Editing Coprophagia

{{Short description|Consumption of feces}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}}
{{Distinguish|Coprographia}}
[[Image:Ch.megacephala wiki.jpg|thumb|A female oriental latrine fly (''[[Chrysomya megacephala]]'') feeds on feces]]

'''Coprophagia''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|ɒ|p|ɹ|ə|ˈ|f|eɪ|dʒ|i|ə}} {{respell|KOP|rə|FAY|jee|ə}})<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/coprophagia | title = Coprophagia | work = [[Dictionary.com]] | access-date = 2 September 2012 | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060954/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/coprophagia | url-status = live }}</ref> or '''coprophagy''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|p|ɹ|ɒ|f|ə|dʒ|i}} {{respell|kə|PROF|ə|jee}}) is the consumption of [[feces]]. The word is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|κόπρος}} {{transliteration|grc|kópros}} "feces" and {{lang|grc|φαγεῖν}} {{transliteration|grc|phageîn}} "to eat". Coprophagy refers to many kinds of feces-eating, including eating feces of other species (heterospecifics), of other individuals (allocoprophagy), or one's own (autocoprophagy). Feces may be already deposited or taken directly from the [[anus]].<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Hirakawa H | year=2001 | title=Coprophagy in leporids and other mammalian herbivores | journal=Mammal Review | volume=31 | issue=1 | pages=61–80| doi=10.1046/j.1365-2907.2001.00079.x}}</ref> Some animal species eat feces as a normal behavior, whereas other species may eat feces [[List of abnormal behaviours in animals|under certain conditions]].

== Coprophagia by plants ==
Some carnivorous plants, such as pitcher plants of the genus ''[[Nepenthes]]'', obtain nutrition from the feces of [[commensalism|commensal]] animals. Notable examples include ''[[Nepenthes jamban]]'', whose specific name is the [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] word for [[toilet]].<ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Walker M | date = 10 March 2010 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8552000/8552157.stm | work = BBC - Earth News | title = Giant meat-eating plants prefer to eat tree shrew poo | access-date = 19 July 2016 | archive-date = 13 March 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100313085308/http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8552000/8552157.stm | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Pappas S|url=http://www.livescience.com/51501-pitcher-plants-lure-pooping-bats.html|title=How Hungry Pitcher Plants Get the Poop They Need|website=[[Live Science]]|date=9 July 2015|access-date=19 July 2016|archive-date=16 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716085126/http://www.livescience.com/51501-pitcher-plants-lure-pooping-bats.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Manure]] is organic matter, mostly animal feces, that is used as [[organic fertilizer]] for plants in [[agriculture]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manure {{!}} Organic, Composting, Gardening |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/manure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307234920/https://www.britannica.com/topic/manure |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]}}</ref>

== Coprophagia by nonhuman animals ==
=== By invertebrates ===
[[Image:Adonis Blue butterflies.jpg|thumb|right|Two [[Adonis blue]] [[Butterfly|butterflies]] feeding on a lump of feces]]
Coprophagous insects consume and [[digestion|redigest]] the feces of large animals. These feces contain substantial amounts of semidigested [[food]], particularly in the case of [[herbivore]]s, owing to the inefficiency of the large animals' [[Digestion|digestive systems]]. Thousands of species of coprophagous insects are known, especially among the orders [[Fly|Diptera]] and [[Beetle|Coleoptera]]. Examples of such flies are ''[[Scathophaga stercoraria]]'' and ''[[Sepsis cynipsea]]'', dung flies commonly found in Europe around cattle droppings. 

Among beetles, [[dung beetle]]s are a diverse lineage, many of which feed on the microorganism-rich liquid component of mammals' dung, and lay their eggs in balls composed mainly of the remaining fibrous material.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2008.04.011  |title = Ecological functions and ecosystem services provided by Scarabaeine dung beetles|journal = Biological Conservation|volume = 141|issue = 6|pages = 1461–1474|year = 2008 | vauthors = Nichols E, Spector S, Louzada J, Larsen T, Amezquita S, Favila ME | bibcode=2008BCons.141.1461N | collaboration = The Scarabaeinae Research Network }}</ref> Group living and aggregation among [[Forficula auricularia|common earwigs]] promotes allo-coprophagy (consuming the feces of other members of one's own species) to promote the growth of helpful gut bacteria and provide a food source when food is scarce.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Körner |first=Maximilian |last2=Diehl |first2=Janina M. C. |last3=Meunier |first3=Joël |date=2016-07-08 |title=Growing up with feces: benefits of allo-coprophagy in families of the European earwig |url=https://academic.oup.com/beheco/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/beheco/arw113 |journal=Behavioral Ecology |language=en |pages=arw113 |doi=10.1093/beheco/arw113 |issn=1045-2249}}</ref>

