Editing Cleopatra I Syra

{{short description|Queen of Ptolemaic Egypt}}
{{Redirect|Cleopatra I|the Seleucid ruler of Syria|Cleopatra Thea|other women named Cleopatra|Cleopatra (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox royalty
<!-- The template below expands to multi-line, which breaks the '' tags surrounding the title in the infobox template and causes lint errors. &#32; is the HTML entity for the space character, giving the tags something to surround vithout causing a visual change. -->
| title        = &#32;
| titletext    = {{Ancient Egyptian royal titulary case|horus=Hunu Zatheqa Iretenheqa Mereneterubaqet Kheqerenshenemu Tatetzat Huti Werpehti Sehertawi Redinesnebetirekhitenneferu Qenisinetnebzau Tenisiathoremmeruts''<br/>The young girl, daughter of the ruler, created by the ruler, beloved of the Gods of Egypt, adorned by Khnum, the regent of Thoth whose might is great,<br/> who pleases the two Lands, who gives the people in perfection to the Two Ladies, who Neith, the Lady of Sais, makes strong, who Hathor praises for her popularity'' {{Infobox pharaoh/Serekh|Horus=<hiero>H-wn:W*nw-A17-S38-H8:X1:X1-D4:m-S38-X1:H8-nTrw-N36-D10-X1:O49-R21:n-W22-C4</hiero><big>[...]</big>}}<ref>Beckerath, J. Handbuch der Ägyptischen Königsnamen, MÄS 49 (1999): 289</ref>}}
| image        = File:Cleopatra I.jpg
| caption      = Depiction based on a [[relief]] of Cleopatra I
| succession   = Queen consort of [[Ptolemaic Egypt|Egypt]]{{efn|name=ruler}}
| reign        = 193 – 180 BC
| reign-type   = Tenure
| succession1  = Regent of Egypt{{efn|name=ruler}}
| reign-type1  = Regency
| reign1       = 180 – 176 BC
| full name    = 
| spouse       = [[Ptolemy V Epiphanes|Ptolemy V of Egypt]]
| issue        = [[Ptolemy VI Philometor|Ptolemy VI of Egypt]] <br/>[[Ptolemy VIII Physcon]]<br/>[[Cleopatra II of Egypt]]
| regent       = 
| reg-type     = 
| royal house  = 
| dynasty      = [[Seleucid dynasty|Seleucid]]
| father       = [[Antiochus III the Great]]
| mother       = [[Laodice III]]
| succession2  = [[Vizier (Ancient Egypt)|Vizier]]
| birth_date   = c.  204 BC
| birth_place  = 
| death_date   = 176 BC<ref>Werner Huß, ''Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit'' (''Egypt in Hellenistic times''). Munich 2001, p. 540</ref> or 178/177 BC<ref>[http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/cleopatra_i_fr.htm Cleopatra I] by Chris Bennett</ref>
| death_place  = 
| date of burial = 
| place of burial = 
}}

'''Cleopatra Thea Epiphanes Syra''' ({{langx|el|Κλεοπάτρα ἡ Σύρα}}; c. 204 &ndash; 176 BC), well known as '''Cleopatra I''' or '''Cleopatra Syra,''' was a princess of the [[Seleucid Empire]], Queen of [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic Egypt]] by marriage to [[Ptolemy V of Egypt]] from 193 BC, and regent of Egypt during the minority of their son, [[Ptolemy VI of Egypt|Ptolemy VI]], from her husband's death in 180 BC until her own death in 176 BC. She is sometimes viewed as co-ruler to her husband and son, however evidence is conflicting.{{efn|name=ruler|While Cleopatra did have titles like "female Horus" and "female Pharaoh", she was not included in dating protocols as co-Pharaoh during her husband's reign.<ref name="tara">{{Cite journal |last=Sewell-Lasater |first=Tara |year=2020 |title=Becoming Kleopatra: Ptolemaic Royal Marriage, Incest, and the Path to Female Rule |url=https://www.academia.edu/43290689 |pages=16–17, 245–246 |journal=University of Houston }}</ref> However she is considered Pharaoh by Sally Ann Ashton.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ashton |first=Sally-Ann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FO_fBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 |pages=112–113 |title=The Last Queens of Egypt: Cleopatra's Royal House |date=2014-09-19 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-86873-6 |language=en}}</ref> After Ptolemy V died, Cleopatra I was included in dating protocols, however her position is said to come from being guardian of her son and is ambiguously described as "regent and co-ruler".<ref name="tara"/>}}

==Life==
Cleopatra I was the daughter of [[Antiochus III the Great]], King of the [[Seleucid Empire]], and Queen [[Laodice III]].

