Editing Common Foreign and Security Policy

{{Short description|Organised, agreed foreign policy of the European Union}}
{{About|the workings of European Union foreign policy|the relations between the European Union and third countries|Foreign relations of the European Union}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Politics of the European Union}}

The '''Common Foreign and Security Policy''' ('''CFSP''') is the organised, agreed [[foreign policy]] of the [[European Union]] (EU) for mainly security and [[defence diplomacy]] and actions. CFSP deals only with a specific part of the [[Foreign relations of the European Union|EU's external relations]], which domains include mainly [[Commercial policy|Trade and Commercial Policy]] and other areas such as [[EuropeAid Development and Cooperation|funding]] to third countries, etc. Decisions require unanimity among [[Member state of the European Union|member states]] in the [[Council of the European Union]], but once agreed, certain aspects can be further decided by [[Voting in the Council of the European Union|qualified majority voting]]. Foreign policy is chaired and represented by the EU's [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy|High Representative]], currently [[Kaja Kallas]].

The CFSP sees the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]] (NATO) as responsible for the territorial defence of Europe and reconciliation. However, since 1999, the European Union is responsible for implementing missions such as peacekeeping and policing of treaties. A phrase often used to describe the relationship between the EU forces and NATO is "separable, but not separate".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdi.org/mrp/eu.cfm |publisher=cdi.org |title=Military Reform Project|access-date=2012-09-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309144841/http://www.cdi.org/mrp/eu.cfm |archive-date=9 March 2012 }}</ref> The same forces and capabilities form the basis of both EU and NATO efforts, but portions can be allocated to the European Union if necessary.

==History==
{{Further|History of the European Union|History of the Common Security and Defence Policy}}
{{Infobox|above   = Common Foreign and<br />Security Policy
|header1 = [[Three pillars of the European Union|Pillar of the European Union]]
|data2 = <imagemap>
File:Pillars of the European Union.svg|
rect 3 1 176 20 [[European Union]]
rect 3 41 54 170 [[European Communities]]
rect 126 42 176 170 [[Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters]]
</imagemap>
|data3 = The three pillars constituting the European Union (clickable)
|data4 = [[European Political Cooperation|EPC ←]] 1993–2009 [[European Union|→ EU]]
|class2=center|class4=center
}}

===1957–1993===
Co-operation in international trade negotiations, under the [[EU's Common Commercial Policy]], dates back to the establishment of the community in 1957.<ref>{{cite web |title=Qualified-Majority Voting: Common commercial policy |url=http://ec.europa.eu/archives/igc2000/geninfo/fact-sheets/fact-sheet6/index_en.htm |access-date=2007-09-03 |publisher=The European commission}}</ref> The CFSP itself has its origins in the formation of [[European Political Cooperation|European Political Co-operation]] (EPC) in 1970.<ref name="EPC">{{cite web |url=http://europa.eu/scadplus/glossary/european_political_cooperation_en.htm |title=European political co-operation (EPC) |access-date=2007-09-03 |publisher=The European commission |work=Europa Glossary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730225246/http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/glossary/ |archive-date=30 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> European Political Co-operation was an informal consultation process between member states on foreign policy matters, with the aim of creating a common approach to foreign policy issues and promoting both the EC's own interests and those of the [[international community]] as a whole. This includes promoting international co-operation, respect for human rights, democracy, and the [[rule of law]].<ref>By Article 11 of the Maastricht Treaty.</ref>

===1993–2009: Pillar system===
The weaknesses evident in EPC, apparent, for example during the [[Yugoslav wars]], led to a desire to strengthen foreign policy. That was consolidated in the [[Maastricht Treaty]], which entered into force in 1993 and established the European Union. While the previously existing [[Supranational union|supranational]] [[European Economic Community]] became one of [[Three pillars of the European Union|three pillars]], two more pillars were erected. The second CFSP-pillar was based on [[intergovernmentalism]], which meant unanimity between members in the Council of Ministers and little influence by the other institutions.

