Editing Charlie Chan

{{short description|Fictional detective}}
{{Other uses}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox character
| name             = Charlie Chan
| series           =
| image            = Warner Oland.jpg
| caption          = [[Warner Oland]] as Charlie Chan
| first            = ''[[The House Without a Key]]'' (1925)
| last             = ''[[Keeper of the Keys]]'' (1932)
| creator          = [[Earl Derr Biggers]]
| portrayer        = {{Plainlist|
* [[George Kuwa]]
* [[Kamiyama Sojin]]
* E. L. Park
* [[Warner Oland]]
* [[Manuel Arbó]]
* [[Sidney Toler]]
* [[Roland Winters]]
* [[Ross Martin]]
* [[Peter Ustinov]]
}}
| voice            = [[Keye Luke]]
| nickname         = 
| alias            =
| species          =
| gender           = [[Male]]
| occupation       = [[Detective]]
| title            =
| family           =
| spouse           =
| significant_other =
| children         =  14
| relatives        =
| nationality      = [[United States|American]]-[[China|Chinese]]
}}

'''Charlie Chan''' is a fictional [[Honolulu Police Department|Honolulu police]] detective created by author [[Earl Derr Biggers]] for a series of mystery novels. Biggers loosely based Chan on Hawaiian detective [[Chang Apana]]. The benevolent and heroic Chan was conceived as an alternative to [[Yellow Peril]] stereotypes and villains like [[Fu Manchu]]. Many stories feature Chan traveling the world beyond [[Hawaii]] as he investigates mysteries and solves crimes.

Chan first appeared in Biggers' novels and then was featured in a number of media. Over four dozen [[films]] featuring Charlie Chan were made, beginning in 1926. The character, featured only as a supporting character, was first portrayed by East Asian actors, and the films met with little success. In 1931, for the first film centering on Chan, ''[[Charlie Chan Carries On (film)|Charlie Chan Carries On]]'', the [[Fox Film Corporation]] cast [[Swedish people|Swedish]] actor [[Warner Oland]]; the film became popular, and Fox went on to produce 15 more Chan films with Oland in the title role. After Oland's death, American actor [[Sidney Toler]] was cast as Chan; Toler made 22 Chan films, first for Fox and then for [[Monogram Studios]]. After Toler's death, six films were made, starring [[Roland Winters]].

Readers and moviegoers of America greeted Chan warmly. Chan was seen as an attractive character, portrayed as intelligent, heroic, benevolent, and honorable; this contrasted with the common depiction of Asians as evil or conniving which dominated Hollywood and national media in the early 20th century. However, in later decades critics increasingly took a more ambivalent view of the character. Despite his good qualities, Chan was also perceived as reinforcing condescending Asian stereotypes such as an alleged incapacity to speak idiomatic English and a tradition-bound and subservient nature. No Charlie Chan film has been produced since 1981.

The character has also been featured in several [[radio programs]], two [[television shows]], and [[comics]].

== Books ==
The character of Charlie Chan was created by [[Earl Derr Biggers]]. In 1919,<ref>Mitchell (1999), xxv.</ref> while visiting [[Hawaii]], Biggers planned a detective novel to be called ''[[The House Without a Key]]''. He did not begin to write that novel until four years later, however, when he was inspired to add a Chinese-American police officer to the plot after reading in a newspaper of [[Chang Apana]] and Lee Fook, two detectives on the Honolulu police force.<ref>This point is debated. Hawley says Apana directly inspired Biggers (135); Herbert says Apana ''may'' have done so (20). However, Biggers himself, in a 1931 interview, cited both Apana and Fook as inspirations for the character of Charlie Chan ("Creating Charlie Chan" [1931]). When Biggers actually met Apana a few years later, he found that his character and Apana had little in common.</ref>{{sfnb|Hawley|1991| p= 135}}{{sfnb|Herbert |2003|p=20}} Biggers, who disliked the [[Yellow Peril]] stereotypes he found when he came to California,{{r|China}} explicitly conceived of the character as an alternative: "Sinister and wicked Chinese are old stuff, but an amiable Chinese on the side of law and order has never been used.":<ref>Earl Derr Biggers, quoted in "Creating Charlie Chan" (1931).</ref>

{{blockquote|quote=It overwhelms me with sadness to admit it … for he is of my own origin, my own race, as you know. But when I look into his eyes I discover that a gulf like the heaving Pacific lies between us. Why? Because he, though among Caucasians many more years than I, still remains Chinese. As Chinese to-day as in the first moon of his existence. While I – I bear the brand – the label – Americanized.... I traveled with the current.... I was ambitious. I sought success. For what I have won, I paid the price. Am I an American? No. Am I, then, a Chinese? Not in the eyes of Ah Sing.|source=Charlie Chan, speaking of a murderer's accomplice, in ''Keeper of the Keys'', by Earl Derr Biggers<ref>Quoted in Sommer (), 211.</ref>}}

The "amiable Chinese" made his first appearance in ''The House Without a Key'' (1925). The character was not central to the novel and was not mentioned by name on the dust jacket of the first edition.<ref name="Queen 1969, 102">Queen (1969), 102.</ref> In the novel, Chan is described as "very fat indeed, yet he walked with the light dainty step of a woman"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Biggers |first1=Earl Derr |title=The House Without a Key |date=1925 |publisher=New York : Grosset & Dunlap |page=[https://archive.org/details/housewithoutkey00bigg/page/76 76] |url=https://archive.org/details/housewithoutkey00bigg}}</ref> and in ''The Chinese Parrot'' as being " … an undistinguished figure in his Western clothes."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Biggers |first1=Earl Derr |title=The Chinese Parrot |date=2013 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4482-1312-2 |page=25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zR6DAAAAQBAJ&q=%22undistinguished+figure+in+his+Western+clothes%22&pg=PT25 |language=en}}</ref> According to critic Sandra Hawley, this description of Chan allows Biggers to portray the character as nonthreatening, the opposite of evil Chinese characters, such as [[Fu Manchu]], while simultaneously emphasizing supposedly Chinese characteristics such as impassivity and stoicism.{{sfnb|Hawley|1991| p= 136}}

Biggers wrote six novels in which Charlie Chan appears:
*''[[The House Without a Key]]'' (1925)
*''[[The Chinese Parrot]]'' (1926)
*''[[Behind That Curtain]]'' (1928)
*''[[The Black Camel]]'' (1929)
*''[[Charlie Chan Carries On]]'' (1930)
*''[[Keeper of the Keys]]'' (1932)

