by its distinctive carved capital.<ref name="D'EpiroPinkowish2010"/>

The [[abacus (architecture)|abacus]] upon the capital has concave sides to conform to the outscrolling corners of the capital, and it may have a rosette at the center of each side. Corinthian columns were erected on the top level of the Roman [[Colosseum]], holding up the least weight, and also having the slenderest ratio of thickness to height. Their height to width ratio is about 10:1.<ref name="D'EpiroPinkowish2010">{{cite book|author1=Peter D'Epiro|author2=Mary Desmond Pinkowish|title=What are the Seven Wonders of the World?: And 100 Other Great Cultural Lists--Fully Explicated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLvDnZtJNJkC&pg=PA132|date=22 December 2010|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-49107-7|page=133}}</ref>

One variant is the Tivoli order, found at the Temple of Vesta, Tivoli. The Tivoli order's Corinthian capital has two rows of acanthus leaves and its abacus is decorated with oversize [[Fleuron (architecture)|fleurons]] in the form of hibiscus flowers with pronounced spiral pistils. The column flutes have flat tops. The frieze exhibits fruit [[festoon]]s suspended between [[bucrania]]. Above each festoon has a [[Rosette (design)|rosette]] over its center. The cornice does not have [[modillions]].

===Gandharan capitals===
{{Main|Indo-Corinthian capital}}
[[File:Buddha Acanthus Capitol.jpg|thumb|Figure of the Buddha, within a Corinthian capital from [[Gandhara]], [[Musee Guimet]], Paris, unknown architect, 3rd–4th century]]

[[Indo-Corinthian capital]]s are capitals crowning [[column]]s or [[pilaster]]s, which can be found in the northwestern [[Indian subcontinent]], and usually combine [[Hellenistic]] and [[India]]n elements. These capitals are typically dated to the 1st centuries of our era, and constitute important elements of [[Greco-Buddhist art]] of [[Gandhara]].

The classical design was often adapted, usually taking a more elongated form, and sometimes being combined with scrolls, generally within the context of Buddhist stupas and temples. Indo-Corinthian capitals also incorporated figures of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] or [[Bodhisattva]]s, usually as central figures surrounded, and often in the shade, of the luxurious foliage of Corinthian designs.

===Byzantine Empire and medieval Europe===
Though the term "Corinthian" is reserved for columns and capitals that adhere fairly closely to one of the classical versions, vegetal decoration to capitals continued to be extremely common in [[Byzantine architecture]] and the various styles of the European [[Middle Ages]], from [[Carolingian architecture]] to [[Romanesque architecture]] and [[Gothic architecture]].  There was considerable freedom in the details and the relationship between column (generally not fluted) and capital. Many types of plant were represented, sometimes realistically, as in the capitals in the [[chapter house]] at [[Southwell Minster]] in England.

===Renaissance Corinthian order===
[[File:Scamozzi portrait by Veronese.jpg|thumb|[[Vincenzo Scamozzi]] offers his version of the Corinthian capital, in a portrait by [[Paolo Cagliari|Veronese]] ([[Denver Art Museum]])]]
During the first flush of the [[Italian Renaissance]], the Florentine architectural theorist [[Francesco di Giorgio]] expressed the human analogies that writers who followed Vitruvius often associated with the human form, in squared drawings he made of the Corinthian capital overlaid with human heads, to show the proportions common to both.<ref>Francesco di Giorgio's sheet with the drawings, from the Turin codex Saluzziano of his ''Trattati di architettura ingegneria e arte militare'', c. 1480–1500, is illustrated by [[Rudolf Wittkower]], ''Architectural Principles in the Age of Humanism'' (1962) 1965, pl. ic</ref>

The Corinthian [[architrave]] is divided in two or three sections, which may be equal, or may bear interesting proportional relationships, to one with another. Above the plain, unadorned architrave lies the [[frieze]], which may be richly carved with a continuous design or left plain, as at the U.S. Capitol extension. At the Capitol the proportions of architrave to frieze are exactly 1:1. Above that, the profiles of the [[cornice (architecture)|cornice]] mouldings are like those of the Ionic order. If the cornice is very deep, it may be supported by brackets or modillions, which are ornamental brackets used in a series under a cornice.

