Editing Chicago American

{{Short description|Newspaper}}
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[[Image:Tri-State Tornado.JPG|240px|thumb|Chicago ''Herald-Examiner'' headline; in reality, the [[Tri-State Tornado|death toll was in excess of 695]], not 1,000.]] 
The '''''Chicago American'''''<ref>[http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf2/1983/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1983-12.pdf#search="1934" ''Chicago American'', March 4, 1935] – an article about [[Holodomor]].</ref> was an American [[newspaper]] published in [[Chicago]] under various names from 1900 until its dissolution in 1975. Its afternoon publication was known as the ''Chicago American'', while its evening publication was known as the '''''Chicago Evening American'''''.

==History==
The paper's first edition came out on July 4, 1900, as ''[[William Randolph Hearst|Hearst]]'s Chicago American''. It became the ''Morning American'' in 1902 with the appearance of an afternoon edition. The morning and Sunday papers were renamed as the ''Examiner'' in 1904. [[James Keeley]] bought the ''[[Chicago Record-Herald]]'' and ''[[Chicago Inter-Ocean]]'' in 1914, merging them into a single newspaper known as the ''Herald''. [[William Randolph Hearst]] purchased the paper from Keeley in 1918.

[[File:1919 Newspaper Circulation Chicago EP July 24 1919 p 31.png|thumb|Circulation figures for Chicago newspapers appearing in ''[[Editor & Publisher]]'' in 1919.  The ''American'''s circulation of 330,216 placed it third in the city, behind the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' (424,026) and ''[[Chicago Daily News]]'' (386,498), and ahead of the ''[[Chicago Herald-Examiner]]'' (289,094).]]  Distribution of the ''Herald Examiner'' after 1918 was controlled by [[organized crime|gangsters]]. [[Dion O'Banion]], [[Vincent Drucci]], [[Hymie Weiss]] and [[Bugs Moran]] first sold the ''Tribune''. They were then recruited by [[Moses Annenberg]], who offered more money to sell the ''Examiner'', later the ''Herald-Examiner''. This "selling" consisted of pressuring stores and news dealers. In 1939, Annenberg was sentenced to three years in prison for fraud and died in prison.

The newspaper joined the [[Associated Press]] on October 31, 1932.<ref>"Chicago American Now A.P. Member", ''The San Bernardino Daily Sun'', San Bernardino, California, Tuesday 1 November 1932, Volume 39, Section 1, Page 1. Associated Press.</ref>

Under pressure from his lenders, Hearst consolidated the ''American'' and the ''Herald-Examiner'' in 1939. It continued as the ''Chicago Herald-American'' until 1953 when it became the ''Chicago American''. The ''American'' was bought by the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' in 1956, and was renamed as ''Chicago's American'' in 1959.

As with many other afternoon daily newspapers the paper suffered in postwar years from declining circulation figures caused in part by [[television]] news and in part by population shifts from city to suburbs. The paper continued as an afternoon broadsheet until 1969 when the ''Tribune'' converted the paper to the tabloid-format ''Chicago Today''. Measures to bolster the paper were unsuccessful, and ''Chicago Today'' published its final issue on September 13, 1974. The ''Chicago Tribune'' inherited many of the ''Today''<nowiki>'s</nowiki> writers and staff and became a 24-hour operation.

The ''American'' was the product of the merger or acquisition of 14 predecessor newspapers and inherited the tradition and the files of all of them.

As an afternoon paper, the ''American'' was dependent on street sales rather than subscriptions, and breaking news helped bring in street sales.

When [[Frank Lloyd Wright]] announced plans to build a mile-high building in [[Chicago]], the ''American'' stole the drawings and printed them.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}

The tradition was exemplified by the longtime night city editor of the ''American'', [[Harry Romanoff|Harry "Romy" Romanoff]], who could create news stories almost at will with only a telephone. He ran the city room at night with the help of two rewrite men (including Mike McGovern, noted below), one night photo editor, a sports desk editor ([[Brent Musburger]]'s first job out of journalism school), and one night copy boy who cut and pasted AP and UPI wires for Harry's review. Since the afternoon paper was put together the previous evening, the night city editor was the key news editor. Romanoff enjoyed the fearful but absolute regard of pressmen, the composing room and the entire night staff of the [[Tribune Tower]], which owned and housed the ''Chicago American'''s operations in its final decades.

One night, floods threatened [[Southern Illinois]], and the ''American'' did not have a big story for the front page. Romanoff called fire departments and police stations throughout the region, posing as "Captain Parmenter of the [[Illinois State Police|state police]]" (a nonexistent individual), urging them to take action.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} One fire department, bemused by the call, asked what they should do. "Ring those fire bells! Call out the people!" Romanoff then turned to his [[rewrite man]] to dictate the lead story:

:Fire bells rang over southern Illinois as [[police]] and fire departments called out the people to warn them of impending floods.

