Editing Charles VII of France

{{Short description|King of France from 1422 to 1461}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Charles VII
| succession   = [[List of French monarchs|King of France]]
| moretext     = ([[Style of the French sovereign|more...]])
| image        = KarlVII.jpg
| caption      = {{Ill|Portrait of Charles VII|lt=Portrait|fr|Portrait de Charles VII}} by [[Jean Fouquet]], [[tempera]] on wood, [[Louvre|Louvre Museum]], Paris, {{Circa|1445–1450}}{{Efn|Durtal, the protagonist of [[Joris-Karl Huysmans]] novel [[Là-bas (novel)|Là-bas]], says of Charles VII's portrait by Foucquet (as he spells the name): "I have often paused in front of that bestial face, a face in which I can clearly distinguish the snout of a pig, the eyes of the provincial money-lender and the sanctimonious bloated lips of a prelate. The figure in Foucquet's painting resembles a debauched priest with a bad cold sunk in wine-induced self-pity!"<ref>Huysmans, J.-K. ''The Damned [Là-Bas]'', [[Penguin Books]], 2001, p. 38.</ref>}}
| reign        = 21 October 1422 – 22 July 1461
| coronation   = 17 July 1429
| cor-type     = france
| predecessor  = [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]]
| successor    = [[Louis XI]]
| regent       = [[Henry VI of England]] {{nowrap|(1422–53)}}
| reg-type     = Contender
| spouse       = {{Marriage|[[Marie of Anjou]]|1422}}
| issue        = {{Plainlist| 
* [[Louis XI]]
* [[Radegonde of Valois|Radegonde]]
* [[Catherine of France, Countess of Charolais|Catherine, Countess of Charolais]]
* [[Yolande of Valois|Yolande, Duchess of Savoy]]
* [[Joan of France, Duchess of Bourbon|Joan, Duchess of Bourbon]]
* [[Magdalena of Valois|Magdalena, Princess of Viana]]
* [[Charles of Valois, Duke of Berry|Charles, Duke of Berry]]
* Illegitimate:
* [[Marie de Valois|Marie, Countess of Taillebourg]]
* [[Charlotte de Brézé|Charlotte, Countess of Maulévier]]
}}
| issue-link   = #Children
| house        = [[House of Valois|Valois]]
| father       = [[Charles VI of France]]
| mother       = [[Isabeau of Bavaria]]
| birth_date   = 22 February 1403
| birth_name  = Charles, comte de Ponthieu
| birth_place  = [[Paris]], France
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|1461|7|22|1403|2|22|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[Mehun-sur-Yèvre]], France
| burial_date  = 7 August 1461
| burial_place = [[Basilica of Saint-Denis]]
| signature    = Signatur Karl VII. (Frankreich).PNG
}}
'''Charles VII''' (22 February 1403 – 22 July 1461), called '''the Victorious''' ({{Langx|fr|le Victorieux}}){{Sfn|Wagner|2006|p=89}} or '''the Well-Served''' ({{Lang|fr|le Bien-Servi}}), was [[List of French monarchs|King of France]] from 1422 to his death in 1461. His reign saw the end of the [[Hundred Years' War]] and a ''de facto'' end of the [[English claims to the French throne]].

During the [[Hundred Years' War]], Charles VII inherited the throne of [[Kingdom of France|France]] under desperate circumstances. Forces of the [[Kingdom of England]] and the [[Philip the Good|duke of Burgundy]] occupied [[Guyenne]] and northern France, including [[Paris]], the capital and most populous city, and [[Reims]], the city in which French kings were [[Coronation of the French monarch|traditionally crowned]]. In addition, his father, [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]], had disinherited him in 1420 and recognized [[Henry V of England]] and his heirs as the legitimate successors to the French crown. At the same time, a [[Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War|civil war]] raged in France between the [[Armagnac (party)|Armagnacs]] (supporters of the [[House of Valois]]) and the [[Burgundian (party)|Burgundian party]] (supporters of the [[House of Valois-Burgundy]], which was allied to the English).

