Editing Communications Act of 1934

{{short description|1934 U.S. federal law creating the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox U.S. legislation
| shorttitle        = Communications Act of 1934
| othershorttitles  = Federal Communications Commission Act;<br />Act of June 19, 1934
| longtitle         = An act to provide for the regulation of interstate and foreign communication by wire or radio, and for other purposes.
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| enacted by        = 73rd
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| cite public law   = {{uspl|73|416}}
| cite statutes at large = {{usstat|48|1064}}
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| signedpresident = [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
| signeddate      = June 19, 1934
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| amendments      = [[All-Channel Receiver Act|All-Channel Receiver Act of 1962]]<br>[[Public Broadcasting Act of 1967]]<br>[[Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984]]<br />[[Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992]]<br />[[Telecommunications Act of 1996]]<br>[[STELA Reauthorization Act of 2014]]<br>Martha Wright-Reed Just and Reasonable Communications Act of 2022<br>[[TAKE IT DOWN Act]]
| SCOTUS cases    = {{ubl
| ''[[FCC v. Sanders Brothers Radio Station]]'', {{ussc|309|470|1940}}
| ''[[National Broadcasting Co. v. United States]]'', {{ussc|319|190|1943}}
| ''[[United States v. Southwestern Cable Co.]]'', {{ussc|392|157|1968}}
| ''[[Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC]]'', {{ussc|395|367|1969}}
| ''[[FCC v. Pacifica Foundation]]'', {{ussc|438|726|1978}}
| ''[[CBS, Inc. v. FCC]]'', {{ussc|453|367|1981}}
| ''[[Sable Communications of California v. FCC]]'', {{ussc|492|115|1989}}
| ''[[National Cable & Telecommunications Ass'n v. Brand X Internet Services]]'', {{ussc|545|967|2005}}
}}
}}{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
The '''Communications Act of 1934''' is a [[United States federal law]] signed by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] on June 19, 1934, and codified as Chapter 5 of [[Title 47 of the United States Code]], {{usc|47|151}} et seq. The act replaced the [[Federal Radio Commission]] with the [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC). It also transferred regulation of interstate [[telephone]] services from the [[Interstate Commerce Commission]] to the FCC.

The first section of the act originally read as follows: "For the purpose of regulating interstate and foreign commerce in communication by wire and radio so as to make available, so far as possible to all the people of the United States a rapid, efficient, Nation-wide, and world-wide wire and radio communication service with adequate facilities at reasonable charges, for the purpose of the national defense, for the purpose of promoting safety of life and property through the use of wire and radio communication, and for the purpose of securing a more effective execution of this policy by centralizing authority heretofore granted by law to several agencies and by granting additional authority with respect to interstate and foreign commerce in wire and radio communication, there is hereby created a commission to be known as the ''Federal Communications Commission,'' which shall be constituted as hereinafter provided, and which shall execute and enforce the provisions of this Act.";<ref name="1934-original-text">[https://www.nsa.gov/Portals/70/documents/news-features/declassified-documents/friedman-documents/reports-research/FOLDER_047/41786769082578.pdf 1934-original-text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922030114/https://www.nsa.gov/Portals/70/documents/news-features/declassified-documents/friedman-documents/reports-research/FOLDER_047/41786769082578.pdf |date=September 22, 2019 }} from nsa.gov</ref><ref name="1934-historic-text">[https://transition.fcc.gov/Bureaus/OSEC/library/legislative_histories/47.pdf 1934-historic-text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303173521/https://transition.fcc.gov/Bureaus/OSEC/library/legislative_histories/47.pdf |date=March 3, 2017 }} from fcc.gov</ref> although it has since been amended.<ref name="1934-new-text">[https://transition.fcc.gov/Reports/1934new.pdf 1934-new-text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925052012/https://transition.fcc.gov/Reports/1934new.pdf |date=September 25, 2019 }} from fcc.gov</ref>

On January 3, 1996, the [[104th United States Congress|104th&nbsp;Congress of the United States]] amended or repealed sections of the Communications Act of 1934 with the [[Telecommunications Act of 1996]]. It was the first major overhaul of [[Telecommunications policy of the United States|American telecommunications policy]] in nearly 62&nbsp;years.