The [[Amsterdam Treaty]] created the office of the [[High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy]] (held by [[Javier Solana]] until 1 December 2009) to co-ordinate and represent the EU's foreign policy.<ref name="Europa CFSP">{{cite web|title=Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) – Overview|publisher=[[Europa (web portal)|European Commission]]|year=2002|url=http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/cfsp/intro/index.htm|access-date=2007-06-26}}</ref>

===2009–present: Consolidation===
The [[Treaty of Lisbon]] took effect in December 2009 and brought an end to the pillar system. The CFSP's status of being a "pillar" thus ended. Furthermore, in an effort to ensure greater co-ordination and consistency in EU foreign policy, the Treaty of Lisbon created a ''High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy'', de facto merging the post of [[High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy]] and [[European Commissioner for External Relations and European Neighbourhood Policy]]. Since December 2011 the High Representative (HR) is in charge of the [[European External Action Service]] (EEAS), which was also created by the Treaty of Lisbon. It essentially is intended to be a common Foreign Office or Diplomatic Corps for the European Union.

==Objectives==
According to Article J.1 of title V of the Maastricht Treaty, the European Union defines and implements a common foreign and security policy that covers all areas of foreign and security policy, the objectives of which are to:
* Safeguard the common values, fundamental interests, independence and integrity of the [[European Union|Union]] in conformity with the principles of the [[United Nations Charter]];
* Strengthen the security of the Union in all ways;
* Preserve peace and strengthen international security, in accordance with the principles of the United Nations Charter, as well as the principles of the [[Helsinki Final Act]] and the objectives of the [[Paris Charter]], including those on external borders;
* Promote international co-operation;
* Develop and consolidate democracy and the [[rule of law]], and respect for human rights and fundamental [[Freedom (political)|freedoms]].

==Elements==

===Types of policy===
The [[European Council]] defines the principles and general guidelines for the CFSP as well as common strategies to be implemented by the EU. On the basis of those guidelines the [[Council of the European Union|Council of Ministers]] adopts ''joint actions'' or ''common positions''. ''Joint actions'' address specific situations where operation action by the EU is considered necessary and lay down the objectives, scope and means to be made available to the EU. They commit the member states. ''Common positions'' on the other hand, define the approach that the EU takes on a certain matter of geographical or thematic nature, and define in the abstract the general guidelines to which the national policies of Member states must conform.

===High Representative===
The [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy|High Representative]], in conjunction with the [[President of the European Council]], speaks on behalf of the EU in agreed foreign policy matters and can have the task of articulating ambiguous policy positions created by disagreements among member states. The Common Foreign and Security Policy requires unanimity among the 27 member states on the appropriate policy to follow on any particular policy. Disagreements in CFSP, such as those that occurred over the war in Iraq,<ref name="BBC Iraq statement">{{cite news|title=Divided EU agrees Iraq statement|publisher=[[Europa (web portal)]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2697667.stm|access-date=2007-06-26|date=27 January 2003}}</ref> are not uncommon.

The High Representative also coordinates the work of the [[European Union Special Representatives]]. With the Lisbon Treaty taking effect, the position became distinct from the [[Secretary-General]] of the [[Council of the European Union|Council of Ministers]]. The High Representative serves as the head of the [[European Defence Agency]] and exercises the same functions over the [[Common Security and Defence Policy]] as the CFSP. On 1 December 2009, [[Catherine Ashton]] took over [[Javier Solana]]'s post as the High Representative, who has held the post since 1999. On 30 August 2014 it was announced by [[Herman Van Rompuy]] that [[Federica Mogherini]] would be the new High Representative, effective on 1 November 2014.

===Bodies===
There are a number of bodies set up within the context of the CFSP. Within the council, there is the [[Foreign Affairs Council]] (FAC) configuration, essentially a meeting of [[foreign minister]]s and the [[Political and Security Committee]] or PSC, which monitors the international situation in the areas covered by the CFSP and contributes by delivering opinions to the Council of Ministers, either at its request or its own initiative, and also monitors the implementation of agreed policies.<ref>[[Political and Security Committee]] (PSC), "Role", https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/preparatory-bodies/political-security-committee/</ref>

The [[European Defence Agency]] (EDA) encourages increase in defence capabilities, military research and the establishment of a European internal market for military technology. Two bodies carried over from the [[Western European Union]] (see defence, below) are the [[European Union Institute for Security Studies]] (EUISS) and the [[European Union Satellite Centre]] (EUSC).
The EUISS is the European Union's in-house think tank. Its mission is to find a common security culture for the EU, to help develop and project the CFSP, and to enrich Europe's strategic debate.
The EUSC is providing analysis of satellite imagery and collateral data.<ref>[[European Union Satellite Centre]] (EUSC), "What we do", https://www.satcen.europa.eu/what-we-do/our-services</ref>

