Editing Charles Hatchett

{{Short description|British chemist (1765–1847)}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name              = Charles Hatchett
|image             = Charles Hatchett. Soft-ground etching by F. C. Lewis after T Wellcome V0002614 (cropped).jpg
|image_size        = 180px
|caption           = 
|birth_date        = {{birth date|df=yes|1765|01|02}}
|birth_place       = 
|death_date        = {{death date and age|df=yes|1847|03|10|1765|01|02}}
|death_place       = [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]], London, UK
|fields            = 
|workplaces        = [[British Museum]]
|alma_mater        = 
|known_for         = Discovery of [[niobium]] 
|influences        = 
|influenced        = 
|awards            = 
|religion          =
|signature         = <!--(filename only)-->
|footnotes         = 
}}
'''Charles Hatchett''' [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] [[FRSE]] (2 January 1765 – 10 March 1847<ref>GRO Register of Deaths: MAR 1847 III 40 CHELSEA – Charles Hatchett, age unknown</ref>) was an English [[mineralogist]] and [[analytical chemist]] who discovered the element [[niobium]], for which he proposed the name "columbium".<ref name="Griffith">{{cite journal 
| title = Charles Hatchett FRS (1765–1847), Chemist and Discoverer of Niobium 
| author-first1 = William P. |author-last1=Griffith | author-first2 = Peter J. T. |author-last2= Morris  
| journal = Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 
| volume = 57 
| issue = 3 
| pages = 299–316 
| year = 2003 
| jstor = 3557720 
| doi =   10.1098/rsnr.2003.0216 
| s2cid = 144857368 }}</ref>

Hatchett was elected a Fellow of the [[Linnaean Society]] in 1795,<ref name="Wisniak">{{cite journal |last1=Wisniak |first1=Jaime |title=Charles Hatchett: The discoverer of niobium |journal=Educación Química |date=October 2015 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=346–355 |doi=10.1016/j.eq.2015.07.004 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
and of the [[Royal Society]] in 1797.<ref name="Griffith"/><ref>{{cite web|url= https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=14&dsqSearch=%28%28text%29%3D%27Hatchett%27%29|title= Fellows details|publisher= Royal Society|access-date= 17 September 2019|archive-date= 1 February 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220201100810/https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=14&dsqSearch=%28%28text%29%3D%27Hatchett%27%29|url-status= dead}}</ref> Hatchett was elected to the [[The Club (dining club)|Literary Club]] in London in 1809 and became its treasurer in 1829.<ref name="Griffith"/>

==Life==
Charles Hatchett was born in [[Long Acre]], London to John Hatchett (1729–1806), and Elizabeth Hatchett.<ref name="Wisniak"/> John Hatchett was "(one of) the coachbuilders of London of the greatest celebrity".<ref name="Griffith"/> He later became a magistrate in Hammersmith. Charles Hatchett attended a private school, Fountayne's, in Marylebone Park, and was a self-taught mineralogist and analytical chemist.<ref name="Wisniak"/>

On 24 March 1786, Charles Hatchett married Elizabeth Martha Collick (1756–1837)<ref name="Griffith"/><ref name="Wisniak"/><ref name="Marriage">{{cite news |title=Marriages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hnlPAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA224|work=The New Lady's Magazine |issue=April|page=224 |date=1787}}</ref> at [[St Martin-in-the-Fields]]. Their children included:
#John Charles Hatchett (bapt 27 January 1788 St Martin-in-the-Fields)<ref name="Wisniak"/>
#His daughter, Anna Frederica Hatchett, married the chemist [[William Thomas Brande]].<ref name="Wisniak"/><ref name="Edinburgh">{{cite web |title=HATCHETT, CHARLES. 02/01/1765-10/03/1847. Ref: 714. Male |url=http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf |website=Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783 – 2002 |publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh |access-date=15 December 2019 |date=2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919152306/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf |archive-date=19 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Following their marriage, Hatchett and his wife traveled extensively in [[Poland]] and [[Russia]] for 2 years before settling in [[Hammersmith]].  In 1790, Hatchett again had the opportunity to travel extensively, when his father sent him to deliver a coach to [[Catherine the Great]] in [[St. Petersburg]]. With an introduction from [[Sir Joseph Banks]], he visited chemist [[Martin Klaproth]], geologist and botanist [[Peter Pallas]], Neapolitan mineralogist [[Andrea Savaresi]], and other scientists.<ref name="Griffith"/>

