Editing Conan the Barbarian

{{short description|Fictional character created by Robert E. Howard}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Conan the Barbarian
| series = 
| image = Conan9.png
| caption = Illustration of Conan by [[Mark Schultz (comics)|Mark Schultz]]
| first = ''[[Weird Tales]]'' (December 1932)
| last = 
| creator = [[Robert E. Howard]]
| gender = Male
| species = Human
| occupation = '''Current:'''<br/>King<br/>'''Former:'''<br/>Adventurer<br/>Pirate<br/>Warrior<br/>Slave<br/>Gladiator<br/>Thief
| title = 
| family = 
| spouse = 
| children = 
| relatives = 
| origin = Cimmeria, Hyboria
| nationality = [[Cimmeria (Conan)|Cimmerian]]
| portrayer = {{plainlist|
* [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]<br>([[Conan the Barbarian (1982 film)|1982]] and [[Conan the Destroyer|1984]] films)
* [[Jorge Sanz]]<br>(1982 film, Young)
* [[Ralf Möller]]<br>([[Conan the Adventurer (1997 TV series)|Television series]])
* [[Jason Momoa]]<br>([[Conan the Barbarian (2011 film)|2011 film]])
* [[Leo Howard]]<br>(2011 film, Young)}}
| voice = {{plainlist|
* [[Michael Donovan]]<br>(''[[Conan the Adventurer (1992 TV series)|Conan the Adventurer]]'')
* Phil Hayes<br>(''[[Conan and the Young Warriors]]'')
* [[Ron Perlman]]<br>([[Conan (2007 video game)|2007 video game]])
* Matthew Waterson<br>(''[[Conan Exiles]]'')
* [[Chris Cox (voice actor)|Chris Cox]]<br>(''[[Mortal Kombat 1]]'')
}}
}}
'''Conan the Barbarian''' (also known as '''Conan the Cimmerian''') is a fictional [[sword and sorcery]] hero created by American author [[Robert E. Howard]] (1906–1936) and who debuted in 1932 and went on to appear in a series of fantasy stories published in ''[[Weird Tales]]'' magazine. After first appearing in [[pulp magazine]]s, the character has since been adapted to [[Conan (books)|books]], [[Conan (comics)|comics]], films (including ''[[Conan the Barbarian (1982 film)|Conan the Barbarian]]'' and ''[[Conan the Destroyer]]''), television programs ([[Conan the Adventurer (1992 TV series)|animated]] and [[Conan the Adventurer (1997 TV series)|live action]]), [[Conan (game)#Video games|video games]], and [[role-playing game]]s. 

The earliest appearance of a Robert E. Howard character named Conan was that of a black-haired barbarian with heroic attributes in the 1931 short story "[[People of the Dark]]". Before Howard's death he wrote 21 stories starring the barbarian. Over the years, many other writers have written works featuring Conan.

Many Conan the Barbarian stories feature Conan embarking on heroic adventures filled with common fantasy elements such as princesses and wizards. Howard's [[mythopoeia]] has the stories set in the legendary [[Hyborian Age]] in the times after the fall of [[Atlantis]]. Conan is a [[Cimmerian (Conan)|Cimmerian]], who are descendants of the Atlanteans and ancestors of the modern [[Gaels]]. Conan is himself a descendant of [[Kull of Atlantis]] (an earlier adventurer of Howard's). He was born on a battlefield and is the son of a blacksmith. Conan is characterized as [[chivalric]] due to his penchant to save [[Damsel in distress|damsels in distress]]. He possesses great strength, combativeness, intelligence, agility, and endurance. The barbarian's appearance is iconic, with square-cut black hair, blue eyes, tanned skin, and giant stature, often wearing a barbarian's garb.

Licensed comics published in the 1970s by [[Marvel Comics]] drew further popularity to the character, introducing the now iconic image of Conan in his loincloth. The most popular cinematic adaptation is the 1982 film ''[[Conan the Barbarian (1982 film)|Conan the Barbarian]]'' directed by [[John Milius]] and starring [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] as Conan.

==Publication history==
Robert E. Howard created Conan the Barbarian in a series of fantasy stories published in ''Weird Tales'' from 1932.<ref>Herron (1984). p. 149: "Robert E. Howard of Cross Plains, Texas, created one of the great mythic figures in modern popular culture, the Dark Barbarian... [which] put Howard in the select ranks of the literary legend-makers"</ref> Howard was searching for a new character to market to the burgeoning pulp outlets of the early 1930s. In October 1931, he submitted the short story "People of the Dark" to Clayton Publications' new magazine, ''[[Strange Tales of Mystery and Terror]]'' (June 1932). "People of the Dark" is a story about the remembrance of "[[past lives]]", and in its first-person narrative, the protagonist describes one of his previous incarnations: Conan is a black-haired [[barbarian]] hero who swears by a deity called [[Crom (fictional deity)|Crom]]. Some Howard scholars believe this Conan to be a forerunner of the more famous character.<ref name="Hyborian Genesis">Louinet, pp. 429–453</ref>

In February 1932, Howard vacationed at a border town on the lower [[Rio Grande]]. During this trip, he further conceived the character of Conan and also wrote the poem "[[Cimmeria (poem)|Cimmeria]]", much of which echoes specific passages in [[Plutarch]]'s ''[[Parallel Lives|Lives]]''.<ref>"Hyborean Genesis: Notes on the Creation of the Conan Stories", by Patrice Louinet; in [https://books.google.com/books?id=mTFV7Q5Nd4IC The Coming Of Conan The Cimmerian], by Robert Ervin Howard, Del Rey/Ballantine Books, 2005, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mTFV7Q5Nd4IC&dq=howard%20conan%201932%20rio%20grande%20cimmeria&pg=PA424 p. 424]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SRDUAAAAQBAJ Conversations with Texas Writers], by Frances Leonard and Ramona Cearley, University of Texas Press, 1 Jan 2010, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SRDUAAAAQBAJ&dq=howard%20conan%201932%20rio%20grande%20cimmeria&pg=PT217 p. 217]</ref> According to some scholars, reading [[Thomas Bulfinch]] inspired Howard to "coalesce into a coherent whole his literary aspirations and the strong physical, autobiographical elements underlying the creation of Conan".<ref name="Hyborian Genesis"/>

Having digested these influences upon returning from his trip, Howard rewrote a rejected story, "[[By This Axe I Rule!]]" (May 1929), replacing his existing character [[Kull of Atlantis]] with his new hero and re-titling it "[[The Phoenix on the Sword]]". Howard also wrote "[[The Scarlet Citadel]]" and "[[The Frost-Giant's Daughter]]", inspired by the [[Greek mythology|Greek myth]] of [[Daphne]],{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} and submitted both stories to ''[[Weird Tales]]'' magazine. Although "[[The Frost-Giant's Daughter]]" was rejected, the magazine accepted "The Phoenix on the Sword" after it received the requested polishing, and published it in the December 1932 issue. "The Scarlet Citadel" was published the following month.<ref name="Hyborian Genesis"/>

"The Phoenix on the Sword" appeared in ''Weird Tales'' [[cover-date]]d December&nbsp;1932. Editor [[Farnsworth Wright]] subsequently prompted Howard to write an 8,000-word essay for personal use detailing "the [[Hyborian Age]]", the fictional setting for Conan. Using this essay as his guideline, Howard began plotting "[[The Tower of the Elephant]]", a new Conan story that was the first to integrate his new conception of the Hyborian world.<ref name="Hyborian Genesis"/>

The publication and success of "The Tower of the Elephant" spurred Howard to write more Conan stories for ''Weird Tales''. By the time of Howard's suicide in 1936, he had written 21&nbsp;complete stories, 17&nbsp;of&nbsp;which had been published, as well as multiple unfinished fragments.<ref name="Hyborian Genesis"/>

Following Howard's death, the copyright of the Conan stories passed through several hands. Eventually [[L. Sprague de Camp]] was entrusted with management of the fiction line and, beginning with 1967's ''[[Conan (short story collection)|Conan]]'' released by [[Lancer Books]], oversaw a paperback series collecting all of Howard's stories (Lancer folded in 1973 and [[Ace Books]] picked up the line, reprinting the older volumes with new [[trade dress]] and continuing to release new ones).<ref name="ps">{{cite book |last=Sammon |first=Paul |date=2013 |title=Conan the Phenomenon : the legacy of Robert E. Howard's fantasy icon |location=Milwaukie OR |publisher=Dark Horse Books |page=12-13 |isbn=9781616551889}}</ref> Howard's original stories received additional edits by de Camp, and de Camp also decided to create additional Conan stories to publish alongside the originals, working with [[Björn Nyberg]] and especially [[Lin Carter]]. These new stories were created from a mixture of already-complete Howard stories with different settings and characters that were altered to feature Conan and the Hyborian setting instead, incomplete fragments and outlines for Conan stories that were never completed by Howard, and all-new [[pastiche]]s.<ref name="ps" /> Lastly, de Camp created prefaces for each story, fitting them into a timeline of Conan's life that he created.<ref name="ps" />

