Editing Conspiracy Theory (film)

{{short description|1997 American political action film by Richard Donner}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name           = Conspiracy Theory
| image          = Conspiracy theory poster.jpg
| caption        = Theatrical release poster
| director       = [[Richard Donner]]
| producer       = {{Plainlist| 
* Richard Donner
* [[Joel Silver]]
}}
| writer         = [[Brian Helgeland]]
| starring       = {{Plainlist| 
* [[Mel Gibson]]
* [[Julia Roberts]]
* [[Patrick Stewart]]
}}
| music          = [[Carter Burwell]]
| cinematography = [[John Schwartzman]]
| editing        = {{Plainlist| 
* [[Kevin Stitt (film editor)|Kevin Stitt]]
* [[Frank J. Urioste]]
}}
| studio         = {{Plainlist| 
* [[Silver Pictures]]
* [[The Donners' Company|Shuler Donner/Donner Productions]]
}}
| distributor    = [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.]]
| released       = {{Film date|1997|08|08|United States}}
| runtime        = 135 minutes
| language       = English
| budget         = 
| gross          = $137 million<ref name="mojo">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0118883/|title=''Conspiracy Theory'' (1997)|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=September 28, 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''''Conspiracy Theory''''' is a 1997 American [[political film|political]] [[action film|action thriller]] film directed by [[Richard Donner]]. Starring [[Mel Gibson]], [[Julia Roberts]] and [[Patrick Stewart]], the original screenplay by [[Brian Helgeland]] centers on an eccentric taxi driver who believes many world events are triggered by [[conspiracy theory|government conspiracies]], and the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] attorney who becomes involved in his life. The film grossed $137 million,<ref name="mojo" /> and critical reviews were mixed.<ref name="tomatoes" />

==Plot==
[[New York City]] taxi driver Jerry Fletcher is a passionate conspiracy theorist, happily sharing his ideas with anyone who will listen. His favorite audience is [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] lawyer Alice Sutton, who tolerates him because he once saved her from a mugging but is unaware he spies on her at home. She is haunted by the murder of her father, a judge, which her boss Mr. Wilson believes was ordered by an inmate her father denied an appeal.

One day, Jerry notices some men he surmises to be [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] agents, who lure him into a trap. They bring him to a man who, claiming to know Jerry well, injects him with [[LSD]] and demands to know who he has been talking to "about us." Experiencing terrifying hallucinations and flashbacks, Jerry manages to escape after biting the interrogator's nose, but is injured when the wheelchair he is taped to falls down a flight of stairs and a metal rod pierces his abdomen. Accosting Alice in the Justice Department lobby, a frantic, bloodied Jerry grabs a security guard's gun and is arrested.

Taken to the hospital, Jerry is handcuffed to a bed and drugged. Before losing consciousness, he begs Alice to switch his chart with the criminal in the next bed, claiming he will be dead by morning otherwise. When Alice returns the next day, the criminal has died from an alleged heart attack and the police, along with the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] and the CIA, arrive to ID the body, believing it to be Jerry's. The CIA is led by a psychiatrist named Dr. Jonas, whose nose is bandaged. Jerry fakes a heart attack and, with a reluctant Alice's help, escapes again. Alice and FBI Agent Lowry examine Jerry's belongings before the CIA confiscates them. She returns to her car to find Jerry hiding in the back seat. While driving, Jerry explains someone is likely following her. Alice waves the suspicious car on to discover it is Lowry; she convinces him to leave her alone until she has more information to offer. 

At Jerry's apartment, he suspects that something in the conspiracy newsletter he produces has set off this sudden interest in him, but has no idea what it is. Alice, meanwhile, begins to grasp the depths of Jerry's paranoia and loneliness, including his compulsion to buy copies of ''[[Catcher in the Rye]]'' despite never reading it. Just as she's decided he is crazy, a [[SWAT]] team starts to break in. Jerry activates devices that incinerate the apartment and they leave through a hidden trapdoor. In the room below, Alice is startled by a mural of her riding a horse - something she gave up after her father's murder - and the triple [[smokestacks]] of the [[Ravenswood Generating Station]]. Jerry disguises himself as a firefighter and carries Alice past emergency services and an arriving Jonas. They go to her apartment, where Jerry inadvertently reveals he has been watching Alice and is kicked out. Down on the street, Jerry notices Lowry and his partner staking out the apartment and warns them off at gunpoint. After a compulsive purchase at a bookstore is flagged by the CIA, Jerry flees from agents into a theater and escapes by faking a bomb threat.

