Editing Charles R. Drew

{{Short description|American surgeon and medical researcher (1904–1950)}}
{{About|the medical researcher|other people|Charles Drew (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Charles Richard Drew
| image             = Portrait of Charles Drew.jpg
| image_size        =
| caption           = Charles Richard Drew
| birth_date        = {{birth date|1904|06|03}}
| birth_place       = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| death_date        = {{death date and age|1950|04|01|1904|06|03}}
| death_place       = [[Burlington, North Carolina]], U.S.
| field             = [[General surgery]]
| workplaces        = [[Freedman's Hospital]]<br />[[Morgan State University]]<br />[[Montreal General Hospital]]<br />[[Howard University]]
| alma_mater        = [[Amherst College]]<br> [[McGill University]]<br>[[Columbia University]]
| doctoral_advisor  = [[John Beattie (professor)|John Beattie]]
| known_for         = [[Blood banks|Blood banking]], [[blood transfusion]]s
| prizes            = [[Spingarn Medal]]
}}

'''Charles Richard Drew''' (June 3, 1904 – April 1, 1950) was an American [[surgeon]] and medical researcher. He researched in the field of [[blood transfusion]]s, developing improved techniques for blood storage, and applied his expert knowledge to developing large-scale [[blood bank]]s early in [[World War II]]. This allowed medics to save thousands of [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces' lives during the war.<ref>{{cite press release
 |title        = Patent For Preserving Blood Issued November 10, 1942; Washingtonian's invention made blood bank possible
 |url          = http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/speeches/01-52.htm
 |publisher    = Brigid Quinn, [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]]
 |date         = November 9, 2001
 |access-date   = February 3, 2009
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090211135602/http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/speeches/01-52.htm
 |archive-date = February 11, 2009
 |url-status   = dead
}}</ref> As the most prominent [[African American]] in the field, Drew protested against the practice of [[racial segregation]] in the donation of blood, as it lacked scientific foundation, and resigned his position with the [[American Red Cross]], which maintained the policy until 1950.<ref>Inventions, Mary Bellis Inventions Expert Mary Bellis covered; films, inventors for ThoughtCo for 18 years She is known for her independent; documentaries; Alex, including one about; Bellis, er Graham Bell our editorial process Mary. "All About the Inventor of the Blood Bank". ''ThoughtCo''. Retrieved 2021-05-06.</ref>

== Early life and education ==
[[File:Charles Richard Drew - Dunbar HS Yearbook Entry (1922).png|thumb|left|475px|Charles Drew's 1922 Dunbar High School yearbook entry.]]