In 1796 Hatchett took another long tour, this time through England and Scotland, where he visited geological sites, mines, and factories.<ref name="Griffith"/> His diary of this trip was edited by [[Arthur Raistrick]] and published in 1967 as  ''The Hatchett diary: a tour through the counties of England and Scotland in 1796 visiting their mines and manufactories''.<ref name="Raistrick">{{cite book |editor-last1=Raistrick |editor-first1=Arthur |title=The Hatchett diary: a tour through the counties of England and Scotland in 1796 visiting their mines and manufactories |date=1967 |publisher=Barton |location=Truro}}</ref>

==Chemistry==
Charles Hatchett's work on chemistry occurred mostly between 1796 and 1806, a ten-year period. In 1796, he published "An analysis of the Corinthian molybdate of lead", resolving a dispute over the nature of the mineral.  In 1797 he was elected a Fellow of The Royal Society, largely as a result of this work. In more than 20 additional papers, he addressed the chemistry of [[minerals]], [[resins]] and [[natural products]].<ref name="Griffith"/>
In 1800 Hatchett may have opened a small chemical works at [[Chiswick]] in London.<ref name="Archive">{{cite web |title=Hatchett Collection |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/db4157b1-2bfb-31ab-b427-d6542ccb28d5 |website=West Glamorgan Archive Service |access-date=15 December 2019}}</ref>

In 1798, Hatchett was asked by members of the [[Privy Council]] to work with [[Henry Cavendish]] and assess "the state of the coins of the realm" to ensure that they were not being adulterated. 
He produced a 152-page-long report in 1803. He concluded that 'there was no important defect in the composition or quantity of the standard gold'.<ref name="Griffith"/>

Hatchett developed a collection of over 7000 minerals, which he sold to the [[British Museum]] in London in 1799. He agreed to organize the museum's mineral collection, but retained the right to remove and analyze portions of some of the specimens.<ref name="Griffith"/>

[[File:Columbite-75444.jpg| thumb|right|The mineral columbite]]
[[File:Niobium2nb.jpg|thumb|right|Purified Niobium, the element Hatchett found and named columbium]]
In 1801, Hatchett analyzed a piece of [[columbite]] from the collection at the British Museum. Columbite turned out to be a very complex mineral, and Hachett discovered that it contained a "new earth" which implied the existence of a new element. Lavoisier had defined the term "element" a mere 13 years previously.  Hatchett called this new element "columbium" (Cb) in honour of [[Christopher Columbus]], the discoverer of America.<ref name="Weeks">{{cite book |last1=Weeks |first1=Mary Elvira |title=The discovery of the elements |date=1956 |publisher=Journal of Chemical Education |location=Easton, PA |url=https://archive.org/details/discoveryoftheel002045mbp |edition=6th }}</ref>{{rp|382–383}}<ref name="VII">{{cite journal |last1=Weeks |first1=Mary Elvira |title=The discovery of the elements. VII. Columbium, tantalum, and vanadium |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |date=May 1932 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=863 |doi=10.1021/ed009p863 |bibcode=1932JChEd...9..863W }}</ref><ref name="Marshall">{{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=James L. |last2=Marshall |first2=Virginia R. |title=  Rediscovery of the Elements: Columbium and Tantalum |journal=The Hexagon |date=2013 |pages=20–25 |url=http://www.chem.unt.edu/~jimm/REDISCOVERY%207-09-2018/Hexagon%20Articles/columbium%20and%20tantalum.pdf |access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="Jameson">
{{cite web 
|url         = https://books.google.com/books?id=UL8TAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA582
|title       = System of Mineralogy, Vol. II.
|last        = Jameson
|first       = Robert
|year        = 1805  
|publisher   = Bell and Bradfute (et al.)
|location    = Edinburgh
|page        = 582
|access-date = 15 February 2015 
|quote       = ...&nbsp;Mr Hatchett found it to contain a metal, which, from its properties, could not be referred to any hitherto known; hence he was of opinion that it should be considered as ''a new genus, to which he gave the name Columbium, in honour of the discoverer of America''.&nbsp;...'
}}</ref>
On 26 November of that year he announced his discovery before the [[Royal Society]].<ref>{{cite journal | title = An Analysis of a Mineral Substance from North America, Containing a Metal Hitherto Unknown |author-first = Charles  | author-last= Hatchett | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London | volume = 92 | pages = 49–66 | year = 1802 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=c-Q_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49 | jstor = 107114 | doi =10.1098/rstl.1802.0005 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Eigenschaften und chemisches Verhalten des von Charles Hatchett entdeckten neuen Metalls, Columbium |trans-title=Properties and chemical behavior of the new metal, columbium, (that was) discovered by Charles Hatchett|author-first = Charles  | author-last=Hatchett | journal = Annalen der Physik | volume = 11 | issue = 5 | pages = 120–122 | year = 1802 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wSYwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA120 | doi = 10.1002/andp.18020110507 |bibcode = 1802AnP....11..120H }}</ref>

