Editing Charadriiformes

{{short description|Order of birds}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Shorebirds
| fossil_range = [[Eocene]]<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Bertelli | first1=S. | last2=Lindow | first2=B. E. K. | last3=Dyke | first3=G. J. | last4=Mayr | first4=G. | title=Another charadriiform-like bird from the lower Eocene of Denmark | journal=Paleontological Journal | publisher=Pleiades Publishing Ltd | volume=47 | issue=11 | year=2013 | issn=0031-0301 | doi=10.1134/s0031030113110026 | pages=1282–1301| bibcode=2013PalJ...47.1282B | s2cid=85141394 | hdl=11336/7192 | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Bertelli | first1=S. | last2=Lindow | first2=B. E. K. | last3=Dyke | first3=G. J. | last4=Mayr | first4=G. | title=Erratum to: "Another charadriiform-like bird from the Lower Eocene of Denmark" | journal=Paleontological Journal | publisher=Pleiades Publishing Ltd | volume=48 | issue=13 | year=2014 | issn=0031-0301 | doi=10.1134/s0031030114130024 | pages=1441–1448| doi-access=free | bibcode=2014PalJ...48.1441B | hdl=11336/12701 | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mayr|first=Gerald|year=2016|title=Avian evolution: the fossil record of birds and its paleobiological significance|series=Topics in Paleobiology|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|page= 306|isbn=978-1-119-02076-9}}</ref> -[[Holocene]], {{fossilrange|55|0}}

<small>Possible an early origin based on [[molecular clock]]<ref name=Kuhletal2020>{{cite journal | first1 = H. | last1 = Kuhl. | first2 = C. | last2 = Frankl-Vilches | first3 = A. | last3 = Bakker | first4 = G. | last4 = Mayr | first5 = G. | last5 = Nikolaus | first6 = S. T. | last6 = Boerno | first7 = S. | last7 = Klages | first8 = B. | last8 = Timmermann | first9 = M. | last9 = Gahr | year = 2020 | title = An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 38 | pages = 108–127 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msaa191 | pmid = 32781465 | pmc=7783168 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite bioRxiv| last1=Černý | first1=David | last2=Natale | first2=Rossy | title=Comprehensive taxon sampling and vetted fossils help clarify the time tree of shorebirds (Aves, Charadriiformes)| date=2021-07-16 | biorxiv=10.1101/2021.07.15.452585 | page=}}</ref></small>
| image =<div class="center"><imagemap>
File:Charadriiformes Diversity.jpg|300px
rect 0 0 333 255 [[Alca torda]]
rect 333 0 670 255 [[Calidris subminuta]]
rect 670 0 1045 255 [[Charadrius dubius]]
rect 0 255 333 500 [[Burhinus bistriatus]]
rect 333 255 685 500 [[Haematopus bachmani]]
rect 685 255 1045 500 [[Actophilornis africanus]]
rect 0 500 340 760 [[Larus michahellis]]
rect 340 500 710 760 [[Stercorarius antarcticus]]
rect 710 500 1045 760 [[Ibidorhyncha struthersii]]
</imagemap></div>
| image_caption = Several members of the order
| display_parents = 3
| taxon = Charadriiformes
| authority = [[Thomas Henry Huxley|Huxley]], 1867
| subdivision_ranks = Suborders
| subdivision =
*[[Charadrii]]
*[[Scolopaci]]
*[[Lari (bird)|Lari]]
}}

'''Charadriiformes''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|æ|d|r|i|.|ᵻ|f|ɔr|m|iː|z}}, from ''[[Charadrius]]'', the [[type (biology)|type genus]] of family [[Charadriidae]]) is a diverse order of small to medium-large [[bird]]s. It includes about 390 [[species]] and has members in all parts of the world. Most charadriiform birds live near water and eat [[invertebrate]]s or other small animals; however, some are [[pelagic]] (seabirds), others frequent deserts, and a few are found in dense forest. Members of this group can also collectively be referred to as '''shorebirds'''.