Drew was born in 1904 into an [[African-American]] middle-class family in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name=SDBB/> His father, Richard, was a carpet layer<ref name="1930CXASS-USCensus">{{cite web|url= http://www.ancestry.com|title= Fifteenth Census of the United States (1930) [database on-line], Arlington Magisterial District, Arlington County, Virginia, Enumeration District: 7–11, Page: 6B, Line: 69, household of Richard T. Drew|publisher=The Generations Network|location=[[United States]]|date=1930-04-14| access-date=2013-08-15}}</ref> and his mother, Nora Burrell, trained as a teacher.<ref name=DrewPapers/> Drew and three (two sisters, one brother) of his four younger siblings (three sisters and one brother total) grew up in Washington's largely middle-class and interracial [[Foggy Bottom]] neighborhood.<ref name=DrewPapers/><ref name=SDBB/> From a young age Drew began work as a newspaper boy in his neighborhood, daily helping deliver over a thousand newspapers to his neighbors. Drew attended Washington's [[Dunbar High School (Washington, D.C.)|Dunbar High School]] which was well known for its equality and opportunities for all, despite the racial climate at the time.<ref name=":0">Tan, Siang Yong; Merritt, Christopher (2017). "Charles Richard Drew (1904–1950): Father of blood banking". ''Singapore Medical Journal''. '''58''' (10): 593–594. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.11622/smedj.2017099. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 0037-5675. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]] 5651504. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]] 29119194.</ref> From 1920 until his marriage in 1939, Drew's permanent address was in [[Arlington County, Virginia]],<ref name=NHL>(1) {{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1686&ResourceType=Building|title=Charles Richard Drew House|access-date=2008-04-11|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231130002/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1686&ResourceType=Building|archive-date=2007-12-31|url-status=dead}}<br>(2) {{Cite journal|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Charles Richard Drew House|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/76002095_text|format=pdf|date=1976-02-02|first=Lynne Gomez, Historical Projects Director, Afro-American Bicentennial Corporation|last=Graves|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|access-date=2019-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117234224/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/76002095_text|archive-date=2019-01-17|url-status=dead}} and {{cite web|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/76002095_photos|title=Accompanying 4 photos, exterior, from 1920 and 1976|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|access-date=2019-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117234454/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/76002095_photos|archive-date=2019-01-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> although he graduated from Washington's Dunbar High School in 1922 and resided elsewhere during that period of time.<ref name=DrewPapers>{{cite web| title=The Charles R. Drew Papers|url=http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/BG/p-nid/336|publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine|access-date=2012-08-25}}</ref><ref>(1) {{cite web|date=2017-02-20|first=Matt|last=Blitz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204210706/https://www.arlingtonmagazine.com/charles-drew-lived-in-arlington/|archive-date=2019-02-04|url=https://www.arlingtonmagazine.com/charles-drew-lived-in-arlington/|title=Charles Drew Lived Here|work=Arlington Magazine|access-date=2019-02-04|via=GTexcel}}<br>(2) {{cite news|first= Charles B.|last=Drew|title= Stranger Than Fact|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/07/books/stranger-than-fact.html|work=[[The New York Times]]| date=1995-04-07|access-date=2012-08-25}}</ref>

Drew won an athletics scholarship to [[Amherst College]] in [[Massachusetts]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Charles Richard Drew|url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/african-americans-in-sciences/charles-richard-drew.html|access-date=2021-05-11|website=American Chemical Society|language=en}}</ref> where he played on the football as well as the track and field team, and later graduated in 1926.<ref name=":0"/> After college, Drew spent two years (1926–1928) as a professor of chemistry and biology, the first [[athletic director]], and football coach at the [[Historically black colleges and universities|historically black]] private [[Morgan State University#History|Morgan College]] in [[Baltimore|Baltimore, Maryland]], to earn the money to pay for medical school.<ref name=DrewPapers/><ref>{{cite web
  | url        = https://news.morgan.edu/former-morgan-professor-dr-charles-drew-inducted-into-national-inventors-hall-of-fame/
  | title      = Former Morgan Professor Dr. Charles Drew Inducted into National Inventors Hall of Fame
  | date       = 2015-05-11
  | publisher  = Morgan State University
  | access-date = 2018-11-20
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
  | url        = https://morganstatebears.com/hof.aspx?hof=62
  | title      = Morgan State Bears Hall of Fame
  | publisher  = Morgan State Bears football team
  | access-date = 2018-11-20
}}</ref>

For his medical career Drew applied to [[Howard University Hospital|Howard University]], [[Harvard Medical School]] and later [[McGill University]].<ref name=":0"/> Drew lacked some prerequisites for Howard University, and Harvard wanted to defer him a year, so to begin medical school promptly, Drew decided to attend [[McGill University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences|McGill's medical school]] in [[Montreal]], Canada.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Biographical Overview|url=https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/bg/feature/biographical-overview|access-date=2021-05-11|website=Charles R. Drew – Profiles in Science|date=12 March 2019|language=en}}</ref>

It was during this stage in his medical journey that Drew worked with John Beattie, who was conducting research regarding the potential correlations between [[blood transfusion]]s and shock therapy.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Education and Early Medical Career, 1922–1938|url=https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/bg/feature/education|access-date=2021-05-11|website=Charles R. Drew – Profiles in Science|date=12 March 2019|language=en}}</ref> [[Shock (circulatory)|Shock]] occurs as the amount of blood in the body rapidly declines which can be due to a variety of factors such as a wound or lack of fluids (dehydration). As the body goes into shock, both blood pressure and body temperature decrease which then causes a lack of blood flow and a loss of oxygen in the body's tissues and cells. Eventually, it became clear that transfusions were the solution to treating victims of shock, but at the time there was no successful method of transportation or mass storage of blood, leaving transfusions to be extremely limited to location.<ref name=":2" />