For roughly 40 years, the original versions of Howard's Conan stories remained out of print. In 1977, the publisher Berkley Books issued three volumes using the earliest published form of the texts from ''Weird Tales'' and thus no de Camp edits, with [[Karl Edward Wagner]] as series editor, but these were halted by action from de Camp before the remaining three intended volumes could be released.<ref name="ps" /> In the 1980s and 1990s, the copyright holders permitted Howard's stories to go out of print entirely as the public demand for [[Sword and sorcery|sword & sorcery]] dwindled, but continued to release the occasional new Conan novel by other authors such as [[Leonard Carpenter]], [[Roland J. Green|Roland Green]], and [[Harry Turtledove]].<ref name="ps" />

In 2000, the British publisher [[Victor Gollancz Ltd|Gollancz Science Fiction]] issued a two-volume, complete edition of Howard's Conan stories as part of its ''Fantasy Masterworks'' imprint, which included several stories that had never seen print in their original form.<ref name="ps" /> The Gollancz edition mostly used the versions of the stories as published in ''Weird Tales''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://superherouniverse.com/wiki/Conan_the_Barbarian/|title=Conan the Barbarian - Superhero Wiki Encyclopedia|website=superherouniverse.com|language=en|access-date=2017-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107015738/http://superherouniverse.com/wiki/Conan_the_Barbarian/|archive-date=2017-11-07|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The two volumes were combined and the stories restored to chronological order as ''The Complete Chronicles of Conan: Centenary Edition'' ([[Victor Gollancz Ltd|Gollancz Science Fiction]], 2006; edited and with an Afterword by Steve Jones).

In 2003, another British publisher, Wandering Star Books,<ref>[http://www.wanderingstarbooks.com/ Wandering Star Books] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718135237/http://wanderingstarbooks.com/ |date=2013-07-18 }}, official website</ref> made an effort both to restore Howard's original manuscripts and to provide a more scholarly and historical view of the Conan stories. It published hardcover editions in England, which were republished in the United States by the Del Rey imprint of [[Ballantine Books]]. The first book, ''Conan of Cimmeria: Volume One (1932–1933)'' (2003; published in the US as ''[[The Coming of Conan the Cimmerian]]'') includes Howard's notes on his fictional setting as well as letters and poems concerning the genesis of his ideas. This was followed by ''Conan of Cimmeria: Volume Two (1934)'' (2004; published in the US as ''[[The Bloody Crown of Conan]]'') and ''Conan of Cimmeria: Volume Three (1935–1936)'' (2005; published in the US as ''[[The Conquering Sword of Conan]]''). These three volumes include all the original Conan stories.

==Setting==
{{main|Hyborian Age}}

The stories occur in the fictional "[[Hyborian Age]]", set after the destruction of [[Atlantis]] and before the rise of any historical [[Ancient history|ancient civilization]]. This is a specific epoch in a fictional timeline created by Howard for many of the [[low fantasy]] tales of his [[Mythopoeia|artificial legendary]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://hyboria.xoth.net/history/hyborian_age.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525135846/http://hyboria.xoth.net/history/hyborian_age.htm | archive-date=25 May 2011|title=The Hyborian Age|last=Howard |first=Robert E. |others=adapted by [[Roy Thomas]] and [[Walt Simonson]]|journal=Conan Saga |issue= 50–54, 56|publisher=[[Marvel Comics]]|url-status=live}}</ref>

Howard invented the Hyborian Age as a useful literary device. He had an intense love for history and historical dramas, but he also recognized the difficulties and the time-consuming research work needed in maintaining historical accuracy. Also, the poorly-stocked libraries in the rural part of Texas where Howard lived did not have the material needed for such research. By conceiving a fictional "''vanished'' age" and choosing names that resembled historical ones, Howard avoided anachronisms and the need for lengthy exposition.<ref name="Hyborian Genesis"/>

According to "The Phoenix on the Sword", the adventures of Conan take place "Between the years when the oceans drank Atlantis and the gleaming cities, and the years of the rise of the [[Aryan|Sons of Aryas]]."<ref>{{cite journal|author-link=Robert E. Howard|last=Howard|first= Robert E. |title=The Phoenix on the Sword|journal=[[Weird Tales]]|issue=20|date=6 December 1932|title-link=The Phoenix on the Sword}}</ref>

==Personality and character==
{{Quote box
| quote = Hither came Conan, the Cimmerian, black-haired, sullen-eyed, sword in hand, a thief, a reaver, a slayer, with gigantic melancholies and gigantic mirth, to tread the jeweled thrones of the Earth under his sandalled feet."
| source = [[Robert E. Howard]], ''[[The Phoenix on the Sword]]'', 1932
| width = 40%
| bgcolor = 
}}

Conan is a [[Hyborian Age|Cimmerian]]. The writings of Robert E. Howard (particularly his essay "[[The Hyborian Age]]") suggests that his Cimmerians are based on the [[Celts]] or perhaps the historic [[Cimmerians]]. Conan was born on a battlefield and is the son of a village [[blacksmith]]. Conan matured quickly as a youth and, by age fifteen, he was already a respected [[warrior]] who had participated in the destruction of the [[Aquilonia (Conan)|Aquilonian]] fortress of Venarium.<ref>''Conan the Warrior'' (1935): "[[Beyond the Black River]]"</ref> After its demise, he was struck by wanderlust and began the adventures chronicled by Howard, encountering skulking monsters, evil [[Magicians in fantasy|wizard]]s, tavern wenches, and beautiful [[princess]]es. He roamed throughout the [[Hyborian Age]] nations as a thief, outlaw, mercenary, and pirate.<ref>''Conan the Cimmerian'': "[[Queen of the Black Coast]]" (1934)</ref> As he grew older, he began commanding vast units of warriors and escalating his ambitions. In his forties, he seized the crown from the tyrannical king of Aquilonia, the most powerful kingdom of the Hyborian Age, having strangled the previous ruler on the steps of his own throne.<ref>''Conan the Cimmerian'': "[[The Phoenix on the Sword]]" (1932)</ref> Conan's adventures often result in him performing heroic feats, though his motivation for doing so is largely to protect his own survival or for personal gain.

A conspicuous element of Conan's character is his [[chivalry]]. He is extremely reluctant to fight women (even when they fight him) and has a strong tendency to save a [[damsel in distress]]. In "[[Jewels of Gwahlur]]", he has to make a split-second decision whether to save the dancing girl Muriela or the chest of priceless gems which he spent months in search of. So, without hesitation, he rescues Muriela and allows for the treasure to be irrevocably lost. In "[[The Black Stranger]]", Conan saves the exile Zingaran Lady Belesa at considerable risk to himself, giving her as a parting gift his fortune in gems big enough to have a comfortable and wealthy life in Zingara, while asking for no favors in return. Reviewer Jennifer Bard also noted<ref>Dr. Jennifer Agatha Bard, "Gender Roles in Science Fiction and Fantasy", Bulletin of Gender Equality, Summer 1986.</ref> that when Conan is in a pirate crew or a robber gang led by another male, his tendency is to subvert and undermine the leader's authority, and eventually supplant (and often, kill) him (e.g. "[[The Pool of the Black One|Pool of the Black One]]", "[[A Witch Shall be Born]]", "[[Shadows in the Moonlight (story)|Shadows in the Moonlight]]"). Conversely, in "[[Queen of the Black Coast]]", it is noted that Conan "generally agreed to Belit's plan. Hers was the mind that directed their raids, his the arm that carried out her ideas. It was a good life." And at the end of "[[Red Nails]]", Conan and Valeria seem to be headed towards a reasonably amicable piratical partnership.

===Appearance===
[[File:Conan colors by rodrigokatrakas ddcrjw1-fullview.jpg|thumb|Fan art of Conan the Barbarian in his iconic loincloth]]

Conan has "sullen", "smoldering", and "volcanic" blue eyes with a black "square-cut mane". Howard once describes him as having a hairy chest and, while comic book interpretations often portray Conan as wearing a loincloth or other minimalist clothing to give him a more barbaric image, Howard describes the character as wearing whatever garb is typical for the kingdom and culture in which Conan finds himself. Howard never gave a strict height or weight for Conan in a story, only describing him in loose terms like "giant" and "massive".<ref>Howard, Robert E. "[[A Witch Shall Be Born]]": "the man was almost a giant in stature"; "Knots and bunches of muscle started out of the massive arms".</ref> In the tales, no human is ever described as being stronger than Conan, although a few are mentioned as taller (including the strangler, Baal-Pteor) or of larger bulk. In a letter to [[P. Schuyler Miller]] and [[John Drury Clark|John D. Clark]] in 1936, only three months before Howard's death, Conan is described as standing {{Convert|6|ft}} and weighing {{convert|180|lb}} when he takes part in an attack on Venarium at only 15 years old, though being far from fully grown. At one point, when he is meeting Juma in Kush, he describes Conan as tall as his friend, at nearly {{Convert|7|ft}} in height. Conan himself says in "[[Beyond the Black River]]" that he had "not yet seen 15 snows" at the Battle of Venarium: "At Vanarium he was already a formidable antagonist, though only fifteen, He stood six feet tall [1.83 m] and weighed 180 pounds [82 kg], though he lacked much of having his full growth."
Although Conan is muscular, Howard frequently compares his agility and way of moving to that of a panther (see, for instance, "[[Jewels of Gwahlur]]", "[[Beyond the Black River]]", or "[[Rogues in the House]]"). His skin is frequently characterized as bronzed from constant exposure to the sun. In his younger years, he is often depicted wearing a light [[Chain mail|chain]] shirt and a horned helmet, though appearances vary with different stories.

