Editing Church of Christ, Scientist

{{Short description|Christian Science denomination}}
{{distinguish|text=the [[Church of Scientology]]}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
| name = Church of Christ, Scientist
| image = Christian Science Church and Reflection, Boston, Massachusetts crop.JPG
| imagewidth = 
| caption = [[The First Church of Christ, Scientist]] in [[Boston]], the church's administrative headquarters
| main_classification = [[Christianity|Christian]] [[new religious movement]] [[Restorationist]] 
| orientation = [[Nontrinitarianism]]
| scripture = ''[[Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures]]'' and ''[[Bible]]''
| polity =
| founder = [[Mary Baker Eddy]]
| founded_date = {{start date and age|1879}}
| founded_place = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, U.S.
| separated_from =
| parent =
| merger =
| separations =
| associations =
| area = United States
| congregations = approximately 1750<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.truththatmeetsyourneed.com/ourchurch.html|title = Spiritual Healing - Woking}}</ref> worldwide (1,153 in US as of 2010)
| members = estimates range from around 400,000 to under 100,000.

| footnotes =
}}

The '''Church of Christ, Scientist''' was founded in 1879 in [[Boston]], Massachusetts, by [[Mary Baker Eddy]], author of ''[[Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures]],'' and founder of [[Christian Science]]. The church was founded "to commemorate the word and works of [[Jesus|Christ Jesus]]" and "reinstate primitive Christianity and its lost element of [[faith healing|healing]]".

In the early decades of the 20th century, Christian Science churches were founded in communities around the world, though in the last several decades of that century, there was a marked decline in membership, except in Africa, where there has been growth. Headquartered in Boston, the church does not officially report membership, and estimates as to worldwide membership range from under 100,000 to about 400,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Church Of Christ, Scientist (Christian Science) |url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/cr_sci.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222163516/https://www.religioustolerance.org/cr_sci.htm |archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> In 2010, there were 1,153 churches in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Religion Census - 2010 |url=https://www.usreligioncensus.org/report1.php?year=2010}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Detroit Photographic Company (0402).jpg|thumb|The church building, Huntington Ave., Boston, 1900]]
The church was incorporated by [[Mary Baker Eddy]] in 1879, following a claimed personal healing in 1866, which she said resulted from reading the [[Bible]].<ref name="IIProthero2009">{{cite book|author1=Edward L. Queen, II|author2=Stephen R. Prothero|author3=Gardiner H. Shatuck, Jr.|title=The Encyclopedia of American Religious History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u-_6P2rMy2wC&pg=PA253|access-date=24 May 2013|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-6660-5|page=253}}</ref> The Bible and Eddy's textbook on Christian healing, ''[[Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures]]'', are together the church's key [[doctrine|doctrinal]] sources and have been ordained as the church's "dual impersonal [[pastor]]".<ref>Mary Baker Eddy. ''Manual of the Mother Church'', 89th Edition, page 58, Article XV "The Christian Science Pastor" Ordination. Section 1. First copyrighted 1895</ref>

The First Church of Christ, Scientist publishes the weekly newspaper ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'' in print and online.

==Beliefs and practices==
Christian Scientists believe that prayer is effective for healing diseases.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eddy |first1=Mary Baker |title=Science and Health |publisher=CSPS |page=1 |isbn=9780879524371 |url=https://www.christianscience.com/the-christian-science-pastor/science-and-health/chapter-i-prayer |access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref> The Church has collected over 50,000 testimonies of incidents that it considers healing through Christian Science treatment alone. While most of these testimonies represent [[ailment]]s neither diagnosed nor treated by [[academic medicine|medical professionals]], the Church requires three other people to vouch for any testimony published in any of its official organs, including the ''[[Christian Science Journal]]'', ''[[Christian Science Sentinel]]'', and ''[[Herald of Christian Science]]''; verifiers say that they witnessed the healing or know the testifier well enough to vouch for them.<ref>[http://www.spirituality.com/journal/testimony_guidelines.jhtml "Guidelines for submitting testimonies"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060324173617/http://www.spirituality.com/journal/testimony_guidelines.jhtml |date=2006-03-24 }} ''Christian Science Journal'' web site</ref>