==Taxonomy, systematics and evolution==
The order was formerly divided into three suborders:

* The '''[[wader]]s''' (or "Charadrii"): typical shorebirds, most of which feed by probing in the mud or picking items off the surface in both coastal and freshwater environments.
* The '''[[gull]]s''' and their allies (or "[[Lari (bird)|Lari]]"): these are generally larger species which take fish from the sea. Several gulls and [[skua]]s will also take food items from beaches, or rob smaller species, and some have become adapted to inland environments.
* The '''[[auk]]s''' (or "Alcae") are coastal species which nest on sea cliffs and "fly" underwater to catch fish.

The  [[Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy]] lumps all the Charadriiformes together with other [[seabird]]s and [[bird of prey|birds of prey]] into a greatly enlarged order [[Ciconiiformes]]. However, the resolution of the [[DNA-DNA hybridization]] technique used by Sibley & Ahlquist was not sufficient to properly resolve the relationships in this group, and indeed it appears as if the Charadriiformes constitute a single large and very distinctive lineage of modern birds of their own.<ref>Fain & Houde (2004)</ref><!-- morphological refs should be locatable via family books etc -->

The auks, usually considered distinct because of their peculiar morphology, are more likely related to gulls, the "distinctness" being a result of adaptation for diving.<ref>Ericson ''et al.'' (2003), Paton ''et al.'' (2003), Thomas ''et al.'' (2004a,b), van Tuinen ''et al.'' (2004), Paton & Baker (2006)</ref>

===Families===
The order Charadriiformes contains 3 [[suborder]]s, 19 families and 391 species.<ref name=ioc/><ref name=cracraft/>
* Suborder '''[[Charadrii]]'''
** Family [[Burhinidae]] – stone-curlews, thick-knees (10 species)
** Family [[Pluvianellidae]] – Magellanic plover
** Family [[Chionidae]] – sheathbills (2 species) 
** Family [[Pluvianidae]] – Egyptian plover 
** Family [[Charadriidae]] – plovers (69 species) 
** Family [[Recurvirostridae]] – stilts, avocets (10 species) 
** Family [[Ibidorhynchidae]] – ibisbill 
** Family [[Haematopodidae]] – oystercatchers (12 species) 
* Suborder '''[[Scolopaci]]'''
** Family [[Rostratulidae]] – painted-snipes (3 species) 
** Family [[Jacanidae]] – jacanas (8 species) 
** Family [[Pedionomidae]] – plains-wanderer 
** Family [[Thinocoridae]] – seedsnipes (4 species) 
** Family [[Scolopacidae]] – sandpipers, snipes (98 species)
* Suborder '''[[Lari (bird)|Lari]]'''
** Family [[Turnicidae]] – buttonquails (18 species) 
** Family [[Dromadidae]] – crab-plover 
** Family [[Glareolidae]] – coursers, pratincoles (17 species) 
** Family [[Laridae]] – gulls, terns, skimmers (103 species) 
** Family [[Stercorariidae]] – skuas (7 species)
** Family [[Alcidae]] – auks (25 species)