With his court removed to [[Bourges]], south of the [[Loire]] river, Charles was disparagingly called the "King of Bourges", because the area around this city was one of the few remaining regions left to him. However, his political and military position improved dramatically with the emergence of [[Joan of Arc]] as a spiritual leader in France. Joan and [[Jean de Dunois]] led French troops to lift the [[siege of Orléans]] and other besieged strategic cities on the Loire river, and to defeat the English at the [[Battle of Patay]]. With local English troops dispersed, the people of Reims switched allegiance and opened their gates, which enabled Charles VII to be crowned at [[Reims Cathedral]] in 1429. Six years later, he ended the Anglo-Burgundian alliance by signing the [[Congress of Arras#Treaty of Arras|Treaty of Arras]] with Burgundy, followed by the [[Siege of Paris (1435–1436)|recovery of Paris]] in 1436 and the steady reconquest of Normandy in the 1440s using a newly organized professional army and advanced siege cannons. Following the [[Battle of Castillon]] in 1453, the French recaptured all of England's continental possessions except the [[Pale of Calais]].

The last years of Charles VII were marked by conflicts with his turbulent son, the future [[Louis XI]].

==Early life==
Born at the ''[[Hôtel Saint-Pol]]'', the royal residence in Paris, Charles was given the title of [[Count of Ponthieu]] six months after his birth in 1403.{{Sfn|Wylie|1914|p=441}} He was the eleventh child and fifth son of [[Charles VI of France]] and [[Isabeau of Bavaria]].{{Sfn|Wagner|2006|p=89}} His four elder brothers, Charles (1386), Charles (1392–1401), [[Louis, Duke of Guyenne|Louis]] (1397–1415) and [[John, Duke of Touraine|John]] (1398–1417) had each held the title of [[Dauphin of France]] as [[Heir apparent|heirs apparent]] to the French throne in turn.{{Sfn|Wagner|2006|p=89}} All died childless, leaving Charles with a rich inheritance of titles.{{Sfn|Wagner|2006|p=89}}

==Dauphin==
{{See also|Assassination of John the Fearless}}
Almost immediately after becoming dauphin, Charles had to face threats to his inheritance, and he was forced to flee from Paris on 29 May 1418 after the partisans of [[John the Fearless]], [[Duke of Burgundy]], had entered the city the previous night.{{sfn|Vaughan|2005|p=263}} By 1419, Charles had established his own court in [[Bourges]] and a [[Parlement]] in [[Poitiers]].{{sfn|Vaughan|2005|p=263}} On 11 July of that same year, Charles and John the Fearless attempted a reconciliation on a small bridge near [[Pouilly-le-Fort]], not far from [[Melun]] where Charles was staying. They signed the [[Treaty of Pouilly-le-Fort]] in which they would share authority of the government, assist each other and not to form any treaties without the other's consent.{{Sfn|Allmand|2014|pp=133–135}} Charles and John also decided that a further meeting should take place the following 10 September. On that date, they met on the bridge at [[Montereau-Fault-Yonne|Montereau]].{{Sfn|Vaughan|2005|p=274}} The Duke assumed that the meeting would be entirely peaceful and diplomatic; thus, he brought only a small escort with him. The Dauphin's men reacted to the Duke's arrival by attacking and killing him. Charles's level of involvement has remained uncertain to this day. Although he claimed to have been unaware of his men's intentions, this was considered unlikely by those who heard of the murder.{{Sfn|Wagner|2006|p=89}} The assassination marked the end of any attempt of a reconciliation between the Armagnac and Burgundian factions, thus strengthening the position of [[Henry V of England]]. Charles was later required by a treaty with [[Philip the Good]], the son of John the Fearless, to pay penance for the murder, which he never did.