At McGill, he achieved membership in [[Alpha Omega Alpha]], a scholastic honor society for medical students, ranked second in his graduating class of 127 students, and received the standard [[Doctor of Medicine]] and [[Master of Surgery]] degree awarded by the [[McGill University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences|McGill University Faculty of Medicine]] in 1933.<ref name="NHL" /><ref name=":1" />

[[File:Freedman Hospital LCCN2016824750.jpg|thumb|Freedman's Hospital between 1910 and 1935]]
Drew's first appointment as a faculty instructor was for pathology at [[Howard University]] from 1935 to 1936.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Charles R. Drew, MD {{!}} Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science|url=https://www.cdrewu.edu/about-cdu/about-dr-charles-r-drew|access-date=2021-05-11|website=www.cdrewu.edu}}</ref> He then joined [[Freedman's Hospital]], a federally operated facility associated with Howard University, as an instructor in surgery and an assistant surgeon. In 1938, Drew began graduate work at [[Columbia University]] in New York City on the award of a two-year [[Rockefeller fellowship]] in surgery. He then began postgraduate work, earning his [[Doctor of Science]] at Surgery at Columbia University. He spent time doing research at Columbia's [[Presbyterian Hospital (New York City)|Presbyterian Hospital]] and wrote a doctoral thesis, "[https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/bookviewer?PID=nlm:nlmuid-101584649X142-doc#page/1/mode/2up Banked Blood: A Study on Blood Preservation]," based on an exhaustive study of blood preservation techniques.<ref name=":4"/> It was through this blood preservation research where Drew realized blood plasma was able to be preserved, two months,<ref name=":0"/> longer through de-liquification, or the separation of liquid blood from the cells. When ready for use the plasma would then be able to return to its original state via reconstitution.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Charles Drew|url=https://www.biography.com/scientist/charles-drew|access-date=2021-05-11|website=Biography|date=3 September 2020 |language=en-us}}</ref> This thesis earned him his Doctor of Science in Medicine degree in 1940, becoming the first African American to do so.<ref name=":3"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/BGBBGD.pdf|last=Drew|first=Charles R.|title=Letter from Charles R. Drew to Edwin B. Henderson|date=1940-05-31|location=[[Bethesda, Maryland]]|publisher=[[National Institutes of Health]]: [[National Library of Medicine]]|access-date=2019-01-17|quote=On Tuesday I get the degree of Doctor of Science in Medicine.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118020028/https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/access/BGBBGD.pdf|archive-date=2019-01-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> The District of Columbia chapter of the [[American Medical Association]] allowed only white doctors to join, consequently "... Drew died without ever being accepted for membership in the AMA."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wynes|first=Charles E.|url=https://archive.org/details/charlesricharddr0000wyne|title=Charles Richard Drew: The Man and the Myth|date=1988|publisher=University of Illinois Press (Urbana)|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0252015519|pages=84}}</ref>

== Blood for Britain ==
In late 1940, before the U.S. entered [[World War II]] and just after earning his doctorate, Drew was recruited by [[John Scudder (physician)|John Scudder]] to help set up and administer an early prototype program for blood storage and preservation. Here Drew was able to apply his thesis to aid in the blood preservation and transportation. He was to collect, test, and transport large quantities of [[blood plasma]] for distribution in the United Kingdom.<ref name="plasma">{{cite book
  | last      = Starr
  | first     = Douglas P.
  | title     = Blood: An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce
  | location  = New York
  | publisher = Quill
  | year      = 2000
  | isbn      = 0688176496
}}</ref>  Drew understood that plasma extraction from blood required both [[centrifugation]] and liquid extraction. Each extraction was conducted under controlled conditions to eliminate risk of contamination. Air concealment, ultraviolet light and [[Thiomersal|Merthiolate]] were all used to mitigate the possibility of plasma contamination.<ref name=":1"/>
[[File:(Plasma transfer pack and extractor apparatus) (4645104328).jpg|thumb|Plasma transfusion package and extractor used to collect plasma from donors]]
Drew went to New York City as the medical director of the United States' Blood for Britain project. It was here that Drew helped set the standard for other hospitals donating blood plasma to Britain by ensuring clean transfusions along with proper [[Asepsis|aseptic technique]] to ensure viable plasma dispersals were sent to Britain.<ref name=":3"/> The Blood for Britain project was a project to aid British soldiers and civilians by giving U.S. blood to the United Kingdom.