== Film, radio, stage and television adaptations ==

=== Films ===
The first film featuring Charlie Chan, as a supporting character, was ''[[The House Without a Key (serial)|The House Without a Key]]'' (1926), a ten-chapter serial produced by [[Pathé]] Studios, starring [[George Kuwa]], a Japanese actor, as Chan.<ref name="Hankexii">Hanke (1989), xii.</ref> A year later [[Universal Pictures]] followed with ''[[The Chinese Parrot (film)|The Chinese Parrot]]'', starring Japanese actor [[Kamiyama Sojin]] as Chan, again as a supporting character.<ref name="Hankexii" /> In both productions, Charlie Chan's role was minimized.<ref>Mitchell (1999), xviii.</ref> Contemporary reviews were unfavorable; in the words of one reviewer, speaking of ''The Chinese Parrot'', Sojin plays "the [[Chink]] sleuth as a [[Lon Chaney]] cook-waiter … because Chaney can't stoop that low."<ref>Quoted in Soister (2004), 71.</ref>

For the first film to center mainly on the character of Chan, [[Warner Oland]], a white actor, was cast in the title role in 1931's ''[[Charlie Chan Carries On (film)|Charlie Chan Carries On]]'', and it was this film that gained popular success.<ref>Balio (1995), 336.</ref> Oland, a Swedish actor, had also played [[Fu Manchu]] in an earlier film. Oland, who claimed some [[Mongols|Mongolian]] ancestry,<ref>Quoted in Hanke (2004), 1.</ref> played the character as more gentle and self-effacing than he had been in the books, perhaps in "a deliberate attempt by the studio to downplay an uppity attitude in a Chinese detective."<ref name="Hanke111">Hanke (1989), 111.</ref> Oland starred in sixteen Chan films for Fox, often with [[Keye Luke]], who played Chan's "{{visible anchor|Number One Son}}", Lee Chan. Oland's "warmth and gentle humor"<ref name="nytimesreview" /> helped make the character and films popular; the Oland Chan films were among Fox's most successful.<ref>Balio (1995), 316.</ref> By attracting "major audiences and box-office grosses on a par with A's"<ref>Balio (1995), 317.</ref> they "kept Fox afloat" during the [[Great Depression]].<ref name="lepore20100809" />

[[File:Dangerous Money (1946) - Sidney Toler 1.jpg|thumb|[[Sidney Toler]] as Charlie Chan in ''[[Dangerous Money]]'' (1946)]]

Oland died in 1938, and the Chan film ''Charlie Chan at the Ringside'' was rewritten with additional footage as ''[[Mr.&nbsp;Moto's Gamble]]'', an entry in the [[Mr. Moto]] series, another contemporary series featuring an East Asian protagonist; Luke appeared as Lee Chan, not only in already shot footage but also in scenes with Moto actor [[Peter Lorre]]. Fox hired another white actor, [[Sidney Toler]], to play Charlie Chan, and produced eleven Chan films through 1942.<ref name="Hanke169">Hanke (1989), 169.</ref> Toler's Chan was less mild-mannered than Oland's, a "switch in attitude that added some of the vigor of the original books to the films."<ref name="Hanke111" /> He is frequently accompanied, and irritated, by his Number Two Son, Jimmy Chan, played by [[Victor Sen Yung]],<ref>Hanke (1989), 111-114.</ref> who later portrayed "Hop Sing" in the long-running [[Western (genre)|Western]] television series ''[[Bonanza]]''.

When Fox decided to produce no further Chan films, Sidney Toler purchased the film rights from the author's widow. He had hoped to film more Charlie Chan pictures independently, to be released through Fox, but Fox had already discontinued the series and had no interest in reviving it. Toler approached [[Philip N. Krasne]], a Hollywood lawyer who financed film productions, and Krasne brokered a deal with [[Monogram Pictures]]. James S. Burkett produced the films for Monogram. The budget for each film was reduced from Fox's average of $200,000 to $75,000.<ref name="Hanke169" /> For the first time, Chan was portrayed on occasion as "openly contemptuous of suspects and superiors."<ref name="Hanke170">Hanke (1989), 170.</ref> [[African-American|African American]] comedic actor [[Mantan Moreland]] played chauffeur Birmingham Brown in 13 films (1944–1949) which led to criticism of the Monogram films in the forties and since;<ref name="Hanke170" /><ref name="Cullen" /> some call his performances "brilliant comic turns",<ref name="Karnick" /> while others describe Moreland's roles as an offensive and embarrassing stereotype.<ref name="Cullen">Cullen, ''et al'' (2007), 794.</ref> Toler died in 1947 and was succeeded by [[Roland Winters]] for six films.<ref>Hanke (1989), 220.</ref> Keye Luke, missing from the series after 1938's Mr. Moto rework, returned as Charlie's son in the last two entries.

==== Spanish-language adaptations ====

Three Spanish-language Charlie Chan films were made in the 1930s and 1950s. The first, ''Eran Trece'' (''There Were Thirteen'', 1931), is a [[multiple-language version]] of ''Charlie Chan Carries On'' (1931). The two films were made concurrently and followed the same production schedule, with each scene filmed twice the same day, once in English and then in Spanish.<ref>Mitchell (1999), 153.</ref> The film followed essentially the same script as the Anglophonic version, with minor additions such as brief songs and skits and some changes to characters' names (for example, the character Elmer Benbow was renamed Frank Benbow).<ref>Mitchell (1999), 153-154.</ref> A Cuban production, ''La Serpiente Roja'' (The Red Snake), followed in 1937.<ref name="Mitchell235">Mitchell (1999), 235.</ref> In 1955, Producciones Cub-Mex produced a Mexican version of Charlie Chan called ''El Monstruo en la Sombra'' (Monster in the Shadow), starring Orlando Rodriguez as "Chan Li Po" (Charlie Chan in the original script).<ref name="Mitchell235" /> The film was inspired by ''La Serpiente Roja'' as well as the American Warner Oland films.<ref name="Mitchell235" />

==== Chinese-language adaptations ====

During the 1930s and 1940s, five Chan films were produced in Shanghai and Hong Kong. In these films, Chan, played by Xu Xinyuan (徐莘园),  owns his detective agency and is aided not by a son but by a daughter, Manna, played first by Gu Meijun (顾梅君) in the Shanghai productions and then by Bai Yan (白燕) in postwar Hong Kong.<ref name="China" />

