Editing Christian II of Denmark

{{Short description|King of Denmark and Norway (r. 1513–1523), King of Sweden (r. 1520–1521)}}
{{redirect2|King Christian II|Christian II|the composition|King Christian II (Sibelius)|other uses|Christian II (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Christian II
| image        = Lucas Cranach (I) - Bildnis Christians II., König von Dänemark (MbK, Leipzig).jpg
| caption      = Portrait by [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]], {{circa}} 1523
| succession   = [[King of Denmark]] and [[King of Norway|Norway]]
| moretext     = ([[Style of the Danish sovereign|more...]])
| reign        = 22 July 1513 – 20 January 1523
| predecessor  = [[John, King of Denmark|John]]
| successor    = [[Frederick I of Denmark|Frederick I]]
| coronation   = 11 June 1514, [[Copenhagen]]<br>23 July 1514, [[Oslo]]
| succession1  = [[Viceroy of Norway]]
| reign1       = 1506 - 20 January 1513
| predecessor1 = John
| pre-type1    = Monarch
| successor1   = <!--Himself as King-->
| succession2  = [[King of Sweden]]
| moretext2    = ([[Style of the Swedish sovereign|more...]])
| reign2       = 1 November 1520 – 23 August 1521
| coronation2  = 4 November 1520<br>[[Storkyrkan]], Stockholm
| predecessor2 = [[John, King of Denmark|John II]]
| successor2   = [[Gustav I of Sweden|Gustav I]]
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Isabella of Austria]]|1514|1526|end=d}}
| issue        = {{ubl|[[John of Denmark (1518-1532)|John of Denmark]]|[[Dorothea of Denmark, Electress Palatine|Dorothea, Electress Palatine]]|[[Christina of Denmark|Christina, Duchess of Milan]]}}
| issue-link   = #Issue
| issue-pipe   = more...
| house        = [[House of Oldenburg|Oldenburg]]
| father       = [[John, King of Denmark]]
| mother       = [[Christina of Saxony]]
| birth_date   = 1 July 1481
| birth_place  = [[Nyborg Castle]]
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1559|1|25|1481|7|1}}
| death_place  = [[Kalundborg Castle]] (as prisoner)
| burial_place = [[St. Peter's Abbey, Ghent]] <small>(1559&ndash;1883)</small><br />[[St. Canute's Cathedral|St. Canute's Cathedral, Odense]] <small>(since 1883)</small>
| signature    = Autograf, Kristian II, Nordisk familjebok.png
}}

'''Christian II''' (1 July 1481&nbsp;– 25 January 1559), a monarch under the [[Kalmar Union]], reigned as [[King of Denmark]] and [[King of Norway|Norway]] from 1513 until 1523. He was briefly [[King of Sweden]] from 1520 until 1521. As king of Denmark and Norway, he was concurrently [[Duke of Schleswig]] and [[Duchy of Holstein|Holstein]] in joint rule with his uncle [[Frederick I of Denmark|Frederick]].

As king, Christian tried to maintain the Kalmar Union between the Scandinavian countries which brought him to war with Sweden, lasting between 1518 and 1523. Though he captured the country in 1520, the subsequent slaughter of leading Swedish nobility, churchmen, and others, known as the [[Stockholm Bloodbath]], caused the Swedes to rise against his rule. He was deposed in a rebellion led by the nobleman and later king of Sweden [[Gustav Vasa]]. He attempted to bring in a radical reform of the Danish state in 1521–22, which would have strengthened the rights of commoners at the expense of the nobles and clergy. The nobility rose against him in 1523, and he was exiled to the Netherlands, ceding the Danish throne to his uncle [[Frederick I of Denmark|Frederick]].  After attempting to reclaim the thrones in 1531, he was arrested and held in captivity for the rest of his life, first in [[Sønderborg Castle]] and later at [[Kalundborg Castle]]. Supporters tried to restore him to power both during his exile and his imprisonment but they were defeated decisively during the [[Count's Feud]] in 1536.  Christian died at Kalundborg in 1559.