The Corinthian column is almost always fluted, and the flutes of a Corinthian column may be enriched. They may be filleted, with rods nestled within the hollow flutes, or stop-fluted, with the rods rising a third of the way, to where the [[entasis]] begins. In French, these are called ''chandelles'' and sometimes terminate in carved wisps of flame, or with bellflowers. Alternatively, beading or chains of husks may take the place of the fillets in the fluting, Corinthian being the most flexible of the orders, with more opportunities for variation.

Elaborating upon an offhand remark when Vitruvius accounted for the origin of its acanthus capital, it became a commonplace to identify the Corinthian column with the slender figure of a young girl; in this mode the classifying French painter [[Nicolas Poussin]] wrote to his friend [[Paul Fréart de Chantelou|Fréart de Chantelou]] in 1642:

<blockquote>The beautiful girls whom you will have seen in [[Nîmes]] will not, I am sure, have delighted your spirit any less than the beautiful columns of Maison Carrée for the one is no more than an old copy of the other.<ref>Quoted by [[Kenneth Clark|Sir Kenneth Clark]], ''The Nude: A Study in Ideal Form'', 1956, p. 45.</ref></blockquote>

[[Sir William Chambers]] expressed the conventional comparison with the Doric order:

<blockquote>The proportions of the orders were by the ancients formed on those of the human body, and consequently, it could not be their intention to make a Corinthian column, which, as Vitruvius observes, is to represent the delicacy of a young girl, as thick and much taller than a Doric one, which is designed to represent the bulk and vigour<!--vigour in original--> of a muscular full grown man.<ref>Chambers, ''A Treatise on the Decorative Part of Civil Architecture'' (Joseph Gwilt ed, 1825:pp 159–61).</ref></blockquote>

{{anchor|Bassae}}

==History==
[[File:Corinthian column capital MET sf199626.jpg|thumb|Ancient Greek capital from [[History of Taranto|Tarentum]] with [[addorsed]] [[sphinx]]es, 4th–3rd centuries BC, made of [[limestone]], in the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York City]]

The oldest known example of a Corinthian column is in the Temple of [[Apollo Epicurius]] at [[Bassae]] in Arcadia, c. 450–420 BC. It is not part of the order of the temple itself, which has a Doric [[colonnade]] surrounding the temple and an Ionic order within the [[cella]] enclosure. A single Corinthian column stands free, centered within the cella. This is a mysterious feature, and archaeologists debate what this shows: some state that it is simply an example of a [[votive column]]. A few examples of Corinthian columns in Greece during the next century are all used ''inside'' temples. A more famous example, and the first documented use of the Corinthian order on the exterior of a structure, is the circular Choragic Monument of Lysicrates in Athens, erected c. 334 BC.

A Corinthian capital carefully buried in antiquity in the foundations of the circular [[Tholos (architecture)|tholos]] at [[Epidaurus]] was recovered during modern archaeological campaigns. Its enigmatic presence and preservation have been explained as a sculptor's model for stonemasons to follow<ref>Alison Burford (''The Greek Temple Builders at Epidauros'', Liverpool, 1969, p. 65) suggests instead that it was spoilt in the carving, one volute being incorrectly detached from its field; Hugh Plommer, reviewing it for ''The Classical Review'' (New Series, '''21'''.2 [June 1971], pp 269–272), remarks that the error involved an excess of work and remains convinced that the capital was a model.</ref> in erecting the temple dedicated to [[Asclepius]]. The architectural design of the building was credited in antiquity to the sculptor [[Polykleitos the Younger]], son of the Classical Greek sculptor [[Polykleitos]] the Elder.

The temple was erected in the 4th century BC. These capitals, in one of the most-visited sacred sites of Greece, influenced later Hellenistic and Roman designs for the Corinthian order. The concave sides of the abacus meet at a sharp keel edge, easily damaged, which in later and post-Renaissance practice has generally been replaced by a canted corner. Behind the scrolls the spreading cylindrical form of the central shaft is plainly visible.