==History==
The Communications Act of 1934 largely combined and reorganized existing provisions of law, including provisions of the Federal [[Radio Act of 1927]] relating to [[radio]] licensing, and of the [[Mann-Elkins Act of 1910]] relating to telephone service.

In 1933, President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] asked [[Daniel C. Roper]], [[Secretary of Commerce]], to appoint an interdepartmental committee for studying electronic communications. The Committee reported that "the communications service, as far as congressional action is involved, should be regulated by a single body". A recommendation was made for the establishment of a new agency that would regulate all interstate and foreign communication by wire and radio, [[telegraph]]y, telephone and [[Radio broadcast|broadcast]].

On February 26, 1934, the President sent a special message to Congress urging the creation of the Federal Communications Commission&nbsp;(FCC). The following day Senator [[Clarence Dill]] and Representative [[Sam Rayburn]] introduced bills to carry out this recommendation. The Senate Bill (S.3285) passed the House on June 1, 1934, and the conference report was adopted by both houses eight days later. The Communications Act was signed by President Roosevelt in June 1934. Particular parts of it became effective July 1, 1934; the remaining parts on July 11, 1934.<ref>[http://www.cybertelecom.org/notes/communications_act.htm From History of Wire and Broadcast Communication, FCC (May 1993)]</ref>

The Communications Act of 1934 followed the precedents of trial cases set under the [[Commerce Clause]] of the [[U.S.&nbsp;Constitution]] ([[Article One of the United States Constitution|Article&nbsp;I]], [[Enumerated powers|Section&nbsp;8]], Clause&nbsp;3), regulating commerce "among the several states". Twenty years earlier, in 1914, the [[U.S.&nbsp;Supreme Court]] had set limits on price discrimination that were effectively [[interstate commerce]] in ''Houston, East & West Texas Railway&nbsp;Co. v. United States''. The railway was setting lower prices for intrastate carriers within Texas while charging more for carriers that were going through or out of the state. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the ICC, and maximum prices were set to limit the damage that other states could face due to price discrimination.<ref name="Kennedy 1998">{{cite journal|last=Kennedy|first=L. J.|author2=Purcell, H.A.|title=Section 332 of the Communications Act of 1934: A federal regulatory framework that is "hog tight, horse high, and bull strong"|journal=Federal Communications Law Journal|year=1998|volume=50|issue=3 |pages=547–604|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/213194460/|access-date=April 12, 2011}}</ref>

Communications technology was determined to be an interstate good. President Franklin Roosevelt, along with lobbyists and state regulators, wanted communications technology, both wired and wireless, to be monitored in a similar way and influenced Congress to pass the Communications Act of 1934. The goal was to have telephone and broadcasting regulated with the same jurisdiction in a way similar to that in which the ICC regulates the railways and interstate commerce. The act did not, however, allow for price regulation through the FCC due to strong [[lobbying]] efforts from the [[National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners]] (NARUC).<ref name="Kennedy 1998"/>

Currently there are some challenges and proposed changes to the act. The company CellAntenna unsuccessfully sued<!--a date would be better--> the FCC, claiming the [[Homeland Security Act of 2002]] did override the Communications Act of 1934.<ref>[http://news.cnet.com/Company-challenges-FCC-rules-on-cell-phone-jamming-gear/2100-1036_3-6139854.html Marguerite Reardon, "Company challenges FCC rules on cell phone-jamming gear"], CNET,  December 1, 2006;  accessed March 2, 2011.</ref>

The 1934 Communications Act prohibits local and state law enforcement from using [[Radio jamming|jamming]] devices to thwart criminal and terrorist acts. CellAntenna lost its case, but as a response have supported legislation (The Safe Prisons Communications Act) sponsored by Senator [[Kay Bailey Hutchison]] and Representative [[Kevin Brady]], attempting to amend the Communications Act of 1934. The bill was left in committee in the House.<ref>[http://www.opencongress.org/bill/111-h560/show H.R.560 – Safe Prisons Communications Act of 2009]; accessed October 30, 2017.</ref>

There has been public debate about the need for an [[Internet kill switch]], defined in a proposed Protecting Cyberspace as a National Asset Act.<ref>[http://www.opencongress.org/bill/111-s3480/show S.3480 - Protecting Cyberspace as a National Asset Act of 2010], at OpenCongress.org</ref> This act removes the powers established in the 1934 Act and gives the President the authority to stop the Internet in case of a cyber attack.