==Treaty of Troyes (1420)==
At the death of Charles' father Charles VI in October 1422, the succession was cast into doubt. Under the [[Treaty of Troyes]], signed by Charles VI on 21 May 1420, the throne would pass to Henry V or his heir. Henry had died in July 1422: his heir was the infant King [[Henry VI of England]], son of Henry and Charles VI's daughter [[Catherine of Valois]]. However, Frenchmen loyal to the Valois regarded the treaty as invalid on grounds of coercion and Charles VI's diminished mental capacity. Those who did not recognize the treaty and believed the Dauphin Charles to be of legitimate birth considered him the rightful heir to the throne. Those who considered Charles illegitimate recognized as the rightful heir [[Charles, Duke of Orléans]], cousin of the Dauphin, who was in English captivity. Only the supporters of Henry VI and the Dauphin Charles were able to enlist sufficient military force to press effectively for their candidates. The English, already in control of northern France, enforced Henry's claim in the regions of France that they occupied. Northern France, including Paris, was thus ruled by an English regent, Henry V's brother, [[John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford]], based in Normandy (see [[Dual monarchy of England and France]]).

==King of Bourges==
[[File:Treaty of Troyes.svg|300px|thumb|'''1429'''{{Legend|#ea8b9d|Territories controlled by [[Henry VI of England]]}}
{{Legend|#c896c8|Territories controlled by the [[Philip the Good|Duke of Burgundy]]}}
{{Legend|#7f9ad7|Territories controlled by Charles}}
{{Legend|#ffff00|Main battles}}
{{Legend-line|red dotted 2px|English raid of 1415}}
{{Legend-line|blue dotted 2px|Joan of Arc's route to [[Reims]] in 1429}}]]
[[File:Beside the altar stood Joan, her whit standard in her hand.jpg|thumb|Joan of Arc at the coronation of Charles VII with her white flag]]
In his adolescent years, Charles was noted for his bravery and flamboyant style of leadership. At one point after becoming Dauphin, he led an army against the English dressed in the red, white, and blue that represented his family;{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}} his heraldic device was a mailed fist clutching a naked sword. On 25 June 1421, he took [[Gallardon]] and executed, as traitors, the garrison, and by the end of June Charles had invested [[Chartres]].{{sfn|Sumption|2015|p=736}} He then went south of the Loire River under the protection of [[Yolande of Aragon]], known as "Queen of the Four Kingdoms" and, on 18 December 1422, married her daughter, [[Marie of Anjou]],{{sfn|Taylor|2009|p=230}} to whom he had been engaged since December 1413 in a ceremony at the [[Louvre Palace]].

Charles claimed the title [[List of French monarchs|King of France]] for himself, but failed to make any attempts to expel the English from northern France out of indecision and a sense of hopelessness.{{sfn|Schlesinger|1985|p=17-18}} Instead, he remained south of the Loire River, where he was still able to exert power, and maintained an itinerant court in the [[Loire Valley]] at castles such as [[Chinon]]. He was still customarily known as the "Dauphin", or derisively as the "King of [[Bourges]]", after the town where he generally lived. Periodically, he considered flight to the [[Iberian Peninsula]], which would have allowed the English to capture even more territory in France.

===Siege of Orléans===
Political conditions in France took a decisive turn in the year 1429 just as the prospects for the Dauphin began to look hopeless. The town of [[Orléans]] had been [[Siege of Orléans|under siege]] since October 1428. The English regent, the [[John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford|Duke of Bedford]] (the uncle of [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]]), was advancing into the [[Duchy of Bar]], ruled by Charles's brother-in-law, [[René of Anjou|René]]. The French lords and soldiers loyal to Charles were becoming increasingly desperate. Then in the little village of [[Domrémy-la-Pucelle|Domrémy]], on the border of [[Lorraine (province)|Lorraine]] and [[Champagne, France|Champagne]], a teenage girl named [[Joan of Arc]] ({{Langx|fr|Jeanne d'Arc}}), demanded that the garrison commander at Vaucouleurs, [[Robert de Baudricourt]], collect the soldiers and resources necessary to bring her to the Dauphin at Chinon,{{Sfn|Vale|1974|p=[{{Google books|6qwRJs3JkNIC|pg=PA46|plainurl=yes}} 46]}} stating that visions of angels and saints had given her a divine mission. Granted an escort of five veteran soldiers and a letter of referral to Charles by Lord Baudricourt, Joan rode to see Charles at Chinon. She arrived on 23 February 1429.{{Sfn|Vale|1974|p=[{{Google books|6qwRJs3JkNIC|pg=PA46|plainurl=yes}} 46]}}