During his reign as king of Aquilonia, Conan was{{long quote|date=September 2023}}
::<blockquote>[...] a tall man, mightily shouldered and deep of chest, with a massive corded neck and heavily muscled limbs. He was clad in silk and velvet, with the royal lions of Aquilonia worked in gold upon his rich jupon, and the crown of Aquilonia shone on his square-cut black mane; but the great sword at his side seemed more natural to him than the regal accoutrements. His brow was low and broad, his eyes a volcanic blue that smoldered as if with some inner fire. His dark, scarred, almost sinister face was that of a fighting-man, and his velvet garments could not conceal the hard, dangerous lines of his limbs.<ref>Howard, Robert E. Howard ''[[The Hour of the Dragon]]'', reprinted ''The Bloody Crown of Conan'', pp. 89–90</ref></blockquote>

Howard [[Hyborian Age|imagined the Cimmerians]] as a [[pre-Celtic]] people with mostly black hair and blue or grey eyes. Ethnically, the Cimmerians to which Conan belongs are descendants of the [[Atlantis|Atlanteans]], though they do not remember their ancestry. In his fictional historical essay "[[The Hyborian Age]]", Howard describes how the people of Atlantis—the land where his character [[King Kull]] originated—had to move east after a great cataclysm changed the face of the world and sank their island, settling where [[Ireland]] and [[Scotland]] would eventually be located. Thus they are (in Howard's work) the ancestors of the Irish and Scottish (the [[Celts|Celtic]] [[Gaels]]) and not the [[Picts]], the other ancestor of modern Scots who also appear in Howard's work. In the same work, Howard also described how the [[Cimmeria (Conan)|Cimmerians]] eventually moved south and east after the [[The Hyborian Age|age of Conan]] (presumably in the vicinity of the [[Black Sea]], where the [[Cimmerians|historical Cimmerians]] dwelt).

===Abilities===

Despite his brutish appearance, Conan uses his brains as well as his brawn. The Cimmerian is a highly skilled warrior, possibly without peer with a sword, but his travels have given him vast experience in other trades, especially as a [[Thief (character class)|thief]]. He's also a talented commander, tactician, and strategist, as well as a born leader. In addition, Conan has advanced knowledge of languages and codes and is able to recognize, or even decipher, certain ancient or secret signs and writings. For example, in "[[Jewels of Gwahlur]]" Howard states: "In his roaming about the world the giant adventurer had picked up a wide smattering of knowledge, particularly including the speaking and reading of many alien tongues. Many a sheltered scholar would have been astonished at the Cimmerian's linguistic abilities." He also has incredible stamina, enabling him to go without sleep for a few days. In "[[A Witch Shall be Born]]", Conan fights armed men until he is overwhelmed, captured, and [[crucified]], before going an entire night and day without water. However, Conan still possesses the strength to pull the nails from his feet, while hoisting himself into a horse's saddle and riding for ten miles.

Another noticeable trait is his sense of humor, largely absent in the comics and movies, but very much a part of Howard's original vision of the character (particularly apparent in "[[Xuthal of the Dusk]]", also known as "The Slithering Shadow".) His sense of humor can also be rather grimly ironic, as was demonstrated by how he unleashes his own version of justice on the treacherous—and ill-fated—innkeeper Aram Baksh in "[[Shadows in Zamboula]]".

He is a loyal friend to those true to him, with a barbaric code of conduct that often marks him as more honorable than the more sophisticated people he meets in his travels. Indeed, his straightforward nature and barbarism are constants in all the tales.

Conan is a formidable combatant both armed and unarmed. With his back to the wall, Conan is capable of engaging and killing opponents by the score. This is seen in several stories, such as "[[Queen of the Black Coast]]", "[[The Scarlet Citadel]]", and "[[A Witch Shall Be Born]]". Conan is not superhuman, though; he needed the providential help of Zelata's wolf to defeat four Nemedian soldiers in Howard's novel ''[[The Hour of the Dragon]]''. Some of his hardest victories have come from fighting single opponents of inhuman strength: one such as Thak, an ape-like humanoid from "[[Rogues in the House]]", or the strangler Baal-Pteor in "Shadows in Zamboula". Conan is far from untouchable and has been captured or defeated several times (on one occasion, knocking himself out after drunkenly running into a wall).

===Influences===
{{main|Robert E. Howard}}
Howard frequently corresponded with [[H. P. Lovecraft]], and the two would sometimes insert references or elements of each other's settings in their works. Later editors reworked many of the original Conan stories by Howard, thus diluting this connection. Nevertheless, many of Howard's unedited Conan stories are arguably part of the [[Cthulhu Mythos]].<ref>Louinet, p. 436</ref> Additionally, many of the Conan stories by Howard, de Camp, and Carter used geographical place names from [[Clark Ashton Smith]]'s [[Hyperborean Cycle]].

==Original Robert E. Howard Conan stories==
[[Image:Weird Tales May 1934.jpg|thumb|Cover of ''[[Weird Tales]]'' (May 1934) depicting Conan and [[Bêlit]] in "[[Queen of the Black Coast]]", one of [[Robert E. Howard]]'s original Conan stories]]

===Conan stories published in ''Weird Tales''===
# "[[The Phoenix on the Sword]]" (novelette; vol. 20, #6, December 1932)
# "[[The Scarlet Citadel]]" (novelette; vol. 21, #1, January 1, 1933)
# "[[The Tower of the Elephant]]" (novelette; vol. 21, #3, March 1933)
# "[[Black Colossus]]" (novelette; vol. 21, #6, June 1933)
# "[[The Slithering Shadow]]" (novelette; vol. 22, #3, September 1933, alternate title "Xuthal of the Dusk")
# "[[The Pool of the Black One]]" (novelette; vol. 22, #4, October 1933)
# "[[Rogues in the House]]" (novelette; vol. 23, #1, January 1934)
# "[[Iron Shadows in the Moon]]" (novelette; vol. 23, #4, April 1934, published as "Shadows in the Moonlight")
# "[[Queen of the Black Coast]]" (novelette; vol. 23, #5, May 1934)
# "[[The Devil in Iron]]" (novelette; vol. 24, #2, August 1934)
# "[[The People of the Black Circle]]" (novella; vol. 24, #3–5, September–November 1934)
# "[[A Witch Shall Be Born]]" (novelette; vol. 24, #6, December 1934)
# "[[Jewels of Gwahlur]]" (novelette; vol. 25, #3, March 1935, author's original title "The Servants of Bit-Yakin")
# "[[Beyond the Black River]]" (novella; vol. 25, #5–6, May–June 1935)
# "[[Shadows in Zamboula]]" (novelette; vol. 26, #5, November 1935, author's original title "The Man-Eaters of Zamboula")
# "[[The Hour of the Dragon]]" (novel; vol. 26, #6 & vol. 27, #1–4, December 1935, January–April 1936)
# "[[Red Nails]]" (novella; vol. 28, #1–3, July, September, October 1936)

===Conan stories published in ''Fantasy Fan magazine''===
* "[[The Frost Giant's Daughter|Gods of the North]]" (March 1934) – published as ''The Frost-Giant's Daughter'' in ''[[The Coming of Conan]]'', 1953<ref>As stated in [http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0600751h.html Project Gutenberg Australia]</ref>

===Conan stories not published in Howard's lifetime===
* "[[The God in the Bowl]]"&nbsp;– Published in ''Space Science Fiction'', Sep. 1952
* "[[The Black Stranger]]"&nbsp;– Published in ''Fantasy Magazine'', Feb. 1953
* "[[The Vale of Lost Women]]"&nbsp;– Published in ''The Magazine of Horror'', Spring 1967

===Unfinished Conan stories by Howard===
* "The [[Drums of Tombalku]]" – Fragment. Published in ''[[Conan the Adventurer (collection)|Conan the Adventurer]]'', 1966
* "[[The Hall of the Dead]]" – Synopsis. Published in ''[[The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction]]'', February 1967
* "[[The Hand of Nergal]]" – Fragment. Published in ''[[Conan (collection)|Conan]]'', 1967
* "[[The Snout in the Dark]]" – Fragment. Published in ''[[Conan of Cimmeria]]'', 1969

A number of untitled synopses for Conan stories also exist.