Chinese audiences also saw the original American Charlie Chan films. They were by far the most popular American films in 1930s China and among Chinese expatriates; "one of the reasons for this acceptance was that this was the first time Chinese audiences saw a positive Chinese character in an American film, a departure from the [[Stereotypes of East Asians in the Western world|sinister East Asian stereotypes]] in earlier movies like ''[[The Thief of Bagdad (1924 film)|Thief of Baghdad]]'' (1924) and [[Harold Lloyd]]'s ''[[Welcome Danger]]'' (1929), which incited riots that shut down the Shanghai theater showing it." Oland's visit to China was reported extensively in Chinese newspapers, and the actor was respectfully called "Mr. Chan".<ref name="China" />

==== Modern adaptations ====
In Neil Simon's ''[[Murder by Death]]'', [[Peter Sellers]] plays a Chinese detective called Sidney Wang, a parody of Chan.

In 1980, Jerry Sherlock began production on a comedy film to be called ''Charlie Chan and the Dragon Lady''. A group calling itself C.A.N. (Coalition of Asians to Nix) was formed, protesting the fact that non-Chinese actors, [[Peter Ustinov]] and [[Angie Dickinson]], had been cast in the primary roles. Others protested that the film script contained a number of stereotypes; Sherlock responded that the film was not a documentary.<ref>Chan (2001), 58.</ref> The film was released the following year as ''[[Charlie Chan and the Curse of the Dragon Queen]]'' and was an "abysmal failure".<ref>Pitts (1991), 301.</ref><ref name="Sengupta">Sengupta (1997).</ref> An updated film version of the character was planned in the 1990s by [[Miramax]]. While this Charlie Chan was to be "hip, slim, cerebral, sexy and... a martial-arts master," and portrayed by actor [[Russell Wong]], nonetheless the film did not come to fruition.<ref name="Sengupta" /> Actress [[Lucy Liu]] was slated to star in and executive-produce a new Charlie Chan film for Fox.<ref>Littlejohn (2008).</ref> The film was in preproduction by 2000; as of 2009, it was slated to be produced,<ref>Yang Jie (2009).</ref> but it also did not come to fruition.

===Radio===<!-- This section is linked from [[Mutual Broadcasting System]] -->

On radio, Charlie Chan was heard in several different series on three networks (the [[Blue Network|NBC Blue Network]], [[Mutual Broadcasting System|Mutual]], and ABC) between 1932 and 1948 for the 20th Century Fox Radio Service.<ref>Huang, Yunte; ''Charlie Chan: The Untold Story of the Honorable Detective and His Rendezvous with American History'', pp. 265–266; W. W. Norton & Company, 15 August 2011</ref> [[Walter Connolly]] initially portrayed Chan on Esso Oil's ''Five Star Theater'', which serialized adaptations of Biggers novels.<ref>{{cite book|title=On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio|last=Dunning|first=John|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195076783|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi5wPDBiGfMC&dq=%22Charlie+Chan+mystery%22&pg=PA149|page=149 }}</ref> [[Ed Begley]], Sr. had the title role in N.B.C.'s ''The Adventures of Charlie Chan'' (1944–45), followed by [[Santos Ortega]] (1947–48). Leon Janney and Rodney Jacobs were heard as Lee Chan, Number One Son, and Dorian St. George was the announcer.<ref>Cox (2002), 9.</ref> ''Radio Life'' magazine described Begley's Chan as "a good radio match for Sidney Toler's beloved film enactment."<ref>Dunning, op. cit., [https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi5wPDBiGfMC&dq=%22a+good+radio+match+for+Sidney+Toler's%22+%22film+enactment%22&pg=PA149 (Quote): p. 149]</ref>

=== Stage ===
[[Valentine Davies]] wrote a stage adaptation of novel ''Keeper of the Keys'' for Broadway in 1933, with [[William Harrigan]] as the lead. The production ran for 25 performances.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lachman|first=Marvin|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/903807427|title=The villainous stage: crime plays on Broadway and in the West End|date=2014|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-9534-4|oclc=903807427}}</ref>

=== Television adaptations ===
* In 1956–57, ''[[The New Adventures of Charlie Chan]]'', starring [[J. Carrol Naish]] in the title role, were made independently for TV syndication in 39 episodes, by [[Television Programs of America]]. The series was filmed in England.<ref>Mitchell (1999), 237.</ref> In this series, Chan is based in London rather than the United States. Ratings were poor, and the series was canceled.<ref>Mitchell (1999), 238.</ref>
* In the 1960s, [[Joey Forman]] played an obvious parody of Chan named "Harry Hoo" in two episodes of ''[[Get Smart]]''.
* In the 1970s, [[Hanna-Barbera]] produced an [[animated series]] called ''[[The Amazing Chan and the Chan Clan]]''. [[Keye Luke]], who had played Chan's son Lee in many Chan films of the 1930s and late '40s, lent his voice to Charlie, employing a much-expanded vocabulary; Luke thus became the first actual Chinese person to portray Chan on screen. (The title character bears some resemblance to the Warner Oland depiction of Charlie Chan.) The series focused on Chan's children, played initially by East Asian-American child actors before being recast, due to concerns that younger viewers would not understand the accented voices.  Leslie Kumamota voiced Chan's daughter Anne, before being replaced by [[Jodie Foster]].<ref>Mitchell (1999), 240.</ref>
* ''[[The Return of Charlie Chan]]'', a television film starring [[Ross Martin]] as Chan, was made in 1971 but did not air until 1979.

== Comics and games ==
[[File:Charliechan060640.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.82|Alfred Andriola's ''Charlie Chan'' (6 June 1940)]]

A ''Charlie Chan'' [[comic strip]], drawn by [[Alfred Andriola]], was distributed by the [[McNaught Syndicate]] beginning October 24, 1938.<ref>Young (2007), 128. Ma (2000), 13 gives the dates as 1935 to 1938; however, Young's obituary in ''The New York Times'' states that the strip began in 1938.</ref> Andriola was chosen by Biggers to draw the character.<ref name="Ma 2000, 13">Ma (2000), 13.</ref> Following the Japanese attack on [[Pearl Harbor]], the strip was dropped; the last strip ran on May 30, 1942.<ref name=Holtz>{{cite book |last1=Holtz |first1=Allan |title=American Newspaper Comics: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide |date=2012 |publisher=The University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |isbn=9780472117567 |page=100}}</ref> In 2019, [[The Library of American Comics]] reprinted one year of the strip (1938) in their  ''[[List of The Library of American Comics publications#LoAC Essentials|LoAC Essentials]]'' line of books ({{ISBN|978-1-68405-506-7}}).