Second-hand testimony by witnesses who were not present when Joan and the Dauphin met state Charles wanted to test her claim to be able to recognise him despite never having seen him, and so he disguised himself as one of his courtiers. He stood in their midst when Joan entered the chamber in which the court was assembled. Joan identified Charles immediately. She bowed low to him and embraced his knees, declaring "God give you a happy life, sweet King!" Despite attempts to claim that another man was in fact the king, thereafter Joan referred to him as "Dauphin" or "Noble Dauphin" until he was crowned in Reims four months later. After a private conversation between the two, Charles became inspired and filled with confidence.

After her encounter with Charles in March 1429, Joan of Arc set out to lead the French forces at Orléans. She was aided by skilled commanders such as Étienne de Vignolles, known as [[La Hire]], and [[Jean Poton de Xaintrailles]]. They compelled the English to lift the siege on 8 May 1429, thus turning the tide of the war. The French won the [[Battle of Patay]] on 18 June, at which the English army present lost about half its troops. After pushing further into English and Burgundian-controlled territory, Charles was crowned King Charles VII of France in [[Reims Cathedral]] on 17 July 1429.

[[Joan of Arc|Joan]] was later captured by Burgundian troops under John of Luxembourg at the [[Siege of Compiègne]] on 24 May 1430.{{Sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1999|p=88}} The Burgundians handed her over to their English allies. Tried for [[heresy]] by a court composed of pro-English clergymen such as [[Pierre Cauchon]], who had long served under English authorities,{{Sfn|Pernoud|Clin|1999|pp=103–137, 209}} she was burnt at the stake on 30 May 1431.

==French victory==

Nearly as important as [[Joan of Arc]] in the cause of Charles was the support of the powerful and wealthy family of his wife [[Marie of Anjou|Marie d'Anjou]], particularly his mother-in-law, Queen [[Yolande of Aragon]]. But whatever affection he may have had for his wife, or whatever gratitude he may have felt for the support of her family, the great love of Charles VII's life was his mistress, [[Agnès Sorel]].

Charles VII and Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, then signed the 1435 [[Congress of Arras#Treaty of Arras|Treaty of Arras]], by which the Burgundian faction rejected their alliance with England and became reconciled with Charles VII, just as things were going badly for their English allies. With this accomplishment, Charles attained the essential goal of ensuring that no [[Prince of the Blood]] recognised [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]] as King of France.{{sfn|Brady|1994|p=373}}

Over the following two decades, the French recaptured [[Paris]] from the English and eventually recovered all of France with the exception of the northern port of [[Calais]].

==Close of reign==
{{Multiple image
 |total_width=400px
 |image1=Karel VII 1444.png
 |caption1=Charles VII depicted in 1444
 |image2=Antoine-Louis Barye - Charles VII, the Victorious - Walters 27164 - Profile.jpg
 |caption2=Charles VII the Victorious by [[Antoine-Louis Barye]], held in the [[Walters Art Museum]], [[Baltimore]]
}}
{{Multiple image
 |total_width=400px
 |image1=Charles VII Royal d Or.jpg
 |caption1=Charles VII ''Royal d'or''.
 |image2=Charles VII Ecu neuf 1436.jpg
 |caption2=Charles VII ''Ecu neuf'', 1436
 |image3=Charles VII Franc a cheval 1422 1423.jpg
 |caption3=Charles VII on a [[Franc|''Franc à cheval'']] from 1422 or 1423
}}