===Other Conan-related material by Howard===
* "[[Wolves Beyond the Border]]" – A non-Conan story set in Conan's world. Fragment. Published in 1967 in ''Conan the Usurper''
* "[[The Hyborian Age]]" – An essay written in 1932. Published in 1938 in ''The Hyborian Age''
* "[[Cimmeria (Poem)|Cimmeria]]" – A poem written in 1932. Published in 1965 in ''The Howard Collector''

==Book editions==
{{main|Conan (books)}}
The character of Conan has proven durably popular, resulting in Conan stories by later writers such as [[Poul Anderson]], [[Leonard Carpenter]], [[Lin Carter]], [[L. Sprague de Camp]], [[Roland J. Green]], [[John C. Hocking]], [[Robert Jordan]], [[Sean A. Moore]], [[Björn Nyberg]], [[Andrew J. Offutt]], [[Steve Perry (author)|Steve Perry]], [[John Maddox Roberts]], [[Harry Turtledove]], and [[Karl Edward Wagner]]. Some of these writers have finished incomplete Conan manuscripts by Howard. Others were created by rewriting Howard stories which originally featured entirely different characters from entirely different milieus. Most, however, are completely original works. In total, more than fifty novels and dozens of short stories featuring the Conan character have been written by authors other than Howard.

The [[Conan (books)#Gnome Press series, 1950–1957|Gnome Press edition]] (1950–1957) was the first hardcover collection of Howard's Conan stories, including all the original Howard material known to exist at the time, some left unpublished in his lifetime. The later volumes contain some stories rewritten by [[L. Sprague de Camp]] (like "[[The Treasure of Tranicos]]"), including several non-Conan Howard stories, mostly historical exotica situated in the [[Levant]] at the time of the [[Crusades]], which he turned into Conan yarns. The Gnome edition also issued the first Conan story written by an author other than Howard—the final volume published, which is by [[Björn Nyberg]] and revised by de Camp.

The [[Conan (books)#Lancer/Ace paperback series, 1966–1977|Lancer/Ace editions]] (1966–1977), under the direction of [[L. Sprague de Camp|de Camp]] and [[Lin Carter]], were the first comprehensive paperbacks, compiling the material from the Gnome Press series together in a chronological order with all the remaining original Howard material, including that left unpublished in his lifetime and fragments and outlines. These were completed by de Camp and Carter. The series also included Howard stories originally featuring other protagonists that were rewritten by de Camp as Conan stories. New Conan stories written entirely by de Camp and Carter were added as well. Lancer Books went out of business before bringing out the entire series, the publication of which was completed by Ace Books. Eight of the eventual twelve volumes published featured dynamic cover paintings by [[Frank Frazetta]] that, for many fans,{{who|date=December 2017}} presented the definitive, iconic impression of Conan and his world. For decades to come, most other portrayals of the Cimmerian and his imitators were heavily influenced by the cover paintings of this series.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

Most editions after the Lancer/Ace series have been of either the original Howard stories or Conan material by others, but not both. The exception are the [[Conan (books)#Ace Maroto series, 1978–1981|Ace Maroto editions]] (1978–1981), which include both new material by other authors and older material by Howard, though the latter are some of the non-Conan tales by Howard rewritten as Conan stories by de Camp. Notable later editions of the original Howard Conan stories include the [[Conan (books)#Donald M. Grant series, 1974–1989|Donald M. Grant editions]] (1974–1989, incomplete); [[Conan (books)#Berkley series, 1977|Berkley editions]] (1977); [[Conan (books)#Gollancz series, 2000–2006|Gollancz editions]] (2000–2006), and [[Conan (books)#Wandering Star/Del Rey series, 2003–2005|Wandering Star/Del Rey editions]] (2003–2005). Later series of new Conan material include the [[Conan (books)#Bantam series, 1978–1982|Bantam editions]] (1978–1982) and [[Conan (books)#Tor series, 1982–2004|Tor editions]] (1982–2004).

==Conan chronologies==
{{main|Conan chronologies}}

In an attempt to provide a coherent timeline which fit the numerous adventures of Conan penned by Robert E. Howard and later writers, various "Conan chronologies" have been prepared by many people from the 1930s onward. Note that no consistent timeline has yet accommodated every single Conan story. The following are the principal theories that have been advanced over the years.
* [[Conan chronologies#Miller/Clark/de Camp chronology|Miller/Clark chronology]] – ''A Probable Outline of Conan's Career'' (1936) was the first effort to put the tales in chronological order. Completed by [[P. Schuyler Miller]] and [[John Drury Clark]], the chronology was later revised by Clark and [[L. Sprague de Camp]] in ''An Informal Biography of Conan the Cimmerian'' (1952).
* [[Conan chronologies#Robert Jordan chronology|Robert Jordan chronology]] – ''A Conan Chronology by Robert Jordan'' (1987) was a new chronology written by Conan writer [[Robert Jordan]] that included all written Conan material up to that point. It was heavily influenced by the Miller/Clark/de Camp chronologies, though it departed from them in a number of idiosyncratic instances.
* [[Conan chronologies#William Galen Gray chronology|William Galen Gray chronology]] – ''Timeline of Conan's Journeys'' (1997, rev.&nbsp;2004), was fan William Galen Gray's attempt to create "a chronology of all the stories, both Howard and pastiche." Drawing on the earlier Miller/Clark and Jordan chronologies, it represents the ultimate expression of their tradition to date.
* [[Conan chronologies#Joe Marek chronology|Joe Marek chronology]] – Joe Marek's chronology is limited to stories written (or devised) by Howard, though within that context it is essentially a revision of the Miller/Clark tradition to better reflect the internal evidence of the stories and avoid forcing Conan into what he perceives as a "mad dash" around the Hyborian world within timeframes too rapid to be credible.
* [[Conan chronologies#Dale Rippke chronology|Dale Rippke chronology]] – ''The Darkstorm Conan Chronology'' (2003) was a completely revised and heavily researched chronology, radically repositioning a number of stories and including only those stories written or devised by Howard. The [[Conan (Dark Horse comic)|Dark Horse comic series]] follows this chronology.

==Media==
{{See also|Adaptations of works by Robert E. Howard}}

===Films===
<!-- Please do not include overviews of the Kull or Red Sonja films as such data belongs on their respective articles. -->

====Schwarzenegger as Conan (1980s)====
{{main|Conan the Barbarian (1982 film)|Conan the Destroyer}}

The first Conan cinematic project was planned by [[Edward Summer]]. Summer envisioned a series of Conan films, much like the [[James Bond]] franchise. He outlined six stories for this film series, but none was ever made. An original screenplay by Summer and [[Roy Thomas]] was written, but their lore-authentic screen story was never filmed. However, the resulting film, ''[[Conan the Barbarian (1982 film)|Conan the Barbarian]]'' (1982), was a combination of director [[John Milius]]'s ideas and plots from Conan stories (written also by Howard's successors, notably [[Lin Carter]] and [[L. Sprague de Camp]]). A [[Nietzschean]] motto and Conan's life philosophy were notably added in this adaptation.

The plot of ''Conan the Barbarian'' (1982) begins with Conan being enslaved by the Vanir raiders of [[Thulsa Doom]], a malevolent [[warlord]] who is responsible for the slaying of Conan's parents and the genocide of his people. Later, Thulsa Doom becomes a cult leader of a [[religion]] that worships Set, a Snake God. The vengeful Conan, the [[Archery|archer]] Subotai and the [[thief]] Valeria set out on a quest to rescue a princess held captive by Thulsa Doom. The film was directed by John Milius and produced by [[Dino De Laurentiis]]. The character of Conan was played by [[Jorge Sanz]] as a child<ref name="D’Lugo 258">D'Lugo, ''Guide to the Cinema of Spain'', p. 258</ref> and [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] as an adult.
It was Schwarzenegger's break-through role as an actor.<ref>{{cite book |last=Katz |first=Ephraim |title=Film Encyclopedia |year=2006 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-06-074214-0}}</ref>

This film was followed by a less popular sequel, ''[[Conan the Destroyer]]'' in 1984.<ref name="tessay">{{cite news|first=Clark |last=Collis |title=Empire Essay: The Terminator |url=https://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?FID=132648 |work=Empire magazine |access-date=2007-04-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235924/http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?FID=132648 |archive-date=2007-09-27 }}</ref> This sequel was a more typical [[fantasy]]-genre film and was even less faithful to Howard's Conan stories, being just a [[picaresque]] story of an assorted bunch of adventurers.

The third film in the ''Conan'' trilogy was planned for 1987 to be titled ''Conan the Conqueror''. The director was to be either [[Guy Hamilton]] or [[John Guillermin]]. Since Arnold Schwarzenegger was committed to the film ''[[Predator (film)|Predator]]'' and De Laurentiis's contract with the star had expired after his obligation to ''[[Red Sonja (1985 film)|Red Sonja]]'' and ''[[Raw Deal (1986 film)|Raw Deal]]'', he was not keen to negotiate a new one; thus the third Conan film sank into [[development hell]]. The script was eventually turned into ''[[Kull the Conqueror]]''.