In 1515, Christian married [[Isabella of Austria]], granddaughter of [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]]. Isabella died in 1526, after which her family took Christian's three children from him. His relationship with his mistress, [[Dyveke Sigbritsdatter]], pre-dated his marriage and continued until her death in 1517. Christian's persecution of her supposed murderer contributed to his political isolation and downfall. Dyveke's mother, [[Sigbrit Willoms]], became an influential councillor and followed Christian into exile.

==Early life==
[[File:John II and Christina.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Christian's parents, King John and Queen Christina]]
Christian was born at [[Nyborg Castle]] in 1481 as the son of [[John, King of Denmark]] and his wife, [[Christina of Saxony]].  Christian descended, through [[Valdemar I of Sweden]], from the [[House of Eric]], and from Catherine, daughter of [[Inge I of Sweden]], as well as from Ingrid Ylva, granddaughter of [[Sverker I of Sweden]]. His rival [[Gustav I of Sweden]] descended only from [[Sverker II of Sweden]] and the [[House of Sverker]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Christian took part in his father's [[Battle of Rotebro|conquest of Sweden in 1497]] and in the [[Dano-Swedish War (1501–1512)]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} He was appointed [[viceroy of Norway]] in 1506, and succeeded in maintaining control of the country.{{sfn|Lockhart|2007|p=12}} During his administration in Norway, he attempted to deprive the Norwegian nobility of its traditional influence exercised through the ''[[Rigsraadet]]'' privy council, leading to controversy with the latter.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}<!--Norwegian Wikipedia-->

In 1513, he succeeded his father as king of Denmark and Norway.{{sfn|Lockhart|2007|p=12}} Christian's succession to the thrones of Norway and Denmark was confirmed at the ''[[Herredag]]'' assembly of notables from the three northern kingdoms, which met at [[Copenhagen]] in 1513. The Swedish delegates said, "We have the choice between peace at home and strife here, or peace here and civil war at home, and we prefer the former." A decision as to the Swedish succession was therefore postponed.{{sfn|Bain|1911|p=275}} Christian's coronations as king of Denmark in Copenhagen and of Norway in Oslo took place in the summer of 1514.{{sfn|Lockhart|2007|p=12}}

==Personal life==
[[Image:Attributed to the workshop of Pieter van Coninxloo (active 1479-1513) - Isabella of Austria (1501-1526) - RCIN 403466 - Royal Collection.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Isabella of Austria, Christian's wife.]]
Whilst visiting [[Bergen]] in 1507 or 1509, Christian fell in love with a Norwegian girl of Dutch heritage, named [[Dyveke Sigbritsdatter]].  She became his [[Mistress (lover)|mistress]] and remained with him until Dyveke's death.  Their relationship was not interrupted by Christian's marriage to [[Isabella of Austria]], the granddaughter of Holy Roman Emperor [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]]. They [[proxy marriage|married by proxy]] on 11 June 1514 in [[Brussels]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55219013|title=Danmarkshistoriens årstal|date=2002|publisher=Aschehoug|author=Skipper, Jon Bloch.|isbn=8711115971|edition=2. revid. udg|location=Copenhagen|pages=143|trans-title=The History of Denmark's dates|oclc=55219013}}</ref>{{sfn|Lockhart|2007|p=13}}<!--Verifies 3 preceding sentences-->  Isabella was brought to [[Copenhagen]] a year later, and the marriage was ratified on 12 August 1515 at [[Copenhagen Castle]], in a ceremony conducted by Birger Gunnersen, [[List of bishops of Lund|Archbishop of Lund]].<ref name=":0" />

Dyveke died in 1517, and Christian was led to believe that the magnate [[Torben Oxe]] had poisoned her.  Oxe's status meant that he should have been tried by the [[Council of State (Denmark)|Council of State]], but instead he was brought to trial by a common jury at Solbjerg outside Copenhagen.  He was found guilty and executed in November 1517.  This act precipitated the division between the king and aristocracy that ultimately led to Christian's deposition.{{sfn|Lockhart|2007|p=14}}

Christian's chief counsellor was Dyveke's mother, [[Sigbrit Willoms]]. Christian appointed her controller of the [[Sound Dues]] of [[Øresund]], and took her advice on all financial matters.{{sfn|Lockhart|2007|p=14}}  A bourgeoise herself, she acted to extend the influence of the middle classes, and formed an inner council, which competed with the ''Rigsraadet'' for power.{{sfn|Bain|1911|p=275}} Her influence was resented by the aristocracy, who blamed her for the king's favouring the working classes.