Charles's later years were marked by hostile relations with his heir, [[Louis XI|Louis]], who demanded real power to accompany his position as the Dauphin. Charles consistently refused him. Accordingly, Louis stirred up dissent and fomented plots in attempts to destabilise his father's reign. He quarrelled with his father's mistress, Agnès Sorel, and on one occasion drove her with a bared sword into Charles' bed, according to one source. Eventually, in 1446, after Charles's last son, also named Charles, was born, the king banished the Dauphin to the [[Dauphiné]]. The two never met again. Louis thereafter refused the king's demands to return to court, and he eventually fled to the protection of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, in 1456.

In 1458, Charles became ill. A sore on his leg (an early symptom, perhaps, of [[diabetes]] or another condition) refused to heal, and the infection in it caused a serious fever. The king summoned Louis to him from his exile in Burgundy, but the Dauphin refused to come. He employed astrologers to foretell the exact hour of his father's death. The king lingered on for the next two and a half years, increasingly ill, but unwilling to die. During this time he also had to deal with the case of his rebellious vassal [[John V of Armagnac]].

Finally, however, there came a point in July 1461 when the king's physicians concluded that Charles would not live past August. Ill and weary, the king became delirious, convinced that he was surrounded by traitors loyal only to his son. Under the pressure of sickness and fever, he went mad. By now another infection in his jaw had caused an abscess in his mouth. The swelling caused by this became so large that, for the last week of his life, Charles was unable to swallow food or water. Although he asked the Dauphin to come to his deathbed, Louis refused, instead waiting at [[Avesnes]], in Burgundy, for his father to die. At [[Mehun-sur-Yèvre]], attended by his younger son, Charles, and aware of his elder son's final betrayal, the King starved to death. He died on 22 July 1461, and was buried, at his request, beside his parents in [[Basilica of Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]].

==Legacy==

Although Charles VII's legacy is far overshadowed by the deeds and eventual [[martyr]]dom of Joan of Arc and his early reign was at times marked by indecisiveness and inaction, he was responsible for successes unprecedented in the history of the Kingdom of France.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}} He succeeded in what four generations of his predecessors (namely his father Charles VI, his grandfather [[Charles V of France|Charles V]], his great-grandfather [[John II of France|John II]] and great-great grandfather [[Philip VI of France|Philip VI]]) failed to do – the expulsion of the English and the conclusion of the [[Hundred Years' War]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

Charles created France's first [[standing army]] since Roman times. In ''[[The Prince]]'', [[Niccolò Machiavelli]] asserts that if his son [[Louis XI]] had continued this policy, then the French would have become invincible.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

Charles VII secured himself against papal power by the [[Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges]]. He also established the [[University of Poitiers]] in 1432, and his policies brought some economic prosperity to his subjects.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