====Momoa as Conan (2011)====
{{main|Conan the Barbarian (2011 film)}}
There were rumors in the late 1990s of another Conan sequel, a story about an older Conan titled ''King Conan: Crown of Iron'', but Schwarzenegger's election in 2003 as governor of [[California]] ended this project.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/453/453828p1.html |title=Goodbye Hollywood, Hello Sacramento |last=Linder |first=Brian |date=October 8, 2003 |work=[[IGN]].com |publisher=IGN Entertainment, Inc. |access-date=March 7, 2010}}</ref> [[Warner Bros.]] spent seven years trying to get the project off the ground. However, in June 2007 the rights reverted to [[Paradox Entertainment]], though all drafts made under Warner remained with them. In August 2007, it was announced that [[Millennium Films]] had acquired the rights to the project. Production was aimed for a Spring&nbsp;2006 start, with the intention of having stories more faithful to the [[Robert E. Howard]] creation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2007/film/markets-festivals/millennium-wins-rights-to-conan-1117970116/ |title=Millennium wins rights to 'Conan' |first=Michael |last=Fleming |date=August 12, 2007 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Reed Elsevier|Reed Elsevier Inc.]] |access-date=March 9, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605200158/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117970116 |archive-date=June 5, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2009, Millennium hired [[Marcus Nispel]] to direct.<ref name="director">{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/marcus-nispel-to-direct-conan-remake-1118004850/ |title=Marcus Nispel to direct 'Conan' remake |date=June 11, 2009 |last=Fleming |first=Michael |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Reed Elsevier|Reed Elsevier Inc.]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629122557/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118004850?refCatId=13 |archive-date=June 29, 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=April 17, 2020 }}</ref> In January 2010, [[Jason Momoa]] was selected for the role of Conan.<ref>{{cite news |last=McNary |first=David |author-link=Dave McNary |date=January 21, 2010 |title=Momoa set for 'Conan' |url=https://variety.com/2010/film/news/momoa-set-for-conan-1118014163/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105033523/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118014163.html |archive-date=January 5, 2013 |access-date=March 9, 2010 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Reed Elsevier|Reed Elsevier Inc.]]}}</ref> The film was released in August 2011, and met poor critical reviews and box office results.

====Unproduced: ''Legend of Conan''====
In 2012, producers [[Chris Morgan (filmmaker)|Chris Morgan]] and Frederick Malmberg announced plans for a sequel to the 1982 ''Conan the Barbarian'' titled ''The Legend of Conan'', with [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] reprising his role as Conan.<ref>Child, Ben (2012-10-26).  [https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2012/oct/26/arnold-schwarzenegger-conan-the-barbarian "Arnold Schwarzenegger to reprise his role as Conan the Barbarian."]  ''TheGuardian.com''.  Retrieved 2016-02-04.</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr |date=2012-10-25 |title=Schwarzenegger And Conan The Barbarian Reunited in Universal Reboot |url=https://deadline.com/2012/10/arnold-and-conan-the-barbarian-reunited-universal-reboots-action-franchise-with-schwarzenegger-359719/ |access-date=2012-11-17 |magazine=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref><ref name=ign140129>Cornet, Roth (2014-01-29).  [https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/01/30/the-legend-of-conan-producer-chris-morgan-says-arnold-schwarzeneggers-return-to-the-role-is-going-to-be-their-unforgiven "The Legend of Conan Producer Chris Morgan Says Arnold Schwarzenegger's Return to the Role is Going to be Their Unforgiven."]  ''IGN.com''.  Retrieved 2014-02-11.</ref> A year later, ''Deadline'' reported that Andrea Berloff would write the script.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr |date=2013-10-01 |title=‘Legend Of Conan’ Lands Andrea Berloff To Script Arnold Schwarzenegger Epic Reprise |url=https://deadline.com/2013/10/legend-of-conan-lands-andrea-berloff-to-script-arnold-schwarzenegger-epic-reprise-601021/ |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> Years passed since the initial announcement as Schwarzenegger worked on other films, but as late as 2016, Schwarzenegger affirmed his enthusiasm for making the film, saying, "Interest is high ... but we are not rushing."<ref name="SR12016">{{Cite web |last=Schaefer |first=Sandy |date=2016-01-25 |title=Arnold Schwarzenegger Offers Legend of Conan Title & Director Update |url=https://screenrant.com/legend-conn-conquerer-schawarzenegger-director/ |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=ScreenRant |language=en}}</ref><ref name="GS12016">{{Cite web |last=Auty |first=Dan |date=2016-01-26 |title=Arnold Schwarzenegger on His Plans for New Conan Movie |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/arnold-schwarzenegger-on-his-plans-for-new-conan-m/1100-6434173/?ftag=GSS-05-10aaa0a |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=GameSpot |language=en-US}}</ref> The script was finished, and Schwarzenegger and Morgan were meeting with possible directors.<ref name=SR12016/><ref name=GS12016/> In April 2017, producer Chris Morgan stated that Universal had dropped the project, although there was a possibility of a TV show. The story of the film was supposed to be set 30 years after the first, with some inspiration from [[Clint Eastwood]]'s ''[[Unforgiven]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/arnold-schwarzeneggers-the-legend-of-conan-may-not-happen-after-all/ |title=Arnold Schwarzenegger's 'The Legend of Conan' May Not Happen After All |publisher= [[/Film]] |date=6 April 2017 |access-date=7 April 2017}}</ref>

==== ''She Is Conann'' ====
In 2023, French film director [[Bertrand Mandico]] released ''[[She Is Conann]]'', a gender-flipped version of Conan the Barbarian which stars five different actresses playing a female Conann at different stages in her life.<ref>Michael Talbot-Haynes, [https://filmthreat.com/reviews/she-is-conann/ "She Is Conann"]. ''[[Film Threat]]'', February 5, 2024.</ref>

===Television===
There have been three television series related to Conan:
* ''[[Conan the Adventurer (1992 TV series)|''Conan the Adventurer'']]'' is an [[animated television series]] produced by ''Jetlag Productions'' and ''Sunbow Productions'' that debuted on September 13, 1992, ran for 65 episodes and concluded on November 23, 1993. The series involved Conan chasing [[Serpent Men]] across the world in an attempt to release his parents from eternal imprisonment as living statues.
* ''[[Conan and the Young Warriors]]'' is an animated television series that premiered in 1994 and ran for 13 episodes. [[DiC Entertainment]] produced the show and [[CBS]] aired this series as a spin-off to the previous animated series. This cartoon took place after the finale of ''Conan the Adventurer'' with Wrath-Amon vanquished and Conan's family returned to life from living stone. Conan soon finds that the family of one of his friends are being turned into wolves by an evil sorceress and he must train three warriors in order to aid him in rescuing them.
* ''[[Conan the Adventurer (1997 TV series)|''Conan the Adventurer'']]'' is a [[live-action]] television series that premiered on September 22, 1997, and ran for 22 episodes. It starred German bodybuilder [[Ralf Möller]] as Conan, [[Danny Woodburn]] (Otli), Robert McRay (Zzeben), and TJ Storm (Bayu) as his sidekicks. The storyline was quite different from the Conan lore of Howard. In this adaptation, Conan is a pleasant and jovial person. Also in this version, Conan is not a loner but one member of a merry band of adventurers.
* In September 2020, it was announced that [[Netflix]] will develop a new Conan TV series as a part of a larger deal involving {{ill|Fredrik Malmberg|se}} and Mark Wheeler from Pathfinder Media between Netflix and Conan Properties International, owned by [[Cabinet Entertainment]], for the exclusive rights to the Conan library for the rights for live-action and animated films and TV shows.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Thorne |first=Will |date=2020-09-30 |title=‘Conan The Barbarian’ Series in Development at Netflix |url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/conan-the-barbarian-netflix-series-development-1234787810/ |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> Deadline had previously reported that a Conan show was in the works at [[Amazon Prime]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|url=https://deadline.com/2018/02/amazon-developing-conan-drama-based-robert-e-howard-books-colony-co-creator-1202278547/|title=Conan the Barbarian TV Series In Works At Amazon From Ryan Condal, Miguel Sapochnik & Warren Littlefield|date=February 5, 2018|access-date=February 5, 2018|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> but nothing came of it.<ref>{{cite web|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|url=https://deadline.com/2020/09/conan-the-barbarian-tv-series-netflix-rights-deal-conan-properties-international-1234586533/|title=Conan The Barbarian TV Series In Works At Netflix|date=September 30, 2020|access-date=September 30, 2020|work=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> According to [[Robert Rodriguez]] while as a guest on [[Joe Rogan Experience]], he pitched a Conan trilogy film with [[James Cameron]] involved but revealed that Netflix has lost the rights to make a series.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KxGtxPV1xoc Joe Rogan Experience #2310 - Robert Rodriguez]</ref>

===Comics===
{{main|Conan (comics)}}
{{See also||Conan (Dark Horse Comics)}}
Comic adaptations of Conan are arguably, apart from the books, the vehicle that had the greatest influence on the longevity and popularity of the character. The earliest comic book adaptation of Conan was written in Spanish and first published in Mexico in the fifties. This version, which was done without authorization from the estate of Robert E. Howard, is loosely based on the short story ''[[Queen of the Black Coast]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comicvine.com/conan/29-2438/ |title=Conan (comic book character) |publisher=Comicvine.com |access-date=2012-11-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.comics.org/series/86729/|title=GCD :: Series :: Cuentos de Abuelito|website=comics.org}}</ref> The first licensed comic adaptations were written in English and first published by [[Marvel Comics]] in the seventies, beginning with ''[[Conan the Barbarian (comics)|Conan the Barbarian]]'' (1970–1993) and the classic ''[[Savage Sword of Conan]]'' (1974–1995). [[Dark Horse Comics]] launched their ''[[Conan The Legend|Conan]]'' series in 2003. Dark Horse Comics published compilations of the 1970s Marvel Comics series in [[trade paperback (comics)|trade paperback]] format.