The act forbids foreign individuals, governments, and corporations owning more than 20% of the capital stock of a broadcast, common carrier, or radio station.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fcc.gov/general/foreign-ownership-rules-and-policies-common-carrier-aeronautical-en-route-and-aeronautical#:~:text=Section%20310(b)(3,or%20aeronautical%20radio%20station%20licensee. | title=Foreign Ownership Rules and Policies for Common Carrier, Aeronautical en Route and Aeronautical Fixed Radio Station Licensees | date=September 10, 2013 }}</ref> In 2013 the FCC relaxed these rules.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fung |first=Brian |date=2014 |title=FCC relaxes rules rule limiting foreign ownership of media stations |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2013/11/14/the-next-rupert-murdoch-wont-have-to-change-his-citizenship-to-rule-the-tv-biz/ }}</ref>

==Structure==
The Communications Act of 1934, {{as of|lc=yes|2021}}, consists of seven major sections or "subchapters", as expressed in the [[US Code]], Title 47 (Communications), Chapter 5 — Wire or Radio Communication:<ref>{{cite web | title=47 U.S. Code Chapter 5 - Wire or radio communication | website= Legal Information Institute (LII)|publisher= [[Cornell Law School]] | date=July 25, 2016 | url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/chapter-5 | access-date=March 8, 2021}}</ref>

*Subchapter I: General Provisions (§§ 151 – 163)
*Subchapter II: [[Common carrier]]s (§§ 201 – 276)
*Subchapter III: Special provisions related to radio (§§ 301 – 399b)
*Subchapter IV: Procedural and administrative provisions (§§ 401 – 416)
*Subchapter V: Penal provisions; Forfeitures (§§ 501 – 511)
*Subchapter V-A: Cable communications (added by the [[Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984]]) (§§ 521 – 573)
*Subchapter VI: Miscellaneous provisions (§§ 601 – 624)
*Subchapter VII: Broadband data (§§ 641 – 64)

==Legacy==
The act established a legal basis for regulating wired and wireless communications on a nationwide and worldwide basis. The Federal Communications Commission was founded because of the act; it replaced the Federal Radio Commission. Because of the act, the U.S.&nbsp;government could regulate new media technologies such as television and mobile phones.

Moreover, the act permitted the regulation of commercial communication corporations such as private radio and television companies. Opponents in Congress argued that the act harmed the telecommunications industry, such as by delaying the development of new technologies. In 1982, Congress produced a report recommending changes called "Proposals for Revision of the Communications Act of 1934: Telecommunications Issues".<ref>{{cite web|last=Gilroy|first=A. A.|title=Proposals for Revision of the Communications Act of 1934: Telecommunications Issues.|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8789/|work=. UNT Digital Library|access-date=March 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100424020203/http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs8789/|archive-date=April 24, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Creation of the Federal Communications Commission===
The [[Commerce Clause]] in Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution grants Congress the authority to regulate foreign and interstate commerce. By the early 20th century, radio transmission had become the most efficient way to facilitate communication about commerce and therefore, radio frequencies on the [[electromagnetic spectrum]] could constitutionally be regulated. The [[Wireless Ship Act of 1910]] called for Congress to modestly regulate the wireless industry and the [[Radio Act of 1912]] was their first attempt to make more legislative oversight to the entire radio industry.

This act required anyone who wanted to transmit over the radio to have government issued permission in form of a license. Along with the help of important legislators, these were the early building blocks that eventually evolved into the FCC.

Secretary of Commerce [[Herbert Hoover]] played a large role regarding regulation because he issued the licenses which allocated the spectrum. Once radio broadcasting became popular, Hoover brought attention to the limited amount of frequency space the spectrum held. This problem made obtaining frequencies and airtime very difficult, as well as making "noise" on existing frequencies. Between 1923 and 1924, Hoover expanded the number of assigned frequencies to reduce the interference, but his quick fix failed, which, in turn, ended self-regulation of spectrum space. Congress then passed the Radio Act of 1927 to create the framework for regulating the rapidly-growing broadcast industry.