Over decades, other Charlie Chan [[comic books]] have been published: [[Joe Simon]] and [[Jack Kirby]] created [[Prize Comics]]' ''Charlie Chan'' (1948), which ran for five issues. It was followed by a [[Charlton Comics]] title which continued the numbering (four issues, 1955). [[DC Comics]] published ''The New Adventures of Charlie Chan'',<ref>Anderson and Eury (2005), 1923.</ref> a 1958 tie-in with the TV series; the DC series lasted for six issues. [[Dell Comics]] did the title for two issues in 1965. In the 1970s, [[Gold Key Comics]] published a short-lived series of Chan comics based on the [[Hanna-Barbera Productions|Hanna-Barbera]] animated series. In March through August 1989 [[Eternity Comics|Eternity Comics/Malibu Graphics]] published ''Charlie Chan'' comic books numbers 1 - 6 reprinting daily strips from January 9, 1939 to November 18, 1939.

In addition, a board game, ''The Great Charlie Chan Detective Mystery Game'' (1937),<ref>Rinker (1988), 312.</ref> and a ''Charlie Chan Card Game'' (1939), have been released.

== Modern interpretations and criticism ==

The character of Charlie Chan has been the subject of controversy. Some find the character to be a positive [[role model]], while others argue that Chan is an [[Stereotype|offensive stereotype]]. Critic John Soister argues that Charlie Chan is both; when Biggers created the character, he offered a unique alternative to stereotypical evil Chinamen, a man who was at the same time "sufficiently accommodating in personality... unthreatening in demeanor... and removed from his Asian homeland... to quell any underlying xenophobia."<ref>Soister (2004), 67.</ref>

Critic Michael Brodhead argues that "Biggers's sympathetic treatment of the Charlie Chan novels convinces the reader that the author consciously and forthrightly spoke out for the Chinese – a people to be not only accepted but admired. Biggers's sympathetic treatment of the Chinese reflected and contributed to the greater acceptance of Chinese-Americans in the first third of [the twentieth] century."<ref>Michael Brodhead, quoted in Chan (2001), 56.</ref> S. T. Karnick writes in the ''[[National Review]]'' that Chan is "a brilliant detective with understandably limited facility in the English language [whose] powers of observation, logic, and personal rectitude and humility made him an exemplary, entirely honorable character."<ref name="Karnick">Karnick (2006).</ref> [[Ellery Queen]] called Biggers's characterization of Charlie Chan "a service to humanity and to inter-racial relations."<ref name="Queen 1969, 102" /> Dave Kehr of ''[[The New York Times]]'' said Chan "might have been a stereotype, but he was a stereotype on the side of the angels."<ref name="nytimesreview">{{cite news |title=New DVD's: Charlie Chan |first=Dave |last=Kehr |newspaper=The New York Times |date=20 June 2006 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/20/movies/20dvd.html?_r=1 }}</ref> Keye Luke, an actor who played Chan's son in a number of films, agreed; when asked if he thought that the character was demeaning to the race, he responded, "Demeaning to the race? My God! You've got a ''Chinese hero!''"<ref>Quoted in Hanke (2004), xv.</ref> and "[W]e were making the best damn murder mysteries in Hollywood."<ref name="lepore20100809">Lepore, Jill. "[http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2010/08/09/100809crbo_books_lepore?currentPage=all CHAN, THE MAN]'" ''The New Yorker'', 9 August 2010.</ref><ref>Quoted in Hanke (2004), xiii.</ref>

Other critics, such as sociologist [[Yen Le Espiritu]] and Huang Guiyou, argue that Chan, while portrayed positively in some ways, is not on a par with white characters, but a "benevolent Other"<ref>Kato (2007), 138.</ref> who is "one-dimensional".<ref>Le Espiritu (1996), 99.</ref> The films' use of white actors to portray East Asian characters indicates the character's "absolute Oriental Otherness;"<ref>Dave (2005), xiii.</ref> the films were only successful as "the domain of white actors who impersonated heavily-accented masters of murder mysteries as well as purveyors of cryptic proverbs." Chan's character "embodies the stereotypes of Chinese Americans, particularly of males: smart, subservient, effeminate."<ref>Huang (2006), 211.</ref> Chan is representative of a [[model minority]],<ref name="Crean">{{Cite book |last=Crean |first=Jeffrey |title=The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History |date=2024 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |isbn=978-1-350-23394-2 |edition= |series=New Approaches to International History series |location=London, UK |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=43}} the good stereotype that counters a bad stereotype: "Each stereotypical image is filled with contradictions: the bloodthirsty Indian is tempered with the image of the noble savage; the ''bandido'' exists along with the loyal sidekick; and Fu Manchu is offset by Charlie Chan."<ref>Michael Omi, quoted in Chan (2001), 51.</ref> However, Fu Manchu's evil qualities are presented as inherently Chinese, while Charlie Chan's good qualities are exceptional; "Fu represents his race; his counterpart stands away from the other Asian Hawaiians."<ref name="Ma 2000, 13" />

Some argue that the character's popularity is dependent on its contrast with stereotypes of the Yellow Peril or Japanese people in particular. American opinion of China and Chinese Americans grew more positive in the 1920s and '30s in contrast to the Japanese, who were increasingly viewed with suspicion. Sheng-mei Ma argues that the character is a psychological over-compensation to "rampant paranoia over the racial other."<ref>Ma (2000), 4.</ref>

In June 2003, the [[Fox Movie Channel]] cancelled a planned Charlie Chan Festival, soon after beginning restoration for cablecasting, after a special-interest group protested. Fox reversed its decision two months later, and on 13 September 2003, the first film in the festival was aired on Fox. The films, when broadcast on the Fox Movie Channel, were followed by round-table discussions by prominent East Asians in the American entertainment industry, led by [[George Takei]], most of whom were against the films.<ref name="China" /> Collections such as [[Frank Chin]]'s ''[[Aiiieeeee! An Anthology of Asian-American Writers]]'' and Jessica Hagedorn's ''[[Charlie Chan Is Dead]]'' are put forth as alternatives to the Charlie Chan stereotype and "[articulate] cultural anger and exclusion as their animating force."<ref>Dave (2005), 339.</ref> Fox has released all of its extant Charlie Chan features on DVD,<ref name="Karnick" /> and [[Warner Bros.]] (the current proprietor of the Monogram library) has issued all of the Sidney Toler and Roland Winters Monogram features on DVD.