[[Barack Obama]], former President of the United States, is a fan of the character and collects Conan the Barbarian comic books.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jon |last=Swaine |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/barackobama/3401168/Barack-Obama-The-50-facts-you-might-not-know.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201011157/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/barackobama/3401168/Barack-Obama-The-50-facts-you-might-not-know.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 1, 2008 |title=Barack Obama: The 50 facts you might not know |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=7 November 2008 |access-date=11 November 2008 |location=London}}</ref> Obama also appeared [[Barack Obama in comics|as a character]] in a comic book called ''[[Barack the Barbarian]]'' from [[Devil's Due Publishing|Devil's Due]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Alex |last=Spillius |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/barackobama/5120374/Barack-Obama-and-Sarah-Palin-appear-in-comic-series.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411170111/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/barackobama/5120374/Barack-Obama-and-Sarah-Palin-appear-in-comic-series.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 11, 2009 |title=Barack Obama and Sarah Palin appear in comic series |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=7 April 2009 |access-date=26 November 2009 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Alison |last=Flood |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/apr/08/obama-comic-palin |title=Obama battles Red Sarah in comic clash |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=8 April 2009 |access-date=26 November 2009 |location=London}}</ref>

[[Marvel Comics]] introduced a relatively lore-faithful version of Conan the Barbarian in 1970 with ''Conan the Barbarian'', written by [[Roy Thomas]] and illustrated by [[Barry Windsor-Smith]]. Smith was succeeded by [[penciller]] [[John Buscema]], while Thomas continued to write for many years. Later writers included [[J. M. DeMatteis]], [[Bruce Jones (comics)|Bruce Jones]], [[Michael Fleisher]], [[Doug Moench]], [[Jim Owsley]], [[Alan Zelenetz]], [[Chuck Dixon]] and Don Kraar. In 1974, ''Conan the Barbarian'' series spawned the more adult-oriented, black-and-white comics magazine ''Savage Sword of Conan'', written by Thomas with art mostly by Buscema or [[Alfredo Alcala]]. Marvel also published several [[graphic novels]] starring the character, {{citation needed|date=December 2017}} and a [[Official Handbook of the Conan Universe|handbook]] with detailed information about the Hyborian world. Conan the Barbarian is also officially considered to be part of the larger [[Marvel Universe]] and has interacted with heroes and villains alike.

The Marvel Conan stories were also adapted as a newspaper [[comic strip]] which appeared daily and Sunday from 4&nbsp;September 1978 to 12&nbsp;April 1981. Originally written by Roy Thomas and illustrated by John Buscema, the strip was continued by several different Marvel artists and writers.

[[Dark Horse Comics]] began their comic adaptation of the Conan saga in 2003. Entitled simply ''Conan'', the series was first written by [[Kurt Busiek]] and pencilled by [[Cary Nord]]. [[Tim Truman]] replaced Busiek, when Busiek signed an exclusive contract with [[DC Comics]]. However, Busiek issues were sometimes used for filler. This series is an interpretation of the original Conan material by Robert E. Howard with no connection whatsoever to the earlier Marvel comics or any Conan story not written or envisioned by Howard supplemented by wholly original material.

A second series, ''[[Conan (Dark Horse Comics)|Conan the Cimmerian]]'' was released in 2008 by [[Tim Truman]] (writer) and [[Tomás Giorello]] (artist). The series ran for twenty-six issues, including an introductory "zero" issue.

Dark Horse's third series, ''[[Conan: Road of Kings]]'', began in December 2010 by [[Roy Thomas]] (writer) and [[Mike Hawthorne]] (artist) and ran for twelve issues.

A fourth series, ''Conan the Barbarian'', began in February 2012 by [[Brian Wood (comic creator)|Brian Wood]] (writer) and [[Becky Cloonan]] (artist). It ran for twenty-five issues, and expanded on Robert E. Howard's ''[[Queen of the Black Coast]]''.

A fifth series, ''Conan the Avenger'', began in April 2014 by [[Fred Van Lente]] (writer) and [[Brian Ching]] (artist). It ran for twenty-five issues, and expanded on Robert E. Howard's [[The Snout in the Dark]] and [[A Witch Shall Be Born]].

Dark Horse's sixth series, ''Conan the Slayer'', began in July 2016 by [[Cullen Bunn]] (writer) and Sergio Dávila (artist).

In 2018, Marvel reacquired the rights and started new runs of both ''Conan the Barbarian'' and ''Savage Sword of Conan'' in January/February 2019. Conan is also a lead in the ''Savage Avengers'' title, which launched in 2019 and received a second volume in 2022.

In 2022, it was revealed that [[Titan Publishing Group]] had acquired the rights from Heroic Signatures to make Conan comics, with a new ongoing series set to release in May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=2022-06-21 |title=Titan Comics Nabs 'Conan the Barbarian' License (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/conan-the-barbarian-comics-1235168774/ |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Games===
{{See also|List of games based on Conan the Barbarian}}

====Board games====
* ''Hyborian Risk'' is an unofficial variant for the [[Risk (game)|Risk]] boardgame based on the Conan mythos, published in ''[[The Space Gamer]]'' magazine in issue 37 (March, 1981).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/21808/hyborian-risk | title=Hyborian Risk }}</ref>
* In 2009, [[Fantasy Flight Games]] released the ''Age of Conan'' strategy board game, depicting warfare between the Hyborian nations in the Conan's adventures.
* In 2016, Monolith Board Games LLC released a new boardgame with miniatures directly based on Howard's short stories. ''[http://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/160010/conan Conan]'' (previously known as ''Conan: Hyborian Quests'') pits one player, controlling the evil forces, against 2-4 other players controlling Conan and his companions.

====Collectible card games====
* In 2006, Comic Images released the [[Conan Collectible Card Game]] designed by Jason Robinette.

====Play-by-mail games====
* ''[[Hyborian War]]'', introduced by [[Reality Simulations|Reality Simulations, Inc.]] as of 1985,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.reality.com/hwprul1.htm|title=Hyborian War|website=reality.com}}</ref> is a [[play-by-mail game]] set in the Hyborian Age.

====Role-playing games====
[[TSR, Inc.]], which in 1982 had introduced a [[Barbarian (Dungeons & Dragons)|barbarian character class]] inspired by the Conan character,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/rgfdfaq/sources.html |title=Literary Sources of D&D |access-date=February 23, 2007 |last=DeVarque |first=Aardy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209043119/http://www.geocities.com/rgfdfaq/sources.html|url-status=dead |archive-date=December 9, 2007}}</ref> made a licensing agreement in 1984 to publish Conan-related gaming material:<ref name="history">{{cite web| url=http://www.wizards.com/dnd/DnDArchives_History.asp| title=The History of TSR| publisher=[[Wizards of the Coast]]| access-date=2005-08-20| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924195557/http://www.wizards.com/dnd/DnDArchives_History.asp| url-status=dead| archive-date=2008-09-24}}</ref>
* Two [[List of Dungeons & Dragons modules|modules]] for [[Dungeons & Dragons|Advanced Dungeons & Dragons]]:
** CB1 ''[[Conan Unchained!]]'' (1984)
** CB2 ''[[Conan Against Darkness!]]'' (1984)
* The ''[[Conan Role-Playing Game]]'' (1985), with 3 [[Adventure (role-playing games)|official game adventures]]:
** CN1 ''[[Conan the Buccaneer (module)|Conan the Buccaneer]]'' (1985)
** CN2 ''[[Conan the Mercenary (module)|Conan the Mercenary]]'' (1985)
** CN3 ''[[Conan Triumphant]]'' (1985)
* Three [[Endless Quest]] books by TSR allow the reader to play the role of Conan: 
** ''Conan the Undaunted'' (1984)
** ''Conan and the Prophecy'' (1984)
** ''Conan the Outlaw'' (1984)

In 1988 [[Steve Jackson Games]] acquired a Conan license and started publishing Conan solo adventures for its ''[[GURPS]]'' generic system of rules as of 1988 and a ''[[GURPS Conan]]'' core rulebook in 1989:
* ''GURPS Conan: Beyond Thunder River'' (1988, solo adventure)
* ''GURPS Conan'' (1989, core rulebook)
* ''GURPS Conan and the Queen of the Black Coast'' (1989, solo adventure)
* ''GURPS Conan: Moon of Blood'' (1989, solo adventure)
* ''GURPS Conan the Wyrmslayer'' (1989, solo adventure)

In 2003 the British company [[Mongoose Publishing]] bought a license and acquired in turn the rights to make use of the Conan gaming franchise, publishing a Conan role-playing game from 2004 until 2010. The game ran the [[OGL System]] of rules that Mongoose established for its ''OGL series'' of games:
* ''[[Conan: The Roleplaying Game]]'' (2004), with many supplements.