==Defence policy==
{{Main|Common Security and Defence Policy}}
The [[Common Security and Defence Policy]] (CSDP) is the part of the CFSP that relates to defence and crisis management, implemented by EU structures in [[Military operations of the European Union|CSDP missions]] drawing on civilian and military assets provided by [[Member states of the European Union|member states]]. Based on articles 42–46 of the [[Treaty on European Union]] (TEU),<ref>[[s:Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union/Title V: General Provisions on the Union's External Action Service and Specific Provisions on the Common Foreign and Security Policy#SECTION 2: PROVISIONS ON THE COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY|Article 42]], Treaty on European Union</ref> the CSDP also entails a [[alliance|mutual defence clause]] amongst member states as well as a [[Permanent Structured Cooperation]] (PESCO) in which 25 of the 28 national armed forces pursue structural [[European integration|integration]].

Article 42.2 of TEU states that the CSDP includes the 'progressive framing' of a common Union defence policy, and will lead to a common defence, when the [[European Council]] of national heads of state or government, acting unanimously, so decides.

When participating in CSDP missions abroad for peace-keeping, conflict prevention and strengthening international security in accordance with the principles of the [[United Nations Charter]], the national armed forces may either act in an existing national force framework, as part of an intergovemental force made available to the CSDP through article 42.3 of TEU, such as the [[Eurocorps|European Corps]] (Eurocorps), the [[EU Battlegroup]]s (EUBG) or the [[European Gendarmerie Force]] (Eurogendfor).<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1080/09662839.2012.747511|title = The European Gendarmerie Force: A solution in search of problems?|journal = European Security|volume = 22|pages = 1–20|year = 2013|last1 = Arcudi|first1 = Giovanni|last2 = Smith|first2 = Michael E.|s2cid = 153388488|doi-access = free}}</ref>

The Union's [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy|High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy]] (HR/VP) is responsible for proposing and implementing CSDP decisions. Such decisions are taken by the [[Foreign Affairs Council]] (FAC), generally requiring unanimity.

The CSDP organisation, headed by the HR/VP, comprises relevant sections of the [[European External Action Service|External Action Service]] (EEAS) – including the [[Military Planning and Conduct Capability|operational headquarters]] (MPCC) of the [[European Union Military Staff|Military Staff]] (EUMS) – a number of FAC preparatory bodies – such as the [[European Union Military Committee|Military Committee]] (EUMC) – as well as four [[Agencies of the European Union|Agencies]], including the [[European Defence Agency|Defence Agency]] (EDA). Since 2017, the CSDP has also been facilitated by a [[European Defence Fund|defence fund]] and a [[Coordinated Annual Review on Defence]] (CARD).

===Neutrality===
Although the Irish people were reassured of their neutrality before agreeing to the [[Nice Treaty]], the [[Finnish Prime Minister]], [[Matti Vanhanen]], on 5 July 2006, while speaking to the [[European Parliament]] as [[President of the European Council|Council President]] declared:<ref>[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+CRE+20060705+ITEM-002+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=EN European Parliament Debate (English Translation)] europarl.europa.eu</ref>
{{cquote|Mr Pflüger described Finland as neutral. I must correct him on that: Finland is a member of the EU. We were at one time a politically neutral country, during the time of the [[Iron Curtain]]. Now we are a member of the Union, part of this community of values, which has a common policy and, moreover, a common foreign policy.}}

Nevertheless, a similar guarantee on neutrality in relation to the Treaty of Lisbon was granted to Ireland at the European Council of 18/19 June 2009:

<blockquote>
The European Council also agreed that other concerns of the Irish people, as presented by the Taoiseach, relating to taxation policy, the right to life, education and the family, and Ireland's traditional policy of military neutrality, would be addressed to the mutual satisfaction of Ireland and the other Member States, by way of the necessary legal guarantees.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/108622.pdf | publisher=[[Presidency of the Council of the European Union|Presidency]] |title= Conclusions, Brussels, 18/19 June 2009 }}</ref>
</blockquote>

== Stopping humanitarian atrocities ==
EU foreign policy is committed to the protection of human rights. Research suggests that rhetoric along these lines from EU decision-makers is consistent with actual EU foreign policy activity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title = Human Rights, Geostrategy, and EU Foreign Policy, 1989–2008|journal = International Organization|date = 2015-01-01|issn = 1531-5088|pages = 195–217|volume = 69|issue = 1|doi = 10.1017/S0020818314000368|first = Joakim|last = Kreutz|s2cid = 154325236}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|title = Compromising on Values? Human Rights Pressure and Competing Interests of the European Union in the Former Soviet States|journal = European Foreign Affairs Review|date = 2018|pages = 119–142|volume = 23|issue = 1|first = Karina|last = Shyrokykh| doi=10.54648/EERR2018007 | s2cid=248280119 }}</ref> 
Military and economic interventions by the EU are consistently more likely in countries where violence explicitly targets civilians.<ref name=":0" /> Likewise, human rights sanctions are consistently applied against states responsible for human rights violations.<ref name="auto"/> Geostrategic concerns also influence EU action, as the EU has been "most attentive to human rights violations in non-EU European states, followed by countries in sub-Saharan Africa, while it has been least active in Asia and the Americas".<ref name=":0" />