Modern critics, particularly Asian Americans, continue to have mixed feelings on Charlie Chan. Fletcher Chan, a defender of the works, argues that the Chan of Biggers's novels is not subservient to white characters, citing ''The Chinese Parrot'' as an example; in this novel, Chan's eyes blaze with anger at racist remarks and in the end, after exposing the murderer, Chan remarks "Perhaps listening to a 'Chinaman' is no disgrace."<ref>''The Chinese Parrot'', quoted in Chan (2007).</ref> In the films, both ''[[Charlie Chan in London]]'' (1934) and ''[[Charlie Chan in Paris]]'' (1935) "contain scenes in which Chan coolly and wittily dispatches other characters' racist remarks."<ref name="nytimesreview" /> Yunte Huang manifests an ambivalent attitude, stating that in the US, Chan "epitomizes the racist heritage and the creative genius of this nation's culture."<ref>Huang (2011)</ref> Huang also suggests that critics of Charlie Chan may have themselves, at times, "caricatured" Chan himself.<ref>Huang (2011), p. 280.</ref>

Chan's character has also come under fire for "nuggets of fortune cookie Confucius"{{sfnb|Hanke|1989|p=xv}} and the "counterfeit proverbs" which became so widespread in popular culture. The Biggers novels did not introduce the "Confucius say" proverbs, which were added in the films, but one novel features Chan remarking: "As all those who know me have learned to their distress, Chinese have proverbs to fit every possible situation."{{sfnb|Hawley|1991|p=137}} Huang Yunte gives as examples "Tongue often hang man quicker than rope," "Mind, like parachute, only function when open," and "Man who flirt with dynamite sometime fly with angels." He argues, however, that these "colorful aphorisms" display "amazing linguistic acrobatic skills." Like the "[[signifying monkey]]" of African American folklore, Huang continues, Chan "imparts as much insult as wisdom."{{sfnb|Huang|2010|p=287}}

== Bibliography ==

* Biggers, Earl Derr. ''[[The House Without a Key]]''. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1925.
* —. ''[[The Chinese Parrot]]''. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1926.
* —. ''[[Behind That Curtain]]''. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1928.
* —. ''[[The Black Camel]]''. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1929.
* —. ''[[Charlie Chan Carries On]]''. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1930.
* —. ''[[Keeper of the Keys]]''. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1932.
* [[Michael Collins (American author)|Davis, Robert Hart]]. ''Charlie Chan in the Temple of the Golden Horde''. 1974. ''Charlie Chan's Mystery Magazine''. Reprinted by Wildside Press, 2003. {{ISBN|1-59224-014-3}}.
* [[Michael Collins (American author)|Lynds, Dennis]]. ''Charlie Chan Returns''. New York: Bantam Books, 1974. ASIN B000CD3I22.
* [[Bill Pronzini|Pronzini, Bill]], and Jeffrey M. Wallmann. ''Charlie Chan in the Pawns of Death''. 1974. ''Charlie Chan's Mystery Magazine''. Reprinted by Borgo Press, 2003. {{ISBN|978-1-59224-010-4}}.
* [[Michael Avallone|Avallone, Michael]]. ''Charlie Chan and the Curse of the Dragon Queen''. New York: Pinnacle, 1981. {{ISBN|0-523-41505-2}}.
* [[Robert Hart Davis]]. "The Silent Corpse". Feb.1974. ''Charlie Chan's Mystery Magazine''.
* [[Robert Hart Davis]]. "Walk Softly, Strangler". Nov. 1973. ''Charlie Chan's Mystery Magazine''.
* [[Jon L. Breen]]. "The Fortune Cookie". May 1971. ''[[Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine]]''.
* [[John L. Swann|Swann, John L.]]. ''Death, I Said: A Charlie Chan Mystery''. Utica, New York: Nicholas K. Burns Publishing, 2023. {{ISBN|978-0-9755224-5-5}}.
* [[John L. Swann|Swann, John L.]]. ''The Tangled String: A Charlie Chan Mystery''. Utica, New York: Nicholas K. Burns Publishing, 2024. {{ISBN|978-0975522479}}.
{{clear}}

==Filmography==
Unless otherwise noted, information is taken from Charles P. Mitchell's ''A Guide to Charlie Chan Films'' (1999).