Through proctodeal feeding, [[termite]]s eat one another's feces as a means of obtaining their [[hindgut]] [[protist]]s. Termites and protists have a [[symbiotic]] relationship (e.g. with the protozoan that allows the termites to digest the cellulose in their diet). For example, in one group of termites,  a three-way symbiotic relationship exists; termites of the family Rhinotermitidae, cellulolytic protists of the genus ''Pseudotrichonympha'' in the guts of these termites, and intracellular bacterial symbionts of the protists.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Noda S, Kitade O, Inoue T, Kawai M, Kanuka M, Hiroshima K, Hongoh Y, Constantino R, Uys V, Zhong J, Kudo T, Ohkuma M | title = Cospeciation in the triplex symbiosis of termite gut protists (Pseudotrichonympha spp.), their hosts, and their bacterial endosymbionts | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 16 | issue = 6 | pages = 1257–1266 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17391411 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03219.x | bibcode = 2007MolEc..16.1257N | s2cid = 21264858 }}</ref>

=== By vertebrates ===
[[Lagomorpha|Lagomorphs]] ([[Rabbit|rabbits]], [[Hare|hares]], [[Pika|pikas]]) and some other mammals ferment fiber in their cecums, which is then expelled as [[cecotrope]]s and eaten from the anus, a process called "[[cecotrope|cecotrophy]]".  Then their food is processed through the gastrointestinal tract a second time, which allows them to absorb more nutrition.  While cecotropes are expelled from the anus, they are not feces and thus eating them is not called coprophagia.

Domesticated and wild mammals are sometimes coprophagic.

Some dogs may lack critical digestive enzymes when they are only eating processed dried foods, so they gain these from consuming fecal matter. They only consume fecal matter that is less than two days old which supports this theory.<ref>{{cite news|vauthors=Brogan J|title=Everyone Poops. Some Animals Eat It. Why?|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/everyone-poops-some-animals-eat-it-why-180961020/|access-date=10 November 2016|work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|date=4 November 2016|archive-date=10 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110235017/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/everyone-poops-some-animals-eat-it-why-180961020/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Cattle]] in the United States are often fed [[chicken litter]]. Concerns have arisen that the practice of feeding chicken litter to cattle could lead to [[bovine spongiform encephalopathy]] (mad-cow disease) because of the crushed [[meat and bone meal|bone meal]] in chicken feed. The U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] regulates this practice by attempting to prevent the introduction of any part of cattle brain or spinal cord into [[livestock]] feed. [[Chickens]] also eat their own feces. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://petkeen.com/do-chickens-eat-their-own-poop/ |title=Do Chickens Eat Their Own Poop? The Interesting Answer |date=24 November 2021 |access-date=2023-04-15 |archive-date=2023-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415135355/https://petkeen.com/do-chickens-eat-their-own-poop/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Hirsch J | date = 31 October 2009 | url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-oct-31-fi-feed31-story.html | title = Ban on feces in cattle feed urged | work = L.A. Times | access-date = 14 August 2022 | archive-date = 14 August 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220814124811/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-oct-31-fi-feed31-story.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Other countries, such as Canada, have banned chicken litter for use as a livestock feed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/feeds/regulatory-guidance/rg-2/eng/1328859106165/1328859287377|website=Canadian Food Inspection Agency|title=Feeding of Poultry Manure to Cattle Prohibited|date=2012-02-10|access-date=2015-05-22|archive-date=2015-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523014556/http://www.inspection.gc.ca/animals/feeds/regulatory-guidance/rg-2/eng/1328859106165/1328859287377|url-status=live}}</ref>

