Editing Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak

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{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Charles Brooke
| image        = Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak.jpg
| succession   = [[White Rajahs|Rajah of Sarawak]]
| reign        = 3 August 1868 – 17 May 1917
| full name    = Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke
| predecessor  = [[James Brooke]]
| successor    = [[Charles Vyner Brooke]]
| birth_name   = Charles Anthoni Johnson
| birth_date   = {{birth date|df=yes|1829|6|3}}
| birth_place  = Berrow Vicarage, [[Burnham-on-Sea]], Somerset, England
| death_date   = {{death date and age|df=yes|1917|5|17|1829|7|3}}
| death_place  = [[Cirencester]], Gloucestershire, England<ref name="Head hunting" />
| place of burial = St Leonard's Church, [[Sheepstor]] on [[Dartmoor]]
| queen        = 
| spouses      = {{ubl|Dayang Mastiah|{{marriage|[[Margaret Brooke|Margaret Alice Lili de Windt]]|28 Oct 1869}}}}
| spouse-type  = <!-- or | spouses-type = -->
| type         = 
| consort      = <!-- yes or no -->
| issue        = '''''with Dayang Mastiah:'''''{{bulleted list|Esca Brooke-Daykin}}'''''with [[Margaret Brooke|Margaret Alice Lili de Windt]]:'''''{{bulleted list|Dayang Ghita|Charles Clayton Johnson|James Harry|[[Charles Vyner Brooke|Charles Vyner]]|[[Bertram Brooke|Bertram Willes Dayrell]]|Harry Keppel}}
| issue-link   = 
| issue-pipe   = 
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| era name     = 
| era dates    = 
| regnal name  = 
| posthumous name = 
| temple name  = 
| native_lang1 = <!-- up to | native_lang5 = -->
| native_lang1_name1 = <!-- up to | native_lang5_name1 = -->
| house        = 
| house-type   = 
| royal house  = 
| dynasty      = [[Brooke dynasty|Brooke]]
| father       = Francis Johnson
| mother       = Emma Johnson
| religion     = 
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| module       = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed        = yes
| allegiance   = {{Flagu|British Empire|size=23px}}
| branch       = [[Royal Navy]]
| serviceyears = 1842–1856
| rank         = Lieutenant
}}
}}
[[File:Coin Sarawak 1cent 1870.jpg|thumb|Rajah Charles as depicted on a one cent coin]]

'''Charles Brooke''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCMG}} (''Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke''; 3 June 1829 – 17 May 1917), born ''Charles Anthoni Johnson'', ruled as the [[head of state]] of [[Raj of Sarawak]] from 3 August 1868 until his death. He succeeded his uncle, [[James Brooke]], as the second [[White Rajah]].

==Biography==
Charles Anthoni Johnson was born in Berrow Vicarage, [[Burnham-on-Sea|Burnham]], [[Somerset]], in England, to the Reverend Francis Charles and Emma Frances Johnson, née Brooke.  Emma was the younger sister of [[Sir James Brooke|James Brooke]], the first Rajah of Sarawak. In addition to Charles, Francis and Emma had other children: Captain [[John Brooke Johnson Brooke|John Brooke Johnson]] (1823–1868) (later Brooke), Mary Anna Johnson (b. 1824), Harriet Helena Johnson (b. 1826), Charlotte Frances Johnson (b. 1828), Captain (William) Frederic Johnson (b. 1830), Emma Lucy Johnson (b. 1832),  Margaret Henrietta Johnson (1834–1845), Georgianna Brooke Johnson (1836–1854), James Stuart Johnson (1839–1840), and Henry Stuart Johnson (b. 1841).

Brooke was educated at [[Crewkerne Grammar School]] and entered the [[Royal Navy]]. He entered the service of his uncle James, the first [[Rajah of Sarawak]], in 1852, took his name, and began as Resident at the [[Lundu, Sarawak|Lundu]] station in the [[Raj of Sarawak]]. In the 1857 rebellion against the White Rajah, Charles Brooke helped his uncle put down the rebellion led by [[Liu Shan Bang]] with his force composed of [[Iban people|Ibans]] and local [[Bidayuh]] tribes. It is noted that Brooke's Iban forces pursued the remaining rebels to [[Bau, Sarawak|Bau]], where they killed the 3,000 villagers including women, children and the elderly in a massacre. In 1865, James named Charles as his successor.