===Queen===
In 197 BC, [[Antiochus III the Great|Antiochus III]] had captured a number of cities in [[Asia Minor]] previously under the control of the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]] of Egypt. The Romans supported the Egyptian interests, when they negotiated with the [[Seleucid dynasty|Seleucid king]] in Lysimachia in 196 BC. In response, Antiochus III indicated his willingness to make peace with [[Ptolemy V]] and to have his daughter Cleopatra I marry Ptolemy V. They were betrothed in 195 BC and their marriage took place in 193 BC in [[Raphia (town)|Raphia]].<ref>[[Polybius]] 18.51.10 and 28.20.9; [[Livy]] 33.40.3 and 35.13.4; [[Appian]], ''Syriaca'' 3.13 and 5.18</ref> At that time Ptolemy V was about 16 years and Cleopatra I about 10 years old. Later on, Egypt's [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic kings]] were to argue that Cleopatra I had received [[Coele-Syria]] as her dowry and, therefore, this territory again belonged to Egypt. It is not clear if this was the case.  However, in practice, Coele-Syria remained a Seleucid possession after the [[Battle of Panium]] in 198 BC.<ref>Polybius 28.1.2-3 and 28.20.6-10; [[Josephus]], ''[[Antiquities of the Jews]]'' 12.154-155; Appian, ''Syriaca'' 5.18</ref>

In [[Alexandria]], Cleopatra I was referred to as ''the Syrian''.<ref>Appian, ''Syriaca'' 5.18</ref> As part of the Ptolemaic cult she was honoured with her husband as ''Theoi Epiphaneis''. In line with ancient Egyptian tradition of [[sibling marriage]], she was also named sister ({{langx|grc|ἀδελφή}}, ''adelphḗ'') of Ptolemy V. A synod of priests held at [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] in 185 BC granted Cleopatra all the honours that had been given to Ptolemy V in 196 BC (inscribed on the bilingual [[Ancient Greek|Greek]]-[[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] [[Rosetta Stone]]).

Cleopatra also held title of vizier as one of only two known Ptolemaic queens to did so (the first one being [[Berenice II of Egypt]]).<ref name="tara"/>

=== Queen Regent===
Ptolemy V died unexpectedly in September 180 BC, at the age of only 30. Cleopatra I's son, [[Ptolemy VI]], who was only six years old, was immediately crowned king, with Cleopatra as his regent.{{efn|name=ruler}} She was the first Ptolemaic queen to rule without her husband. In documents from this period, Cleopatra is named ''Thea Epiphanes'' and her name appears before Ptolemy. [[Ptolemaic coinage|Coins]] were minted under the joint authority of her and her son.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/ptolemy_vi.htm|title=Ptolemy VI|author=Chris Bennett|publisher=Tyndale House|access-date=May 22, 2013}}</ref>

Just before his death, Ptolemy V had been planning a new war against the Seleucid kingdom, but Cleopatra immediately ended the war preparations and pursued a peaceful policy, because of her own Seleucid roots and because a war would have threatened her hold on power.<ref name=H143>{{harvnb|Hölbl|2001|p=143}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Grainger|2010|pp=281–2}}</ref> Cleopatra probably died in late 178 or early 177 BC, though some scholars place her death in late 176 BC.<ref name=BennettC/>

On her deathbed, Cleopatra appointed Eulaeus and Lenaeus, two of her close associates as regents.  Eulaeus, a eunuch, had been the Ptolemy's tutor. Lenaeus was a Syrian slave who had probably come to Egypt as part of Cleopatra's retinue when she got married.<ref>{{harvnb|Morkholm|1961|pp=32–43}}</ref> The pair were unable or unwilling to prevent the deterioration of relations with the Seleucid kingdom which culminated in the disastrous [[Sixth Syrian War]].