The young of [[elephant]]s, [[Giant Panda|giant pandas]], [[koala]]s, and [[Hippopotamus|hippo]]s eat the feces of their mothers or other animals in the herd, to obtain the [[bacteria]] required to properly digest [[vegetation]] found in their ecosystems.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/adaptations/Coprophagia | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120325111603/https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/adaptations/Coprophagia | archive-date = 25 March 2012 |title=BBC Nature&nbsp;— Dung eater videos, news and facts |publisher=bbc.co.uk |access-date=2011-11-27}}</ref> When such animals are born, their [[intestine]]s are sterile and do not contain these bacteria. Without doing this, they would be unable to obtain any nutritional value from plants. Piglets with access to maternal feces early in life exhibited better performance.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Aviles-Rosa EO, Rakhshandeh A, McGlone JJ | title = Preliminary Study: Depriving Piglets of Maternal Feces for the First Seven Days Post-Partum Changes Piglet Physiology and Performance before and after Weaning | journal = Animals | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | page = 268 | date = May 2019 | pmid = 31126021 | pmc = 6562806 | doi = 10.3390/ani9050268 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

[[Hamster]]s, [[guinea pigs]], [[chinchillas]], [[hedgehogs]], and [[pig]]s eat their own droppings, which are thought to be a source of [[vitamin]]s [[B vitamins|B]] and [[Vitamin K|K]], produced by gut bacteria.<ref name="pmid1954740">{{cite journal | vauthors = Soave O, Brand CD | title = Coprophagy in animals: a review | journal = The Cornell Veterinarian | volume = 81 | issue = 4 | pages = 357–64 | date = October 1991 | pmid = 1954740 | doi =  | url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924051143075;view=1up;seq=380 | access-date = 2019-09-30 | archive-date = 2020-11-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201106160900/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924051143075;view=1up;seq=380 | url-status = live }}</ref> Sometimes, there is also the aspect of [[Self-anointing in animals|self-anointment]] while these creatures eat their droppings.<ref>{{Cite web|vauthors=Pareek RC|title=Why do HedgeHogs Eat Poop? We Explain!|url=https://smallpetsite.com/do-hedgehogs-eat-poop-explained/|access-date=2020-08-14|website=Small Pet Site|date=10 July 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815112550/https://smallpetsite.com/do-hedgehogs-eat-poop-explained/|url-status=live}}</ref> On rare occasions [[gorilla]]s have been observed consuming their feces, possibly out of boredom, a desire for warm food, or to reingest seeds contained in the feces.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Rothman JM, Pell AN, Nkurunungi JB, Dierenfeld ES | chapter = Nutritional aspects of the diet of wild gorillas. | veditors = Newton-Fisher NE, Notman H, Paterson JD, Reynolds V | title = Primates of Western Uganda | date = 2006 | pages = 153–169 | location = New York, NY | chapter-url = http://pages.nycep.org/rothman/6PWUnutr.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121018144508/http://pages.nycep.org/rothman/6PWUnutr.pdf | archive-date = 18 October 2012 | publisher = Springer Science & Business Media | isbn = 978-0-387-33505-6 }}</ref>

== Coprophagia by humans ==

In humans, coprophagia has been described since the late 19th century in individuals with mental illnesses and in some sexual acts,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moore AM | title = Coprophagy in nineteenth-century psychiatry | journal = Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease | volume = 29 | issue = 1 | pages = 1535737 | year = 2018 | pmid = 30425610 | pmc = 6225515 | doi = 10.1080/16512235.2018.1535737 }}</ref> such as the practices of [[anilingus]] and [[felching]] where sex partners insert their tongue into each other's anus and ingest biologically significant amounts of feces.<ref name="Malbon 2021">{{cite web | vauthors=Malbon A | title=What is rimming? How to give a rim job safely | website=Netdoctor | date=2021-02-12 | url=https://www.netdoctor.co.uk/healthy-living/sex-life/a27588649/rimming-safe-prepare-tips/ | access-date=2022-06-21 | archive-date=2022-06-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621042453/https://www.netdoctor.co.uk/healthy-living/sex-life/a27588649/rimming-safe-prepare-tips/ | url-status=live }}</ref> 