==Reconquest of Sweden==
{{Main|Dano-Swedish War (1512–1520)}}
[[File:Christian II og Elisabeth (altertavle).JPG|thumb|Christian and Isabella depicted on an [[altarpiece]] in [[Elsinore]].]]
Christian was meanwhile preparing for the inevitable war with Sweden. The anti-Danish faction, headed by the regent [[Sten Sture the Younger]], was opposed by the pro-Danish party led by Archbishop [[Gustav Trolle]]. In 1517 Christian dispatched ships and soldiers to the relief of the archbishop's fortress of [[Almarestäket|Stäket]], but was defeated by Sture and his peasant levies at [[Vedila]].  A second attempt the following year was also frustrated by Sture's victory at the [[Battle of Brännkyrka]].{{sfn|Lockhart|2007|p=14}}{{sfn|Bain|1911|p=275}}

A third attempt made in 1520 with a large army of French, German and Scottish mercenaries proved successful. Sture was mortally wounded at the [[Battle of Bogesund]] on 19 January, and the remaining rebel forces were suppressed in April at the bloody [[Battle of Uppsala]]. Christian’s army and navy then moved to [[Stockholm]] and [[Siege of Stockholm (1520)|besiege the city]]. Sweden was now under the leadership of Sture's widow [[Christina Gyllenstierna]]. Stockholm held out until September 1520, when Christina surrendered. Christian was crowned king of Sweden by Trolle in November, with the agreement of the [[Privy Council of Sweden|Swedish Privy Council]] (''Riksråd''), who had, however, extracted an indemnity for the past and guarantee that Sweden should be ruled according to Swedish laws and custom.{{sfn|Lockhart|2007|p=15}}{{sfn|Bain|1911|p=275}}

=== Stockholm Bloodbath===
{{Main|Stockholm Bloodbath}}
[[File:Stockholm Bloodbath.jpg|thumb|The Stockholm bloodbath depicted in a 1676 engraving by Dionysius Padtbrugge.]]
Three days after the coronation, Archbishop Trolle accused the followers of Sture of heresy for their part in the rising against him.  Gyllenstierna used the fact that the [[Riksdag of the Estates|Swedish Diet]] had made a 'swearing in common' ''(sammansvärjning)'' in 1517, which had bound the nobles to Sture's cause, in defence of her husband's followers.  However, Christian seized on this as an opportunity to cement his control over Sweden by removing his opponents.  He convened an ecclesiastical court which condemned all parties to the swearing in common.  On 8 and 9 November eighty-two Swedish noblemen were executed at Stockholm castle, including the bishops of [[Skara]] and [[Strängnäs]].  As well as Sture's supporters, who had formed Trolle's original list, Christian's suspicious nature led him to even execute supporters of the Kalmar Union.  The bodies of [[Sten Sture the Younger|Sten Sture]] and his child were dug up and burnt. Gyllenstierna and other noble Swedish ladies were sent as prisoners to Denmark.{{sfn|Lockhart|2007|pp=15–16}}{{sfn|Bain|1911|p=275}}

The bloodbath, rather than cementing Christian's control of the Swedish throne, led in short order to Sweden's secession from the Kalmar Union.  [[Didrik Slagheck]], whom Christian appointed to the bishopric of Skara and as one of the three regents of Sweden, proved brutal and inept.  The remaining Swedish nobility, appalled by the bloodbath, rose against Christian and the Swedish Diet elected [[Gustav Vasa]] regent and subsequently King of Sweden.{{sfn|Lockhart|2007|p=16}} On account of the massacre Christian is remembered in Sweden as ''Christian the Tyrant'' (''Kristian Tyrann'').{{sfn|Reiter|1943}}