{{Cladogram
|caption=Phylogeny of the Charadriiformes based a study by Heiner Kuhl and collaborators published in 2020.<ref name=Kuhletal2020/> The families and the number of species are from the list maintained by [[Frank Gill (ornithologist)|Frank Gill]], [[Pamela Rasmussen]] and David Donsker on behalf of the [[International Ornithologists' Union]].<ref name=ioc>{{cite web | editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=19 December 2021 | archive-date=4 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004142729/http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The suborders are those defined by Joel Cracraft in 2013.<ref name=cracraft>{{ cite book | last=Cracraft | first=Joel | editor-last1=Dickinson | editor-first1=E.C. | editor1-link=Edward C. Dickinson | editor-last2=Remsen | editor-first2=J.V. Jr. | editor2-link=James Van Remsen, Jr. | year=2013 | title=The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World | volume= 1: Non-passerines | edition=4th | location=Eastbourne, UK | publisher=Aves Press | isbn=978-0-9568611-0-8 | pages=xxxvii–xxxviii }}</ref> 
|align=centre
|cladogram={{Clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%;width:600px;
|label1=[[Charadriiformes]]
|1={{clade
   |label1=[[Charadrii]]
   |1={{clade
      |1={{clade
         |1=[[Burhinidae]] – stone-curlews, thick-knees (10 species)
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Pluvianellidae]] – Magellanic plover 
            |2=[[Chionidae]] – sheathbills (2 species)
            }}
         }}
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Pluvianidae]] – Egyptian plover
         |2={{clade
            |1=[[Charadriidae]] – plovers (69 species)
            |2={{clade
               |1=[[Recurvirostridae]] – stilts, avocets (10 species)
               |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Ibidorhynchidae]] – ibisbill
                  |2=[[Haematopodidae]] – oystercatchers (12 species)
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Scolopaci]]
      |1={{clade
         |1=[[Scolopacidae]] – sandpipers, snipes (98 species)
         |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1=[[Rostratulidae]] – painted-snipes (3 species)
               |2=[[Jacanidae]] – jacanas (8 species)
               }}
            |2={{clade
               |1=[[Pedionomidae]] – plains-wanderer
               |2=[[Thinocoridae]] – seedsnipes (4 species)
               }}
            }}
         }}
      |label2=[[Lari (bird)|Lari]]
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Turnicidae]] – buttonquails (18 species)
         |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1=[[Dromadidae]] – crab-plover
               |2=[[Glareolidae]] – coursers, pratincoles (17 species)
               }}
            |2={{clade
               |1=[[Laridae]] – gulls, terns, skimmers (103 species)
               |2={{clade
                  |1=[[Stercorariidae]] – skuas (7 species)
                  |2=[[Alcidae]] – auks (25 species)
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}
}}

===Evolutionary history===
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2021}}
That the Charadriiformes are an ancient group is also borne out by the fossil record. Alongside the [[Anseriformes]], the Charadriiformes are the only other order of modern bird to have an established fossil record within the late Cretaceous, alongside the other dinosaurs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=Allan J |last2=Pereira |first2=Sérgio L |last3=Paton |first3=Tara A |date=2007-04-22 |title=Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of Charadriiformes genera: multigene evidence for the Cretaceous origin of at least 14 clades of shorebirds |journal=Biology Letters |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=205–210 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2006.0606 |issn=1744-9561 |pmc=2375939 |pmid=17284401}}</ref> Much of the [[Neornithes]]' fossil record around the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]] is made up of bits and pieces of birds which resemble this order. In many, this is probably due to [[convergent evolution]] brought about by [[semiaquatic]] habits. Specimen VI 9901 ([[López de Bertodano Formation]], [[Late Cretaceous]] of [[Vega Island]], Antarctica) is probably a [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] charadriiform somewhat reminiscent of a [[thick-knee]].<ref>Case, J. A. and C. P. Tambussi. 1999. Maastrichtian record of neornithine birds in Antarctica: comments on a Late Cretaceous radiation</ref> However, more complete remains of undisputed charadriiforms are known only from the mid-[[Paleogene]] onwards. Present-day orders emerged around the [[Eocene]]-[[Oligocene]] boundary, roughly 35–30 [[mya (unit)|mya]]. Basal or unresolved charadriiforms are:
*''"[[Morsoravis]]"'' (Late Paleocene/Early Eocene of Jutland, Denmark) - a ''[[nomen nudum]]''?
*''[[Jiliniornis]]'' (Huadian Middle Eocene of Huadian, China) - charadriid?<!-- *Condor104:896 -->
*''[[Boutersemia]]'' (Early Oligocene of Boutersem, Belgium) - glareolid?
*''[[Turnipax]]'' (Early Oligocene) - turnicid?
*''[[Elorius]]'' (Early Miocene Saint-Gérand-le-Puy, France)
*''"Larus" desnoyersii'' (Early Miocene of SE France) - larid? stercorarid?<!-- JSystPaleontol5:1. -->
*''"Larus" pristinus'' (John Day Early Miocene of Willow Creek, US) - larid?<!-- JSystPaleontol5:1. -->
* Charadriiformes gen. et sp. indet. (Bathans Early/Middle Miocene of Otago, New Zealand) - charadriid? scolopacid?<ref>[[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|Proximal]] right [[humerus]] ([[Museum of New Zealand|MNZ]] S42416) and proximal left [[carpometacarpus|carpometacarpi]] (MNZ S42415, S42435) of a bird the size of a [[red-necked stint]]: Worthy ''et al.'' (2007)</ref>
* Charadriiformes gen. et sp. indet. (Bathans Early/Middle Miocene of Otago, New Zealand) - charadriid? scolopacid?<ref>Several wing and thorax bones of a bird the size of a [[double-banded plover]]: Worthy ''et al.'' (2007)</ref>
* Charadriiformes gen. et sp. indet. (Bathans Early/Middle Miocene of Otago, New Zealand) - larid?<ref>Premaxillae ([[Museum of New Zealand|MNZ]] S42681, S42736) and [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|proximal]] right [[scapula]] (MNZ S41058) of a bird apparently similar to the [[black-billed gull]] but almost the size of a [[kelp gull]]: Worthy ''et al.'' (2007)</ref>
*Charadriiformes gen. et sp. indet. (Sajóvölgyi Middle Miocene of Mátraszõlõs, Hungary<ref>Gál ''et al.'' (1998-99)</ref>
*''"Totanus" teruelensis'' (Late Miocene of Los Mansuetos, Spain) - scolopacid? larid?