=== In cuisine ===
The feces of the [[rock ptarmigan]] is used in [[Urumiit]], which is a delicacy in some [[Inuit cuisine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/this-shit-is-a-delicacy/|title=This Shit Is a Delicacy|first=Lawrence|last=Millman|date=2 February 2017|publisher=|access-date=16 August 2022|archive-date=28 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928133439/https://munchies.vice.com/en_us/article/qknnnx/this-shit-is-a-delicacy|url-status=live}}</ref> Several beverages are made using the feces of animals, including but not limited to [[Kopi luwak]], [[insect tea]], and [[Black Ivory Coffee]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-27 |title=World's Priciest Coffee Is Hand-Picked From Elephant Dung |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/photo-essays/2017-01-27/world-s-priciest-coffee-is-hand-picked-from-elephant-dung |access-date=2023-03-18 |archive-date=2022-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513120656/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/photo-essays/2017-01-27/world-s-priciest-coffee-is-hand-picked-from-elephant-dung |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Casu martzu]] is a cheese that uses the digestive processes of live maggots to help ferment and break down the cheese's fats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-23 |title=Casu Marzu - nice Italian cheese, which is illegal and has thousands of maggots by design - Technology Org |url=https://www.technology.org/2019/11/23/casu-marzu-nice-italian-cheese-which-is-illegal-and-has-thousands-of-maggots-by-design/ |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=www.technology.org |language=en-us}}</ref>

=== As a cult practice ===
Members of a religious cult{{Which|date=October 2024}} in Thailand routinely ate the feces and dead skin of their leader, whom they considered to be a holy man with healing powers.<ref name="poopcult">{{cite web | vauthors = Ewe K | date = 26 May 2022 | url = https://www.vice.com/en/article/religious-cult-eats-poop/ | title = Disturbing Details Keep Emerging About This Bizarre Poop-Eating Cult | work = Vice | access-date = 1 July 2022 | archive-date = 1 July 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220701022928/https://www.vice.com/en/article/n7n8ed/religious-cult-eats-poop | url-status = live }}</ref>

=== As a paraphilia ===
According to the [[DSM-5]], [[coprophilia]] is a [[paraphilia]] where the object of sexual interest is feces. This can involve coprophagia.<ref name="DSM-5, intro">{{cite book|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|edition=Fifth|chapter=Paraphilic Disorders|year=2013|publisher=[[American Psychiatric Publishing]]|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|pages=685–686}}</ref>
Coprophagia is sometimes depicted in [[pornography]], typically under the term "scat" (from [[scatology]]),<ref name="Holmes">{{cite book | vauthors = Holmes RM |title= Sex Crimes: Patterns and Behavior |publisher= Sage Publications |location= Thousand Oaks |isbn= 0-7619-2417-5 |oclc= 47893709 |page= 244|date= 2001-11-05 }}</ref> such as in the [[shock video]] ''[[2 Girls 1 Cup]]''.<ref name="2girls1cup">{{cite news|title=2 Girls, 1 Cup: The Real Poop |publisher=[[The Smoking Gun]] |url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/1130071onecup1.html |date=November 30, 2007 |access-date=December 7, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102035152/http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/1130071onecup1.html |archive-date=January 2, 2010 |url-status=live |df=mdy }}</ref> ''[[The 120 Days of Sodom]]'', a 1785 novel by [[Marquis de Sade]], prominently features depictions of erotic sadomasochistic coprophagia.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Marquis de Sade DF | date = 1785 | title = Les 120 journées de Sodome, ou L'École du Libertinage | trans-title = The 120 Days of Sodom, or The School of Libertinage | language = French | url = https://ebooks-bnr.com/ebooks/pdf5/sade_les_120_journees_de_sodome-a5.pdf | access-date = 2022-08-14 | archive-date = 2022-08-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220814125528/https://ebooks-bnr.com/ebooks/pdf5/sade_les_120_journees_de_sodome-a5.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> The 1975 [[Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom|film of the same name]] also contains scenes of coprophilia and coprophagia.