Drew created a central location for the blood collection process where donors could go to give blood. He made sure all blood plasma was tested before it was shipped out. He ensured that only skilled personnel handled blood plasma to avoid the possibility of contamination. The Blood for Britain program operated successfully for five months, with total collections of almost 15,000 people donating blood, and with over 5,500 vials of blood plasma.<ref name="plasma"/> As a result, the Blood Transfusion Betterment Association applauded Drew for his work.

==American Red Cross Blood Bank==

Drew's work led to his appointment as director of the first [[American Red Cross]] Blood Bank in February 1941.  He also invented what would be later known as [[bloodmobile]]s, mobile donation stations that could collect the blood and refrigerate it; this allowed for greater mobility in terms of transportation and increased prospective donations.<ref name=SDBB>{{cite web|url=https://www.sandiegobloodbank.org/who-invented-bloodmobiles-discover-legacy-dr-charles-drew|title=The Father of Blood Banking: Dr. Charles R. Drew|work=San Diego Blood Bank |date=31 January 2019 |access-date=May 19, 2023}}</ref> The blood bank supplied blood to the U.S. Army and Navy, who initially rejected the blood of African-Americans and later accepted it only if it were stored separately from that of Whites.<ref name=SDBB/> Drew objected to the exclusion of African-Americans' blood from plasma-supply networks, and in 1942 he resigned in protest.<ref name="cdrewedu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdrewu.edu/about-cdu/about-dr-charles-r-drew|title = Charles R. Drew, MD &#124; Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science}}</ref>

== Academic achievements ==
In 1941, Drew's distinction in his profession was recognized when he became the first African-American surgeon selected to serve as an examiner on the [[American Board of Surgery]].<ref name=NLM>{{cite journal
  | url        = http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/BG/p-nid/339
  | title      = The Charles R. Drew Papers – "My Chief Interest Was and Is Surgery" – Howard University, 1941–1950
  | journal    = Profiles in Science
  | publisher  = National Library of Medicine
  | access-date = 2013-09-17
}} Other sources put the date as late as 1943, e.g., [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/redgold/innovators/bio_drew.html PBS's Red Gold].</ref>

Drew had a lengthy research and teaching career, returning to Freedman's Hospital and Howard University as a surgeon and professor of medicine in 1942. He was awarded the [[Spingarn Medal]] by the [[NAACP]] in 1944 for his work on the British and American projects. He was given an honorary doctor of science degree, first by [[Virginia State College]] in 1945 then by Amherst in 1947.<ref name="cdrewedu"/>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Minnie-Lenore-Robbins.jpg|thumb|Minnie Lenore Robbins with NIH Director, Donald Frederickson, unveiling of bust and exhibit of her husband, 1981]]