In 2010 Mongoose Publishing dropped the Conan license. In February 2015, another British company, [[Modiphius Entertainment]], acquired the license, announcing plans to put out a new Conan role-playing game in August of that year.<ref>{{cite web|title = Robert E. Howard's Conan: Adventures In An Age Undreamed Of|publisher = Mophidius Entertainment|date = February 9, 2015|url = http://www.modiphius.com/conan.html|access-date = February 9, 2015|archive-date = July 14, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170714125931/http://www.modiphius.com/conan.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> Actually, the core rulebook was not launched (via [[Kickstarter]]) until a whole year later, in February 2016, reaching by far all funds needed for publication. Long after the Kickstarter ended the core rulebook was launched in PDF format on January 31, 2017. The physical core rulebook finally started distribution in June 2017:
* ''[[Conan: Adventures in an Age Undreamed Of]]'' (hardcover, 368 pages, 2017), with two hardcover supplements already published and at least 17 additional supplements in the works (as planned following the Kickstarter).

Several less well known [[choose your own adventure]]-style books and [[gamebooks]] based on Conan have been published.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.leyendasdehiboria.es/ | website=Leyendas de Hiboria | title=Leyendas de Hiboria | language=es | access-date=2 August 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dudexpress.it/reviews/il-sangue-del-barbaro/ | title=Il Sangue del Barbaro &#124; dudexpress }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://suseyaediciones.com/producto/la-torre-del-elefante-librojuego/ | title=La Torre del Elefante – Librojuego – Suseya Ediciones | date=16 May 2023 }}</ref>

====Video games====
Nine [[video game]]s have been released based on the Conan [[Mythology|mythos]].
* In 1984, [[Datasoft]] released ''[[Conan: Hall of Volta]]'' for [[Apple II]], [[Atari 8-bit computers]], and [[Commodore 64]].
* In 1991, [[The Learning Company|Mindscape]] released ''[[Conan: The Mysteries of Time]]'' for [[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]], a [[Commodore 64]] [[porting|port]] by [[System 3 (software company)|System 3]].
* In 1991, [[Virgin Interactive|Virgin Games]] and [[Synergistic Software|Synergistic]] released ''[[Conan: The Cimmerian]]'' for [[Amiga]] and [[IBM PC compatible]]s.
* In 2004, [[TDK Mediactive]] released ''[[Conan (2004 video game)|Conan]]'', a third-person action game for [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] and [[Video game console|consoles]].
* In 2007, [[THQ]] and [[Nihilistic Software|Nihilistic]] released ''[[Conan (2007 video game)|Conan]]'', a third-person action game for [[PlayStation 3]] and [[Xbox 360]].
* In 2008, [[Funcom]] released ''[[Age of Conan]]'', a [[Massively multiplayer online role-playing game|MMORPG]], on May 20 in the US and May 23 in Europe.
* A RPG game titled ''Conan: The Tower of the Elephant'' was released for the [[iOS]] around the time of the release of the movie ''[[Conan the Barbarian (2011 film)|Conan the Barbarian]]'' as a promotion. The game is based on the short story of the [[The Tower of the Elephant|same name]].
* In 2013, the side-scrolling shooter game ''[[Broforce]]'' introduced a playable character known as Bronan the Brobarian. In the game, he is one of the few characters who does not fight with a firearm or an explosive. Instead, Bronan fights with a sword that can cause massive shockwaves depending on how long the player holds the attack button.
* On January 31, 2017, Funcom released ''[[Conan Exiles]]'' for [[PS4]], [[Xbox One]] and PC. The title is an [[open-world]] [[survival game]]. The game was released in [[early access]], and was released on May 8, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.conanexiles.com/|title=Conan Exiles|website=Conan Exiles}}</ref>
* In 2019, [[Funcom]] released a [[real-time strategy]] game named ''Conan Unconquered''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://store.steampowered.com/app/989690/Conan_Unconquered/|title=Conan Unconquered on Steam|website=store.steampowered.com}}</ref>
* Conan the Barbarian, based on Schwarzenegger's likeness, appears as a playable character in ''[[Mortal Kombat 1]]'' via the "Khaos Reigns" DLC pack, voiced by [[Chris Cox (voice actor)|Chris Cox]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/video-games/3822102/khaos-reigns-dlc-for-mortal-kombat-1-includes-ghostface-conan-t-1000-and-more/|title=“Khaos Reigns” DLC for ‘Mortal Kombat 1’ Includes Ghostface, Conan, T-1000 And More|website=[[Bloody Disgusting]]|first=Mike|last=Wilson|date=July 26, 2024|access-date=July 26, 2024|archive-date=July 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726221359/https://bloody-disgusting.com/video-games/3822102/khaos-reigns-dlc-for-mortal-kombat-1-includes-ghostface-conan-t-1000-and-more/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/mortal-kombat-1-khaos-reigns-dlc-revealed-includes-ghostface-t-1000-and-female-sektor-and-cyrax-sdcc-2024|title=Mortal Kombat 1 Khaos Reigns DLC Revealed, Includes Ghostface, T-1000, and Female Sektor and Cyrax SDCC 2024|website=[[IGN]]|first=Michael|last=Cripe|date=July 26, 2024|access-date=July 26, 2024|archive-date=July 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726220310/https://www.ign.com/articles/mortal-kombat-1-khaos-reigns-dlc-revealed-includes-ghostface-t-1000-and-female-sektor-and-cyrax-sdcc-2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Characters==

===Prose fiction===
<!-- Please include ONLY well-known and important characters to limit the article size. -->
* '''[[Bêlit (Fiction)|Bêlit]]''' – Self-styled Shemite Queen of the Black Coast, captain of the pirate ship ''Tigress'', and Conan's first serious lover ("[[Queen of the Black Coast]]").
* '''Ctesphon''' - The king of Stygia is mentioned only once and in passing, in "The Phoenix on the Sword". He is a priest king, like Thugra-Khotan in the Stygian daughter-kingdom of Kutchemes.
* '''[[Thoth-Amon]]''' – Stygian wizard of great power who appeared in the first Conan story written ("[[The Phoenix on the Sword]]" and was mentioned in "[[The God in the Bowl]]" and ''[[The Hour of the Dragon]]''. [[L. Sprague de Camp]] and [[Lin Carter]] made Thoth-Amon the nemesis of Conan. In the Marvel comics, Thoth-Amon was also Conan's lifelong opponent and had a striking appearance designed by [[Barry Windsor-Smith]]; he wore a distinctive ram-horn ornamental headdress. In "The Phoenix on the Sword" though, where Thoth has been robbed of his magical ring, he doesn't at all seem very impressive, yet less admirable. He is portrayed by [[Pat Roach]] in ''[[Conan the Destroyer]]''.
* '''[[Valeria (Conan the Barbarian)|Valeria]]''' – Aquilonian female mercenary affiliated with the Red Brotherhood ("[[Red Nails]]").
* '''Yara''' – Evil wizard and adversary of Conan ("[[The Tower of the Elephant]]") who enslaved Yag-Kosha, an extraterrestrial being resembling the [[Hindu]] god [[Ganesh]].
* '''Yasmina'''- Brave, proud, feisty, wise, and warmhearted queen over the ancient kingdom of Vendhya, homeland and stronghold of Asura-worship.
* '''Zenobia''' – [[Seraglio]] concubine Conan promises to wed and make queen of [[Aquilonia (Conan)|Aquilonia]] (''[[The Hour of the Dragon]]'').

===Comic books===
<!-- Please include ONLY well-known and important characters to limit the article size. -->
* '''[[Fafnir]]''' – A pastiche of Fafhrd from the [[sword-and-sorcery]] stories of [[Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser]] by [[Fritz Leiber]]. He is a mighty red-bearded [[Vanir]] warrior and pirate captain. At first he and Conan are enemies, but they soon become allies after being shipwrecked.
* '''Jenna''' – (Marvel comics character). A dancing girl from the city of Shadizar. She becomes Conan's girlfriend after he saves her from a monstrous [[bat]], but later betrays him to the authorities. Conan gets his revenge by throwing her into a pool of sewage. Based on an unnamed character in the prose story "[[Rogues in the House]]".
* '''Mikhal "the Vulture" Oglu''' – In Marvel comics' ''Conan the Barbarian'' #23, Mikhal Oglu is Yezdigerd's enforcer and the greatest swordsman in Turan. He challenges Conan but is defeated and his severed head is sent to Yezdigerd in an ornate casket intended for Conan's head. He was inspired by a character in a non-Conan story by Robert E. Howard ("[[The Shadow of the Vulture]]").
* '''[[Kulan Gath]]''' – a prominent evil wizard appearing initially in the Marvel Conan comics and later fully integrated into the Marvel Universe. He has also appeared in Red Sonya comics by [[Dynamite Entertainment]].
* '''[[Red Sonja]]''' – An Hyrkanian warrior created by [[Roy Thomas]] and [[Barry Windsor-Smith]] for the Conan comics. She was based on the Howard character, Red Sonya of Rogatino, who appeared in "[[The Shadow of the Vulture]]", a novella set in the 16th century.
* '''Yezdigerd''' – Ruler of Turan, a Turkish empire-based civilization. He employs Conan as a mercenary but betrays him after he outlived his usefulness
* '''Zukala''' – A character from the Conan comics published by Marvel, inspired by a poem by Robert E. Howard. Zukala is an evil sorcerer who gains his powers from a mask. His daughter, Zephra, falls in love with Conan.
* '''[[Elric]]''' – A powerful magician and ruler of the ancient empire of [[Melnibone]] who befriends Conan and unsuccessfully attempts to prevent Zephra's death. Based on the character created by [[Michael Moorcock]].