=== As a supposed medical treatment ===
[[Ayurveda]] and [[Siddha medicine]] use animal excreta in various forms, with the most important being the dung and urine of the [[Zebu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2011 |title=An open-label, prospective clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TLPL/AY/01/2008 in the management of functional constipation |pmc=3193686 |last1=Munshi |first1=R. |last2=Bhalerao |first2=S. |last3=Rathi |first3=P. |last4=Kuber |first4=V. V. |last5=Nipanikar |first5=S. U. |last6=Kadbhane |first6=K. P. |journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=144–152 |doi=10.4103/0975-9476.85554 |pmid=22022157 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandey |first=Neelam |date=2021-01-06 |title=Cow urine, milk can treat skin diseases, psoriasis — Modi govt's agency in document for exam |url=https://theprint.in/india/cow-urine-milk-can-treat-skin-diseases-psoriasis-modi-govts-agency-in-document-for-exam/580225/ |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318013452/https://theprint.in/india/cow-urine-milk-can-treat-skin-diseases-psoriasis-modi-govts-agency-in-document-for-exam/580225/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the mid 16th century, physicians tasted their patients' feces to better judge their state and condition, according to François Rabelais. Rabelais studied medicine, but was also a writer of satirical and grotesque fiction, so the truth of this statement is unclear.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Rabelais F |title=The Works of Francis Rabelais | volume = 2 |date=2009 |publisher=BiblioBazaar |isbn=978-1-103-35398-9 | page = 56 }}</ref>

Ralph A. Lewin{{who?|date=October 2024}} reported "...&nbsp;consumption of fresh, warm [[camel]] feces has been recommended by [[Bedouin]]s as a remedy for bacterial [[dysentery]]; its efficacy (probably attributable to the antibiotic [[subtilisin]] from ''[[Bacillus subtilis]]'') was anecdotally confirmed by German soldiers in Africa during World War II".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lewin RA | title = More on Merde | journal = Perspectives in Biology and Medicine | volume = 44 | issue = 4 | pages = 594–607 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11600805 | doi = 10.1353/pbm.2001.0067 | s2cid = 201764383 }}</ref> However, this story is likely a myth, and independent research has been unable to verify these claims.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Koopman N, van Leeuwen P, Brul S, Seppen J | title = History of fecal transplantation; camel feces contains limited amounts of Bacillus subtilis spores and likely has no traditional role in the treatment of dysentery | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 17 | issue = 8 | pages = e0272607 | date = 2022-08-10 | pmid = 35947590 | pmc = 9365175 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0272607 | bibcode = 2022PLoSO..1772607K | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Elephant caretakers in Xayaboury province, Laos, have been documented using elephant feces primarily as a medicine for gastrointestinal and skin problems.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dubost |first1=Jean-Marc |last2=Kongchack |first2=Phommachack |last3=Deharo |first3=Eric |last4=Sysay |first4=Palamy |last5=Her |first5=Chithdavone |last6=Vichith |first6=Lamxay |last7=Sébastien |first7=Duffillot |last8=Krief |first8=Sabrina |title=Zootherapeutic uses of animals excreta: the case of elephant dung and urine use in Sayaboury province, Laos |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |date=28 October 2021 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=62 |url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-021-00484-7}}</ref>

=== As a symptom ===
Coprophagia has also been observed in some people with [[schizophrenia]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Harada KI, Yamamoto K, Saito T | title = Effective treatment of coprophagia in a patient with schizophrenia with the novel atypical antipsychotic drug perospirone | journal = Pharmacopsychiatry | volume = 39 | issue = 3 | pages = 113 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16721701 | doi = 10.1055/s-2006-941487 | s2cid = 260250812 }}</ref> and [[Pica (disorder)|pica]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rose EA, Porcerelli JH, Neale AV | title = Pica: common but commonly missed | journal = The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice | volume = 13 | issue = 5 | pages = 353–358 | year = 2000 | pmid = 11001006 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Coprophilous fungi]]
* [[Fecal bacteriotherapy]]
* [[Faecal transplant]]
* [[Fecal–oral route]], a route of disease transmission
* [[Gomutra]]
* ''[[Kopi luwak]]''
* [[Panchagavya]]
* [[Pig toilet]]
* [[Scathophagidae]] 
* [[Scatophagidae]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.cvm.uiuc.edu/petcolumns/showarticle.cfm?id=166 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040214154011/http://www.cvm.uiuc.edu/petcolumns/showarticle.cfm?id=166 | archive-date = 14 February 2004 | title = Why Does My Dog Eat Feces? | vauthors = Fuess TA | date = 2 June 1997 | work = University of Illinois, College of Vet Medicine }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

{{Feeding}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Coprophagia}}
[[Category:Eating behaviors]]
[[Category:Ethology]]
[[Category:Feces]]
[[Category:Pica (disorder)]]