President [[Calvin Coolidge]] was an important aspect of radio regulation by signing the Radio Act of 1927, which invested regulatory power to the Federal Radio Commission (FRC). Senators Clarence Dill and [[Wallace H. White,&nbsp;Jr.]] also pushed toward passing the 1927 act. The FRC had a short, 6-year term in American history and transferred its responsibility, as the agency for managing the radio spectrum, to the FCC after the Communications Act of 1934. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed the bill in 1934. This change in power was needed to develop a better way of determining who got to use what radio bands and for what purposes. There were many factors and individuals that played a role in the creation of the FCC, but in the end, Congress created the agency.<ref>{{cite web|last=Messere|first=Fritz|title=Encyclopedia of Radio|url=http://www.oswego.edu/~messere/RadioReg.pdf|access-date=May 2, 2011|archive-date=March 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319144632/http://www.oswego.edu/~messere/RadioReg.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About the FCC|url=http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/aboutfcc.html|work=FCC Consumer Facts|publisher=Federal Communications Commission|access-date=May 2, 2011|archive-date=August 10, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810193244/http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/aboutfcc.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Wiretapping ===
In section 605 of the act, the FCC was empowered by Congress to enforce wiretapping compliance. Academic Colin Agur argues that the Communications Act of 1934 "filled a legal void" by creating a process through which telephone carrier companies could record and report illegal wiretapping requests and the FCC could punish law enforcement officials who abused wiretapping surveillance.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Agur|first=Colin|date=2013|title=Negotiated Order: The Fourth Amendment, Telephone Surveillance, and Social Interactions, 1878-1968|journal=Information & Culture|volume=48|issue=4|pages=419–447|via=ProQuest}}</ref>

===Transition from the Federal Radio Commission===
The FCC took over regulation in 1934 and changed many of the structural characteristics of the original agency, although its goal of reducing interference remained the same. The original FRC had 5 members who were each responsible for representing one geographical area of the United States. Congress also planned for the 5-member agency to become a quasi-judicial body which would only have to meet when necessary. Their jobs were to alleviate "noise" from the airwaves and they were given the power to license and regulate radio stations. The Federal Radio Commission's lack of regulatory action lead to the more permanent Federal Communications Commission. Much like the FRC, the FCC consists of commissioners who are appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. Each Commissioner can only serve for a five-year term, even the one chosen to be the chairperson. Originally there were 7 commissioners with 7 year terms, but this was changed to 5 commissions with 5 year terms in 1986.<ref>Pub. L. 99–334</ref>  Though there are only five commissioners, there are several offices and departments, made up of hundreds and staff members that carry out different duties. For example, the Mass Media Bureau processes license applications and renewals. These divisions of administrative duties differentiate the FRC from the FCC.<ref>{{cite book|last=Murray|first=Michael|title=Encyclopedia of Television News|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3fhcUnCC1AC&q=FRC+commissioners+duties&pg=PA77|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|access-date=May 2, 2011|isbn=9781573561082|year=1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=FCC|url=http://www.acbcert.com/.../seminar.../ATCB%20Seminar%20DRAFT%20Beginner%20CN%20102005.ppt|access-date=May 1, 2011}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Changes and amendments==

===1960s quiz show amendments===
Amendments made to the Act in 1960, passed in the wake of the [[1950s quiz show scandals]], prohibited the presentation of scripted [[game show]]s under the guise of a legitimate contest.<ref>{{USPL|86|752|Communications Act Amendments, 1960}}</ref>

===Public Broadcasting Act of 1967===
{{Excerpt|Public Broadcasting Act of 1967}}