== European Peace Facility ==
The [[European Peace Facility]] (EPF) is an off-budget EU financing instrument set up in March 2021, aiming towards the delivering of military aid to partner countries and funding the deployment of EU military missions abroad under the CFSP.

==Counterterrorism policy==

The European Union considers to be '''terrorist organisations''' those groups or those entities that are controlled directly or indirectly by persons who commit or attempt to commit terrorist acts, participating in these groups, or facilitating the execution of terrorist plans. It also includes defining those groups and entities acting on behalf or under the direction of such persons, groups and entities, including funds derived or generated from property owned or controlled directly or indirectly by such persons or by associated persons, groups and entities.  The watch list was reviewed for the Law Library of Congress in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/EUTerroristLists.pdf|title=European Union: Lists of Terrorist Persons or Organizations |author=Directorate of Legal Research |id=LL File No. 2007-03957 |date=June 2007|website=The Law [[Library of Congress]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709220429/https://www.loc.gov/law/help/EUTerroristLists.pdf |archive-date= Jul 9, 2017 }}</ref>

The European Union gives a definition of terrorism as Common Position 2001/931/CFSP of 27 December 2001,<ref name=ccp01>{{Cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2001:344:0093:0096:EN:PDF|title=COUNCIL COMMON POSITION of 27 December 2001 on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism}}</ref> also referred to by successive acts. It highlights them as intentional acts which, given their nature or context as defined crimes under domestic law, may seriously harm a State or an international organization when committed for the purpose of:
* seriously intimidating a population
* unduly compelling a Government or international organization to perform or abstain from performing any act
* seriously destabilizing or destroying the fundamental political, constitutional, economic or social constructs

===List of terrorist organisations===

The list of terrorist organisations was started in 2001 with the 13 organisations listed on 27 December of Common Position 2001/931/CFSP.<ref name=ccp01/> The European Community had not listed [[Al-Qaeda]] although the [[9/11 attacks]] had been the instigator of the list.  It has been updated by a number of subsequent declarations, such as Common Position 2006/231/CFSP of 21 December 2005;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eu-un.europa.eu/articles/en/article_5871_en.htm |title=europa.eu: "Declaration by the EU Presidency on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism" (Brussels: 31 March 2006) |access-date=3 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104010121/http://eu-un.europa.eu/articles/en/article_5871_en.htm |archive-date=4 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> for example so as to include [[LTTE]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statewatch.org/terrorlists/docs/89791.pdf|website=statewatch.org|title=Combating terrorism – Restrictive measures against certain persons and entities. Brussels, 31 May 2006 9974/06 (Presse 165)}}</ref> Common Position 2005/847/CFSP of the [[European Council]] of 29 November 2005 updated the list of these organizations,<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2005:314:0041:0045:EN:PDF COUNCIL COMMON POSITION 2005/847/CFSP] of 29 November 2005 updating Common Position 2001/931/CFSP on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism and repealing Common Position 2005/725/CFSP</ref>

==Outside the CFSP==
[[File:33rdG8Leaders.jpg|thumb|The [[President of the European Commission|Commission President]] has been an unofficial member of the [[G8]], since 2014 [[G7]] since the [[3rd G7 summit|3rd summit in 1977]] (Shown: [[33rd G8 summit|G8 at Heiligendamm, Germany in 2007]])]]
Besides its own foreign and security policy, the commission is also gaining greater representation in international bodies. Representation in international bodies is previously through the [[European Commissioner for External Relations]], who worked alongside the High Representative, but now with the [[High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy|High Representative]] directly as a [[Vice President of the European Commission|Commission vice-president]]. In the UN the EU has gained influence in areas such as aid due to its large contributions in that field (see below).<ref name="EUObserver UN Seat">{{cite web|title=EU heading for single UN seat, UN official says|publisher=EU Observer|year=2007|url=http://euobserver.com/24/22553|access-date=2007-06-26}}</ref> 