Alice is told by Mr. Wilson that the Justice Department must cooperate with Dr. Jonas to locate Jerry. Suspicious, she calls each person on Jerry's mailing list and finds that all but one, Harry Finch, have recently died. Jerry disables the CIA's van and uses a ruse to get Alice out of the office. While escaping through a subway station, he tells her that he fell in love with her [[Love at first sight|at first sight]], fleeing on a subway train when she brushes off his feelings. 

Alice goes to see Harry Finch, who turns out to be Jonas. He explains that he helped develop the [[MKUltra]] program, unofficially continuing it after being shut down in 1973. His brainwashing techniques, which he used to turn people like Jerry into assassins, were stolen by an unknown party, who he needs Jerry to identify. He also claims that Jerry killed Alice's father. She agrees to help find Jerry, who sends her a message to meet him. Ditching the agents by causing a traffic jam on the [[Queensboro Bridge]] and switching cars, he drives her to her father's private horse stables in [[Connecticut]]. Along the way, Alice secretly calls her office so Jonas and Wilson can track her phone. At the stables, Jerry remembers that he was programmed to kill her father but the sight of Alice dissuaded him. Instead, he became friends with the judge, remembering the inmate who was denied the appeal was actually innocent, and promised to watch over Alice after her father was mortally wounded by another assassin. Jonas' men arrive, capturing Jerry and killing Wilson, but Alice manages to escape.

Alice brings Lowry to the offices where she met Jonas, which they find cleared out. She forces him at gunpoint to admit that he is not actually FBI, but from a "secret agency that watches the other agencies". They have been using the unwitting Jerry to flush out Jonas and find out who he has been building assassins for. Alice goes to Ravenswood and sees a mental hospital next door. She breaks in and finds Jerry just as groups led by Jonas and Lowry arrive, setting off a gun battle. Jerry attempts to drown Jonas, who pulls an ankle gun and shoots Jerry before being killed by Alice. She tells Jerry she loves him before he is taken away in an ambulance. Some time later, a grieving Alice visits Jerry's grave and leaves a pin that he had given her. She takes up horse riding again. Observing Alice from a car with Lowry, Jerry - whose death and burial had been faked by the secret agency - reaffirms his agreement not to contact her until the rest of Jonas's subjects are caught. As they drive away singing "[[Can't Take My Eyes Off You]]", Alice finds the pin attached to her saddle, and smiles.

Among the numerous conspiracy theories mentioned by Jerry include [[Rockefeller Center]], [[Water fluoridation controversy|fluoridation]], the [[United Nations]], [[John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories|the JFK assassination]], Watergate funder [[Armand Hammer]], the [[New World Order (conspiracy theory)|"New World Order"]], [[Masonic conspiracy theories|Freemasons]], the  CIA, the [[Vatican conspiracy theories|Vatican]], [[Microchip implant (animal)|microchipping of pets]], Moon landings, [[Pearl Harbor]], and silent [[Black helicopter|"Black Helicopters"]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LiwjVsNBw-cC | title=A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America | isbn=978-0-520-24812-0 | last1=Barkun | first1=Michael | date=2003 | publisher=University of California Press }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Mel Gibson]] as Jerry Fletcher
* [[Julia Roberts]] as Alice Sutton
* [[Patrick Stewart]] as Dr. Jonas
* [[Cylk Cozart]] as Agent Lowry
* [[Steve Kahan]] as Wilson, boss of Alice
* [[Terry Alexander (actor)|Terry Alexander]] as Flip
* [[Pete Koch]] as Fire Captain
* [[Dean Winters]] as Cleet
* [[Alex McArthur]] as Cynic
* [[Kenneth Tigar]] as Lawyer
* [[Sean Patrick Thomas]] as Surveillance Operator
* [[Joan Lunden]] as TV Announcer

Richard Donner made a cameo as Jerry's cab passenger.