In 1939, Drew married Minnie Lenore Robbins, a professor of home economics at [[Spelman College]] in [[Atlanta, Georgia]], whom he had met earlier during that year.<ref>[http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/BG/p-nid/336 Biography] by [[United States National Library of Medicine]]</ref> They had three daughters and a son.<ref name=DrewPapers /> His daughter [[Charlene Drew Jarvis]] served on [[Council of the District of Columbia]] from 1979 to 2000, was the president of [[Southeastern University (Washington, D.C.)|Southeastern University]] from 1996 until 2009, and was a president of the District of Columbia Chamber of Commerce.<ref>(1) {{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080716231333/http://www.dcboee.org/information/eo_index/history/ward%204.shtm|archive-date=2008-07-16|title=Ward 4 Member of the Council of the District of Columbia|publisher=District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics|url=http://www.dcboee.org/information/eo_index/history/ward%204.shtm}}<br>(2) {{cite web|last=Hallman|first=Lesly|access-date=2004-06-04|url=http://www.redcross.org/article/0,1072,0_312_2825,00.html|title=Legacy and Memory of Charles Drew Lives On|publisher=[[American Red Cross]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041127220225/http://www.redcross.org/article/0,1072,0_312_2825,00.html|archive-date=2004-11-27}}<br>(3) {{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823021939/http://www.nationalhealthmuseum.org/themuseum/board.html|archive-date=2007-08-23|title=Board of Trustees: The Honorable Charlene Drew Jarvis, PhD, Secretary|publisher=The National Health Museum|date=January 2007|access-date=2007-04-01|url=http://www.nationalhealthmuseum.org/themuseum/board.html}}</ref>

== Death ==
[[File:Dr Charles Richard Drew by Charles Alston.jpg|thumb|right|Illustration of Drew by [[Charles Alston]] in the collection of the [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]]]]

Beginning in 1939, Drew traveled to [[Tuskegee]], [[Alabama]], to attend the annual free clinic at the [[John A. Andrew Memorial Hospital]].<ref>{{citation
  | title     = Charles Drew: Pioneer in Medicine
  | first    = Anne E.
  | last    = Schraff
  | year      = 2003
  | publisher = Enslow Publishing, Inc.
}}</ref> For the 1950 Tuskegee clinic, Drew drove along with three other black physicians. Drew was driving around 8 a.m. on April 1. Still fatigued from spending the night before in the operating theater, he lost control of the vehicle. After careening into a field, the car somersaulted three times. The three other physicians sustained minor injuries. Drew was trapped with severe wounds; his foot had become wedged beneath the brake pedal.

When reached by emergency technicians, he was in shock and barely alive due to severe leg injuries. Drew was taken to [[Alamance Regional Medical Center|Alamance General Hospital]] in [[Burlington, North Carolina]].<ref name="ferris.edu">{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/question/june04.htm
 |title       = Question of the Month: The Truth About the Death of Charles Drew
 |date        = June 2004
 |publisher   = [[Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia]]
 |access-date  = November 19, 2013
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20131212204306/http://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/question/june04.htm
 |archive-date = December 12, 2013
}}</ref> He was pronounced dead a half hour after he first received medical attention. Drew's funeral was held on April 5, 1950, at the [[Nineteenth Street Baptist Church (Washington, D.C.)|Nineteenth Street Baptist Church]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]

