Editing Clupeidae

{{Short description|Family of fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Clupeidae
| image = Herring2.jpg
| image_caption = [[Atlantic herring]], ''Clupea harengus''
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|earliest=Santonian|72|0|Late [[Campanian]] to present}}
| taxon = Clupeidae
| authority = [[Georges Cuvier|G. Cuvier]], 1817<ref name = VDLEF>{{cite journal | author1 = Richard van der Laan | author2 = William N. Eschmeyer | author3 = Ronald Fricke | name-list-style = amp |year=2014 | title = Family-group names of recent fishes | url = https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3882.1.1/10480 | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3882 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–230| doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 | pmid = 25543675 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = See text
| synonyms = * Clupeinae <small>Cuvier, 1817</small>
}}

'''Clupeidae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[clupeiform]] [[ray-finned fishes]], comprising, for instance, the [[herring]]s and [[Sprattus|sprats]]. Many members of the family have a body protected with shiny cycloid (very smooth and uniform) scales, a single [[dorsal fin]], and a fusiform body for quick, evasive swimming and pursuit of prey composed of [[Zooplankton|small planktonic animals]]. Due to their small size and position in the lower [[trophic level]] of many marine food webs, the levels of [[methylmercury]] they [[bioaccumulation|bioaccumulate]] are very low, reducing the risk of [[mercury poisoning]] when consumed.

The earliest known fossil members of this group are the stem-clupeids ''[[Italoclupea]]'' and ''[[Lecceclupea]]'' from the late Campanian/early Maastrichtian of Italy.''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Near |first=Thomas J. |last2=Thacker |first2=Christine E. |date=2024 |title=Phylogenetic Classification of Living and Fossil Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-peabody-museum-of-natural-history/volume-65/issue-1/014.065.0101/Phylogenetic-Classification-of-Living-and-Fossil-Ray-Finned-Fishes-Actinopterygii/10.3374/014.065.0101.full |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |language=en |volume=65 |issue=1 |doi=10.3374/014.065.0101.full |issn=0079-032X |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250115172713/https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-peabody-museum-of-natural-history/volume-65/issue-1/014.065.0101/Phylogenetic-Classification-of-Living-and-Fossil-Ray-Finned-Fishes-Actinopterygii/10.3374/014.065.0101.full |archive-date=2025-01-15}}</ref>''

==Description and biology==
Clupeids are mostly marine [[forage fish]], although a few species are found in fresh water. No species has scales on the head, and some are entirely scaleless. The [[lateral line]] is short or absent, and the teeth are unusually small where they are present at all. Clupeids typically feed on [[plankton]], and range from {{convert|2|to|75|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length.<ref name=FB>{{FishBase_family|family=Clupeidae|year=2023|month=July}}</ref>

Clupeids spawn huge numbers of eggs (up to 200,000 in some species) near the surface of the water. After hatching, the larvae live among the plankton until they develop a [[swim bladder]] and transform into adults. These eggs and fry are not protected or tended to by parents. The adults typically live in large [[Shoaling and schooling|shoal]]s, seeking protection from [[piscivorous]] predators such as [[birds]], [[sharks]] and other predatory fish, [[Odontocete|toothed whales]], marine mammals, and jellyfish. They also form [[bait ball]]s.<ref name=EoF>{{cite book |editor1=Paxton, J.R. |editor2=Eschmeyer, W.N. |author= Nelson, Gareth|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|pages= 91–92|isbn= 0-12-547665-5}}</ref><ref name=FB/>

Commercially important species of the Clupeidae include the [[Atlantic herring|Atlantic and Baltic herrings]] (''Clupea harengus''), and the [[Pacific herring]] (''C. pallasii'').