===Telecommunications Act of 1996===
The [[Telecommunications Act of 1996|Telecommunication Act 1996]] contained two major changes from the original Communications Act of 1934: the new act was less technologically biased and offered less regulation.
This act determined the basis of media regulation by its contents, not a technological standard. Title V in Telecommunication Act of 1996,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fcc.gov/Reports/tcom1996.pdf |title=Telecommunications Act of 1996 |access-date=February 12, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050119235910/http://www.fcc.gov/Reports/tcom1996.pdf |archive-date=January 19, 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref> "Obscenity and Violence", is a good example of this; Title V set the standard for regulating media contents.
The Communications Act of 1934 is argued by some to have created monopolies, such as the case of AT&T. The FCC recognized AT&T as a "[[natural monopoly]]" during the 1930s in the Communications Act of 1934.<ref name="update">{{cite book| last=Grant| first=August E.|author2=Jennifer Harman Meadows| title=Communication technology update, Volume 10, Part 2006 | year=2006| pages=276| work=Focal Press}}</ref> Because of these effects, the FCC designed the Communications Act 1996 "to provide for a pro-competitive, de-regulatory national policy framework designed to accelerate rapidly private sector deployment of advanced information technologies and services to all Americans by opening all telecommunications markets to competition..."<ref>Conference Report, Telecommunications Act of 1996, House of Representatives, 104th Congress, 2d Session, H.Rept. 104-458, at p. 1.</ref> The Telecommunication Act of 1996 also added and changed some rules to account for the emerging internet.

The FCC derives its jurisdiction to facilitate the deployment of [[broadband]] to Americans in [[Telecommunications policy of the United States#Broadband deployment policy objectives|Section 706]] in the Telecommunications act of 1996. In this section the code states that the FCC is to "encourage the deployment on a reasonable and timely basis of advanced telecommunications capability to all Americans."<ref name="fcc.gov">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fcc.gov/broadband/|title = Getting Connected to Broadband|date = May 22, 2018}}</ref>
They currently want to advocate the following objectives:
*Broaden the deployment of broadband technologies
*Define broadband to include any platform capable of transmitting high-bandwidth intensive services
*Ensure harmonized regulatory treatment of competing broadband services
*Encourage and facilitate an environment that stimulates investment and innovation in broadband technologies and services<ref name="fcc.gov"/>

===1984 & 1992 Amendments===
* The [[Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984]] added Title VI—Cable Communications, which deregulated the cable industry.
* The [[Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992]] amended Title VI and required cable systems to carry most local broadcast channels and prohibited cable operators from charging local broadcasters to carry their signal.

One major amendment to the Communications Act of 1934 was made on September 7, 1999. The FCC ruled "that a broadcast station should not be allowed to refuse a request for political advertising time solely on the ground that the station does not sell or program such lengths of time". Politics have had many effects and changes to the act that are not in the "best interest of the public" thus taking away some of the power given to the FCC from the Act.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gutwein|first=P. J.|title=The FCC and Section 312(a)(7) of the Communications Act of 1934: The development of the "unreasonable access" clause|journal=Federal Communications Law Journal|year=2000|volume=53 | issue = 1 |pages=161–183|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/213146717/}}</ref>

===Proposed amendments===
The [[Federal Communications Commission Consolidated Reporting Act of 2013 (H.R. 2844; 113th Congress)]] would amend the Communications Act of 1934 to require the [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) to publish on its website and submit to Congress a biennial report on the state of the communications marketplace.<ref name=2844sum>{{cite web|title=H.R. 2844 - Summary|date=September 10, 2013|url=http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th/house-bill/2844|publisher=United States Congress|access-date=September 12, 2013}}</ref>  That report would include an analysis of "the state of competition in the markets for voice, video, and data services, as well as the availability of high-speed and high-quality telecommunications services" in the United States.<ref name=cbo2844>{{cite web|title=CBO - H.R. 2844|date=August 29, 2013|url=http://www.cbo.gov/publication/44539|publisher=Congressional Budget Office|access-date=September 12, 2013}}</ref>   It would also "require the FCC to determine whether laws and regulations pose a barrier to entry into communications markets and to include that information in the biennial report" and cancel a number of preexisting requirements for various other reports from the FCC.<ref name="cbo2844"/>

==Controversies==

===1934: Commercial radio debate===
Before the Communications Act of 1934 was enacted as law by the [[U.S.&nbsp;Congress]], there was a debate over commercial versus non-commercial broadcasting: Senators [[Robert F. Wagner|Robert Wagner]] of [[New York (state)|New York]] and [[Henry D. Hatfield|Henry Hatfield]] of [[West Virginia]] offered an amendment to the then proposed Communications Act. Educators wanted more of radio to be given to them; they had been termed a "special interest" by the Federal Radio Commission and their stations were forced to share frequencies.