'''American Western'''
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Film title
!Starring
!Directed by
!Theatrical release
!DVD release
!Notes
!Production company
|-
|''[[The House Without a Key (serial)|The House Without a Key]]''
|[[George Kuwa]]
|[[Spencer G. Bennet]]<ref>Struss (1987), 114.</ref>
|1926
|
|[[Lost film|Lost]]<br />[[Silent film|Silent]] 
|[[Pathé Exchange]]
|- 
|''[[The Chinese Parrot (film)|The Chinese Parrot]]''
|[[Sojin (actor)|Sojin]] 
|[[Paul Leni]]
|1927
|
|Lost<br />Silent
|[[Universal Pictures|Universal]]
|-
|''[[Behind That Curtain (film)|Behind That Curtain]]''
|[[E.L. Park]]
|[[Irving Cummings]]
|1929
|Charlie Chan, Volume Three (20th Century Fox, 2007)
|First [[sound film]] in the series
|rowspan=9 | [[Fox Film Corporation]]
|-
|''[[Charlie Chan Carries On (film)|Charlie Chan Carries On]]''
|[[Warner Oland]]
|[[Hamilton MacFadden]]
|1931
|
|Lost<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/mopic/pickford/2005-archive.html|title=2005 Archive of Screened Films: Mary Pickford Theater (Moving Image Research Center, Library of Congress)|work=loc.gov|access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref> Fox simultaneously filmed this with "Eran Trece", which survives.
|-
|''[[There Were Thirteen|Eran Trece]]''
|[[Manuel Arbó]]<ref>Hanke states that Chan was played by "Juan Torenas"; however, the more recent ''Guide to Charlie Chan Films'' by Charles P. Mitchell states that a Juan Torena played a supporting role and that Arbó was the star (Mitchell [1999], 153). Mitchell's book features a reproduction of the original movie poster, which lists Arbó's name before Torena's and in larger print.</ref>
|[[David Howard (director)|David Howard]] {{small|(uncredited)}}
|1931<ref>Hardy (1997), 76, suggests the date is 1932.</ref>
|Charlie Chan, Volume One (20th Century Fox, 2006)
|<ref>Spanish-language version of ''Charlie Chan Carries On''.</ref> Fox simultaneously filmed this with "Charlie Chan Carries On".
|- 
|''[[The Black Camel (film)|The Black Camel]]''
|rowspan=15 | [[Warner Oland]]
|Hamilton MacFadden
|1931
|Charlie Chan, Volume Three (20th Century Fox, 2007)
|
|-
|''[[Charlie Chan's Chance]]''
|[[John Blystone]]
|1932
|
|Lost
|-
|''[[Charlie Chan's Greatest Case]]''
|Hamilton MacFadden
|1933
|
|Lost<ref>Remake of ''The House Without a Key''.</ref>
|-
|''[[Charlie Chan's Courage]]''
|George Hadden and [[Eugene Forde]]
|rowspan=2 | 1934
|
|Lost<ref>Remake of ''The Chinese Parrot''.</ref>
|-
|''[[Charlie Chan in London]]''
|Eugene Forde
|rowspan=4 | Charlie Chan, Volume One (20th Century Fox, 2006)
|
|-
|''[[Charlie Chan in Paris]]''
|[[Lewis Seiler]]
|rowspan=3 | 1935
|
|-
|''[[Charlie Chan in Egypt]]''
|[[Louis King]]
| 
|rowspan=20 | [[20th Century Fox]]
|-
|''[[Charlie Chan in Shanghai]]''
|[[James Tinling]]
|
|-
|''[[Charlie Chan's Secret]]''
|[[Gordon Wiles]]
|rowspan=4 | 1936
|Charlie Chan, Volume Three (20th Century Fox, 2007)
|Public domain due to the omission of a valid copyright notice on original prints.
|-
|''[[Charlie Chan at the Circus]]''
|[[Harry Lachman]]
|rowspan=4 | Charlie Chan, Volume Two (20th Century Fox, 2006)
|
|-
|''[[Charlie Chan at the Race Track]]''
|rowspan=3 | [[H. Bruce Humberstone]]
|
|-
|''[[Charlie Chan at the Opera]]''
|
|-
|''[[Charlie Chan at the Olympics]]''
|rowspan=3 | 1937
|
|-
|''[[Charlie Chan on Broadway]]''
|rowspan=2 | Eugene Forde
|rowspan=2 | Charlie Chan, Volume Three (20th Century Fox, 2007)
|
|-
|''[[Charlie Chan at Monte Carlo]]''
|Oland's last film.
|-
|''[[Charlie Chan in Honolulu]]''
|rowspan=22 | [[Sidney Toler]]
|H. Bruce Humberstone
|rowspan=4 | 1939
|rowspan=4 | Charlie Chan, Volume Four (20th Century Fox, 2008)
|
|-
|''[[Charlie Chan in Reno]]''
|rowspan=2 | [[Norman Foster (director)|Norman Foster]]

|
|-
|''[[Charlie Chan at Treasure Island]]''
|
|-
|''[[Charlie Chan in City in Darkness|City in Darkness]]''
|[[Herbert I. Leeds]]
|
|-
|''[[Charlie Chan in Panama]]''
|Norman Foster
|rowspan=4 | 1940
|rowspan=7 | Charlie Chan, Volume Five (20th Century Fox, 2008)
|-
|''[[Charlie Chan's Murder Cruise]]''
|Eugene Forde
| 
|-
|''[[Charlie Chan at the Wax Museum]]''
|Lynn Shores
|
|-
|''[[Murder Over New York]]''
|rowspan=4 | Harry Lachman
|
|-
|''[[Dead Men Tell]]''
|rowspan=2 | 1941
|
|-
|''[[Charlie Chan in Rio]]''
|
|-
|''[[Castle in the Desert]]''
|1942
|
|-
|''[[Charlie Chan in the Secret Service]]''
|rowspan=5 | [[Phil Rosen]]
|rowspan=3 | 1944
|rowspan=6 | The Charlie Chan Chanthology (MGM, 2004)
|
|rowspan=17 | [[Monogram Pictures]]
|-
|''[[The Chinese Cat]]''
|
|-
|''[[Black Magic (1944 film)|Black Magic]]''
|<ref>Later retitled ''Meeting at Midnight'' for TV</ref>
|-
|''[[The Jade Mask]]''
|rowspan=3 | 1945
|
|-
|''[[The Scarlet Clue]]''
|Public domain due to the omission of a valid copyright notice on original prints.
|-
|''[[The Shanghai Cobra]]''
|[[Phil Karlson]]
|
|-
|''[[The Red Dragon (film)|The Red Dragon]]''
|Phil Rosen
|rowspan=5 | 1946
|Charlie Chan 3-Film Collection (Warner Archive, 2016)
|-
|''[[Dark Alibi]]''
|Phil Karlson
|TCM Spotlight: Charlie Chan Collection (Turner Classic Movies, 2010)
|Public domain due to the omission of a valid copyright notice on original prints.
|-
|''[[Shadows Over Chinatown]]''
|rowspan=2 | [[Terry O. Morse]]
|Charlie Chan Collection (Warner Home Video, 2013)
|
|-
|''[[Dangerous Money]]''
| rowspan=3 | TCM Spotlight: Charlie Chan Collection (Turner Classic Movies, 2010)
| Public domain due to the omission of a valid copyright notice on original prints.
|-
|''[[The Trap (1946 film)|The Trap]]''
|[[Howard Bretherton]]
|Public domain due to the omission of a valid copyright notice on original prints. Toler's last film.
|-
|''[[The Chinese Ring]]''
|rowspan=6 | [[Roland Winters]]
|[[William Beaudine]]<ref name="Reid 2004, 86">Reid (2004), 86.</ref>
|1947
|Public domain due to the omission of a valid copyright notice on original prints. Winters' first film.
|-
|''[[Docks of New Orleans]]''
|[[Derwin Abrahams]]
|rowspan=4 | 1948
|rowspan=3 | Charlie Chan Collection (Warner Home Video, 2013)
|
|-
|''[[Shanghai Chest]]''
|rowspan=2 | William Beaudine
|
|-
|''[[The Golden Eye]]''
|Public domain due to the omission of a valid copyright notice on original prints.
|-
|''[[The Feathered Serpent (1948 film)|The Feathered Serpent]]''
|William Beaudine<ref name="Reid 2004, 86" />
|rowspan=2 | Charlie Chan 3-Film Collection (Warner Archive, 2016)
|
|-
|''[[Sky Dragon]]''
|[[Lesley Selander]]
|1949
|
|-
|''[[The Return of Charlie Chan]]'' (aka: ''Happiness Is a Warm Clue'')
|[[Ross Martin]]
|[[Daryl Duke]]<ref name="Pitts 1991, 305">Pitts (1991), 305.</ref>
|1973
|
|[[Television film|TV film]]<ref>Filmed in 1971; aired on British television in 1973; aired on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] in 1979 as ''The Return of Charlie Chan'' (Pitts [1991], 301).</ref>
| [[Universal Television]]
|-
|''[[Charlie Chan and the Curse of the Dragon Queen]]''
|[[Peter Ustinov]]
|[[Clive Donner]]<ref name="Pitts 1991, 305" />
|1981
|
|
|American Cinema Productions
|}