In the [[G8]] and the [[G20]], the [[European Union and the G8|EU has the rights of membership]] besides that of chairing/hosting summit meetings. The EU is represented at the G8 by the presidents of the commission and the council.<ref name="EC G8">{{cite web|title=EU and the G8 |publisher=European Commission delegation to Japan |url=http://www.deljpn.ec.europa.eu/union/showpage_en_union.external.g8.php |access-date=2007-09-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070226165606/http://www.deljpn.ec.europa.eu/union/showpage_en_union.external.g8.php |archive-date=26 February 2007 }}</ref> At the G20, its exact representation depends on the format of the individual meetings and may also include officials from the [[European Central Bank|ECB]]. For all of these meetings, the EU has established informal processes to coordinate its policies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Murau|first1=Steffen|last2=Spandler|first2=Kilian|date=2016-07-01|title=EU, US and ASEAN Actorness in G20 Financial Policy-Making: Bridging the EU Studies–New Regionalism Divide|journal=JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies|language=en|volume=54|issue=4|pages=928–943|doi=10.1111/jcms.12340|s2cid=154113747|issn=1468-5965}}</ref> In the [[World Trade Organization|World Trade Organisation]] (WTO), where all 27 member states are represented, the EU as a body is represented by [[European Commissioner for Trade|Trade Commissioner]].<ref name="Europa Trade">{{cite web|title=European Commission – External Trade – Trade Issues|publisher=[[Europa (web portal)|European Commission]]|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/newround/index_en.htm|access-date=2007-06-26}}</ref>

The influence of the EU is also felt through the [[Enlargement of the European Union|enlargement]]. The potential benefits of becoming a member of the EU act as an incentive for both political and economic reform in states wishing to fulfil the EU's accession criteria, and are considered a major factor contributing to the reform and stabilisation of former Communist countries in Eastern Europe.<ref name="Enlargement voice">{{cite web|title=EU enlargement – voices from the debate|publisher=British [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]]|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1139992114487|access-date=2007-06-27}}</ref> This influence on the internal affairs of other countries is generally referred to as "[[soft power]]", as opposed to military "hard power".<ref name="Soft Power">{{cite web|last=Bildt|first=Carl|author-link=Carl Bildt|title=Europe must keep its 'soft power'|work=[[Financial Times]] on Centre for European Reform|year=2005|url=http://www.cer.org.uk/articles/bildt_ft_1june05.html|access-date=2007-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609135542/http://www.cer.org.uk/articles/bildt_ft_1june05.html|archive-date=9 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> 

An example of the support the European Union offers to the reform processes of its neighbours is EUBAM, the [[European Union Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine]], which assists the governments of Moldova and Ukraine in approximating their border and customs procedures to EU standards.

The European Union's influential economic status and its nation-like characteristics has been acknowledged by the United States' [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) in their publication ''[[The World Factbook]]''. The EU was included in the ''Factbook'' in December 2004.<ref name="euwfb">{{cite web | author = Directorate of Intelligence | title = CIA – The World Factbook 2004: What's new (mirror) | date= 16 December 2004 | url = http://gutenberg.com/eBooks/Government_Documents/CIA_World_Factbook_2004/index.html | access-date = 2007-02-14 }}</ref>

===Humanitarian aid===
The [[ECHO (European Commission)|European Community humanitarian aid office]], or "ECHO", provides [[humanitarian aid]] from the EU to developing countries. In 2006 its budget amounted to 671 million euro, 48% of which went to the [[ACP countries]].<ref name="ECHO 2006">{{cite web |title=DG for humanitarian aid – ECHO, financial report 2006 |publisher=[[Europa (web portal)|European Commission]] |year=2006 |url=http://ec.europa.eu/echo/pdf_files/financial_report.pdf |access-date=2007-08-13}}</ref> Counting the EU's own contributions and those of its member states together, the EU is the largest aid donor in the world.<ref name="Aid Consensus">{{cite web |title=Commission calls for a European consensus to boost impact of humanitarian aid |publisher=[[Europa (web portal)|European Commission]] |date=13 June 2007 |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/814&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en |access-date=2007-08-13}}</ref>