The "transitional shorebirds" ("[[Graculavidae]]") are a generally [[Mesozoic]] [[form taxon]] formerly believed to constitute the common ancestors of charadriiforms, [[waterfowl]] and [[flamingo]]s. They are now assumed to be mostly basal taxa of the charadriiforms and/or "higher waterbirds", which probably were two distinct lineages 65 [[mya (unit)|mya]] already,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hope |first=Sylvia |date=4 June 1996 |title=A New Species of Graculavus from the Cretaceous of Wyoming (Aves: Neornithes) |journal=Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology |volume=89 |pages=261–266 |doi=10.5479/SI.00810266.89.1 |s2cid=140700031 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/159019 |access-date=23 February 2024 |archive-date=8 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508160900/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/159019 |url-status=live }}</ref> and few if any are still believed to be related to the well-distinct waterfowl. Taxa formerly considered graculavids are:
*'''[[Laornithidae]]''' - charadriiform? gruiform?
**''[[Laornis]]'' (Late Cretaceous?)
*'''"[[Graculavidae]]"'''<!-- AmMusNovit3387 -->
**''[[Graculavus]]'' (Lance Creek Late Cretaceous - Hornerstown Late Cretaceous/Early Palaeocene) - charadriiform?<!-- Auk47:186 -->
**''[[Palaeotringa]]'' (Hornerstown Late Cretaceous?) - charadriiform?<!-- Auk47:186; Auk84:260 -->
**''[[Telmatornis]]'' (Navesink Late Cretaceous?) - charadriiform? gruiform?<!-- AmMusNovit2388; Auk47:186; Auk84:260; Auk89:36; CanJEarthSci39:19; Condor33:107 -->
**''[[Scaniornis]]'' - phoenicopteriform?<!-- Condor71:155 -->
**''[[Zhylgaia]]'' - presbyornithid?
**''[[Dakotornis]]''
**"Graculavidae" gen. et sp. indet. (Gloucester County, US)

Other wader- or gull-like birds ''incertae sedis'', which may or may not be Charadriiformes, are:
* ''[[Ceramornis]]'' (Lance Creek Late Cretaceous)
* ''"[[Cimolopteryx]]"'' (Lance Creek Late Cretaceous)
* ''[[Palintropus]]'' (Lance Creek Late Cretaceous)
* ''[[Torotix]]'' (Late Cretaceous)
* ''[[Volgavis]]'' (Early Paleocene of Volgograd, Russia)
* ''[[Eupterornis]]'' (Paleocene of France)
* Neornithes incerta sedis (Late Paleocene/Early Eocene of [[Ouled Abdoun Basin]], Morocco)<ref>A wading bird the size of a [[white stork]] (''Ciconia ciconia''): Bourdon (2005)</ref>
* ''[[Fluviatitavis]]'' (Early Eocene of Silveirinha, Portugal)