It never did flood, but the ''American'' had its banner headline. These headlines were necessary for sales of the early editions. Later in the day, breaking news would generally replace them or reduce their importance. Of course, many stories developed in this way were genuine scoops that would be expanded in later editions.

The ''American'' gave the same attention to smaller stories as to large ones. It was usually first with police news. One notable headline:
:Mother of 14 kids kills father of 9 in police station

Headquarters for the paper was the Hearst Building, located at 326 West Madison Street in Chicago. In 1961, the offices of ''Chicago's American'' were moved adjacent to the [[Tribune Tower]] at 435 North Michigan Avenue, where they would remain until the ultimate demise of ''Chicago Today'' in 1974.

==Notable people==<!-- Please respect alphabetical order -->
In addition to Romanoff, notable ''American'' staff members included:
* [[Frank R. Adams]], reporter for ''Herald-Examiner'', author, songwriter and screenwriter
* [[Ann Barzel]], dance critic, 1951-1974
* [[Seymour Berkson]], reporter for ''Herald-Examiner'', later general manager of the ''[[International News Service]]'' and publisher for the ''[[New York Journal-American]]''
* [[Claude Binyon]], reporter for the ''Examiner'', became a Hollywood screenwriter and director
* [[Arthur Brisbane]], named editor of the ''Herald-Examiner'' in 1918; later became a renowned New York newspaper editor and syndicated columnist
* [[Warren Brown (sportswriter)|Warren Brown]], sportswriter, covered 50 consecutive [[World Series]]; winner of [[Spink Award]] from baseball's Hall of Fame;
* [[John Carmichael (sportswriter)|John P. Carmichael]], sportswriter 1927-32, then ''[[Chicago Daily News]]'' columnist and sports editor until 1972
* [[S. S. Chamberlain]], ''Chicago Examiner'' editor; later editor of ''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]'' magazine
* [[Bartlett Cormack]], reporter for the ''American'', then a Hollywood screenwriter whose films included ''[[The Racket (1927 film)|The Racket]]'' and ''[[Fury (1936 film)|Fury]]'', as well as the original adaptation of ''[[The Front Page (1931 film)|The Front Page]]''
* [[Homer Davenport]], cartoonist, came to ''Chicago Herald'' in 1893 during [[World's Columbian Exposition]]
* [[Billy DeBeck]], cartoonist, creator of comic strip ''[[Barney Google and Snuffy Smith|Barney Google]]''
* John Denson, editor; executive editor of ''[[New York Journal-American]]''; managing editor of ''[[Newsweek]]''
* [[Eddie Doherty]], reporter for the ''Examiner'' and ''American'', then Oscar-nominated screenwriter of ''[[The Fighting Sullivans]]''
* [[Charles Dryden]], considered the best baseball writer of his era; first hired in 1898 by the ''New York Journal''; capped his career with the ''Tribune'' and ''Herald-Examiner''; coined the name "Hitless Wonders" for the [[1906 Chicago White Sox season|1906 White Sox]]
* [[Carl Ed]], cartoonist, creator of comic strip ''[[Harold Teen]]''
* [[James Enright (referee)|James Enright]], sportswriter and basketball referee, inducted into the [[Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame]]
* [[Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame|Dave Feldman]], the ''American''{{'}}s horse-racing writer and handicapper from 1939-1968, then the same for the ''[[Chicago Daily News|Daily News]]'' and ''[[Chicago Sun-Times|Sun-Times]]''
* [[Leo Fischer]], sports editor of the ''American'' from 1943-1969, and also after the paper became ''[[Chicago Today]]''; for four years, simultaneously was president of the [[National Basketball League (United States)|National Basketball League]], precursor to today's [[NBA]]
* [[1970 Pulitzer Prize|Tom Fitzpatrick]], worked as a reporter for the ''American'' before joining the ''Sun-Times'' and winning a [[1970 Pulitzer Prize]] 
* [[Hugh Fullerton]], while covering the [[1919 World Series]] for the ''Herald-Examiner'', became suspicious of the [[Chicago White Sox]]'s play; his articles culminated in eight Sox players being accused of conspiring with gamblers and subsequently being banned from baseball for life 
* [[Chester Gould]], cartoonist; creator of ''[[Dick Tracy]]''; drew a number of comic strips for the ''Evening American'' before being hired away by the ''Chicago Tribune'' in 1931
* [[Robert Gruenberg]], Washington bureau chief for the ''American'', 1963–65
* Richard Hainey, the ''American''{{'}}s executive editor. Bob Hainey, his brother and a ''[[Chicago Sun-Times|Sun-Times]]'' copy chief, was found dead on a Chicago street at 35; the circumstances were addressed by Bob's son, ''[[GQ]]'' magazine editor Michael Hainey, in a 2013 book, ''After Visiting Friends''.
* [[Sydney J. Harris]], wrote for the ''Herald-Examiner'' from 1934-41 before launching a long career as a columnist with the ''[[Chicago Daily News|Daily News]]''
* [[George Wheeler Hinman]], ''Herald-Examiner'' publisher, after first being owner and editor of the ''[[Chicago Inter Ocean]]''; died in 1929
* [[Walter Howey]], managing editor of the ''American'', beginning in 1917; widely presumed to be the inspiration for the colorful character of editor "Walter Burns" in the play ''[[The Front Page]]'' and subsequent film adaptations, including ''[[His Girl Friday]]''
* [[Harold L. Ickes]], reporter for the ''Record'' at the turn of the century; U.S. Secretary of the Interior 1933-46