==Production==
All scenes filmed at the horse farm used Lionshare Farm in Greenwich, Connecticut. That facility is owned by United States Equestrian Team member Peter Leone—who coached Julia Roberts through the scene at movie's end, where she gallops her horse across a field while Mel Gibson's character looks on longingly from a vehicle driving on a nearby road.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.derekwinnert.com/conspiracy-theory-1997-mel-gibson-julia-roberts-patrick-stewart-classic-movie-review-11378/ | title=Conspiracy Theory ** (1997, Mel Gibson, Julia Roberts, Patrick Stewart) – Classic Movie Review 11,378 | date=10 July 2021 }}</ref>

==Reception==

===Box office===
{{Anchor|Box office performance}} 
''Conspiracy Theory'' was released August 8, 1997, to 2,806 theaters, and had an opening weekend gross of $19.3 million in the United States. It opened at number 1 in the U.S., displacing ''[[Air Force One (film)|Air Force One]]''. It eventually grossed $76 million in the U.S. and $61 million internationally.<ref name="mojo" />

===Critical response===
{{Anchor|Critical reception|Critics}} 
Review aggregation website [[Rotten Tomatoes]] gives the film a score of 57% based on reviews from 44 critics.<ref name="tomatoes">{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/conspiracy_theory|title=''Conspiracy Theory''|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=2024-09-28}}</ref> Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.<ref name="CinemaScore">{{cite web |url=https://m.cinemascore.com |title=CinemaScore |work=cinemascore.com}}</ref>

In her review in ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[Janet Maslin]] said, "The only sneaky scheme at work here is the one that inflates a hollow plot to fill 2¼ hours while banishing skepticism with endless close-ups of big, beautiful movie-star eyes ... Gibson, delivering one of the hearty, dynamic star turns that have made him the [[Peter Pan]] of the blockbuster set, makes Jerry much more boyishly likable than he deserves to be. The man who talks to himself and mails long, delusional screeds to strangers is not usually the dreamboat type ... After the story enjoys creating real intrigue  ... it becomes tied up in knots. As with too many high-concept escapades, ''Conspiracy Theory'' tacks on a final half-hour of hasty explanations and mock-sincere emotion. The last scene is an outright insult to anyone who took the movie seriously at its start."<ref>{{cite web|last=Maslin |first=Janet |date=August 8, 1997 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/library/film/conspiracy-film-review.html |title=''Conspiracy Theory'': He's Paranoid, With Good Reason |website=[[The New York Times]] }}</ref>

[[Lisa Schwarzbaum]] of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' graded the film B− and commented, "Richard Donner ... switches the movie from a really interesting, jittery, literate, and witty [[tone poem]] about justified contemporary [[paranoia]] (and the creatively unhinged dark side of New York City) to an overloaded, meandering iteration of a ''[[Lethal Weapon]]'' project that bears the not-so-secret stamp of audience testing and tinkering."<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Schwarzbaum |first=Lisa |date=August 15, 1997 |url=https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,289121,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121202341/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,289121,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 21, 2007 |title=''Conspiracy Theory'' (1997) |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] }}</ref>

In the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', [[Mick LaSalle]] stated, "If I were paranoid I might suspect a conspiracy at work in the promoting of this movie—to suck in audiences with a catchy hook and then give them something much more clumsy and pedestrian ... ''Conspiracy Theory'' can be enjoyed once one gives up hope of its becoming a thinking person's thriller and accepts it as just another diversion ... When all else fails, there are still the stars to look at—Roberts, who actually manages to do some fine acting, and Gibson, whose likability must be a sturdy thing indeed."<ref>{{cite web|last=LaSalle |first=Mick |date=August 8, 1997 |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1997/08/08/DD20603.DTL |title=A Shaky ''Theory'' |website=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]}}</ref>