==Evolution of parental care in Charadriiformes==

Shorebirds pursue a larger diversity of parental care strategies than do most other avian orders.  They therefore present an attractive set of examples to support the understanding of the evolution of parental care in avians generally.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Thomas | first1=Gavin H. | last2=Székely | first2=Tamás | last3=Reynolds | first3=John D. | title=Advances in the Study of Behavior | chapter=Sexual Conflict and the Evolution of Breeding Systems in Shorebirds | publisher=Elsevier | year=2007 | issn=0065-3454 | doi=10.1016/s0065-3454(07)37006-x |volume=37| pages=279–342| isbn=9780120045372 }}</ref> The ancestral avian most likely had a female parental care system.<ref>Tullberg, B. S., M. Ah–King and H. Temrin. 2002. Phylogenetic reconstruction of parental–care systems in the ancestors of birds. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 357: 251–257.</ref> The shorebird ancestor specifically evolved from a bi-parental care system, yet the species within the clade Scolopacidae evolved from a male parental care system.  These transitions might have occurred for several reasons. Brooding density is correlated with male parental care. Male care systems in birds are shown to have a very low breeding density while female care systems in birds have a high breeding density. (Owens 2005). Certain rates of male and female mortality, male and female egg maturation rate, and egg death rate have been associated with particular systems as well.<ref>Klug, H., M. B. Bonsall, and S.H Alonzo. 2013. Sex differences in life history drive evolutionary transitions among maternal, paternal, and bi-parental care. Ecology and Evolution. 3: 792–806.</ref> It has also been shown that sex role reversal is motivated by the male-biased adult sex ratio.<ref>Liker, A., R. P. Freckleton, and T. Székely. 2013. The evolution of sex roles in birds is related to adult sex ratio. Nature Communications. 4: 1587.</ref>  The reason for such diversity in shorebirds, compared to other birds, has yet to be understood.