In 1802 [[Anders Gustaf Ekeberg]] (1767–1813) announced the discovery of another new element, "tantalum". For many years, there was confusion over whether columbium and tantalum were the same. 
In 1846, German chemist [[Heinrich Rose]] argued that there were two additional elements in tantalite, which he named niobium and pelopium for the children of the [[Cyclops]]. Eventually, Rose's niobium (atomic number 41) was found to be identical to Hatchett's columbium. In 1949, the name ''niobium'' was chosen for element 41 at the 15th Conference of the Union of Chemistry in Amsterdam.<ref name="Contro">{{cite journal |first = Geoff|last = Rayner-Canham|author2=Zheng, Zheng |title = Naming elements after scientists: an account of a controversy|journal = Foundations of Chemistry|volume = 10|issue = 1|date = 2008|doi = 10.1007/s10698-007-9042-1|pages = 13–18|s2cid = 96082444}}</ref>

==Publications==

*''Analysis of Magnetical Pyrites'' (1804)
*''Treatise on Spikenard of the Ancients'' (1836)

==Later life==
After his father's death, Hatchett largely gave up his activities as a chemist. He inherited his father's coach-making business and pursued interests in collecting books (including a [[First Folio]]) manuscripts, paintings, and musical instruments. His loss was lamented by colleagues such as [[Thomas Thomson (chemist)|Thomas Thomson]] (1773–1852), who wrote that Hatchett "was an active chemist…but unfortunately this most amiable and accomplished man has been lost to science for more than a quarter of a century; the baneful effects of wealth, and cares of a lucrative and extensive business, having completely waned him from scientific pursuits".<ref name="Wisniak"/>

[[File:Mount Clare, Roehampton 04.JPG|thumb|[[Mount Clare, Roehampton|Mount Clare]], front view]]

Hatchett lived at [[Mount Clare, Roehampton]] from 1807 to 1819.<ref name=Villas>{{cite book|last=Gerhold|first=Dorian|title=Villas and Mansions of Roehampton and Putney Heath|year=1997|publisher=Wandsworth Historical Society|isbn=0-905121-05-8|pages=31–33}}</ref>
It has been described as "a little estate built in a fine Italian style" with nearby "a very well-equipped laboratory".<ref name="Griffith"/> The house was designed by Sir [[Robert Taylor (architect)|Robert Taylor]] for [[George Clive (died 1779)|George Clive]], with modifications by the Italian architect [[Placido Columbani]] in 1780. The gardens were laid out by [[Capability Brown]] in 1774.<ref name="Griffith"/>