A [[Christian Science practitioner]] is someone who devotes their full time to prayer for others, but they do not use drugs or make medical diagnoses.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Issaoui |first1=Nawal |title=Christian Science's faith healing practice in the United States and Canada: an overview from a historical and legal perspective |journal=Acta Comparanda Subsidia II |date=2015 |page=32 |issn=0779-9853}}</ref> Christian Scientists may take an intensive two-week "Primary" class from an authorized Christian Science teacher.<ref>''Church Manual,'' page 92, Article XXX, Section 8.</ref> Those who wish to become "''[[The Christian Science Journal|Journal]]''-listed" (accredited) practitioners, devoting themselves full-time to the practice of healing, must first have Primary class instruction. When they have what the church regards as a record of healing, they may submit their names for publication in the directory of practitioners and teachers in the ''Christian Science Journal''. A practitioner who has been listed for at least three years may apply for "Normal" class instruction, given once every three years.<ref>''Church Manual'', page 89, Article XXIX, Section 2.</ref><ref>''Church Manual,'' page 84, Article XXVi, Section 4.</ref> Those who receive a certificate are authorized to teach.<ref>''Church Manual'', page 85, Article XXVI, Section 9.</ref> Both Primary and Normal classes are based on the Bible and the writings of Mary Baker Eddy. The Primary class focuses on the chapter "Recapitulation" in ''Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures''. This chapter uses the Socratic method of teaching and contains the "Scientific Statement of Being". The "Normal" class focuses on the platform of Christian Science, contained on pages 330-340 of ''[[Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures|Science and Health]].''<ref>''Church Manual'', page 86, Article XXVII, Section 3.</ref>

==Organization==
[[File:USA 09562 Boston Luca Galuzzi 2007.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Reflecting pool with high-rises in the background|Reflecting pool of the headquarters of the Church of Christ, Scientist. The [[Prudential Tower]] and 111 Huntington Avenue are in the background.]]
[[The First Church of Christ, Scientist]] is the legal title of The Mother Church and administrative headquarters of the Christian Science Church.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Visit The Mother Church|url=https://www.christianscience.com/find-us/visit-the-mother-church|access-date=2021-12-04|website=Christian Science|language=en}}</ref> The [[Mary Baker Eddy Library|Mary Baker Eddy Library for the Betterment of Humanity]] is housed in an 11-story structure originally built for The Christian Science Publishing Society.

An international newspaper, ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', founded by Eddy in 1908 and winner of seven [[Pulitzer Prize]]s, is published by the church through the [[Christian Science Publishing Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Monitor|first=The Christian Science|date=2012-03-12|title=About Us|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/About|access-date=2021-12-04|website=The Christian Science Monitor|language=en}}</ref>

===Board of directors===
[[File:Christian Science Mother Church, Boston, Massachusetts.JPG|thumb|right|[[The First Church of Christ, Scientist]] is the [[Mother Church]] and {{shy|ad|min|is|tra|tive head|quar|ters}} of the [[Christian Science|Christian Science Church]].]]
The Christian Science Board of Directors is a five-person executive entity created by [[Mary Baker Eddy]] to conduct the business of the [[Christian Science|Christian Science Church]] under the terms defined in the by-laws of the ''[[Manual of The Mother Church|Church Manual]]''. Its functions and restrictions are defined by the ''Manual''.

==Controversies==

===Broadcasting===
{{see|WBPX-TV#Christian Science Monitor ownership}}
Beginning in the mid-1980s, church executives undertook a controversial and ambitious foray into electronic broadcast media. The first significant effort was to create a weekly half-hour [[Broadcast syndication|syndicated television program]], ''The Christian Science Monitor'' Reports. "Monitor Reports" was anchored in its first season by newspaper veteran [[Robert C. Nelson|Rob Nelson]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Larmer |first1=Brook |title=Monitor broadcasting to gain TV station and shortwave radio |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1986/0530/amon.html |work=Christian Science Monitor |date=30 May 1986}}</ref> He was replaced in the second by the ''Christian Science Monitor'''s former Moscow correspondent, [[David K. Willis|David Willis]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hughes |first1=John |title=A Passion For Journalism |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1993/0218/18192.html |work=Christian Science Monitor |date=18 February 1993}}</ref>

In October 1991, Christian Science Monitor anchor John Hart, who is not a Christian Scientist, resigned following professional disputes with the Monitor regarding Christian Science teachings and his journalistic independence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 2, 1992 |title=Ex-anchor cites interference at Monitor |work=Baltimore Sun |agency= |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1992/09/02/ex-anchor-cites-interference-at-monitor/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314185701/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-09-02/features/1992246098_1_world-monitor-non-church-christian-science-church |archive-date=March 14, 2012}}</ref>

The hundreds of millions lost on broadcasting brought the church to the brink of bankruptcy. However, with the 1991 publication of ''[[The Destiny of The Mother Church]]'' by the late [[Bliss Knapp]], the church secured a $90 million bequest from the Knapp trust. The trust dictated that the book be published as "Authorized Literature", with neither modification nor comment. Historically, the church had censured Knapp for deviating at several points from Eddy's teaching, and had refused to publish the work. The church's archivist, fired in anticipation of the book's publication, wrote to branch churches to inform them of the book's history. Many Christian Scientists thought the book violated the church's [[Manual of The Mother Church|by-laws]], and the editors of the church's religious periodicals and several other church employees resigned in protest. Alternate beneficiaries subsequently sued to contest the church's claim it had complied fully with the will's terms, and the church ultimately received only half of the original sum.<ref>Peter Steinfels. [https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/29/us/fiscal-and-spiritual-rifts-shake-christian-scientists.html?pagewanted=1 "Fiscal and Spiritual Rifts Shake Christian Scientists"] ''The New York Times'' (February 29, 1992)</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220820034836/https://news.stanford.edu/pr/93/931216Arc3005.html Press release] Stanford University. December 16, 1993</ref>