Much later, the Roman writer [[Vitruvius]] ({{circa|75 BC|15 BC}}) related that the Corinthian order had been invented by [[Callimachus (sculptor)|Callimachus]], a Greek architect and sculptor who was inspired by the sight of a votive basket that had been left on the grave of a young girl. A few of her toys were in it, and a square tile had been placed over the basket, to protect them from the weather. An [[Acanthus (genus)|acanthus]] plant had grown through the woven basket, mixing its spiny, deeply cut leaves with the weave of the basket.<ref>Vitr. 4.1.9-10</ref>

[[File:Les dix livres d'Architecture de Vitruve, corrigez et traduits nouvellement en François, avec notes & de figures MET DP235853.jpg|thumb|right|The origin of the Corinthian order, illustrated in [[Claude Perrault]]'s translation of the ten books of Vitruvius, 1684]]

[[Claude Perrault]] incorporated a vignette epitomizing the Callimachus tale in his illustration of the Corinthian order for his translation of Vitruvius, published in Paris, 1684. Perrault demonstrates in his engraving how the proportions of the carved capital could be adjusted according to demands of the design, without offending. The texture and outline of Perrault's leaves is dry and tight compared to their 19th-century naturalism at the U.S. Capitol.

In Late Antique and Byzantine practice, the leaves may be blown sideways, as if by the wind of Faith. Unlike the Doric and Ionic column capitals, a Corinthian capital has no neck beneath it, just a ring-like [[astragal]] molding or a banding that forms the base of the capital, recalling the base of the legendary basket.

Most buildings (and most clients) are satisfied with just two orders. When orders are superposed one above another, as they are at the [[Colosseum]], the natural progression is from sturdiest and plainest (Doric) at the bottom, to slenderest and richest (Corinthian) at the top. The Colosseum's topmost tier has an unusual order that came to be known as the [[Composite order]] during the 16th century. The mid-16th-century Italians, especially [[Sebastiano Serlio]] and [[Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola]], who established a [[wikt:canon|canonic]] version of the orders, thought they detected a "Composite order", combining the volutes of the Ionic with the foliage of the Corinthian, but in Roman practice volutes were almost always present.

In [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] and [[Gothic architecture]], where the Classical system had been replaced by a new aesthetic composed of arched vaults springing from columns, the Corinthian capital was still retained. It might be severely plain, as in the typical [[Cistercian architecture]], which encouraged no distraction from liturgy and ascetic contemplation, or in other contexts it could be treated to numerous fanciful variations, even on the capitals of a series of columns or [[colonette]]s within the same system.

During the 16th century, a sequence of engravings of the orders in architectural treatises helped standardize their details within rigid limits: Sebastiano Serlio; the ''[[The Five Orders of Architecture|Regola delli cinque ordini]]'' of [[Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola]] (1507–1573); ''[[I quattro libri dell'architettura]]'' of [[Andrea Palladio]], and Vincenzo Scamozzi's ''L'idea dell'architettura universale'', were followed in the 17th century by French treatises with further refined engraved models, such as Perrault's.