Despite a popular myth to the contrary, once repeated on an episode ("[[Dear Dad... Three]]") of the hit TV series ''[[M*A*S*H (TV series)|M*A*S*H]]'' and in the novels ''[[Carrion Comfort]]'' and ''[[The 480]]'', Drew's death was not the result of his having been refused hospital access because of his race. According to John Ford, one of the passengers in Drew's car, Drew's injuries were so severe that virtually nothing could have been done to save him. Ford added that a blood transfusion might have actually killed Drew sooner.<ref name="ferris.edu"/><ref>{{cite web
  | url        = http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1092/did-the-black-doctor-who-invented-blood-plasma-die-because-white-doctors-wouldnt-treat-him
  | title      = Did the black doctor who invented blood plasma die because white doctors wouldn't treat him?
  | date       = November 1989
  | website  = [[The Straight Dope]]
  | access-date = February 18, 2014
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
  | url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz-DTSXeLRYC&pg=112
  | last1      = Sluby
  | first1     = Patricia Carter
  | title      = The Inventive Spirit of African Americans: Patented Ingenuity
  | pages      = 112–113
  | year       = 2004
  | publisher  = Greenwood Publishing Group
  | isbn       = 978-0275966744
  | oclc       = 260101002
  | access-date = February 18, 2014
}}</ref> This myth spread, however, because it was not then uncommon for black people to be refused treatment because there were not enough "Negro beds" available or the nearest hospital only serviced whites.<ref>{{cite journal|url=
https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/07/30/desegregation-the-hidden-legacy-of-medicare|title=Desegregation: The Hidden Legacy of Medicare|first=Steve|last=Sternberg|date=July 29, 2015|journal=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|access-date=November 19, 2021}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Charles-drew-house019.JPG|thumb|right|{{center|Charles Richard Drew House<br>2012}}]]
* In 1976, the [[National Park Service]] designated the [[Charles Richard Drew House]] in Arlington County, Virginia, as a [[National Historic Landmark]] in response to a nomination by the Afro-American [[United States Bicentennial|Bicentennial]] Corporation.<ref name="NHL"/>
* In 1981, the [[United States Postal Service]] issued a 35¢ [[postage stamp]] in its [[Great Americans series]] to honor Drew.
* [[Charles Richard Drew Memorial Bridge]], spanning the [[Edgewood (Washington, D.C.)|Edgewood]] and [[Brookland (Washington, D.C.)|Brookland]] neighborhoods in Washington, D.C.<ref>[http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=6262 Charles Richard Drew Memorial Bridge] at The Historical Marker Database.</ref>
* [[USNS Charles Drew (T-AKE-10)|USNS ''Charles Drew'']], a dry cargo ship of the United States Navy
* Parc Charles-Drew, in [[Le Sud-Ouest]], [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], Canada
* In 2002, scholar [[Molefi Kete Asante]] listed Drew as one of the [[100 Greatest African Americans]].<ref>[[Molefi Kete Asante|Asante, Molefi Kete]] (2002). ''[[100 Greatest African Americans]]: A Biographical Encyclopedia''. Amherst, New York: [[Prometheus Books]]. {{ISBN|978-1573929639}}</ref>

Numerous schools and health-related facilities, as well as other institutions, have been named in honor of Drew, including the [[Martin Luther King Jr./Drew Medical Center]] in Los Angeles.

=== Medical and higher education ===
* In 1966, the Charles R. Drew Postgraduate Medical School was incorporated in California and was named in his honor. This later became the [[Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science]].
* Charles Drew Health Center, [[Omaha, Nebraska]]<ref>[http://www.cdhcmedical.com/ Charles Drew Health Center]</ref>
* Charles Drew Science Enrichment Laboratory, [[Michigan State University]], [[East Lansing, Michigan]]<ref>[http://drewlab.msu.edu/charlesdrew.html About Dr. Charles R. Drew] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901150924/http://www.drewlab.msu.edu/charlesdrew.html |date=2006-09-01 }}, Charles Drew Charles Drew Science Enrichment Laboratory, Michigan State University</ref>
* Charles Drew Health Foundation, [[East Palo Alto, California]], 1960s–2000, was the community's only clinic for decades.
* Charles Drew Community Health Center, located in Burlington, NC near the site of the old [[Alamance County]] hospital.
* Charles Drew Pre-Health Society, [[University of Rochester]]
* Charles R Drew Wellness Center in [[Columbia, South Carolina]]<ref>[http://www.drewwellnesscenter.com/index.asp Charles R. Drew Wellness Center] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605060257/http://www.drewwellnesscenter.com/index.asp |date=June 5, 2009 }}, City of Columbia.</ref>
* Dr. Charles Drew Red Cross Blood and Platelet Donation Center in [[Washington D.C.]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Washington D.C. American Red Cross|url=https://www.redcrossblood.org/local-homepage/location/washington-d-c--american-red-cross.html|website=redcrossblood.org|access-date=19 May 2020|language=en}}</ref>
* Charles R. Drew Hall, an all-male freshman dorm at [[Howard University]], [[Washington D.C.]]<ref>[http://www.howard.edu/Campustour/points/residence/drew/1.htm Charles R. Drew Hall] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827063804/http://www.howard.edu/Campustour/points/Residence/Drew/1.htm |date=2006-08-27 }}, Howard University</ref>
* Charles Drew Memorial Cultural House, residence at [[Amherst College]], his alma mater<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amherst.edu/campuslife/reslife/housing/theme/drew|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810214810/https://www.amherst.edu/campuslife/reslife/housing/theme/drew|url-status=dead|title=Amherst College page on the house|archivedate=August 10, 2015}}</ref>
* Charles Drew Premedical Society at Columbia University, New York<ref>{{cite web|title=Charles Drew Premedical Society|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/charlesdrewsociety/pipeline.html|website=columbia.edu|access-date=26 December 2017|language=en}}</ref>