==Family==

===Children===
Charles married his second cousin [[Marie of Anjou]] on 18 December 1422.{{Sfn|Ashdown-Hill|2016|p=xxiv}} They were both great-grandchildren of King [[John II of France]] and his first wife [[Bonne of Bohemia]] through the male line. They had fourteen children:
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Name!!Birth!!Death!!Notes
|-
|[[Louis XI of France|Louis]]||3 July 1423||30 August 1483||[[List of French monarchs|King of France]]. Married firstly [[Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France|Margaret of Scotland]], no issue.{{Sfn|Ward|Prothero|Leathes|1934|p=table 22}} Married secondly [[Charlotte of Savoy]], had issue.{{Sfn|Ward|Prothero|Leathes|1934|p=table 22}}
|-
|John||colspan=2|19 September 1426||Lived for a few hours.
|-
|[[Radegonde of Valois|Radegonde]]||1425{{Sfn|Debris|2005|p=361}} or<br> August 1428{{Sfn|Ashdown-Hill|2016|p=xxviii}}||February 1445{{Efn|Watanabe states Radegonde died at 19.{{Sfn|Watanabe|2011|p=105}}}}{{Sfn|Watanabe|2011|p=105}}||Betrothed to [[Sigismund, Archduke of Austria]],{{Sfn|Watanabe|2011|p=105}} on 22 July 1430.
|-
|[[Catherine of France, Countess of Charolais|Catherine]]||1428{{Sfn|Ashdown-Hill|2016|p=xxviii}}||13 September 1446||Married [[Charles the Bold]], no issue.{{Sfn|Ward|Prothero|Leathes|1934|p=table 22}}
|-
|James||1432||2 March 1437||Died aged five.
|-
|[[Yolande of Valois|Yolande]]||23 September 1434||23/29 August 1478||Married [[Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy]], had issue.{{Sfn|Vester|2013|p=ix}}
|-
|[[Joan of France, Duchess of Bourbon|Joan]]||4 May 1435||4 May 1482||Married [[John II, Duke of Bourbon]], no issue.{{Sfn|Morrison|Hedeman|2010|p=5}}
|-
|Philip||4 February 1436||11 June 1436||Died in infancy.
|-
|Margaret||May 1437||24 July 1438||Died aged one.
|-
|Joanna||7 September 1438||26 December 1446||Twin of Marie, died aged eight.
|-
|Marie||7 September 1438||14 February 1439||Twin of Joanna, died in infancy.
|-
|Isabella||1441|| ||Died young.
|-
|[[Magdalena of Valois|Magdalena]]||1 December 1443||21 January 1495||Married [[Gaston of Foix, Prince of Viana]], had issue.{{Sfn|Fletcher|2013|p=81}}
|-
|[[Charles de Valois, Duke of Berry|Charles]]||12 December 1446||24 May 1472||Died without legitimate issue.
|}

===Mistresses===
* [[Agnès Sorel]],{{sfn|Monks|1990|p=10}} by whom he had three illegitimate daughters:
** [[Marie de Valois|Marie]], possibly born the summer of 1444.{{Sfn|Vale|1974|p=[{{Google books|6qwRJs3JkNIC|pg=PA92|plainurl=yes}} 92]}}
** [[Charlotte de Brézé|Charlotte]], m. Jacques de Brézé{{sfn|Wellman|2013|p=191}} (their son, [[Louis de Brézé, seigneur d'Anet]], in turn married [[Diane de Poitiers]], herself ultimately a famous royal mistress). 
** Jeanne.
* [[Antoinette de Maignelais]],{{sfn|Monks|1990|p=11}} cousin of Agnès Sorel.

===Ancestors===
{{Ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Charles VII of France '''
|2= 2. [[Charles VI of France]]
|3= 3. [[Isabeau of Bavaria]]
|4= 4. [[Charles V of France]]
|5= 5. [[Joanna of Bourbon]]
|6= 6. [[Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria]]
|7= 7. [[Taddea Visconti]]
|8= 8. [[John II of France]]
|9= 9. [[Bonne of Luxembourg]]
|10= 10. [[Peter I, Duke of Bourbon]]
|11= 11. [[Isabella of Valois, Duchess of Bourbon|Isabella of Valois]]
|12= 12. [[Stephen II, Duke of Bavaria]]
|13= 13. [[Elisabeth of Sicily, Duchess of Bavaria|Elisabeth of Sicily]]
|14= 14. [[Bernabò Visconti]]
|15= 15. [[Beatrice Regina della Scala]]
}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* [[Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris]]

