Editing Charybdis

{{Short description|Sea monster in Greek mythology}}
{{Other uses}}
[[Image:Johann Heinrich Füssli 054.jpg|thumb|[[Henry Fuseli]]'s painting of Odysseus facing the choice between Scylla and Charybdis, 1794–1796]]
'''Charybdis''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|ɪ|b|d|ᵻ|s|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Charybdis.wav}}; {{langx|grc|{{Linktext|Χάρυβδις|lang=grc}}|Khárybdis}}, {{IPA|grc-x-attic|kʰárybdis|lang|link=yes}}; {{langx|la|{{Linktext|Charybdis|lang=la}}}}, {{IPA|la-x-classic|kʰäˈrʏbd̪ɪs̠|lang|link=yes}}) is a [[sea monster]] in [[Greek mythology]]. Charybdis, along with the sea monster [[Scylla]], appears as a challenge to epic characters such as [[Odysseus]], [[Jason]], and [[Aeneas]]. Scholarship locates her in the [[Strait of Messina]].

The idiom "[[between Scylla and Charybdis]]" has come to mean being forced to choose between two similarly dangerous situations.

==Description==
[[File:Strait of Messina.jpg|thumb|320px|The Strait of Messina, with Scylla (underlined in red) and Charybdis on the opposite shores]]
The sea monster Charybdis was believed to live under a small rock on one side of a narrow channel. Opposite her was [[Scylla]], another sea monster, who lived inside a much larger rock.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0136:book=12:card=73&highlight=charybdis 12.104]</ref> The sides of the strait were within an arrow-shot of each other, and sailors attempting to avoid one of them would come in reach of the other. To be "[[between Scylla and Charybdis]]" therefore means to be presented with two opposite dangers, the task being to find a route that avoids both. Three times a day, Charybdis swallowed a huge amount of water, before belching it back out again, creating large whirlpools capable of dragging a ship underwater. In some variations of the story, Charybdis was simply a large [[whirlpool]] instead of a sea monster.

Through the descriptions of Greek mythical chroniclers and Greek historians such as [[Thucydides]], modern scholars generally agree that Charybdis was said to have been located in the [[Strait of Messina]], off the [[coast]] of [[Sicily]] and opposite a rock on the mainland identified with Scylla.<ref>[[Thucydides]], ''[[History of the Peloponnesian War]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=thuc.%204.24 4.24.5]</ref>  A whirlpool does exist there, caused by currents meeting, but it is dangerous only to small craft in extreme conditions.<ref>Andrews, Tamra (2000). ''Dictionary of Nature Myths: Legends of the Earth, Sea, and Sky''. Oxford University Press. p. 171. {{ISBN|978-0-19-513677-7}}. Retrieved 25 May 2016.</ref>

== Family ==
Another myth makes Charybdis the daughter of [[Poseidon]] and [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]]<ref>[[Scholia]]st on Homer's ''Odyssey''</ref><ref name=":0">[[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius]], ''Commentary on [[Virgil|Virgil's]] [[Aeneid]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0053%3Abook%3D3%3Acommline%3D420 3.420]</ref> and living as a loyal servant to her father.

==Mythology==

=== Origin ===
Charybdis aided her father Poseidon in his feud with her paternal uncle Zeus and, as such, helped him engulf lands and islands in water. Zeus, angry over the land she stole from him, sent her to the bottom of the sea with a thunderbolt; from the sea bed, she drank the water from the sea thrice a day, creating whirlpools.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.greekmythology.com/Myths/Monsters/Charybdis/charybdis.html|title=Charybdis|website=www.greekmythology.com|access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theoi.com/Pontios/Kharybdis.html|title=Charybdis (Kharybdis) – Whirlpool Monster of Greek Mythology|website=www.theoi.com|access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> She lingered on a rock with Scylla facing her directly on another rock, making a strait.