=== K-12 schools ===
[[File:Bronx Public School Mural of Dr Charles Drew IMG 2785 HLG.jpg|thumb|Mural of Doctor Charles R. Drew at the Charles Richard Drew Educational Campus / Intermediate School in the Bronx, NY]]
* Charles R. Drew Middle School & [[Magnet school]] for the gifted, opened 1966 [[Los Angeles Unified School District]] [https://drew-lausd-ca.schoolloop.com/ Charles R. Drew Middle School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215029/https://drew-lausd-ca.schoolloop.com/ |date=2021-06-02 }}
* Charles R. Drew Middle School [[Lincoln, Alabama]] operated by [[Talladega County Schools]]
* Charles R. Drew Junior High School, [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]]
* [[Dr. Charles R. Drew Science Magnet]] School, [[Buffalo, NY]]
* Charles R. Drew Elementary School, [[Miami Beach]]<ref>[http://www2.dadeschools.net/schools/schoolinformation/school_details.asp?id=1401 Charles R. Drew Elementary School], [[Miami-Dade County Public Schools]]</ref> and [[Pompano Beach, Florida]]<ref>[http://www.broward.k12.fl.us/charlesdrewelem/ Dr. Charles R. Drew Elementary School] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060604043508/http://www.broward.k12.fl.us/charlesdrewelem/ |date=June 4, 2006 }}, [[Broward County Public Schools]]</ref>
* [[Guion Bluford|Bluford]] Drew [[Mae Jemison|Jemison]] S.T.E.M Academy, [[Baltimore]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bdjacademy.org/v2/index.php?option=com_jefaq&view=faq&Itemid=85 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100914145604/http://www.bdjacademy.org/v2/index.php?option=com_jefaq&view=faq&Itemid=85 |url-status= usurped |archive-date = September 14, 2010 |title = Frequently Asked Questions |publisher = Bluford Drew Jemison S.T.E.M. Academy |access-date = March 22, 2013}}</ref> (closed in 2013)<ref name=green2013b>{{cite news |last=Green |first=Erica L. |date=2013-06-11 |title=City school board approves three new charters |work=The Baltimore Sun |location=Baltimore |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/education/bs-md-ci-charter-school-vote-20130611-story.html |access-date=2019-02-20 |archive-date=2019-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221000045/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/education/bs-md-ci-charter-school-vote-20130611-story.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Bluford Drew Jemison STEM Academy West]], a Middle/High School in [[Baltimore, Maryland]]
* Dr. Charles R. Drew Elementary School, [[Colesville, Maryland]]<ref>[http://www.mcps.k12.md.us/schools/drewes/ Dr. Charles R. Drew Elementary School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522120857/https://www.mcps.k12.md.us/schools/drewes/ |date=2019-05-22 }}, Montgomery County Public Schools</ref>
* Charles Drew Elementary School, [[Washington, DC]]
* Charles R. Drew Elementary School, [[Arlington Public Schools#Elementary schools|Arlington, Virginia]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Charles R. Drew Elementary School|url=https://www.apsva.us/school-overviews/drew-elementary-school/|access-date=2021-02-22|website=Arlington Public Schools|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118074038/https://www.apsva.us/school-overviews/drew-elementary-school/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Drew|url=https://drew.apsva.us/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-22|website=Arlington Public Schools|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607231212/https://drew.apsva.us/ |archive-date=2017-06-07 }}</ref>
* Dr. Charles Drew Elementary School, New Orleans, LA
* [http://www.drewcharterschool.org/ Charles R. Drew Charter School] opened in August 2000 as the first [[charter school]] in [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
* [http://www.drewacademy.com/ Dr. Charles Drew Academy], [[Ecorse, Michigan]]
* Drew Academy, Houston, Texas [[Aldine ISD]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aldineisd.org/portfolio-items/drew-academy/|title=Drew Academy|first=Leticia|last=Fehling}}</ref>
* Charles R. Drew Intermediate School, [[Crosby, Texas]]
* Dr. Charles Drew Elementary School, San Francisco, Ca.
* Charles Richard Drew Intermediate School / Charles Richard Drew Educational Campus, [[Bronx]], New York<ref name="nycschools">{{cite web|title=NYC Department of Education Maps|url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/QAYB |website=schools.nyc.gov| publisher=NYC Department of Education|access-date=May 19, 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
'''Notes'''
{{reflist}}