==Legal reforms and downfall==
In June 1521, the Danish king paid a visit to [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] in the [[Netherlands]], where he remained for some months. He visited most of the large cities, made the personal acquaintance of [[Quentin Matsys]] and [[Albrecht Dürer]], and met [[Erasmus]], with whom he discussed the [[Protestant Reformation]].{{sfn|Bain|1911|p=275}}  Directly upon his return to Denmark in September 1521 Christian issued two bodies of laws – the Town Law and the Land Law – which governed respectively trade and the behaviour of the clergy.  The Town Law strengthened the rights of tradesmen and peasants at the expense of the nobility.  Trade was reorganised and was to be conducted solely through market towns, which were to be governed by officials appointed by the king.  Trading in peasants was forbidden, and peasants were given the right to negotiate the terms of their tenure with the nobility.  The Land Law permitted clergy to marry, and gave some control of the church over to the state.  The new laws were radical, progressive, and perceived by the nobility and bishops as an existential threat.{{sfn|Lockhart|2007|pp=17–18}}

By 1522, Christian was running out of allies.  In an attempt to set up a Danish-centered trading company in direct competition with the [[Hanseatic League]], Christian had raised the sound tolls, which affected trade between Sweden and the Hanseatic towns.{{sfn|Lockhart|2007|pp=14,18}}  As a consequence, [[Lübeck]] and [[Danzig]] joined the newly independent Sweden in war against Denmark.  Domestic rebellion against Christian started in [[Jutland]].  On 20 January 1523, the ''herredag'' at [[Viborg, Denmark|Viborg]] offered the Danish crown to Christian's uncle, Duke [[Frederick I of Denmark|Frederick of Holstein]].  Frederick's army gained control over most of Denmark during the spring, and in April 1523 Christian left Denmark to seek help abroad. On 1 May, he landed at [[Veere]] in [[Zeeland]].{{sfn|Lockhart|2007|pp=18–19}}{{sfn|Bain|1911|p=276}}

==Exile and imprisonment==
[[File:Carl Bloch - Christian II i fængslet på Sønderborg Slot 1871.jpg|thumb|upright|Christian II at Sønderborg Castle, painting by Carl Bloch, 1871.]]
In exile Christian led a humble life in the city of [[Lier, Belgium|Lier]] in the Netherlands (now in Belgium), waiting for military help from his brother-in-law Charles V. Christian corresponded with [[Martin Luther]] and he became a Lutheran for some time; he even commissioned a translation of the [[New Testament]] into Danish. Isabella died in January 1526, and Christian's children were taken by her family so as not to be raised as heretics.  Popular agitation against Fredrick I in Denmark centered on [[Søren Norby]], who gathered an army of peasants in [[Scania]], but was defeated in 1525.{{sfn|Lockhart|2007|pp=20–21,61}}

By 1531, Christian had reverted to Catholicism and reconciled with the Emperor. He took a fleet to Norway, and landed in Oslo to popular acclaim in November 1531. Christian failed to subdue [[Akershus Castle]], and accepted a promise of safe conduct from Fredrick I, in 1532.{{sfn|Lockhart|2007|p=22}}

Frederick did not keep his promise, and Christian was kept prisoner for the next 27 years, first in [[Sønderborg Castle]] until 1549, and afterwards at the castle of [[Kalundborg]]. Stories of solitary confinement in small dark chambers are inaccurate; King Christian was treated like a nobleman, particularly in his old age, and he was allowed to host parties, go hunting, and wander freely as long as he did not go beyond the Kalundborg town boundaries.{{sfn|Bain|1911|p=276}}

Fredrick I died in April 1533, and the Danish Council of State was at first unable to choose a successor.  The mayor of [[Lübeck]], [[Jürgen Wullenwever]], took advantage of the resulting interregnum to conspire for the restoration of Christian II to the throne of Denmark.  He formed an alliance with two prominent nobles, [[Ambrosius Bogbinder]] and [[Jørgen Kock]], mayor of Malmö.  With [[Christopher, Count of Oldenburg]] as his military commander he succeeded in seizing Scania and Zeeland in the name of Christian II in a conflict known as the [[Count's Feud]].  However, Fredrick's eldest son, also named Christian, raised an army in [[Holstein]] which, led by [[Johann Rantzau]], took in turn Holstein, Jutland and Zeeland in a series of brilliant military manoeuvers.  He formed an alliance with Gustav Vasa, who subdued Scania, and took the throne as [[Christian III of Denmark]].  Christian II remained in prison in Kalundborg.{{sfn|Lockhart|2007|pp=25–28}}