===Films===
<!-- Please include ONLY well-known and important characters to limit the article size. -->
* '''Akiro''' – A character from the two Schwarzenegger Conan films. He is a powerful [[Magician (fantasy)|wizard]] who befriends Conan and Subotai, and serves as the narrator and Conan's chronicler. He is played by Japanese actor [[Mako Iwamatsu]].
* '''Rexor''' – In the 1982 film, the chief priest of Thulsa Doom's snake cult, who stole the sword of Conan's father. Played by [[Ben Davidson]]
* '''Subotai''' – Hyrkanian thief and archer. He is Conan's companion in the 1982 film. Played by Gerry Lopez
* '''Malak''' – A thief. He is Conan's traveling companion in the 1984 sequel. Played by [[Tracey Walter]]
* '''Thorgrim''' – [[Hammer]]-wielding minion of Thulsa Doom in the 1982 film. Played by [[Sven-Ole Thorsen]]
* '''[[Thulsa Doom]]''' – A skull-faced [[necromancer]] from a [[Kull of Atlantis|King Kull]] story, a recurring villain in the Kull comics, and the antagonist in the [[Conan the Barbarian (1982 film)|1982 film]], played by [[James Earl Jones]].

{{anchor|Copyright and trademark dispute}} <!-- this means there are incoming links, so even if you rename or move the section, please keep the anchor pointing to the relevant passages -->

==Copyright and trademark dispute==
The name ''Conan'' and the names of some of Robert E. Howard's other characters are claimed as trademarked by Conan Properties International<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2012/06/05/266196/0/sv/Conan-film-rights-revert-to-Conan-Properties.html|title = Conan film rights revert to Conan Properties|date = 5 June 2012}}</ref> and licensed to [[Cabinet Entertainment]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cabinetentertainment.com/our-licenses/conan/|title = Conan| date=26 January 2023 }}</ref> both entities controlled by CEO Fredrik Malmberg.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gamingaktier |date=2018-04-03 |title=Intervju med Fredrik Malmberg (Funcom) |url=https://gamingaktier.com/intervju-med-fredrik-malmberg-funcom/ |website=Gamingaktier |language=sv-SE}}</ref>

Since Robert E. Howard's Conan stories were published at a time when the date of publication was the marker (1932–1963), however, and any new owners failed to renew them to maintain the copyrights,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.robert-e-howard.org/AnotherThought4rerevised.html| title = Paul Herman's research on the copyright status of Robert Howard's work| access-date = 2009-04-01| archive-date = 2009-02-28| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090228111053/http://www.robert-e-howard.org/AnotherThought4rerevised.html| url-status = dead}}</ref> the exact copyright status of all of Howard's 'Conan' works is in question.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.copyright.cornell.edu/training/Hirtle_Public_Domain.htm |title=Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States at Cornell University |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704071954/http://www.copyright.cornell.edu/training/Hirtle_Public_Domain.htm |archive-date=2012-07-04 }}</ref> The majority of Howard's Conan fiction exist in at least two versions, subject to different copyright standards, namely 1) the original ''Weird Tales'' publications before or shortly after Howard's death, which are generally understood to be [[public domain]] and 2) restored versions based upon manuscripts which were unpublished during Howard's lifetime.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Herman |first=Paul |date=1 May 2007 |title=THE COPYRIGHT AND OWNERSHIP STATUS OF THE WORKS AND WORDS OF ROBERT E. HOWARD |url=http://www.robert-e-howard.org/AnotherThought4rerevised.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715192544/http://www.robert-e-howard.org/AnotherThought4rerevised.html |archive-date=15 July 2019 |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=Robert-E-Howard Electronic Amateur Press Association}}</ref>

The character of Conan will officially enter the public domain worldwide on January 1st, 2028 due to the longest extant term of copyright in the world on work for hire material being 95 years from the date of first publication. The character of Conan first appeared in print in 1932. Current trademarks on Conan can not be used to extend Conan Properties International's copyright protections, as established by the [[United States Supreme Court]] in the case ''[[Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=DASTAR CORP. v. TWENTIETH CENTURY FOX FILM CORP. ET AL. 539 US 23 - Supreme Court 2003 |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13445605668854417212}}</ref> in which [[Antonin Scalia]] warned that allowing these types of restrictions on a public domain work could effectively create "a species of mutant copyright law" that would limit the public's right to copy and use expired copyrights. 

The Australian site of [[Project Gutenberg]] hosts digital copies of many of Howard's stories, including several works about Conan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Robert Ervin HOWARD (1906–1936) |url=https://gutenberg.net.au/plusfifty-a-m.html#howardre |publisher=Project Gutenberg}}</ref>

In the United Kingdom, works are released into the [[public domain]] 70&nbsp;years after the death of an author. With Howard having died in 1936, his works have been in the public domain there since 2007. The same standard applies for Malmberg's home country of [[Sweden]].

In August 2018, Conan Properties International LLC won by default a suit against Spanish sculptor Ricardo Jove Sanchez after he failed to appear at court in the United States. Jove had started a [[crowdfunding]] campaign that raised around €3000 on [[Kickstarter]], with the intent of selling barbarian figurines to online customers, including those in the United States. The Magistrate Judge originally recommended statutory damages for infringement on three Robert E. Howard characters not including Conan, but Jove was eventually fined $3,000 per character used in the campaign, including Conan, for a total of $21,000.<ref name="CNS Conan Infringement Ruling">{{cite web |title=Artist Thwacked for Conan the Barbarian Infringement |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/artist-thwacked-for-conan-the-barbarian-infringement/ |website=Courthouse News Service |access-date=27 May 2021}}</ref>

In September 2020, it was announced that [[Netflix]] had made a larger deal involving Malmberg and Mark Wheeler from Pathfinder Media between Netflix and Conan Properties International for the exclusive rights to the Conan library for the rights for live-action and animated films and TV shows.<ref name=":0"/>

In 2024, British author and [[Eisner Award]] winner [[John Allison (comics)|John Allison]] started to publish a Conan serial online, with a tongue-in-cheek narrative heavily intermingled with characters from his own works. However, he took the unfinished comic down in late April, after receiving a cease-and-desist letter from Conan Properties International. Allison notes that to his understanding Conan "is in the public domain in the UK (where I live and work)", but that he doesn't have "the time or energy to contest this".<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Announcement – Scary Go Round :: Side Projects |url=https://badmachinery.com/comic/announcement/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423111052/https://badmachinery.com/comic/announcement/ |archive-date=2024-04-23 |access-date= |website=badmachinery.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal
 | last = Blosser
 | first = Fred
 | title = ''The Star Rover'' and "The People of the Night"
 | journal = The Dark Man #4
 | year = 1997
 | pages = 16–18
| title-link = The Star Rover
 }}
* {{cite book |last= |first= |year=2004 |title=The Barbaric Triumph |publisher=Wildside Press |isbn=978-0-8095-1566-0 |editor-last=Herron |editor-first=Don}}
* {{cite book
 | last = Thomas
 | first = Roy
 | year = 2006
 | title = Conan: The Ultimate guide to the world's most savage barbarian
 | publisher = DK Publishing
 | isbn = 978-0-7566-2095-0
}}
* {{cite book |year=1984 |title=The Dark Barbarian |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-23281-7 |editor-last=Herron |editor-first=Don}}
* {{cite book |year=2003 |title=The Coming of Conan the Cimmerian |publisher=Del Rey |isbn=978-0-345-46151-3 |editor-last=Louinet |editor-first=Patrice}}
* {{cite book
 | last = Zelenetz
 | first = Alan
 | year = 1986
 | title = The Official Handbook of the Conan Universe
 | publisher = Marvel Comics
| title-link = Official Handbook of the Conan Universe
 }}

==External links==
{{sister project links|d=Q189169|wikt=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|n=no|s=Author:Robert_Ervin_Howard#Conan_the_Barbarian|c=Category:Conan the Barbarian}}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/robert-e-howard/short-fiction|Display Name=An omnibus of Howard's public domain works|noitalics=true}}
* [http://howardworks.com/ The Works of Robert E. Howard]
* [http://www.conan.com/ Conan: The Official Website]
* [http://www.barbarconan.cz/ Conan: Czech fanpage]
* [http://www.hyboria.pl/ Hyboria: Polish fanpage]
* {{ISFDB series|id=32433}}

{{Conan|state=expanded}}
{{Robert E. Howard}}
{{Fantasy fiction}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Conan the Barbarian| ]]
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