== Feeding physiology ==
The Clupeidae family primarily feed on small planktonic organisms. The teeth of members of this family are either reduced or absent, reduced teeth are miniature teeth that would be barely visible and line the interior of the fish's mouth. The structure of these teeth indicate that these organisms do not need to cut or tear their prey items as they would need fully formed teeth to complete this process. They do, however, possess long [[gill raker]]s that are designed for sifting plankton and other small particles out of the water as it passes through their gills.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} Gill rakers are protrusions along the [[Branchial arch|gill arch]], opposing the gill filaments, that help aquatic organisms to trap food particles.

The diet of many clupeids primarily consists of [[phytoplankton]] and plant matter during their larval stages. As the fish mature this diet begins to shift towards larger and more substantive organisms, including more [[zooplankton]] and [[copepod]]s. This change in diet is possible due to their increase in body and gill raker size, which allows them to capture and process larger organisms to support themselves. Small organisms like these do not need to be ground or torn apart for consumption so pronounced teeth would not serve a purpose in the feeding habits of Clupeidae, instead the use of [[Filter feeder|filter feeding]] allows for much more efficient nutrient collection.

The [[fusiform]] body shape of Clupeidae is also advantageous to their trophic ecology. The tapering body form is a highly hydrodynamic form that allows for quick increases in speed and a high maximum speed. Moving at high speeds allows the members of this family to regulate their feeding habits and avoid predators. Clupeidae can moderate the speed at which they swim to increase their uptake of nutrients. As with all filter feeders, Clupeidae cannot take in food if nutrient rich water does not pass over their gills. To moderate this, members of this family have been found to increase their swimming speed when they sense that there is a high concentration of food items in order to take advantage of this feeding period.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Durbin |first1=Ann |last2=Durbin |first2=Edward |last3=Verity |first3=Peter |last4=Smayda |first4=Thomas |date=1985 |title=Voluntary swimming speeds and respiration rates of a filter-feeding planktivore, the Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus (Pisces: Clupeidae) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m4eYv-5tA44C&dq=clupeidae+feeding&pg=PA877 |journal=Fishery Bulletin |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=877–886 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Keeping a high swimming speed during periods of low food availability would not be efficient to maintain over long periods of time as the organisms would not net as much energy as they may need to in order to sustain themselves and increase their [[Fitness (biology)|fitness]]. Increasing their swimming speed during feeding periods would allow them to take in more plankton while not suffering consequences from maintaining that speed.

==Taxonomy==

The following genera are classified within the family:<ref name = CofF>{{Cof family|family=Clupeidae|access-date=18 November 2024}}</ref>

* ''[[Clupea]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758</small>
* ''[[Ethmidium]]'' <small>[[William Francis Thompson (biologist)|W. F. Thompson]], 1916</small>
* ''[[Hyperlophus]]'' <small>[[James Douglas Ogilby|Ogilby]], 1892</small>
* ''[[Potamalosa]]'' <small>Ogilby, 1897</small>
* ''[[Ramnogaster]]'' <small>[[Peter James Palmer Whitehead|Whitehead]], 1965</small>
* ''[[Sprattus]]'' <small>[[Otto Gottlieb Leonhard Girgensohn|Girgensohn]] 1846</small>
* ''[[Strangomera]]'' <small>Whitehead,genera from ECoF 1965</small>

The family arguably also contains the "[[Sundasalangidae]]", a [[paedomorphic]] taxon first thought to be a distinct [[salmoniform]] family, but then discovered to be deeply nested in the Clupeidae.<ref name=FB/>

Until recently, the concept of Clupeidae was broader, but it has been subdivided into several distinct families (e.g. [[Alosidae]])

=== Fossil genera ===
[[File:Knightia eocaena FBNM.JPG|thumb|''[[Knightia]]'', a famous fossil clupeid from the [[Eocene]]]]
The following fossil genera have been variously suggested to be ''sensu stricto'' members of Clupeidae. Many were formerly placed in the subfamily Clupeinae:

