Editing Consensual crime

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{{Criminology and penology|crimes}}

A '''consensual crime''' is a [[public-order crime]] that involves more than one participant, all of whom give their [[Consent (criminal law)|consent]] as willing participants in an activity that is unlawful. Legislative bodies and interest groups sometimes rationalize the criminalization of consensual activity because they feel it offends [[Norm (sociology)|cultural norm]]s, or because one of the parties to the activity is considered a "victim" despite their [[informed consent]].<ref>{{cite book|author-first=Dennis J. |author-last=Baker |url=http://www.ashgate.com/isbn/9781409427650 |title=The Right Not to be Criminalized: Demarcating Criminal Law's Authority |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013102024/http://www.ashgate.com/isbn/9781409427650 |archive-date=13 October 2011 |publisher=Ashgate |date=2011 |chapter=5}}</ref>

Consensual crimes can be described as crimes in which the victim is the [[State (polity)|state]], the judicial system, or [[society]] at large and so affect the general (sometimes [[Ideology|ideological]] or cultural) interests of the system, such as common [[sexual morality]]. [[Victimless crime]]s, while similar, typically involve acts that do not involve multiple persons. Drug use is typically considered a victimless crime whereas the sale of drugs between two or more persons would be a consensual crime. The fact that no persons come forward to claim injury has essentially made the two terms interchangeable in common use.

== Giving consent ==
{{main|Informed consent}}
When discussing consensual crime, one issue is whether all the participants are capable of giving genuine legal consent. This may not be the case if one or more of the participants are:
* Animals
* [[Child]]ren (normally measured as being under the legal [[age of consent]])
* Severely [[disabled]]
* Severely [[mentally ill]]
* Not fully informed about the issues involved
* Suffering from [[mood swing]]s
* Acting under [[duress]]
* [[Substance use disorder|Addicted]]
* [[Substance intoxication|Intoxicated]]
* [[Unconsciousness|Unconscious]]

== Examples ==
The generally accepted definition of a consensual crime is a criminal act committed by two or more people, who consent to involvement, and does not involve any nonconsenting individuals. The following is a list of criminal acts in various societies at various times and in different societies, where the issue of liability hinges on consent or the lack of it:
* Unlicensed prize fights and other criminal activities of a sporting nature where the players consent and the audience actively approves of what they see (in [[English law]], see ''[[R v Coney]]'').
* [[Murder]] or [[incitement]] to murder where one person actively solicits others to terminate their life, or the life of another. For example, a driver may be trapped in a burning tanker full of gasoline and beg a passing armed police officer to shoot him rather than let him burn to death. These situations are distinguishable from soliciting the cessation of life-sustaining treatment so that the injured person may die a natural death, or leaving instructions not to resuscitate in the event of death. Note that, in English law under the [[Suicide Act 1961]], [[suicide]] is not a crime committed by a person who fails to die. Thus, those who assist in a suicide attempt would be participants in a victimless crime because the would-be suicide cannot be tried. If the suicide succeeds, the legal issue is whether the assistants actively facilitated the death, or as doctors, nurses or carers, [[omission (criminal law)|omitted]] to prevent natural death in circumstances where society believes they have no legal duty to take that preventive action. Some countries have characterised some of the possible situations as [[assisted suicide]], while others make no judgment by imposing a separate label on conduct within the field of homicide. The issues may more generally relate to [[euthanasia]] where society debates whether, and in what circumstances, to terminate the lives of its citizens. Whichever philosophical route is followed, the laws will either criminalize any situation in which death results or permit death to be caused under controlled circumstances.
* Sexual and non-sexual [[assault]]s involving the use or threatened use of violence which causes injuries and which would be criminal in all other situations (e.g. [[sadism and masochism]]). In cases of [[Consensual non-consent|consensual nonconsent]] where a [[rape fantasy]] may be enacted by prior agreement, the offence of rape will not be committed because the "victim" has actually consented to sexual intercourse. The issue of consent in fact, or belief in the existence of consent, is fundamental to determining whether a rape has, or has not, been committed. In English law, for example, s. 74 Sexual Offences Act 2003 provides that consent is present "if he agrees by choice, and has the freedom and capacity to make that choice". If the "victim" is unconscious when penetration occurs, he would not be consenting, but this might not be rape if there is a subsisting sexual relationship, e.g. an agreement of consent for this scenario has been agreed upon by all parties beforehand. Note that, if the "victim" is physically injured, the causing of those injuries can still be charged as an assault whether there is actual consent or not. As a defense, offenders may plead that the other consented to the acts, and argue that any injuries sustained were accidental rather than intentional, leaving it to the jury to make a decision on their truthfulness.
** See more fully the discussion in Dennis J. Baker, ''The Right Not to be Criminalized: Demarcating Criminal Law's Authority'' (Ashgate, 2011) where Dr Baker argues (in chapter 5) that there is a limit to consensual harm doing—but that the threshold of harm has to be reasonably high. Baker also asserts that it is only the harm-doer who should be criminalized; not the harm-receiver. He also points out there is a difference between risking harm to others (as those who engage in casual sex do when they know that there is a chance they might have HIV), and deliberately exposing another to the risk of HIV, for example, where a person has been told he or she is a carrier and fails to inform his or her sexual partner.
* [[Pornography]], which can be illegal to produce, distribute or possess in some countries, even if the participants consented to the acts, and the acts themselves are legal (see [[List of pornography laws by country]]).
* [[Censorship]] laws, such as [[obscenity]] laws, may criminalise distribution of material even if it is only viewed by those who consent to viewing it.
* [[Statutory rape]] where the underage participant(s) give actual consent, but the law-makers of the relevant jurisdiction have determined that people of that age are not legally capable of giving informed consent (not informed adequately about the activity).
* [[Criminal transmission of HIV]] through consensual sexual activity.
* [[Adultery]] and, in general, [[fornication|sex outside marriage]] or other established relationships where all persons immediately involved give consent.

==See also==
* ''[[People v. Jovanovic]]''
* [[Operation Spanner]]
* [[Consensual homicide]]
* [[Physical abuse#Consensual physical abuse|Consensual physical abuse]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Baker, Dennis J., Glanville Williams: Textbook of Criminal Law, (2012, Sweet & Maxwell, London) chapter 23; Peter McWilliams - "Aint Nobody's Business If you Do: The Absurdity of Consensual Crimes in Our Free Country" https://web.archive.org/web/20060116024556/http://www.mcwilliams.com/books/books/aint/toc.htm

[[Category:Criminal justice]]
[[Category:Consent]]