'''Further reading'''
* Love, Spencie (1996), ''One Blood: The Death and Resurrection of Charles R. Drew'', Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, (1997 reprint) {{ISBN|0807846821}}
* Organ, Claude H., editor (1987), ''A Century of Black Surgeons: The USA Experience'', Transcript Press, Vol. I, [[Asa G. Yancey, Sr.]], Chapter 2: The Life Of Charles R. Drew, MD, {{ISBN|0961738006}}.
* Schraff, Anne E. (2003), ''Dr. Charles Drew: Blood Bank Innovator'', Enslow, {{ISBN|0766021173}}
* Wynes, Charles E. (1988), ''Charles Richard Drew: The Man and the Myth'', University of Illinois Press, {{ISBN|0252015517}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Charles Richard Drew|Charles R. Drew}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Portal|Biography}}
* [https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/bg/feature/biographical-overview Profile] at the [[United States National Library of Medicine]]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20031202014936/http://www.sbas.net/cdrew.htm SBAS Charles Drew – Black American Medical Pioneer]}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090818031359/http://www.cdrewu.edu/about-cdu/dr-charles-drew "Biography of Charles R. Drew"]}}, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science
* [http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Collection/CID/BG "Charles R. Drew Papers"], online collection by the National Library of Medicine, Profiles in Science
* [http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a5_073.html "Charles R. Drew"], The Straight Dope
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090210231950/http://www.scienceu.fsu.edu/content/scienceyou/meetscience/drew.html Charles Drew]}}, Florida State University
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100411052805/http://www.blackinventor.com/pages/charlesdrew.html Charles Drew – The Black Inventor]}}, Online Museum<!-- bot-generated title -->
* [http://nauck.omeka.net/collections/show/1 "Charles R. Drew Collection"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526201329/http://nauck.omeka.net/collections/show/1 |date=2015-05-26 }}, ''Nauck/Green Valley Heritage Project''. Arlington Public Library, Arlington County, the Drew School, and the Nauck Civic Association.
* {{Find a Grave|6622858}}
* The story of Drew and plasma transfusion is retold in the 1949 radio drama "[http://otrrlibrary.org/OTRRLib/Library%20Files/D%20Series/Destination%20Freedom/Destination%20Freedom%2049-03-27%20Transfusion.mp3 Transfusion]", a presentation from ''[[Destination Freedom]]'', written by [[Richard Durham]]

{{Spingarn Medal}}
{{Morgan State Bears football coach navbox}}
{{Morgan State Bears basketball coach navbox}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Drew, Charles R}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1950 deaths]]
[[Category:African-American basketball coaches]]
[[Category:African-American coaches of American football]]
[[Category:African-American college athletic directors in the United States]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American physicians]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century American surgeons]]
[[Category:American medical researchers]]
[[Category:American Red Cross personnel]]
[[Category:Amherst College alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni]]
[[Category:Dunbar High School (Washington, D.C.) alumni]]
[[Category:McGill University Faculty of Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:Morgan State Bears athletic directors]]
[[Category:Morgan State Bears football coaches]]
[[Category:Morgan State Bears basketball coaches]]
[[Category:People from Arlington County, Virginia]]
[[Category:Basketball coaches from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Coaches of American football from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in North Carolina]]