==Notable examples==
[[File:France-002364 - Square House (15867600545).jpg|thumb|The Maison Carrée, [[Nîmes]], France, unknown architect, 1st century AD]]
* Argentina
** [[Palace of the Argentine National Congress]] 
*Bangladesh
**[[Tajhat Palace]], Rangpur
* France
** [[Maison Carrée]], [[Nimes]]
** The [[July Column]], Paris
* Germany
** [[Palatine Chapel, Aachen]]
** [[Reichstag building|The Reichstag]], Berlin
* Greece
** [[Choragic Monument of Lysicrates]], Athens
** [[Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens]]
* Israel
** [[Seat of the Universal House of Justice]], Haifa
* Italy
** [[Pantheon, Rome]]
** [[Temple of Mars Ultor]]
** [[Temple of Vesta, Tivoli]]
* Jordan
** [[Jerash|Jarash]]
** [[Jabal al-Qal'a]], [[Amman]]
* Philippines
** [[St. La Salle Hall]]
** [[Don Enrique T. Yuchengco Hall]]
** [[Enrique M. Razon Sports Center]]
* Portugal
** [[Templo de Diana]], [[Évora]]
** [[Column of Pedro IV]], [[Lisbon]]
* Romania
** [[New Saint George Church of Bucharest]]
** [[Royal Palace of Bucharest]]
** The Church from the [[Antim Monastery]]
** [[Central University Library, Bucharest|Central University Library of Bucharest]]
** [[Monteoru House]]
* Russia
** [[Winter Palace]]
** [[Saint Isaac's Cathedral]]
* Serbia
** [[House of the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia]]
* Singapore
** [[Former City Hall, Singapore|Former City Hall]]
*South Africa
**[[Houses of Parliament, Cape Town|Houses of Parliament]], [[Cape Town]]
*Syria
**[[Bosra]]
**[[Damascus]]: [[Temple of Jupiter, Damascus|Temple of Jupiter]]
**[[Latakia]]: Colonnade of [[Dionysus|Bacchus]]
**[[Palmyra]]
* Ukraine
** [[Great Lavra Belltower]] (''fourth tier – 8 columns'')
** [[Independence Monument, Kyiv|Independence Monument]]
* United Kingdom
** [[Nelson's Column]] in [[Central London]]
** [[University College London]]
* United States of America
** [[United States Capitol]]<ref name="Corinthian Columns"/>
** [[United States Supreme Court Building]]
** [[City Hall-County Building (Chicago)]]
** [[The Rotunda (University of Virginia)|The Rotunda]], [[University of Virginia]]
** [[New York Stock Exchange]]

==Gallery==

<gallery mode="packed" heights="180px">
File:Xanten reconstructed composite capital.jpg|Reconstructed Corinthian capital, with original [[polychrome|colours]]
Temple of Apollo Epikourios, Bassae, details of a Corinthian isolated column in the interior.webp|[[Ancient Greek architecture|Ancient Greek]] Corinthian columns in the [[Temple of Apollo at Bassae]], [[Bassae]], Greece, illustration by [[Charles Robert Cockerell]], unknown architect, {{circa}}429-400 BC<ref>{{cite book|last1=Watkin|first1=David|title=A History of Western Architecture|date=2022|publisher=Laurence King|isbn=978-1-52942-030-2|page=40|url=|language=en}}</ref>
File:The external face of the capital, with the entablature, and half one of the tripods - Stuart James & Revett Nicholas - 1762.jpg|Ancient Greek Corinthian order of the [[Choragic Monument of Lysicrates]], Athens, {{circa}}335 BC
Corinthian capital, AM of Epidauros, 202545.jpg|Ancient Greek Corinthian capital from the [[tholos (architecture)|tholos]] at [[Epidaurus]], [[Archaeological Museum of Epidaurus]], Greece, said to have been designed by [[Polyclitus the Younger]], {{circa}}350 BC<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hugh Honour|first1=John Fleming|title=A World History of Art - Revised Seventh Edition|date=2009|publisher=Laurence King Publishing|isbn=978-1-85669-584-8|page=147|url=|language=en}}</ref>
File:L'Olympieion (Athènes) (30776483926).jpg|[[Ancient Roman architecture|Roman]] [[Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens|Temple of Olympian Zeus]], Athens, 174 BC–{{circa}}130 AD<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hugh Honour|first1=John Fleming|title=A World History of Art - Revised Seventh Edition|date=2009|publisher=Laurence King Publishing|isbn=978-1-85669-584-8|page=177|url=|language=en}}</ref>
File:Les edifices antiques de Rome 1779 (138343015).jpg|Roman Corinthian capital of the [[Temple of Vesta, Tivoli|Temple of Vesta]], [[Tivoli, Lazio|Tivoli]], Italy, with an oversized [[Fleuron (architecture)|fleuron]] (flower) on the [[abacus (architecture)|abacus]], probably a stylized hibiscus blossom with spiral [[pistil]], compressed acanthus rows, and flutes squared at the top, rather than rounded as on a standard Corinthian column, 1st century BC
Interior del Coliseo. 07.JPG|Roman Corinthian capital with [[Gorgoneion|''gorgoneia'']] from the Colosseum, [[Rome]], 70–80 BC