'''Latin America'''
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Film title
!Starring
!Directed by
!Theatrical release
!DVD release
!Notes
!Production company
|-
|''La Serpiente Roja''
|[[Aníbal de Mar]]
|Ernesto Caparrós
|1937
|
|Cuban film<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2zTtMxkExgC&q=%22La+Serpiente+Roja%22+Charlie+Chan&pg=PA128|title=Icons of Mystery and Crime Detection: From Sleuths to Superheroes|first=Mitzi M.|last=Brunsdale|date=26 July 2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313345319|access-date=21 March 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref>
| 
|-
|''El Monstruo en la Sombra''
|Orlando Rodríguez
|Zacarias Urquiza<ref name="Willis 1972, 329">Willis (1972), 329.</ref>
|1955
|
|Mexican film<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tommenterprises.tripod.com/id258.html|title=CHARLIE CHAN: El monstruo en la sombra (1955)|website=tommenterprises.tripod.com|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref>
|
|-
|}

'''China'''
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Film title
!Starring
!Directed by
!Theatrical release
!DVD release
!class="unsortable|Notes
|-
|''The Disappearing Corpse'' (in [[Standard Chinese|Chinese]])
|rowspan=5 | Xu Xinyuan
|rowspan=5 | [[Xu Xinfu]]
|1937
|
|<ref name="China">{{cite web | url=http://www.chinesemirror.com/index/2008/05/charlie-chan-in.html | title=Charlie Chan in China | work=The Chinese Mirror: A Journal of Chinese Film History | date=May 2008 | access-date=18 April 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708145436/http://www.chinesemirror.com/index/2008/05/charlie-chan-in.html | archive-date=8 July 2011 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
|''The Pearl Tunic'' (in Chinese)
|1938
|
|<ref name="China" />
|-
|''The Radio Station Murder'' (in Chinese)
|1939
|
|<ref name="China" />
|-
|''Charlie Chan Smashes an Evil Plot'' (in Chinese)
|1941
|
|<ref name="China"/>
|-
|''Charlie Chan Matches Wits with the Prince of Darkness'' (in Chinese)
|1948
|
|<ref name="China" />
|-
|''Mystery of the Jade Fish'' (in Chinese)
|Lee Ying
|Lee Ying
|c.1950 (distributed in New York in 1951)
|
|<ref name="NYSA">New York State Archives Movie Script Collection (dialogue continuity in English).</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Books|Film}}
*[[Portrayal of East Asians in Hollywood]]
*[[Mr. Wong (fictional detective)|Mr. Wong]]