In some myths, Charybdis was a voracious woman who stole oxen from [[Heracles]], and was hurled by the thunderbolt of Zeus into the sea, where she retained her voracious nature.<ref name=":0" />

===The ''Odyssey''===
[[File:Scylla and Charybdis.jpg|thumb|A 19th-century engraving of the Strait of Messina, the site associated with Scylla and Charybdis]] [[Odysseus]] faced both Charybdis and Scylla while rowing through a narrow channel. He ordered his men to avoid Charybdis, thus forcing them to pass near Scylla, which resulted in the deaths of six of his men. Later, stranded on a raft, Odysseus was swept back through the strait and passed near Charybdis. His raft was sucked into her maw, but he survived by clinging to a fig tree growing on a rock over her lair. On the next outflow of water, when his raft was expelled, Odysseus recovered it and paddled away safely.<ref>Homer, ''Odyssey'' 12.[http://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Greek/Odyssey12.htm#_Toc90268048 201–59 & 430–50]</ref>

===Jason and the Argonauts===
The [[Argonauts]] were able to avoid both dangers because [[Hera]] ordered the [[Nereid]] [[Thetis]] to guide them through the perilous passage.<ref>[[Apollonius of Rhodes|Apollonius Rhodius]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' 4.821–960</ref>
{{clear}}

===The ''Aeneid''===
In the ''[[Aeneid]]'', the Trojans are warned by [[Helenus]] of Scylla and Charybdis, and are advised to avoid them by sailing around Pachynus point ([[Cape Passero]]) rather than risk [[Strait of Messina|the strait]].<ref>Gutenberg Project: ''The Aeneid'' E. F. Taylor translation (1907) [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/18466/18466-h/18466-h.htm#book3line343 Bk 3, 487-504]</ref> Later, however, they find themselves passing [[Mount Etna|Etna]], and have to row for their lives to escape Charybdis.<ref>Gutenberg Project: ''The Aeneid'' E. F. Taylor translation (1907) [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/18466/18466-h/18466-h.htm#book3line577 Bk 3, 636-648]</ref>

===Aesop===
[[Aristotle]] mentions in his ''Meteorologica'' that [[Aesop]] once [[Aesop and the Ferryman|teased a ferryman]] by telling him a myth concerning Charybdis. With one gulp of the sea, she brought the mountains to view; islands appeared after the next. The third is yet to come and will dry the sea altogether, thus depriving the ferryman of his livelihood.<ref>Gert-Jan van Dijk, ''Ainoi, logoi, mythoi: fables in archaic, classical, and Hellenistic Greek literature'', Brill NL 1997; [https://books.google.com/books?id=QKQFJduPIdcC&q=charybdis pp. 351–53]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Charybdis Icefalls|Icefalls]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*[[Apollonius of Rhodes|Apollonius Rhodius]], ''Argonautica'' translated by Robert Cooper Seaton (1853–1915), R. C. Loeb Classical Library Volume 001. London, William Heinemann Ltd, 1912. [https://topostext.org/work/126 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
*Apollonius Rhodius, ''Argonautica''. George W. Mooney. London. Longmans, Green. 1912. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0227 Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library].
*[[Homer]], [[Odyssey|''The Odyssey'']] with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. {{ISBN|978-0674995611|}}. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0136 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0135 Greek text available from the same website].
*[[Maurus Servius Honoratus]], ''In Vergilii carmina comentarii. Servii Grammatici qui feruntur in Vergilii carmina commentarii;'' recensuerunt Georgius Thilo et Hermannus Hagen. Georgius Thilo. Leipzig. B. G. Teubner. 1881. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0053 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].

==Further reading==
*[[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, William]]; ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', London (1873). [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DS%3Aentry+group%3D10%3Aentry%3Dscylla-bio-1 "Scylla" 1.]

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Charybdis}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Scylla and Charybdis|volume=24|page=519}}

{{Metamorphoses in Greek mythology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Characters in the Odyssey]]
[[Category:Female legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Metamorphoses into monsters in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Characters in the Argonautica]]
[[Category:Naiads]]
[[Category:Children of Gaia]]
[[Category:Children of Poseidon]]
[[Category:Sea monsters]]
[[Category:Whirlpools]]
[[Category:Metamorphoses characters]]
[[Category:Mount Etna]]