* ?†''[[Audenaerdia]]'' <small>Taverne, 1973</small> (alternatively Clupeidae or [[Alosidae]])<ref name=":0" />
* †''[[Italoclupea]]'' <small>Taverne, 2007</small>''<ref name=":0" />''
* †''[[Knightia]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]], 1907</small><ref name=":0" />
* †''[[Lecceclupea]]'' <small>Taverne, 2011</small>''<ref name=":0" />''
* †''[[Xyne]]'' <small>Jordan, 1921</small> (likely closely related to ''Clupea'')<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jordan |first=David Starr |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Fossil_Fishes_of_Southern_California/OAkx-hPen4MC? |title=Fossil Fishes of Southern California |date=1919 |publisher=Stanford University |language=en}}</ref>

==== Disputed fossil genera ====
Known fossil genera classified under the ''[[sensu lato]]'' concept of Clupeidae include:<ref>{{Cite web |title=PBDB |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=53981 |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=paleobiodb.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A new clupeid fish from the upper Miocene of Greece: A possible <em> Hilsa</em> relative from the Mediterranean - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |url=https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app008712020.html |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=www.app.pan.pl |language=en}}</ref>

* †''[[Alisea]]''
* †''[[Austroclupea]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gallo |first1=Valéria |last2=Calvo |first2=Jorge O. |last3=Kellner |first3=Alexander W. A. |date=2011-04-01 |title=First record of a clupeomorph fish in the Neuquén Group (Portezuelo Formation), Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=223–235 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2010.12.006 |issn=0195-6671|doi-access=free |bibcode=2011CrRes..32..223G }}</ref>
* †''[[Bolcaichthys]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marramà |first=Giuseppe |last2=Carnevale |first2=Giorgio |date=2015-11-02 |title=The Eocene sardine †Bolcaichthys catopygopterus (Woodward, 1901) from Monte Bolca, Italy: osteology, taxonomy, and paleobiology |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/figure/10.1080/02724634.2015.1014490 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=e1014490 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2015.1014490 |issn=0272-4634|hdl=2318/1566882 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
* †''[[Chasmoclupea]]''
* †''[[Clupeidarum]]'' [<nowiki/>[[otolith]]]
* †''[[Clupeops]]'' 
* †''[[Eoalosa]]'' 
* ''†[[Eosardinella]]'' 
* †''[[Etringus]]''
* †''[[Ganoessus]]''
* †''[[Ganolytes]]''
* †''[[Gosiutichthys]]''
* †''[[Horaclupea]]''
* †?''[[Hypsospondylus]]''
* †''[[Karaganops]]''
* †''[[Marambionella]]''
* †''[[Maicopiella]]''
* †''[[Moldavichthys]]''
* †''[[Paleopiquitinga]]''
* †''[[Primisardinella]]''
* †''[[Pseudohilsa]]''
* †''[[Quisque]]''
* †''[[Rupelia]]''
* †''[[Sarmatella]]'' (=†''Illusionella'')<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baykina |first=E. M. |date=2013-09-01 |title=A revision of Clupea doljeana Kramberger and Sarmatella vukotinovici (Kramberger) (Pisces, Clupeidae) from the Sarmatian of Croatia |url=https://doi.org/10.1134/S0031030113050043 |journal=Paleontological Journal |language=en |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=523–532 |doi=10.1134/S0031030113050043 |bibcode=2013PalJ...47..523B |issn=1555-6174}}</ref>
* †''[[Trollichthys]]''
* †''[[Vectichthys]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=GAUDANT |first=J |last2=QUAYLE |first2=W. J. |date=1988 |title=New palaeontological studies on the Chapelcorner Fish Bed (Upper Eocene, Isle of Wight) |url=https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=6971254 |journal=New palaeontological studies on the Chapelcorner Fish Bed (Upper Eocene, Isle of Wight) |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=15–39 |issn=0007-1471}}</ref>
* †''[[Waihaoclupea]]''
* †''[[Wisslerius]]''
* †''[[Xenophanis]]''
* †''[[Xyrinius]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{herrings|state=expanded}}
{{forage fish}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q27141}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Clupeidae| ]]
[[Category:Clupeiformes]]
[[Category:Otocephala families]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier]]