[[File:Christian II of Denmark, Norway & Sweden grave 2009.jpg|thumb|200px|Christian's gravestone at Odense.]]
Christian II died in January 1559,{{sfn|Bain|1911|p=276}} a few days after Christian III. The new king, [[Frederick II of Denmark|Frederick II]], ordered that a royal funeral be held in his memory.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}  He is buried in [[Odense]] next to his wife, parents, and son [[John of Denmark (1518–1532)|John]],{{efn|''Hans'' in Danish}} who died in the summer of 1532.{{sfn|Lockhart|2007|p=25}}<!--Citation supports death of son; rest of sentence unsourced-->

==Legacy==
Christian II is one of the most discussed of all Danish kings.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} He has been regarded as both a hypocritical tyrant and a progressive despot, who wanted to create an absolute monarchy based upon "free citizens".{{Citation needed|date=April 2014}} His psychological weaknesses have caught the interest of historians, especially his frequently mentioned irresolution, which as years passed seemed to dominate his acts.  Christian clearly made too many enemies. Furthermore, the Danish middle class was still not strong enough to support royal power. However some of his ambitions were fulfilled by the victory of absolutism in 1660.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}

==In popular culture==
Christian den Anden (Christian II) is a 1889 play by [[Jenny Blicher-Clausen]] which was performed at Copenhagen's Dagmar Theatre.<ref name=kvinfo>{{cite web|url=https://www.kvinfo.dk/side/171/bio/162/|title=Jenny Blicher-Clausen (1865–1907)|author=Zibrandtsen, Marianne|publisher=Kvinfo|date=2003|access-date=29 September 2021 |language=da}}</ref>

[[Jean Sibelius]] composed in 1898 incidental music ''[[King Christian II (Sibelius)|King Christian II]]'' to a play about the king, and derived from it a suite.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

''[[The Fall of the King]]'' ({{langx|da|Kongens Fald}}), a novel by the Danish author and Nobel Prize Laureate [[Johannes V. Jensen]], published in three parts from 1900 to 1901, is considered a major work of modern Danish literature. It relates the tangled history of Christian II reign and downfall as seen by the (fictional) Mikkel Thøgersen, a loyal follower of king.

''[[The Corridors of Time]]'' by Danish-American [[science fiction]] writer [[Poul Anderson]] includes a section where a modern American travels in time to 16th Century Denmark, arriving there shortly after Christian II's downfall – where he meets and befriends a diehard follower of the deposed King, and the two of them share various adventures.

==Issue==
[[File:Three children of King Christian II of Denmark by Jan Gossaert (1526).jpg|thumb|Three children of Christian II (Dorothea, John and Christina), by [[Jan Mabuse]], 1526.]]

Christian II had six children by his wife, [[Isabella of Austria]] (1501–1526), only three of whom survived infancy and two reached adulthood.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} They were:

{| class="wikitable"
! Name!! Birth!! Death!! Notes
|-
|[[John of Denmark (1518–1532)|John]]||{{nowrap|21 February 1518}}||{{nowrap|2 August 1532}}||Heir to the thrones of Denmark, Norway and Sweden.{{sfn|Bricka|1887|pp=566–567}}
|-
|{{nowrap|Philip Ferdinand}}||{{nowrap|4 July 1519}}||1519||Twin
|-
|Maximilian ||{{nowrap|4 July 1519}}||1519||Twin
|-
|[[Dorothea of Denmark, Electress Palatine|Dorothea]]||{{nowrap|10 November 1520}}||{{nowrap|31 May 1580}}||Married in 1535, [[Frederick II, Elector Palatine]] and had no issue.{{sfn|Bricka|1887|pp=306–307}}
|-
|[[Christina of Denmark|Christina]] ||c.1522||c.1590||Married in 1533, [[Francesco II Sforza|Francis II Sforza]] and had no issue.<br>Married again in 1541, [[Francis I, Duke of Lorraine]] and had issue.{{sfn|Bricka|1887|pp=573–574}}
|-
|Stillborn son ||January 1523||January 1523||Unnamed
|}