File:Fig 1 The capital and entablature of the portico before the door Fig 2 A fragment of the Dentells belonging to the corni - Stuart James & Revett Nicholas - 1762.jpg|Ancient Greek Corinthian order of the [[Tower of the Winds]], Athens, {{circa}}50 BC

File:Petra detail of Al Khazneh (The treasury) 1796.jpg|Roman Corinthian capital of [[Al-Khazneh]], [[Petra]], [[Jordan]], decorated with acanthuses and [[rinceau]]x, early 1st century AD

File:Detail of Corner Khazneh Petra Jordan1169.jpg|Roman Corinthian pilaster in a corner of Al-Khazneh

File:Buddha with monks.jpg|Group of [[Buddha]] seated between two monks, with two quasi-Corinthian pilasters that are here because of the influence of Greek culture during the [[Hellenistic period]], 1st-3rd centuries, stone, [[State Museum of History of Uzbekistan]], [[Tashkent]]

File:Les edifices antiques de Rome 1779 (138343262).jpg|Roman Corinthian capital of the [[Temple of Castor and Pollux]], Rome, with intertwining central stems, 1st century
Attica 06-13 Athens 24 Arch of Hadrian.jpg|Roman Corinthian columns and [[pilaster]]s of the [[Arch of Hadrian (Athens)|Arch of Hadrian]], Athens, 131 or 132 AD
Jerash Artemis Temple 0841.jpg|Roman Corinthian columns from the [[Temple of Artemis, Jerash|Temple of Artemis]], [[Jerash]], [[Jordan]], 150 AD
Rom, Basilika Santa Sabina, Innenansicht.jpg|The Constantinian [[basilica]] of [[Santa Sabina]] interior, with ''[[spolia]]'' Corinthian columns from the [[Temple of Juno Regina (Aventine)|Temple of Juno ''Regina'']]
Ravenna Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo capitel.jpg|[[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]] quasi-Corinthian capital in [[Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo]], [[Ravenna]], Italy, 6th century
File:Abadía de Saint-Germain-des-Prés, París, Francia, 2022-11-01, DD 20-22 HDR.jpg|[[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] quasi-Corinthian columns in [[Saint-Germain-des-Prés (abbey)|Saint-Germain-des-Prés]], Paris, 8th century, restored in the 19th century with original polychromy

File:Capital with the name of the builder ‘Abd ar Raḥmān III, and of the stonemason Fatḥ, mid-10th century, marble, from Andalusia (Madīnat az-Zahrā’), Inv. no. 5053, Pergamon Museum.jpg|[[Islamic architecture|Islamic]] quasi-Corinthian capital from [[Andalusia]] (Madīnat az-Zahrā’), present-day [[Spain]], mid-10th century, marble, [[Pergamon Museum]], Berlin

Tournus (71) Abbatiale Saint-Philibert - Intérieur - Chapiteau - 13.jpg|Romanesque quasi-Corinthian capital, [[Church of St. Philibert, Tournus|Church of St. Philibert]], [[Tournus]], France, {{circa}}1008 to mid-11th century<ref>{{cite book|last1=Watkin|first1=David|title=A History of Western Architecture|date=2022|publisher=Laurence King|isbn=978-1-52942-030-2|page=123|url=|language=en}}</ref>
Façade de la basilique Saint-André de Mantoue, réalisée par Leon Alberti.jpg|[[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] Corinthian pilasters of the [[Basilica of Sant'Andrea, Mantua|Basilica of Sant'Andrea]], [[Mantua]], Italy, [[Leon Battista Alberti]], begun in {{circa}}1450<ref>{{cite book|last1=Watkin|first1=David|title=A History of Western Architecture|date=2022|publisher=Laurence King|isbn=978-1-52942-030-2|page=217|url=|language=en}}</ref>