{{clear}}

==Notes==

{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==

{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite news
  | title = Alfred Andriola (obituary)
  | work = The New York Times
  | pages = A28
  | date = 30 March 2009
  }}
* {{cite book |title=The Justice League Companion: A Historical and Speculative Overview of the Silver Age Justice League of America |last=Anderson |first=Murphy |author2=Michael Eury |year=2005 |publisher=TwoMorrows Publishing |isbn=1-893905-48-9 }}
* {{cite book |title=Grand design: Hollywood as a modern business enterprise, 1930–1939 |last=Balio |first=Tino |year=1995 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-20334-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_J9HTLOI08wC }}
* {{cite web
  | last = Chan
  | first = Fletcher
  | title = Charlie Chan: A Hero of Sorts
  | work = California Literary Review
  | date = 26 March 2007
  | url = http://calitreview.com/39
  | access-date = 20 May 2009
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110725064804/http://calitreview.com/39
  | archive-date = 25 July 2011
  | url-status = dead
  }}
* {{cite book |title=Chinese American masculinities: from Fu Manchu to Bruce Lee |last=Chan |first=Jachinson |year=2001 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=0-8153-4029-X }}
* {{cite web
 |title        = Charlie Chan in China
 |work         = The Chinese Mirror: A Journal of Chinese Film History
 |date         = May 2008
 |url          = http://www.chinesemirror.com/index/2008/05/charlie-chan-in.html
 |access-date   = 21 May 2009
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20110708145436/http://www.chinesemirror.com/index/2008/05/charlie-chan-in.html
 |archive-date = 8 July 2011
 |url-status     = dead
 |df           = dmy-all
}}
* "Creating Charlie Chan" (22 March 1931). In ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PZ6lgRl6VAwC Popular Culture]'' (1975). Ed. by David Manning White. Ayer Publishing. {{ISBN|0-405-06649-X}}.
* {{cite book |title=Radio Crime Fighters: Over 300 Programs from the Golden Age |last=Cox |first=Jim |year=2002 |publisher=McFarland Publishing |isbn=0-7864-1390-5 }}
* {{cite book |title=Vaudeville, Old & New: An Encyclopedia of Variety Performers in America |last=Cullen |first=Frank |author2=Florence Hackman |author3=Donald McNeilly |year=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-93853-2 }}
* {{cite book |title=East Main Street: Asian American popular culture |last=Dave |first=Shilpa |author2=LeiLani Nishime |author3=Tasha G. Oren |year=2005 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=0-8147-1963-5 }}
* {{cite book|title=On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio|last=Dunning|first=John|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195076783|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi5wPDBiGfMC&dq=%22Charlie+Chan+mystery%22&pg=PA149|page=149 }}
* {{cite book |title=Within Our Gates: Ethnicity in American Feature Films, 1911–1960 |last=Gevinson |first=Alan |year=1997 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-20964-8 }}
* {{cite book |title=Charlie Chan at the Movies |last=Hanke |first=Ken |year=1989 |publisher=McFarland Publishing |isbn=0-7864-1921-0 }}
* {{cite book |title=The BFI companion to crime |last=Hardy |first=Phil |year=1997 |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |isbn=0-304-33215-1 }}
* {{citation| first= Sandra | last =Hawley | pages =132–147| title = The Importance of Being Charlie Chan | editor-first = Jonathan |editor2=Jerry Israel |editor3=Hilary Conroy| editor-last =Goldstein| location = Bethlehem, PA| publisher =Lehigh University Press | year =1991 | isbn = 9780934223133|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KuLCCXVebuEC&q=Charlie+Chan}}
* {{cite book |last1=Herbert |first1=Rosemary |title=Whodunit? : a who's who in crime & mystery writing |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0195157613}}
* {{cite book |title=The Columbia guide to Asian American literature since 1945 |last=Huang |first=Guiyou |year=2006 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0-231-12620-4 }}
* {{cite book |last = Huang |first =Yunte |year = 2010 |title = Charlie Chan: The Untold Story of the Honorable Detective and His Rendezvous with American History |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vxO145_jJGcC |publisher = W W Norton| location = New York |isbn = 978-0-393-06962-4|access-date = 24 May 2016}}
* {{cite magazine
 |last=Karnick 
 |first=S. T. 
 |title=The Business End of Ethnic Politics 
 |magazine=National Review Online 
 |date=25 July 2006 
 |url=http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=YmUxMjFmYTlmZjU3MGMzZTM1ODYxMmY4MTBkOWY1ODE= 
 |access-date=19 May 2009 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109113206/http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=YmUxMjFmYTlmZjU3MGMzZTM1ODYxMmY4MTBkOWY1ODE%3D 
 |archive-date= 9 January 2009 
}}
* {{cite book |title=From Kung Fu to Hip Hop: Globalization, revolution, and popular culture |last=Kato |first=M.T. |year=2007 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-6991-0 }}
* {{cite book |title=Asian American Literature, an introduction to the writings and their social context |last=Kim |first=Elaine H. |year=1982 |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=0-87722-260-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/asianamericanlit00kime }}
* {{cite book |title=Asian American Women and Men |last=Le Espiritu |first=Yen |year=1996 |publisher=Rowman and Littlefield |isbn=0-8039-7255-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/asianamericanwom00espi }}
* {{cite news
  | last = Littlejohn
  | first = Janice Rhoshalle
  | title = Lucy Liu returns to television
  | work = The Boston Globe
  | date = 14 January 2008
  | url = http://www.boston.com/ae/tv/articles/2008/01/14/lucy_liu_returns_to_television/
  | access-date = 25 August 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
* {{cite book |title=The deathly embrace: orientalism and Asian American identity |last=Ma |first=Sheng-mei |year=2000 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=0-8166-3711-3 }}
* {{cite book |title=A Guide to Charlie Chan Films |last=Mitchell |first=Charles P. |year=1999 |location=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-30985-X }}
* {{cite book |title=The Columbia documentary history of the Asian American experience |last=Odo |first=Franklin |year=2002 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0-231-11030-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/columbiadocument00fran }}
* {{cite book |title=Famous movie detectives II |last=Pitts |first=Michael R |year=1991 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=0-8108-2345-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/famousmoviedetec0000pitt |url-access=registration }}
* {{cite book |title=In the Queens' Parlor, and Other Leaves from the Editors' Notebook |last=Queen |first=Ellery |year=1969 |publisher=Biblio & Tannen |isbn=0-8196-0238-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnBSWLVZ29QC }}
* {{cite book |title=Warman's Americana and Collectibles |last=Rinker |first=Harry L. |year=1988 |publisher=Warman Publishing |isbn=0-911594-12-4 }}
* {{cite news
  | last = Sengupta
  | first = Somini
  | title = Charlie Chan, Retooled for the 90's
  | work = The New York Times
  | date = 5 January 1997
  | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/05/movies/charlie-chan-retooled-for-the-90-s.html?sec=&spon=
  | access-date = 21 May 2009}}
* {{cite book |title=Up from the vault: rare thrillers of the 1920s and 1930s |last=Soister |first=John |year=2004 |publisher=McFarland Publishing |isbn=0-7864-1745-5 }}
* {{cite book |title=Bilingual games: some literary investigations |last=Sommer |first=Doris |year=2003 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=1-4039-6012-7 }}
* {{cite book |title=Five American cinematographers: interviews with Karl Struss, Joseph Ruttenberg, James Wong Howe, Linwood Dunn, and William H. Clothier |last=Struss |first=Karl |author2=Scott Eyman |year=1987 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=0-8108-1974-0 }}
* {{cite book |title=Horror and Science Fiction Films: A Checklist |last=Willis |first=Donald C. |year=1972 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=0-8108-0508-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/horrorsciencefic0000will }}
* {{cite book |title=The Great Depression in America: a cultural encyclopedia |last=Young |first=William H |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-33521-1 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* The "Charlie Chan" Novels
** [http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200691.txt ''Behind That Curtain'']
** [http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks07/0700761h.html Charlie Chan Carries On'']
** [http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200711.txt ''Keeper Of The Keys'']
** [http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200701.txt ''The Black Camel'']
** [http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200681.txt ''The Chinese Parrot'']
** [http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200671.txt ''The House Without a Key'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120520005311/http://www.thevintageplayhouse.com/Articles.asp?ID=134 About Charlie Chan]
* [http://books.wwnorton.com/books/detail.aspx?ID=20497 Charlie Chan Biography]
* [http://www.charliechan.net/ Charlie Chan fan site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101219071129/http://oldtimeradiofans.com/template.php?show_name=Charlie%20Chan Public-domain Charlie Chan radio programs]
* [http://www.charliechan.info The Charlie Chan Family Home]
* [https://charliechan.seriesbooks.net/ Books and Films of Charlie Chan]

{{Charlie Chan}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Charlie Chan| ]]
[[Category:1930s American radio programs]]
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[[Category:Charlie Chan films| 01]]
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[[Category:Fictional American police detectives|Chan, Charlie]]
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[[Category:Works based on Charlie Chan| 01]]