{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Christian II.|volume=6|pages=274–276|author-link=Robert Nisbet Bain|last=Bain|first=Robert Nisbet}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bisgaard |first1=Lars |title=Christian 2. : en biografi |trans-title=Christian II : a biography |publisher=Gads Forlag |year=2019 |location=Copenhagen |isbn=978-8712056973 |language=da}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bricka |first1=Carl Frederik |title=Dansk biografisk Lexikon |date=1887 |publisher=Gyldendal |location=Copenhagen |url=https://runeberg.org/dbl/ |access-date=5 July 2020}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lockhart |first1=Paul Douglas |title=Denmark, 1513–1660 : the rise and decline of a Renaissance monarchy |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199271214}}
* {{cite book |last1=Reiter |first1=Paul Johann |others=Witting, Gustaf (tr) |title=Kristian Tyrann. Personlighet, själsliv och livsdrama.|date=1943 |publisher=Natur och kultur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cR0NzQEACAAJ |language=sv}}
* {{cite book|last1=Scocozza|first1=Benito|chapter=Christian 2.|title=Politikens bog om danske monarker|trans-title=Politiken's book about Danish monarchs|year=1997|publisher=Politikens Forlag|location=Copenhagen|isbn=8756757727|pages=102–110|language=da}}

{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Christian II of Denmark}}
* [http://kongehuset.dk/english/the-monarchy-in-denmark/The-Royal-Lineage The Royal Lineage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150314224944/http://kongehuset.dk/english/the-monarchy-in-denmark/The-Royal-Lineage |date=14 March 2015 }} at the website of the [[Danish Monarchy]]
* {{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Christian (Danish kings)|display=Christian, the name of nine kings of Denmark. I. Christian II.}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Oldenburg]]|2 July|1481|25 January|1559|name=Christian II}}
{{S-reg}}
{{S-bef|rows=2|before=[[John, King of Denmark|John]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[King of Denmark]] and [[List of Norwegian monarchs|Norway]]|years=1513–1523}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Frederick I of Denmark|Frederick I]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl|rows=1|title=[[Duke of Holstein]] and [[List of dukes of Schleswig#House of Oldenburg (1460–1544)|Schleswig]]|years=1513–1523|regent1=[[Frederick I of Denmark|Frederick I]]}}
{{s-aft|rows=1|after=[[Frederick I of Denmark|Frederick I]]<br>and [[Christian III of Denmark|Christian III]]}}
|-
{{S-vac|last=[[John, King of Denmark|John II]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[King of Sweden]]|years=1520–1521}}
{{S-vac|next=[[Gustav I of Sweden|Gustav I]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Monarchs of Denmark}}
{{Monarchs of Norway}}
{{Monarchs of Sweden}}
{{Monarchs of Iceland}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Christian 02 of Denmark}}
[[Category:Christian II of Denmark| ]]
[[Category:1481 births]]
[[Category:1559 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century monarchs of Denmark]]
[[Category:16th-century Swedish monarchs]]
[[Category:16th-century Norwegian monarchs]]
[[Category:Dukes of Schleswig]]
[[Category:Dukes of Holstein]]
[[Category:Kalmar Union]]
[[Category:Swedish monarchs of German descent]]
[[Category:Protestant monarchs]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic monarchs]]
[[Category:Converts to Lutheranism from Roman Catholicism]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Lutheranism]]
[[Category:People of the Swedish War of Liberation]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece]]
[[Category:Burials at St. Canute's Cathedral]]
[[Category:People of the Count's Feud]]
[[Category:People from Nyborg]]
[[Category:People from Kalundborg]]
[[Category:Sons of kings]]
[[Category:Stockholm Bloodbath]]
[[Category:Royal reburials]]