* [[James Keeley]], owned the ''Herald'' from 1914–18; also served it as a World War I correspondent
* [[Frank King (cartoonist)|Frank King]], cartoonist 1906-09; creator of ''[[Gasoline Alley (comic strip)|Gasoline Alley]]''
* [[Ring Lardner]], writer for ''Examiner'' in 1900s before becoming ''Tribune'' columnist and renowned author 
* [[Jonathan Latimer]], crime reporter, covering [[Al Capone]] and others for the ''Herald-Examiner'', before becoming a novelist and Hollywood screenwriter; his scripts included ''[[Topper Returns]]'', ''[[The Glass Key (1942 film)|The Glass Key]]'' and ''[[The Big Clock (film)|The Big Clock]]''
* [[Jack Mabley]], columnist and associate editor for the ''American'' and ''Chicago Today'' 1961-1974; one of his most famous columns was about the measured water pressure during commercial breaks on national TV broadcasts, determining that viewers were using the toilet during the breaks
* [[Hazel MacDonald]], born in 1890, wrote for ''[[Photoplay]]'' magazine, then reviewed films for the ''American'' until she was let go for crossing a picket line in 1938; became a war correspondent for the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times|Chicago Daily Times]]''
* [[Charles Archibald MacLellan]], illustrator for the ''Examiner'', later drew many covers for the ''[[Saturday Evening Post]]''
* [[Tiny Maxwell]], football player; cub reporter for the ''Record-Herald''; college football's [[Maxwell Award]] is named for him
* Maxwell McCrohon, ''American'' reporter in 1958; became managing editor of ''Chicago Today'' in 1970; named editor of the ''Tribune'' in 1972, and later was the ''[[Los Angeles Herald-Examiner]]'' editor when that paper closed
*Michael McGovern, ''[[New York Daily News]]'' investigative reporter; once went door-to-door through [[Evanston, Illinois]] asking each woman in one neighborhood if she was the illegitimate daughter of [[Warren G. Harding]]{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}
* Buddy McHugh, thinly disguised as "McCue" in ''[[The Front Page]]''
* [[Arthur Meeker, Jr.]], novelist and socialite, wrote travel articles for the ''American''
* [[Merrill C. Meigs]], publisher during the 1920s; also an aviator, for whom [[Meigs Field]] was named
* [[Edgar Munzel]], baseball writer, later of the ''Sun-Times'', winner of [[Spink Award]], earning him induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame
* [[Brent Musburger]], night sports editor of the ''American''; became a prominent [[television]] sports personality for CBS and ABC; penned an infamous column describing [[Tommie Smith]] and [[John Carlos]] as "black-skinned storm troopers" for their protest of [[Racism in the United States|racial injustice in the United States]] during the [[1968 Olympics Black Power salute|1968 Summer Olympics]]<ref name=NationJune2012>Dave Zirin, [http://www.thenation.com/blog/168209/after-forty-four-years-its-time-brent-musburger-apologized-john-carlos-and-tommie-smith After Forty-four Years, It's Time Brent Musburger Apologized to John Carlos and Tommie Smith], ''The Nation'', June 4, 2012, Accessed September 10, 2012.</ref>
* George Murray, was once sent to [[Central America]] and told to "find a lost city," which he promptly did; wrote a memoir about the paper called ''The Madhouse on [[Madison Street (Chicago)|Madison Street]]''<ref>Murray, George ''The Madhouse on Madison Street'' (Chicago: Follett, 1965).</ref>
* [[Wallace Rice]], reporter for the ''Herald-American''; author; designed the [[Flag of Chicago]]
* [[Charles Edward Russell]], muckraking journalist for the ''American'' in the early 20th century; [[1928 Pulitzer Prize]]-winning author
* [[E.C. Segar]], cartoonist for the ''American'', creator of ''[[Popeye]]''
* [[Vaughn Shoemaker]], two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning cartoonist; ended his career with ''Chicago's American'' and ''Chicago Today'', retiring in 1972 after drawing approximately 14,000 cartoons
* [[Sidney Smith (cartoonist)|Sidney Smith]], cartoonist for the ''Examiner'', 1908–11
* [[Wallace Smith (screenwriter)|Wallace Smith]], correspondent, covered [[Pancho Villa]] campaigns and Washington D.C. politics; became a Hollywood screenwriter, his films including 1927's ''[[Two Arabian Knights]]'' and 1934's ''[[The Captain Hates the Sea]]''
* [[Wendell Smith (sportswriter)|Wendell Smith]], pioneering [[African American]] sports reporter who was requested by [[Branch Rickey]] to travel with [[Jackie Robinson]] while he was breaking into triple-A and Major League Baseball; later a sportscaster for [[WGN-TV]]
* [[Ashton Stevens]], drama critic for ''Examiner'' and ''Herald American''; inspired [[Joseph Cotten]]'s character in ''[[Citizen Kane]]''
* [[Roger Treat]], vocal critic of segregation and editor of the first ''Pro Football Encyclopedia''
* [[William Veeck, Sr.]], sports columnist who was hired away to be [[Chicago Cubs]] vice-president by [[William Wrigley Jr.]] in 1917 after a series he wrote criticizing the team; after the Cubs won the 1918 National League pennant, he was promoted to club president
* [[Lloyd Wendt]], editor of the ''American'' from 1961–69; editor and publisher of ''[[Chicago Today]]'' 1969-70
* [[Brand Whitlock]], reporter for the ''Herald''; later mayor of [[Toledo, Ohio]] and ambassador to [[Belgium]]
* [[Frank Willard]], cartoonist 1914-18, creator of ''[[Moon Mullins]]''