The [[Wagner-Hatfield amendment]] would have given 25% of all radio broadcasting facilities to non-profit institutions and organizations. It would also have allowed these educational stations to sell advertising in order to become self-sufficient.

Senator [[Clarence Dill]], a pro-industry spokesman, opposed this amendment. It would have meant eliminating numerous commercial stations, but that is not what Senator Dill publicly complained about. He expressed horror over the advertising. He said there was too much advertising already. Not all educators supported the advertising clause, so a compromise was struck.

The issue was to be given to the new FCC to study and to hold hearings on and to report back to Congress. Hatfield and Wagner stuck to their guns, however, and proposed their amendment anyway. The Hatfield-Wagner amendment died and the Communications Act was passed.

The Federal Communications Commission reported back, saying that commercial stations had ample time for educational and other public service programs. The Commission called for cooperation between commercial and educational interests and other non-profit groups. The educators lost, although commercial broadcasters were forced to air public affairs programs.

===1943: Chain (network) case===
The U.S. Supreme Court held in ''[[National Broadcasting Co. v. United States]]'', 319&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;190 on May 10, 1943, that the FCC had the right to issue regulations pertaining to associations between broadcasting networks and their affiliated stations. The opinion of the Supreme Court was not unanimous and it led to a conflict with an earlier decision in ''Federal Communications Commission v. Sanders Brothers Radio Station'', 309&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;470, on March 25, 1940.

In that case the FCC interpreted Supreme Court decisions concerning broadcasting to mean that potential economic injury to an existing licensee was not grounds for refusing to license a competitor. (This FCC interpretation remained in place from 1940 to 1958.)

The opinion of the Supreme Court was delivered by [[Felix Frankfurter]]. Justices [[Hugo Black]] and [[Wiley Blount Rutledge]] took no part in the discussion or decision. Justice [[Frank Murphy]] offered a dissenting opinion, stating that the Court was effectively giving the FCC a power to regulate networks which had not been given to the FCC by Congress. Murphy stated that

{{blockquote|we exceed our competence when we gratuitously bestow upon an agency power which the Congress has not granted. Since that is what the Court in substance does today, I dissent.}}

Because the majority of the Court did not agree with Murphy, it effectively gave the FCC power to regulate the networks. As a result of this 1943 decision, [[NBC]] was forced to sell one of its two networks—the [[Blue Network]]—and it was this action which then led to the creation of the [[American Broadcasting Company]].

==See also==
*[[Comcast Corp. v. FCC]]
*[[CBS, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission]]
*[[Communications Opportunity, Promotion and Enhancement Act of 2006|COPE Act of 2006]] (Communications Act of 2006)
*[[Telecommunications Act of 2005]] (Communications Act of 2006)

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*Paglin, Max D.  ''A Legislative History of the Communications Act of 1934''. Oxford University Press, New York. 1989.
*[[Brinkley Act]]: Section 325(b) of the Communications Act of 1934 that was written into law in an attempt to halt live broadcasting from radio studios in the United States linked to high-powered "[[border blaster]]" transmitters on the Mexican side of the international border, via telephone land lines. This provision was carried through into the Telecommunications Act of 1996 by incorporation of the Communications Act of 1934, as amended to Section 325(c).
*Kahn, Frank J. (editor). ''Documents of American Broadcasting''. Meridith, 1968. - LoC Number: 68-8961

==External links==
* [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-936/uslm/COMPS-936.xml Communications Act of 1934] ([https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/COMPS-936/pdf/COMPS-936.pdf PDF]/[https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/COMPS-936/ details]) as amended in the [[United States Government Publishing Office|GPO]] [https://www.govinfo.gov/help/comps Statute Compilations collection]

{{Federal Communications Commission}}
{{New Deal}}
{{Telecommunications}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Communications Act Of 1934}}
[[Category:United States federal communications legislation]]
[[Category:History of telecommunications in the United States]]
[[Category:1934 in American law]]
[[Category:Federal Radio Commission]]
[[Category:Federal Communications Commission|Act]]
[[Category:Radio regulations]]
[[Category:June 1934 in the United States]]
[[Category:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt]]