In 1818 Hatchett either bought back<ref name="Griffith"/> or chose to no longer lease out the house that had been built by his father in 1771, Belle Vue, 92 Cheyne Walk, in [[Chelsea, London]].<ref name="Godfrey">{{cite book |last1=Godfrey |first1=Walter H. |title=Survey of London |volume= 4, Chelsea, Pt II|chapter=Belle Vue House, No. 92, Cheyne Walk |date=1913 |publisher=British History Online |location=London |pages=31–32 |chapter-url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol4/pt2/pp31-32 |access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> A grade II [[listed building]], it has a large central portion with bay windows back and front, and two wings. It overlooks gardens and the [[River Thames]].<ref>{{cite web |title=BELLE VUE HOUSE 92 CHEYNE WALK LONDON SW10 |url=https://assets.savills.com/properties/GBKBHSSLH160054/SLH160054_SLH16000967.PDF |website=CHEYNE WALK LONDON SW10 |access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref> He lived there for the rest of his life. Elizabeth, his wife, predeceased him in 1837.<ref name="Griffith"/>

Hatchett himself died at Belle Vue House in 1847, and is buried at [[Church of St Laurence, Upton-cum-Chalvey|St Laurence's Church, Upton-cum-Chalvey, Slough]],<ref name="Urban">{{cite journal |editor-last1=Urban |editor-first1=Sylvanus |title=Charles Hatchett, Esq. FRS|journal=The Gentleman's Magazine |date=1847|volume=XXVIII (New Series)|number=August |publisher=J. Boyer Nichols and Son |location=London |pages=214–215 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdtIAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA214}}</ref><ref name="DNB">{{cite book|editor-first1=Leslie |editor-last2=Stephen |editor-first2=Sidney|editor-last1=Lee|first=Gordon |last=Goodwin |chapter= Hatchett, Charles (1765-1847) |title= Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Smith, Elder & Co.|location=London|date=1891|volume=XXV|page=153|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=79XEJJzNaKYC&pg=PA153 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Charles Hatchett |url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/120836770/charles-hatchett |website=Find-A-Grave |access-date=15 December 2019}}</ref>
the same church where his friend [[William Herschel]] is interred.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=http://www.saint-laurence.com/history.html |website=Saint Laurence Church, Upton-cum-Chalvey, Slough |access-date=6 June 2018}}</ref>

==Recognition==
Hatchett was awarded the [[Copley Medal]] by the [[Royal Society]] in 1798.<ref name="Wisniak"/> In 1828, he was recognized by the [[Royal Institution]]. Hatchett, [[Humphry Davy]], William Thomas Brande, [[William Hyde Wollaston]], [[Michael Faraday]] and [[John Frederic Daniell]] received a gold medal for their discoveries in chemistry. The award was given by [[Mad Jack Fuller|John Fuller]], founder of the Institution's [[Fullerian Professor of Chemistry|Fullerian Chair of Chemistry]].<ref name="Griffith"/>

In 1979, the [[Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração]] established the Charles Hatchett Award.<ref name="Griffith"/>
It is presented by the [[Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining]] ("IOM3") (London), yearly, to a noted metallurgist. The award is given for "the best research on the science and technology of niobium and its alloys".<ref name="Award">{{cite web |title=History of the Charles Hatchett Award |url=https://www.charles-hatchett.com/the-award/history |website=Charles Hatchett Award |access-date=15 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FORTY YEARS OF THE CHARLES HATCHETT AWARD THE TECHNICAL IMPACT OF NIOBIUM RESEARCH |url=https://www.charles-hatchett.com/public/images/documents/40_years_of_Charles_Hatchett2.pdf |access-date=15 December 2019 |website=Beta Technology Ltd.}}</ref> The medal is cast in pure niobium.<ref name="Griffith"/>

==External links==
*{{Commons category inline}}
* {{cite web |title=Collections Listing: Hatchett, Charles (1765-1847), chemist and mineralogist. |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F52696 |website=The National Archives Kew, Richmond, Surrey }}
* {{cite web |title=Hatchett Collection |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/db4157b1-2bfb-31ab-b427-d6542ccb28d5 |website=West Glamorgan Archive Service }}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Copley Medallists 1751-1800}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hatchett, Charles}}
[[Category:1765 births]]
[[Category:1847 deaths]]
[[Category:Discoverers of chemical elements]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal]]
[[Category:People from Chelsea, London]]
[[Category:Scientists from London]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:18th-century English chemists]]
[[Category:Niobium]]
[[Category:Rare earth scientists]]