[[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' observed the film "cries out to be a small film—a quixotic little [[Independent film|indie production]] where the daffy dialogue and weird characters could weave their coils of paranoia into great offbeat humor. Unfortunately, the parts of the movie that are truly good are buried beneath the deadening layers of thriller cliches and an unconvincing love story ... If the movie had stayed at ground level—had been a real story about real people—it might have been a lot better, and funnier. All of the energy is in the basic material, and none of it is in a romance that is grafted on like an unneeded limb or superfluous organ."<ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=August 8, 1997 |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/conspiracy-theory-1997 |title=''Conspiracy Theory''|access-date=2024-01-26 }}</ref>

In ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', [[Peter Travers]] said, "The strong impact that Gibson makes as damaged goods is diluted by selling Jerry as cute and redeemable. Instead of a scalding brew of mirth and malice, served black, Donner settles up a tepid [[latte]], [[Decaffeination|decaf]]. What a shame—''Conspiracy Theory'' could have been a contender."<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Travers |first=Peter |date=August 8, 1997 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/conspiracy-theory-19970808 |title=''Conspiracy Theory'' |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] }}</ref>

[[Todd McCarthy]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' called the film "a sporadically amusing but listless thriller that wears its humorous, romantic and political components like mismatched articles of clothing ... This is a film in which all things ... are treated lightly, even glibly ... One can readily sympathize with ... the director's desire to inject the picture with as much humor as possible. But he tries to have it every which way in the end, and the conflicting moods and intentions never mesh comfortably."<ref>{{cite web|last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=August 3, 1997 |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117329812.html |title=''Conspiracy Theory'' |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] }}</ref>

[[Pauline Kael]] in an interview said "the first half of ''Conspiracy Theory'' was terrific, then it went to hell" but that Mel Gibson was "stunningly good."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paulrossen.com/paulinekael/modernmaturity.html|title=Interview with Modern Maturity|website=www.paulrossen.com|access-date=2016-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215904/http://www.paulrossen.com/paulinekael/modernmaturity.html|archive-date=2016-03-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>
  
In his 2003 book ''[[A Culture of Conspiracy]]'', political scientist [[Michael Barkun]] notes that a vast popular audience has been introduced by the film to the notion that the U.S. government is controlled by a [[deep state]] whose secret agents use [[black helicopter]]s — a view once confined to the [[Radical right (United States)|radical right]].<ref name="Barkun 2003">{{cite book|last = Barkun |first=Michael |title=A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America |page=[https://archive.org/details/cultureofconspir0000bark/page/34 34] |publisher=University of California Press |edition=1st |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23805-2|url=https://archive.org/details/cultureofconspir0000bark|url-access = registration }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0118883}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhnI3FEV2F4 ''Conspiracy Theory''] full movie on YouTube

{{Richard Donner}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Conspiracy Theory (Film)}}
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 action thriller films]]
[[Category:1997 crime drama films]]
[[Category:1990s chase films]]
[[Category:American action thriller films]]
[[Category:American crime drama films]]
[[Category:American crime thriller films]]
[[Category:American chase films]]
[[Category:American detective films]]
[[Category:American neo-noir films]]
[[Category:American mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:American mystery drama films]]
[[Category:1990s English-language films]]
[[Category:Techno-thriller films]]
[[Category:American techno-thriller films]]
[[Category:Fiction about schizophrenia]]
[[Category:Films scored by Carter Burwell]]
[[Category:Films about conspiracy theories]]
[[Category:Films about psychiatry]]
[[Category:Films about the Central Intelligence Agency]]
[[Category:Films directed by Richard Donner]]
[[Category:Films produced by Joel Silver]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Brian Helgeland]]
[[Category:Films set in New York City]]
[[Category:Films shot in New York City]]
[[Category:Medical-themed films]]
[[Category:Silver Pictures films]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. films]]
[[Category:American political thriller films]]
[[Category:1997 drama films]]
[[Category:1990s American films]]
[[Category:English-language crime drama films]]
[[Category:English-language action thriller films]]