File:Sala dei gigli, capitello 01.JPG|[[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] reinterpretation of the Corinthian order, with a capital with [[Venus]] and [[Eros]], in the [[Sala dei Gigli]], [[Palazzo Vecchio]], [[Florence]], Italy, by [[Benedetto da Maiano]], 1476–1481.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wga.hu/html_m/m/maiano/benedett/portal.html|website=wga.hu|title=West wall portal of the Sala dei Gigli|access-date=3 September 2024}}</ref>

File:Santa-Maria-dei-Miracoli Main Portal.JPG|Renaissance Corinthian pilasters of the entrance of the [[Santa Maria dei Miracoli, Venice|Santa Maria dei Miracoli]], [[Venice]], by [[Pietro Lombardo]], 1481–1489

File:Santa Maria del Popolo Presbyterium Grabmal Ascanio Sforza.JPG|Renaissance Corinthian columns of the Tomb of [[Ascanio Maria Sforza]], [[Santa Maria del Popolo]], Rome, by [[Andrea Sansovino]], {{circa}}1505

File:Switzerland-03129 - Kindlifresserbrunnen (23573862711).jpg|Polychrome Renaissance column of the [[Kindlifresserbrunnen]], [[Bern]], [[Switzerland]], by [[Hans Gieng]], {{circa}}1545-1546

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane - Dome.jpg|[[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] Corinthian column capitals in the [[San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane]], Rome, by [[Francesco Borromini]], 1638–1677
Versailles Chapel - July 2006 edit.jpg|Baroque Corinthian columns in the [[Chapels of Versailles#Fifth Chapel|Chapel of the Palace of Versailles]], 1696–1710<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Henry|title=Le Style Louis XIV|date=1927|publisher=Flammarion|isbn=|page=39|url=|language=fr}}</ref>
ÖNB 8.jpg|Stylized Baroque Corinthian columns in the [[Austrian National Library]], [[Hofburg]], [[Vienna]], [[Austria]], designed by [[Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach]] in {{circa}}1716–1720, built in 1723–1726<ref>{{cite book|last1=Watkin|first1=David|title=A History of Western Architecture|date=2022|publisher=Laurence King|isbn=978-1-52942-030-2|page=325|url=|language=en}}</ref>
Stavropoleos (35).jpg|[[Brâncovenesc style|Brâncovenesc]] Corinthian capitals of the [[Stavropoleos Monastery]] Church, [[Bucharest]], [[Romania]], unknown architect, 1724

File:Schouw met putto Schouwen (serietitel), RP-P-1949-395-4.jpg|[[Rococo]] reinterpretations of the Corinthian order in an design for an interior, by [[Franz Xaver Habermann]], 1731–1775, etching on paper, [[Rijksmuseum]], [[Amsterdam]], the [[Netherlands]]

File:Altaar met God de Vader Altaren (serietitel), RP-P-1964-1453.jpg|Rococo reinterpretations of the Corinthian order in an altar design, with asymmetric capitals and more sinuous S-shaped acanthuses, by Franz Xaver Habermann, 1740–1745, etching on paper, Rijksmuseum