[[File:L'Adoration des mages, Heures d'Étienne Chevalier.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Charles VII depicted by [[Jean Fouquet]] as one of the [[Adoration of the Magi in art|Three Magi]].]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Works cited ==
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Debris |first=Cyrille |title="Tu Felix Austria, nube" la dynastie de Habsbourg et sa politique matrimoniale à la fin du Moyen Age (XIIIe–XVIe siècles) |date=2005 |publisher=Brepols |language=French |isbn=978-2503516752}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fletcher |first=Stella |title=The Longman Companion to Renaissance Europe, 1390–1530 |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-1381-6532-8 |ol=28855605M}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Morrison |first=Elizabeth |title=Imagining the Past in France: History in Manuscript Painting, 1250–1500 |last2=Hedeman |first2=Anne Dawson |publisher=J. Paul Getty Museum |date=2010 |isbn=978-1606060292}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pernoud |first=R. |author-link=Régine Pernoud |title=Joan of Arc: her story |last2=Clin |first2=M. |date=1999 |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |isbn=978-0-3122-2730-2 |translator-last=Jeremy Adams |ol=9536734M}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Watanabe |first=Morimichi |title=Nicholas of Cusa: A Companion to his Life and his Times |date=2011 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |editor-last=Christianson |editor-first=Gerald |editor-last2=Izbicki |editor-first2=Thomas M. |isbn=9781315598277}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wellman |first=Kathleen |title=Queens and Mistresses of Renaissance France |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-3001-7885-2}}
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{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last=Hanawalt |first=Barbara |title=The Middle Ages: An Illustrated History |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-1951-0359-9 |location=New York |ol=346808M}}
* {{Cite web |last=Lanhers |first=Yvonne |date=20 July 1998 |title=Charles VII – king of France |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-VII-king-of-France |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |type=online}}
* {{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Aline |title=Isabel of Burgundy: The Duchess who played Politics in the Age of Joan of Arc, 1397–1471 |date=2001 |publisher=Madison Books |isbn=1-5683-3227-0 |ol=3947295M}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Charles VII of France}}
* {{Ws|{{Wikicite |reference=[[Chandler Beach|Beach, C]], ed. (1914). "[[s:The New Student's Reference Work/Charles VII|Charles VII, king of France]]". ''[[s:The New Student's Reference Work|The New Student's Reference Work]]''. '''1'''. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.|ref={{Sfnref|Beach|1914}} }}|ps=no}}
* {{Ws|{{Wikicite |reference=[[Hugh Chisholm|Chisholm, H]], ed. (1911). "[[s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Charles VII. (King of France)|Charles VII (1403–1461), king of France]]". [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|''Encyclopædia Britannica'' 11th ed.]] '''5'''. Cambridge University Press.|ref={{Sfnref|Chisholm|1911}} }}|ps=no}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Valois]]|22 February|1403|22 July|1461|[[Capetian dynasty]]}}
{{S-reg|}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[King of France]]<br><small>disputed with [[Henry VI of England]], 1422–29 </small>|years=21 October 1422 – 22 July 1461}}
{{S-aft|rows=2|after=[[Louis XI]]}}
|-
{{S-bef|rows=4|before=[[John, Dauphin of France (1398-1417)|John of Valois]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Dauphin of Viennois]]|years=5 April 1417 – 3 July 1423}}
|-
{{S-ttl|title=[[Duke of Touraine]]<br>[[Count of Poitou]]|years=1417 – 21 October 1422}}
{{S-vac|reason=Merged in the crown}}
|-
{{S-ttl|title=[[Duke of Berry]]|years=1417 – 21 October 1422}}
{{S-vac|rows=2|reason=Merged in the crown|next=[[Charles de Valois, Duc de Berry|Charles II]]}}
|-
{{S-ttl|title=[[Count of Ponthieu]]|years=1417 – 21 October 1422}}
|-
{{S-end}}

{{Monarchs of France}}
{{Poitou Counts}}
{{Dauphins of France}}
{{Joan of Arc}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Charles 07 of France}}
[[Category:1403 births]]
[[Category:1461 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century kings of France]]
[[Category:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis]]
[[Category:Ancien Régime]]
[[Category:Armagnac faction]]
[[Category:Dauphins of France]]
[[Category:Dauphins of Viennois]]
[[Category:Dukes of Berry]]
[[Category:House of Valois]]
[[Category:Nobility from Paris]]
[[Category:People of the Hundred Years' War]]
[[Category:15th-century peers of France]]
[[Category:Sons of kings]]