The fallout of the broadcasting debacle also sparked a minor revolt among some prominent church members. In late 1993, a group of Christian Scientists filed suit against the Board of Directors, alleging a willful disregard for the ''[[Manual of The Mother Church]]'' in its financial dealings. The suit was thrown out by the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts in 1997, but a lingering discontent with the church's financial matters persists to this day.''<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.appellate.net/briefs/weaverbrief.pdf | title = Appellate Brief No. SJC-07156 | access-date = 2011-08-20 | publisher = COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723015154/http://www.appellate.net/briefs/weaverbrief.pdf | archive-date = 2011-07-23 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The Destiny Of The Mother Church'' ceased publication in September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-10-01 |title=A message from the Christian Science Board of Directors |url=https://journal.christianscience.com/issues/2023/10/141-10/a-message-from-the-christian-science-board-of-directors |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=The Christian Science Journal |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Membership decline and financial setbacks===
In spite of its early meteoric rise, church membership has declined over the past eight decades, according to the church's former treasurer, J. Edward Odegaard.<ref>''The Christian Science Journal'' November 2010</ref> Though the Church is prohibited by the [[Manual of The Mother Church|Manual]] from publishing membership figures, the number of branch churches in the United States has fallen steadily since [[World War II]]. In 2009, for the first time in church history, more new members came from Africa than the United States.<ref>Christa Case Bryant, [http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2009/0609/p02s07-usgn.html "Africa contributes biggest share of new members to Christian Science church"] ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'' (June 9, 2009). Retrieved March 16, 2012</ref>

In 2005, ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' reported that the church was considering consolidating Boston operations into fewer buildings and leasing out space in buildings it owned. Church official Philip G. Davis noted that the administration and Colonnade buildings had not been fully used for many years and that vacancy increased after staff reductions in 2004. The church posted an $8 million financial loss in fiscal 2003, and in 2004 cut 125 jobs, a quarter of the staff, at the ''[[The Christian Science Monitor|Christian Science Monitor]]''. Conversely, Davis noted that "the financial situation right now is excellent" and stated that the church was not facing financial problems.<ref>''The Boston Globe'' October 13, 2005 p. A1</ref>

=== Use of spiritual healing in place of medical treatment ===
The use of prayer, often in place of medical treatment, has been an area of controversy since the founding of the church; and the legality of practicing Christian Science was raised as early as 1887, when some Christian Science practitioners were charged with practicing medicine without a license.<ref>Issaoui 2015, pp. 33-35.</ref> Avoidance of medical care is not a doctrinal obligation and is considered a personal choice.<ref>Issaoui 2015, p. 29.</ref> However, during the 1980s and 1990s in the United States, a number of Christian Scientist parents whose children died from lack of access to medical treatment were the subject of considerable controversy and were charged with manslaughter or even murder, but the outcomes of the cases were inconsistent.<ref>Issaoui 2015, pp. 29-42.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Christian Scientists in the Courts |url=https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/religion-context/case-studies/minority-america/christian-scientists-courts |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=rpl.hds.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> The lack of consensus regarding medical care is reflected in the laws of various U.S. states, which have also been inconsistent regarding religious exemptions from medical care.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandstrom |first=Aleksandra |title=Most states allow religious exemptions from child abuse and neglect laws |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2016/08/12/most-states-allow-religious-exemptions-from-child-abuse-and-neglect-laws/ |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=Pew Research Center |date=12 August 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Christian Science Reading Room]]
* [[Reader (Christian Science Church)]]
* [[Jewish Science]]
* [[List of Christian Scientists (religious denomination)]]
* [[List of Former Christian Science Churches, Societies and Buildings]]
* [[Principia College]], a college for Christian Scientists in Elsah, Illinois
* [[Commonwealth v. Twitchell]]

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.christianscience.com/ Information on Christian Science and official Christian Science Church-sponsored Web sites]

{{Christian Science}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Church Of Christ, Scientist}}
[[Category:Christian Science|Christian Science]]
[[Category:Christian Science churches]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1879]]
[[Category:Religious organizations based in Boston]]
[[Category:Christian denominations established in the 19th century]]
[[Category:1879 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Religious corporations]]
[[Category:Mary Baker Eddy]]
[[Category:New religious movements established in the 19th century]]