==See also==
* [[List of Charadriiformes by population]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==<!-- Auk93:587 -->
* Bourdon, Estelle (2006): L'avifaune du Paléogène des phosphates du Maroc et du Togo: diversité, systématique et apports à la connaissance de la diversification des oiseaux modernes (Neornithes) ["Paleogene avifauna of phosphates of Morocco and Togo: diversity, systematics and contributions to the knowledge of the diversification of the Neornithes"]. Doctoral thesis, [[Muséum national d'histoire naturelle]] [in French]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721012025/http://bcmnts1.mnhn.fr/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=12C9G373T0897.297548&profile=mq&source=~!muscat&view=&uri=full=3100001~!405665~!2 HTML abstract]
* Ericson, Per G.P.; Envall, I.; Irestedt, M. & Norman, J.A. (2003): Inter-familial relationships of the shorebirds (Aves: Charadriiformes) based on nuclear DNA sequence data. ''[[BMC journals|BMC Evol. Biol.]]'' '''3''': 16. <!-- BMC ejournals use article numbers, not page numbers --> <small>{{doi|10.1186/1471-2148-3-16}}</small> [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2148-3-16.pdf PDF fulltext]
* Fain, Matthew G. & Houde, Peter (2004): Parallel radiations in the primary clades of birds. ''[[Evolution (journal)|Evolution]]'' '''58'''(11): 2558–2573. <small>{{doi|10.1554/04-235}} {{PMID|15612298}}</small> [https://web.archive.org/web/20130407204436/http://biology-web.nmsu.edu/houde/Parallel_radiations.pdf PDF fulltext]
* Gál, Erika; Hír, János; Kessler, Eugén & Kókay, József (1998–99): Középsõ-miocén õsmaradványok, a Mátraszõlõs, Rákóczi-kápolna alatti útbevágásból. I. A Mátraszõlõs 1. lelõhely [Middle Miocene fossils from the sections at the Rákóczi chapel at Mátraszőlős. Locality Mátraszõlõs I.]. ''Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis'' '''23''': 33–78. [Hungarian with English abstract] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721111701/http://www.matramuzeum.hu/Personal/folia/23/03MATSZOLOS.PDF PDF fulltext]
* Klug, H., M. B. Bonsall, and S.H Alonzo. 2013. Sex differences in life history drive evolutionary transitions among maternal, paternal, and bi-parental care. Ecology and Evolution. 3: 792–806.
* Liker, A., R. P. Freckleton, and T. Székely. 2013. The evolution of sex roles in birds is related to adult sex ratio. Nature Communications. 4: 1587.
* Owens, I.P. 2002. Male–only care and classical polyandry in birds: phylogeny, ecology and sex differences in remating opportunities. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 357: 283–293.
* Paton, Tara A. & Baker, Allan J. (2006): Sequences from 14 mitochondrial genes provide a well-supported phylogeny of the Charadriiform birds congruent with the nuclear RAG-1 tree. ''[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]]'' '''39'''(3): 657–667. <small>{{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.011}} {{PMID|16531074}}</small> (HTML abstract)
* Paton, T.A.; Baker, A.J.; Groth, J.G. & Barrowclough, G.F. (2003): RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds. ''[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]]'' '''29''': 268–278. <small>{{doi|10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00098-8}} {{PMID|13678682}}</small> (HTML abstract)
* Székely, T and J.D. Reynolds. 1995. Evolutionary transitions in parental care in shorebirds. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 262: 57–64.
* {{cite book | last1=Thomas | first1=Gavin H. | last2=Székely | first2=Tamás | last3=Reynolds | first3=John D. | title=Advances in the Study of Behavior | chapter=Sexual Conflict and the Evolution of Breeding Systems in Shorebirds | publisher=Elsevier | year=2007 | issn=0065-3454 | doi=10.1016/s0065-3454(07)37006-x |volume=37| pages=279–342| isbn=9780120045372 }}
* Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A. & Székely, Tamás (2004a): Phylogeny of shorebirds, gulls, and alcids (Aves: Charadrii) from the cytochrome-''b'' gene: parsimony, Bayesian inference, minimum evolution, and quartet puzzling. ''[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.]]'' '''30'''(3): 516–526. <small>{{doi|10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00222-7}}</small> (HTML abstract)
* Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A. & Székely, Tamás (2004): A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny. ''[[BMC journals|BMC Evol. Biol.]]'' '''4''': 28. <small>{{doi|10.1186/1471-2148-4-28}} {{PMID|15329156}}</small> [http://www.pubmedcentral.org/picrender.fcgi?artid=515296&blobtype=pdf PDF fulltext] [https://archive.today/20130802041856/http://www.pubmedcentral.org/articlerender.fcgi?artid=515296%23supplementary-material-sec Supplementary Material]
*  Tullberg, B. S., M. Ah–King and H. Temrin. 2002. Phylogenetic reconstruction of parental–care systems in the ancestors of birds. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 357: 251–257.
* van Tuinen, Marcel; Waterhouse, David & Dyke, Gareth J. (2004): Avian molecular systematics on the rebound: a fresh look at modern shorebird phylogenetic relationships. ''[[Journal of Avian Biology|J. Avian Biol.]]'' '''35'''(3): 191–194. <small>{{doi|10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03362.x}}</small> [http://www.stanford.edu/group/hadlylab/images/Lab%20Members/Marcel/JAB2004.PDF_1.pdf PDF fulltext]
* [[Trevor H. Worthy|Worthy, Trevor H.]]; Tennyson, A.J.D.; Jones, C.; McNamara, J.A. & Douglas, B.J. (2007): Miocene waterfowl and other birds from central Otago, New Zealand. ''[[Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|J. Syst. Palaeontol.]]'' '''5'''(1): 1-39. <small>{{doi|10.1017/S1477201906001957}}</small> (HTML abstract)

{{Birds}}
{{Charadriiformes|L.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q25978}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Charadriiformes| ]]
[[Category:Seabirds]]
[[Category:Wading birds]]
[[Category:Bird orders]]
[[Category:Extant Lutetian first appearances]]
[[Category:Eocene taxonomic orders]]
[[Category:Oligocene taxonomic orders]]
[[Category:Miocene taxonomic orders]]
[[Category:Pliocene taxonomic orders]]
[[Category:Pleistocene taxonomic orders]]
[[Category:Holocene taxonomic orders]]