Brooke married [[Margaret Alice Lili de Windt]] at [[Highworth]], [[Wiltshire]], on 28 October 1869; she was raised to the title of [[Queen consort|Ranee]] of Sarawak with the style of Her Highness on the same day. They had six children, three of whom [[infant mortality|survived infancy]]:
* Dayang Ghita Brooke (1870–1873)
* James Harry Brooke (1872–1873)
* Charles Clayton Brooke (1872–1873)
* [[Charles Vyner Brooke]], [[Rajah of Sarawak]] (1874–1963)
* [[Bertram Brooke|Bertram Willes Dayrell Brooke]], [[Tuan Muda of Sarawak|Tuan Muda]] (1876–1965)
* Henry Keppel Brooke, Tuan Bongsu (1878–1927)

Brooke’s son Charles Vyner Brooke succeeded him as the third and last White Rajah. He had another son, Esca Brooke (1868–1951) from a previous marriage with a Malay woman known as Dayang Mastiah. Esca was sent to England at the age of six, cared for and later adopted by the Reverend William Daykin. Eventually, they moved to Canada. Esca married and had three children.<ref>'The White Rajahs of Sarawak - Dynastic Intrigue and the Forgotten Canadian Heir' by historian Cassandra Pybus, 1996, Douglas & McIntyre, Vancouver/Toronto, {{ISBN|1-55054-603-1}}</ref> Brooke lost an eye at some point in a riding accident, and allegedly replaced it with a false eye intended for a [[taxidermy|stuffed]] [[albatross]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals|last1= Beolens | first1= Bo |last2= Watkins|first2=Michael|last3=Grayson|first3=Michael| location=Baltimore|publisher= The Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-8018-9304-9}}</ref>

Brooke resigned his commission in the Royal Navy in 1861<ref name="Head hunting" /> and continued the work his uncle had started, suppressing piracy, slavery, and [[head-hunting]],<ref name="Head hunting">{{cite news|title=Obituaries -- Sir Charles Brooke|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030431/1917-05-18/ed-1/seq-5/#date1=1836&index=4&rows=20&words=Dubucand&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1922&proxtext=Dubucand&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1|access-date=13 June 2015|newspaper=The Sun|location=New York, NY|date=18 May 1917}}</ref> while encouraging trade and development and expanding the borders of his domain as the opportunities arose. In 1891 he established the [[Sarawak Museum]], the first museum in [[Borneo]]. Brooke founded a boys' school in 1903, called the 'Government Lay School', where [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] could be taught in the [[Malay language]]. This was the forerunner of [[SMK Green Road]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gin |first=Ooi Keat |author-link=Keat Gin Ooi |year=1997 |title=The Attitudes of the Brookes Towards Education in Sarawak 1841-1941 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41493337 |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=70 |issue=2 |pages=53–67 |jstor=41493337}}</ref> By the time of his death, Britain had established a [[protectorate]] over Sarawak, it had a [[parliamentary government]], a [[railway]], and oil had been discovered.

All three White Rajahs are buried in [[Sheepstor#Sheepstor Church|St Leonard's Church]] in the village of [[Sheepstor]] on [[Dartmoor]], Devon.

==Honours==
'''British Honours'''
* [[Order of St Michael and St George|Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]] (GCMG), 1888<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 June 1888 |title=The London Gazette |pages=3185 |issue=25825 |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/25825/page/3185 |access-date=22 April 2022}}</ref>

At least two Bornean species were named in Brooke's honour:
* Brooke's Squirrel (''[[Sundasciurus brookei]]''), named by [[Oldfield Thomas]]
* ''Cervus brookei'', a deer named <ref>{{cite journal|journal=Annals and Magazine of Natural History|url=https://archive.org/stream/biostor-88909 |title=Description of a new deer from Mount Dulit, Eastern Sarawak}}</ref> by [[Charles Hose]] in 1893

==See also==
{{Commons category}}
* [[Fort Margherita]]
*  Genealogy Johnson/Brooke

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=The White Rajahs of Sarawak: Dynastic Intrigue and the Forgotten Canadian Heir|last= Pybus | first= Cassandra | location=Vancouver |publisher= Douglas & McIntyre Ltd.|year=1996|isbn=1-55054-603-1}}
* {{cite book|author=Ranee Margaret of Sarawak|title=My Life in Sarawak|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-19-582663-9}}
* {{cite book|author=R.H.W. Reece|title=The Name of Brooke, the End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak|location=Kuala Lumpur|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1982|isbn=978-0-19-580474-4}}
* [http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101032092/ Dictionary of National Biography entry]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|Brooke family|June 3|1829|May 17|1917}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[James Brooke|James]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[White Rajahs|Rajah of Sarawak]]|years=1868–1917}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Charles Vyner Brooke|Vyner]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Raj of Sarawak |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brooke, Charles Anthoni Johnson}}
[[Category:1829 births]]
[[Category:1917 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajas of Sarawak|Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:People from Burnham-on-Sea]]
[[Category:19th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Monarchs in Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Burials in Devon]]
[[Category:Malaysian people of English descent]]
[[Category:English emigrants to Malaysia]]