Editing Civil Rights Memorial

{{Short description|American memorial in Montgomery, Alabama}}
{{Infobox monument
|monument_name = Civil Rights Memorial
|native_name   =
|image         = Montgomery Civil Rights Memorial.jpg
|coordinates   =
|location      = [[Montgomery, Alabama]]
|designer      = [[Maya Lin]]
|type          =
|material      = [[Granite]]
|length        =
|width         =
|height        =
|begin         =
|complete      =
|open          = {{start date and age|1989}}
|dedicated_to  =
|map_image     =
|map_caption   =
|map_width     =
|website       = [http://www.splcenter.org/civil-rights-memorial www.splcenter.org]
|extra         =
}}

[[Image:The Civil Rights Memorial, Montgomery, AL.jpg|thumb|right|260px|The Civil Rights Memorial]]

The '''Civil Rights Memorial''' is an American [[memorial]] in [[Montgomery, Alabama]], created by [[Maya Lin]].  The names of 41 people are inscribed on the granite fountain as martyrs who were killed in the [[civil rights movement]].<ref name="montadvertiser1">{{cite news |title=Civil Rights Memorial marks 20 years |author=Scott Johnson |newspaper=Montgomery Advertiser |date=November 5, 2009 }}</ref> The memorial is sponsored by the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]].<ref name="splc">{{cite web |url=http://www.splcenter.org/civil-rights-memorial |title=Civil Rights Memorial |publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center |access-date=August 8, 2011}}</ref>

==Design==
The names included in the memorial belong to those who were killed between 1955 and 1968. The dates chosen represent a time when legalized segregation was prominent. In 1954 the [[United States Supreme Court|U.S. Supreme Court]] ruled in ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' that [[racial segregation]] in schools was unlawful and 1968 is the year of the [[assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.|assassination]] of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] The monument was created by [[Maya Lin]], who also created the [[Vietnam Veterans Memorial]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="splc"/> The Civil Rights Memorial was dedicated in 1989.<ref name="montadvertiser1"/>

The concept of Lin's design is based on the soothing and healing effect of water. It was inspired by a passage from King's 1963 "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech "...we will not be satisfied "until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream..."  The quotation in the passage, which is inscribed on the memorial, is a direct paraphrase of [[Amos 5:24]], as translated in the [[American Standard Version]] of the [[Bible]].  The memorial is a fountain in the form of an asymmetric inverted stone [[cone (geometry)|cone]].  A film of water flows over the base of the cone, which contains the 41 names included. It is possible to touch the smooth film of water and to alter it temporarily, which quickly returns to smoothness. The memorial is designed in a timeline manner. It begins with Brown v. Board in 1954, and ends with Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination in 1968.

==Tours and location==
The memorial is in downtown Montgomery, at 400 Washington Avenue, in an open plaza in front of the Civil Rights Memorial Center, which was the offices of the Southern Poverty Law Center until it moved across the street into a new building in 2001. The memorial may be visited freely 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.<ref name="splc"/>

The Civil Rights Memorial Center offers guided group tours, lasting approximately one hour. Tours are available by appointment, Monday to Saturday.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://visitingmontgomery.com/visit/civil_rights_memorial_center |title=Civil Rights Memorial & Center |publisher=Montgomery Area Chamber of Commerce, Convention & Visitor Bureau |access-date=August 8, 2011 |archive-date=August 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826005530/http://visitingmontgomery.com/visit/civil_rights_memorial_center |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The memorial is only a few blocks from other historic sites, including the [[Dexter Avenue Baptist Church|Dexter Avenue King Memorial Baptist Church]], the [[Alabama State Capitol]], the [[Alabama Department of Archives and History]], the corners where [[Claudette Colvin]] and [[Rosa Parks]] boarded buses in 1955 on which they would later refuse to give up their seats, and the [[Rosa Parks Museum|Rosa Parks Library and Museum]].

==Names included==

==="Civil Rights Martyrs"===
The 41 names included in the Civil Rights Memorial are those of:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.splcenter.org/civil-rights-memorial/civil-rights-martyrs |title=Civil Rights Martyrs &#124; Southern Poverty Law Center |publisher=Splcenter.org |access-date=2015-04-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The 40 Who Fell in the Turbulence Of the U.S. Battles for Civil Rights|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/04/us/the-40-who-fell-in-the-turbulence-of-the-us-battles-for-civil-rights.html|access-date=March 20, 2016|work=The New York Times|agency=Associated Press|date=November 4, 1989}}</ref>