Wieskirche, Gemeinde Steingaden Ortsteil Wies.JPG|Rococo reinterpretations of the Corinthian order in the [[Wieskirche|Pilgrimage Church of Wies]], [[Steingaden]], Germany, by [[Dominikus Zimmermann|Dominikus]] and [[Johann Baptist Zimmermann]], 1746-1754<ref>{{cite book|last1=J. Philippe|first1=Minguet|title=Estetica Rococoului|date=1973|publisher=Meridiane|isbn=|page=|url=|language=ro}}</ref>
file:BasilikaOttobeurenHochaltar02.JPG|Rococo reinterpretations of the Corinthian order at the high altar in the [[Ottobeuren Abbey|abbey church]] of [[Ottobeuren]], Germany, by [[Johann Michael Fischer]], 1748-1754<ref>{{cite book|last1=Watkin|first1=David|title=A History of Western Architecture|date=2022|publisher=Laurence King|isbn=978-1-52942-030-2|page=333|url=|language=en}}</ref>
West facade of Petit Trianon 002.JPG|[[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] Corinthian columns on the [[Petit Trianon]], Versailles, by [[Ange-Jacques Gabriel]], 1764
File:Salon des dames d'honneur du Palais impérial de Compiègne (Oise) 01.jpg|Neoclassical Corinthian pilaster in the Salon des dames d'honneur, [[Château de Compiègne]], [[Compiègne]], France, unknown architect, {{circa}}1810
File:The moon over the Town Hall - geograph.org.uk - 2839144.jpg|Neoclassical Corinthian capitals of the [[Birmingham Town Hall]], [[Birmingham]], [[UK]], inspired by those of the Temple of Castor and Pollux in Rome, by [[Joseph Hansom]] and [[Edward Welch (architect)|Edward Welch]], 1834
File:Sturdivant Hall, Selma, Alabama LCCN2010646614.tif|[[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] Corinthian columns of the [[Sturdivant Hall]], [[Selma, Alabama|Selma]], [[Alabama]], US, inspired by those of the Tower of the Winds, by [[Thomas Helm Lee]], 1852–1856
CorinthOrdUsCap.jpg|The Neoclassical Corinthian order as used in extending the [[United States Capitol]] in 1854: the column's shaft has been omitted

File:Paris 9 - 11 cité Malesherbes -1.JPG|[[Renaissance Revival architecture|Renaissance Revival]] polychrome ceramic Corinthian pilasters of [[Cité Malesherbes]] no. 11 (lower story), Paris, architect [[Antoine Anatole Jal]] and painter [[Pierre-Jules Jollivet]], 1858<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00088963|website=pop.culture.gouv.fr|title=Immeuble|access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref>

File:Lyon 5e - Cimetière de Loyasse - Allée 18 - Tombe de Claude Bonnefond - Sculpture et médaillon.jpg|Neoclassical reinterpretation of the Corinthian capital at the Grave of [[Claude Bonnefond]], [[Loyasse Cemetery]], [[Lyon]], France, designed by [[Antoine-Marie Chenavard]] and sculpted by [[Guillaume Bonnet (sculptor)|Guillaume Bonnet]], {{circa}}1860
Detail of the principal facade of the Opéra Garnier, 23 March 2010.jpg|[[Beaux Arts architecture|Beaux Arts]] Corinthian columns on the facade of the [[Palais Garnier]], Paris, by [[Charles Garnier (architect)|Charles Garnier]], 1861–1874<ref>{{cite book|last1=Robertson|first1=Hutton|title=The History of Art - From Prehistory to Presentday - A Global View|date=2022|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-02236-8|page=989|url=|language=en}}</ref>
File:Parc des Buttes-Chaumont @ Paris (15261458609).jpg|Neoclassical Corinthian capital of the [[Temple de la Sibylle]], [[Parc des Buttes Chaumont]], Paris, heavily inspired by those of the Temple of Vesta in Tivoli, by [[Gabriel Davioud]], 1866
2023-04-22 Parlament Säulenhalle1.jpg|[[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]] Corinthian columns in the [[Austrian Parliament Building]], [[Vienna]], inspired by those of the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, by [[Theophil von Hansen]], 1873–1883<ref>{{cite book|last1=Watkin|first1=David|title=A History of Western Architecture|date=2022|publisher=Laurence King|isbn=978-1-52942-030-2|page=490|url=|language=en}}</ref>
Austrian Parliament Building - colored sections 04.jpg|Greek Revival pilaster capitals on the facade of the Austrian Parliament Building

File:Pedestal from the drawing room of the William H. Vanderbilt House MET DT5417.jpg|Pair of pedestals that reinterpret the Corinthian order (not just the capital, also the shaft), from  the drawing room of the [[William H. Vanderbilt]] House, 1879–1882, Egyptian [[alabaster]], gilt brass, and red glass jewels, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York City