The EU's aid has previously been criticised by the think-tank [[Open Europe]] for being inefficient, mis-targeted and linked to economic objectives.<ref name="BBC Aid Inefficient">{{cite news|last=Mulvey|first=Stephen |title=EU attacked for 'inefficient' aid |publisher=BBC News |date=30 May 2007 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6705773.stm |access-date=2007-08-13}}</ref> Some charities have claimed European governments have inflated the amount they have spent on aid by incorrectly including money spent on debt relief, foreign students, and refugees. Under the de-inflated figures, the EU did not reach its internal aid target in 2006<ref name="Indy Inflated Aid">{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Jerome |title=EU accused of artificially inflating its aid figures |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=11 May 2007 |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article2530776.ece |access-date=2007-08-13 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812211229/http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article2530776.ece |archive-date=12 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the EU would not reach the international target of 0.7% of [[GNP]] until 2015. However, only a few countries have reached that target. In 2005, EU aid was 0.34% of GNP, which was higher than that of the United States and Japan.<ref name="ECHO Overview">{{cite web |title=Overviews of the European Union activities: Development |publisher=[[Europa (web portal)|European Commission]] |url=http://europa.eu/pol/dev/overview_en.htm |access-date=2007-08-13}}</ref> The ex [[European Commissioner for Development & Humanitarian Aid|commissioner for aid]], [[Louis Michel]], has called for aid to be delivered more rapidly, to greater effect, and on humanitarian principles.<ref name="Aid Consensus"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

*Dieter Mahncke (ed.), Peter Lang, ''European foreign policy – from rhetoric to reality ?'', 2004, {{ISBN|90-5201-247-4}}.
*S. Kekeleire, J. MacNaughtan, ''The Foreign Policy of the European Union.'' Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, {{ISBN|978-1-4039-4722-2}}.
*J. bie, ''Europe's Global Role: External Policies of the European Union.'' Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-7546-7721-5}}.
*C. Hill, M. Smith (eds.), ''International Relations and the European Union.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-19-927348-5}}.
*C. Bretherton, J. Vogler, ''The European Union as a Global Actor.'' London: Routledge, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-415-28245-1}}
*[http://www.iss.europa.eu/publications/detail/article/linvestissement-de-lue-dans-la-securite-collective-en-afrique-centrale-un-pari-risque/ Guicherd, Catherine, ''L'investissement de l'UE dans la sécurité collective en Afrique centrale : un pari risqué.'' Paris, Institute d'Etudes de Sécurité de l'Union Européenne, 2012. Occasional Paper – 15 May 2012]
*D Seah, "[https://dx.doi.org/10.5339/irl.2015.1 The CFSP as an aspect of conducting foreign relations by the United Kingdom: With special reference to the Treaty of Amity & Cooperation in Southeast Asia]". ''International Review of Law'' 2015.
*G. Butler "[https://doi.org/10.5040/9781509925971 Constitutional Law of the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy]". Oxford: Hart Publishing/Bloomsbury, 2019. {{ISBN|978-1-50992-594-0}}.
* U. Weiss and J. Agassi "[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3621621 The Game Theory of the European Union versus the Pax Romana], "DePaul Law Review".
* G. Arcudi, M.E. Smith, [https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2012.747511 The European Gendarmerie Force: a solution in search of problems?], ''European Security'', 22:1, 1–20, 2013. [https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2012.747511 DOI: 10.1080/09662839.2012.747511]

==External links==
* [http://europa.eu/pol/cfsp/index_en.htm EU website – Foreign and Security Policy]
* {{Cite journal |last=von Ondarza |first=Nicolai |title=EU Military Deployment – An Executive Prerogative
|url=http://www.ies.be/files/repo/conference2008/EUinIA_IX_2_vonOndarza.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627111239/http://www.ies.be/files/repo/conference2008/EUinIA_IX_2_vonOndarza.pdf
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=27 June 2008
|place=[[Brussels]]
|publisher=[[German institute for international and security affairs|German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP)]], Berlin
|year=2008 }}
* [http://www.ena.lu?lang=2&doc=14608 European Parliament Resolution on progress in implementing the common foreign and security policy ] European Navigator
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100622055038/http://www.iss.europa.eu/research-areas/eu-foreign-policy/ European Union Institute for Security Studies]
* [http://www.eufp.eu/ Online Resource Guide to EU Foreign Policy]
* [http://www.consilium.europa.eu/press/press-releases/common-foreign-and-security-policy-%28cfsp%29-statements?lang=en&BID=73 Press releases archive, CFSP]

{{European Union topics}}
{{Foreign relations of the European Union 2}}
{{Funding programmes of the European Union}}
{{European Border and Coast Guard}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Common Foreign And Security Policy}}
[[Category:Organizations established in 1993]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of the European Union]]