{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Louis Allen]]
* [[Murder of Willie Brewster|Willie Brewster]]
* [[Benjamin Brown (activist)|Benjamin Brown]]
* [[Murder of Johnnie Mae Chappell|Johnnie Mae Chappell]]
* [[James Chaney]]
* [[16th Street Baptist Church bombing#Addie Mae Collins|Addie Mae Collins]]
* [[Vernon Dahmer]]
* [[Jonathan Daniels]]
* [[Mississippi Cold Case#Moore and Dee murders|Henry Hezekiah Dee]]
* [[Roman Ducksworth Jr.]]
* [[Murder of Willie Edwards|Willie Edwards]]
* [[Medgar Evers]]
* [[Andrew Goodman (activist)|Andrew Goodman]]
* [[Murder of Paul Guihard|Paul Guihard]]
* [[Samuel Hammond Jr.]]
* [[Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson|Jimmie Lee Jackson]]
* [[Murder of Wharlest Jackson|Wharlest Jackson]]
* [[Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.]]
* [[Bruce W. Klunder]]
* [[George W. Lee]]
* [[Herbert Lee (activist)|Herbert Lee]]
* [[Viola Liuzzo]]
* [[Denise McNair]]
* [[Orangeburg massacre|Delano Herman Middleton]]
* [[Mississippi Cold Case#Moore and Dee murders|Charles Eddie Moore]]
* [[Murder of Oneal Moore|Oneal Moore]]
* [[Murder of William Lewis Moore|William Lewis Moore]]
* [[Murder of Mack Charles Parker|Mack Charles Parker]]
* [[Murder of Lemuel Penn|Lemuel Penn]]
* [[James Reeb]]
* [[John Earl Reese]]
* [[Carole Robertson]]
* [[Michael Schwerner]]
* [[Orangeburg massacre|Henry Ezekial Smith]]
* [[Lamar Smith (activist)|Lamar Smith]]
* [[Emmett Till]]
* [[Clarence Triggs]]
* [[Virgil Lamar Ware]]
* [[Cynthia Wesley]]
* [[Ben Chester White]]
* [[Sammy Younge Jr.]]
{{div col end}}

=== "The Forgotten" ===
"The Forgotten" are 74 people who are identified in a display at the Civil Rights Memorial Center.  These names were not inscribed on the Memorial because there was insufficient information about their deaths at the time the Memorial was created.<ref>{{cite web|title=Civil Rights Memorial|department=The Forgotten|url=https://www.splcenter.org/what-we-do/civil-rights-memorial/forgotten|date=2015|website=splcenter.org|access-date=2019-07-19}}</ref>  However, it is thought that these people were killed as a result of racially motivated violence between 1952 and 1968.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/what-we-do/civil-rights-memorial/forgotten|title=The Forgotten|access-date=28 June 2017}}</ref>

{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Andrew Lee Anderson
* Frank Andrews
* Isadore Banks
* Larry Bolden
* James Brazier
* [[Thomas Brewer (activist)|Thomas Brewer]]
* Hilliard Brooks
* Charles Brown
* Jessie Brown
* Carrie Brumfield
* Eli Brumfield
* Silas (Ernest) Caston
* Clarence Cloninger
* Willie Countryman
* Vincent Dahmon
* Woodrow Wilson Daniels
* Joseph Hill Dumas
* Pheld Evans
* J. E. Evanston
* Mattie Greene
* Jasper Greenwood
* Jimmie Lee Griffith
* A. C. Hall
* Rogers Hamilton
* Collie Hampton
* Alphonso Harris
* Izell Henry
* Arthur James Hill
* Ernest Hunter
* Luther Jackson
* Ernest Jells
* Joe Franklin Jeter
* Marshall Johnson
* John Lee
* Willie Henry Lee
* Richard Lillard
* George Love
* Robert McNair
* Maybelle Mahone
* Sylvester Maxwell
* Clinton Melton
* James Andrew Miller
* Booker T. Mixon
* Nehemiah Montgomery
* Frank Morris<ref>{{cite web|url=http://coldcases.org/cases/frank-morris-case|title=Frank Morris Case – The Civil Rights Cold Case Project|website=coldcases.org|access-date=28 June 2017}}</ref>
* James Earl Motley
* Sam O'Quinn
* Hubert Orsby
* [[Larry Payne]]
* C. H. Pickett
* Albert Pitts
* David Pitts
* Ernest McPharland
* [[Harlem riot of 1964|Jimmy Powell]]
* William Roy Prather
* Johnny Queen
* Donald Rasberry
* Fred Robinson
* [[Shooting of Johnny Robinson|Johnny Robinson]]
* Willie Joe Sanford
* Marshall Scott Jr.
* Jessie James Shelby
* W. G. Singleton
* Ed Smith
* Eddie James Stewart
* Isaiah Taylor
* Freddie Lee Thomas
* Saleam Triggs
* Hubert Varner
* Clifton Walker<ref>{{cite web|url=http://coldcases.org/cases/clifton-walker-case|title=Clifton Walker Case – The Civil Rights Cold Case Project|website=coldcases.org|access-date=28 June 2017}}</ref>
* James Waymers
* John Wesley Wilder
* Rodell Williamson
* Archie Wooden
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Civil rights movement in popular culture]]
* [[History of fountains in the United States]]
* [[Title I of the Civil Rights Act of 1968]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.splcenter.org/civil-rights-memorial Official Site]
* [http://www.splcenter.org/civil-rights-memorial/civil-rights-martyrs Civil Rights Martyrs]
{{Coord|32.37626|-86.30325|region:US_type:landmark|display=title}}

{{Civil Rights Memorial|state=expanded}}
{{Civil rights movement}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1989 establishments in Alabama]]
[[Category:1989 sculptures]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Montgomery, Alabama]]
[[Category:Fountains in Alabama]]
[[Category:History of civil rights in the United States]]
[[Category:History of Montgomery, Alabama]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Alabama]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials of the civil rights movement]]
[[Category:Southern Poverty Law Center]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Montgomery, Alabama]]
[[Category:Martyrs' monuments and memorials]]