File:Bowling Green NYC Feb 2021 53.jpg|Greek Revival Corinthian columns of the [[Bowling Green Offices Building]], New York City, a mix of those of the Tower of the Winds and those of the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, by [[W. & G. Audsley]], 1895–1898<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.classicist.org/articles/greek-classicism-a-design-resource-for-historic-and-contemporary-architecture-with-calder-loth-part-ii/|website=classicist.org|title=Greek Classicism: A Design Resource for Historic and Contemporary Architecture, Part II, with Calder Loth (29:46 in the video)|access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref>

File:Palace of Fine Arts-21.jpg|Beaux-Arts reinterpretation of the Corinthian order at the Rotunda of the [[Palace of Fine Arts]], [[San Francisco]], US, with a full figure on the capital, [[egg-and-dart]] on the [[astragal]] that is just under the capital, and two extra smaller volutes and a handle-like element on the canonic volutes of the capital corner, by [[Bernard Maybeck]], 1913–1915
File:Exhibition of Japanese Government-General Building Remains 04.JPG|Corinthian capital from the [[Japanese General Government Building]], 1926, unknown type of stone, [[Independence Hall of Korea]], [[Cheonan]], [[South Korea]]
File:Philadelphia Museum of Art, main building.jpg|Neoclassical polychrome Corinthian columns, entablature and pediment of the [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]], [[Philadelphia]], US, by [[Horace Trumbauer]] and [[Zantzinger, Borie & Medary]], 1933<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.classicist.org/articles/greek-classicism-a-design-resource-for-historic-and-contemporary-architecture-with-calder-loth-part-ii/|website=classicist.org|title=Greek Classicism: A Design Resource for Historic and Contemporary Architecture, Part II, with Calder Loth (28:36 in the video)|access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref>

File:PiazzaDItalia1990.jpg|[[Postmodern architecture|Postmodern]] Corinthian columns of the [[Piazza d'Italia (New Orleans)|Piazza d'Italia]], [[New Orleans]], US, by [[Charles Moore (architect)|Charles Moore]], 1978–1979<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hugh Honour|first1=John Fleming|title=A World History of Art - Revised Seventh Edition|date=2009|publisher=Laurence King Publishing|isbn=978-1-85669-584-8|page=867|url=|language=en}}</ref>
File:South Bay Galleria column, Redondo Beach, California, US, by RTKL Associates and Theo Kondos Associates, 1985.png|Postmodern [[Neon lighting#Neon lighting and artists in light|neon]] Corinthian capital in [[South Bay Galleria]], [[Redondo Beach, California]], US, by [[RTKL Associates]] and [[Theo Kondos Associates]], 1985
Pumping station, Stewart Street (geograph 4678320).jpg|Reinterpreted Postmodern Corinthian columns of the [[Isle of Dogs Pumping Station]], London, [[John Outram]], 1988<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gura|first1=Judith|title=Postmodern Design Complete|date=2017|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-51914-1|page=121|url=|language=en}}</ref>
Cambridge - Gonville and Caius College - 0913.jpg|[[New Classical architecture|New Classical]] Greek Revival Corinthian column in the [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge|Gonville and Caius College]] Hall, [[Cambridge]], UK, inspired by the one from the Temple of Apollo at Bassaem by [[John Simpson (architect)|John Simpson]], 1998
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Giant order]]
* [[Superposed order]]
* [[Chapelle Sainte Radegonde (Chinon)]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*Brown, Frank C., ''Study of the Orders'', 2002 digital edn. (1st edn 1906), Digital Scanning Incorporated, ISBN 9781582187334, [https://books.google.com/books?id=E6POBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA232 google books]
*[[A. W. Lawrence|Lawrence, A. W.]], ''Greek Architecture'', 1957, Penguin, Pelican history of art
*[[John Summerson|Summerson, John]], ''[[The Classical Language of Architecture]]'', 1980 edition, [[Thames and Hudson]] ''World of Art'' series, {{ISBN|0500201773}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Corinthian columns}}
* [http://www.institute-of-traditional-architecture.org/self-study/classical-elements/ Classical orders and elements]

{{Classical orders}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Corinthian Order}}
[[Category:Corinthian columns|*]]
[[Category:Ancient Corinth|Order]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek architecture]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman architectural elements]]
[[Category:Orders of columns]]