'''Also''':
*[[John F. Kennedy]], the future U.S. president, worked as a reporter at the ''Chicago Herald-American'' after serving in the Navy during World War II in 1945, where he covered the United Nations Conference held in San Francisco and the elections that ousted [[Winston Churchill]] in 1945 from London. The job was lined up by his influential father, [[Joseph P. Kennedy]].

In the end, TV news brought an end to most afternoon papers, but up until the 1970s, Chicago had a competitive journalistic scene unmatched by most other American cities, five daily newspapers and four wire services in competition, and none were more competitive than ''Chicago's American''.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

==The ''American''{{'}}s predecessor and successor newspapers==
#''Morning Record'', March 13, 1893 – March 27, 1901 (originally ''News Record'', aka ''Morning News'', aka ''Chicago Daily News (Morning Edition)'' beginning July 24, 1881)
#''[[Chicago Times]]'', June 1, 1861 – March 4, 1895
#''Chicago Republican'', May 30, 1865 – March 22, 1872
#''[[Chicago Inter Ocean|Inter Ocean]]'', March 25, 1872 – May 10, 1914
#''Chicago Daily Telegraph'', March 21, 1878 – May 9, 1881
#''Morning Herald'', May 10, 1893 – March 3, 1895
#''Times-Herald'', March 4, 1895 – March 26, 1901
#''Chicago American'', July 4, 1900 – August 27, 1939
#''[[Chicago Record-Herald]]'', March 28, 1901 – May 10, 1914
#''Chicago Examiner'', March 3, 1907 – May 1, 1918
#''Chicago Record Herald & Interocean'', May 11, 1914 – June 1, 1914
#''Chicago Herald'', June 14, 1914 – May 1, 1918
#''Herald-Examiner'', May 2, 1918 – August 26, 1939
#''Herald American'', August 26, 1939 – April 5, 1953
#''The Chicago American'', April 6, 1953 – September 23, 1959
#''Chicago's New American'', Sep 23, 1959 – October 24, 1959 (purchased by ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'')
#''Chicago's American'', October 25, 1959 – April 27, 1969
#''Chicago Today American'', April 28, 1969 – May 23, 1970
#''Chicago Today'', May 24, 1970 – September 13, 1974

== See also ==
* [[Wandt v. Hearst's Chicago American|''Wandt v. Hearst's'' Chicago American]]

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/stream/ChicagoAmericanFeb1922#page/n0/mode/2up February 1922 front pages from the ''Chicago American'']

[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in Chicago]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1900]]
[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1974]]
[[Category:1900 establishments in Illinois]]
[[Category:1974 disestablishments in Illinois]]