==Issue==
Cleopatra and Ptolemy V had three children:<ref>Aidan Dodson, Dyan Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, 2004</ref><ref name=BennettC>{{cite web|url=http://www.instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/cleopatra_i_fr.htm|title=Cleopatra I|author=Chris Bennett|publisher=Tyndale House|access-date=September 28, 2019}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name!!Image!!Birth!!Death!!Notes
|-
|[[Ptolemy VI Philometor]]||[[File:Ptolemy VI Philometor ring.jpg|90px]]||May/June 186 BC||145 BC||Succeeded as King under the regency of his mother in 180 BC, co-regent and spouse of Cleopatra II from 170 to 164 BC and again 163-145 BC. 
|-
|[[Cleopatra II of Egypt|Cleopatra II]]||[[File:Egyptian - Intaglio Portrait of Cleopatra II - Walters 421319.jpg|90px]]||186-184 BC||6 April 115 BC||Co-regent and wife of Ptolemy VI from 170 to 145 BC, co-regent and spouse of Ptolemy VIII from 145 to 132 BC, claimed sole rule 132-127 BC, co-regent and spouse of Ptolemy VIII again from 124 to 115 BC, co-regent with [[Cleopatra III of Egypt|Cleopatra III]] and [[Ptolemy IX]] from 116 to 115 BC. 
|-
|[[Ptolemy VIII Physcon|Ptolemy VIII]]||[[File:Ptolemy VIII.jpg|90px]]||c. 184 BC||26 June 116 BC||Co-regent with Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II from 169 to 164 BC, expelled Ptolemy VI in 164, expelled in turn 163 BC, King of Cyrenaica from 163 to 145 BC, co-regent with Cleopatra II and Cleopatra III from 145 to 132 BC and again from 124 to 116 BC.
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last1=Grainger |first1=John D. |title=The Syrian Wars |date=2010 |isbn=9789004180505 |pages=281–328|publisher=Brill }}
* {{cite book |last1=Hölbl |first1=Günther |title=A History of the Ptolemaic Empire |date=2001 |publisher=Routledge |location=London & New York |isbn=0415201454 |pages=143–152 & 181–194}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Morkholm |first1=Otto |title=Eulaios and Lenaios |journal=Classica et Medievalia |date=1961 |volume=22 |pages=32–43}}
* Stähelin, Kleopatra 14). In: ''[[Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft]]'', vol. XI 1, 1921, col. 738–740.
* Werner Huß, ''Ägypten in hellenistischer Zeit'' (''Egypt in the Hellenistic Period''). Munich 2001, p.&nbsp;499; 514f.; 535; 537–540.
* Günther Hölbl, ''Geschichte des Ptolemäerreichs'' (''History of the Ptolemaic Empire''). Darmstadt 1994, p.&nbsp;125; 127f.; 147f.; 153.

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Ptolemaic dynasty]]||204 BC||176 BC}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Arsinoe III]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Queen consort of Egypt]]
| years = 193-180 BC
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Cleopatra II]]
}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Ptolemy V]] (as King)
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Regent of Egypt]]
| years = 180 BC–176 BC
| regent1 = 
}}
{{s-aft
| after = Eulaeus and Lenaeus
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Hellenistic rulers}}
{{Pharaohs}}
{{Queens of Ancient Egypt}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cleopatra 01 Syra}}
[[Category:2nd-century BC pharaohs]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC queens regnant]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC women regents]]
[[Category:Queens consort of the Ptolemaic dynasty]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC Egyptian people]]
[[Category:200s BC births]]
[[Category:170s BC deaths]]
[[Category:Seleucid princesses]]
[[Category:Female pharaohs]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC Egyptian women]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC regents]]
[[Category:Daughters of kings]]
[[Category:Regents of Egypt]]
[[Category:Female regents in Africa]]