Editing Chaim Topol

{{Short description|Israeli actor (1935–2023)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Chaim Topol
| native_name        = חיים טופול
| native_name_lang   = he
| image              = Chaim Topol Israel Prize ceremony, 2013.jpg
| alt                = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software -->
| caption            = Topol in 2013
| birth_name         = <!-- only use if different from name -->
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1935|09|09|df=y}}
| birth_place        = [[Tel Aviv]], [[Mandatory Palestine]]
| death_date         = {{death date and age|2023|3|8|1935|09|09|df=y}}
| death_place        = Tel Aviv, Israel 
| nationality        = Israeli 
| other_names        = {{hlist|Haym Topol|Topol}}
| occupation         = {{hlist|Actor|singer}} 
| years_active       = 1957–2015
| notable_works      = {{plainlist|class=nowraplinks|
* [[Tevye]] in ''[[Fiddler on the Roof (film)|Fiddler on the Roof]]'' (1971) 
* [[Milos Columbo]] in ''[[For Your Eyes Only (film)|For Your Eyes Only]]'' (1981)
}}
| spouse             = {{marriage|Galia Finkelstein<br>|1956}}
| children           = 3
| relatives          = [[Yali Topol Margalith]] (granddaughter)
| awards             = {{plainlist|
* [[Kinor David]] (1964)
* [[Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actor|Golden Globe for Most Promising Newcomer—Male]] (1964)
* [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy|Golden Globe for Best Actor]] (1971)
* [[Israel Prize]] (2015)
}}
}}
[[File:Chaim Topol, 1967 (cropped).jpg|thumb|200px|Topol in 1967]]
'''Chaim Topol''' ({{langx|he|חיים טופול}}{{lrm}}; 9 September 1935 – 8 March 2023), [[mononym]]ously known as '''Topol''',<ref name=jp/> was an Israeli actor and singer. He is best known for his portrayal of [[Tevye]], the lead role in the stage musical ''[[Fiddler on the Roof]]'' and the [[Fiddler on the Roof (film)|1971 film adaptation]], performing this role more than 3,500 times from 1967 through 2009.<ref name=jp>{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Lifestyle/One-more-fiddle-for-the-road|title=One More Fiddle for the Road|first=Robert|last=Slater|date=February 6, 2013|access-date=November 22, 2017|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]}}</ref>

Topol began acting during his [[Israel Defense Forces|Israeli army]] service as a member of the [[Nahal]] entertainment troupe. He later toured Israel with [[kibbutz]] theatre and satirical theatre companies. He was a co-founder of the [[Haifa Theatre]]. His breakthrough film role came in 1964 as the [[title character]] in ''[[Sallah Shabati]]'', by Israeli writer [[Ephraim Kishon]], for which he won a [[Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actor|Golden Globe for Most Promising Newcomer—Male]]. Topol went on to appear in more than 30 films in Israel and the United States, including ''[[Galileo (1975 film)|Galileo]]'' (1975), ''[[Flash Gordon (film)|Flash Gordon]]'' (1980), and ''[[For Your Eyes Only (film)|For Your Eyes Only]]'' (1981). He was described as Israel's only internationally recognized entertainer from the 1960s through the 1980s. He won a [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy|Golden Globe for Best Actor]] and was nominated for an [[Academy Award for Best Actor]] for his 1971 film portrayal of Tevye, and was nominated for a [[Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical|Tony Award for Best Actor]] for a 1991 Broadway revival of ''Fiddler on the Roof''.

Topol was a founder of Variety Israel, an organization serving children with special needs, and [[Jordan River Village]], a year-round camp for Arab and Jewish children with life-threatening illnesses, for which he served as chairman of the board. In 2015 he was awarded the [[Israel Prize]] for lifetime achievement.

==Biography==
Chaim Topol was born on 9 September 1935, in [[Tel Aviv]],{{sfn|Monaco|1991|p=537}}{{sfn|Maltin|1994|p=881}} in what was then [[Mandatory Palestine]]. His father Jacob Topol was born in [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and in the early 1930s [[aliyah|immigrated to Mandatory Palestine]], where he worked as a plasterer;{{sfn|Bonfante|1971|p=90}} he also served in the [[Haganah]] paramilitary organization.<ref name=i24>{{cite web |url= https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/culture/144142-170501-chaim-topol-a-fiddler-for-life|title= EXCLUSIVE: Fiddler on the Roof's Chaim Topol and his memories of Israeli independence|first=Maya|last=Margit|date=May 1, 2017|access-date=November 25, 2017|work=[[i24news]]}}</ref> His mother Imrela "Rel" (née Goldman) Topol was a seamstress.<ref name=news>{{cite web |url=http://www.news1.co.il/Archive/0024-D-56621-00.html|title=חיים טופול - החיים כמשחק|language=he|trans-title=Chaim Topol: Life as a Game|first=Shulamit|last=Kisri|date=February 10, 2011|access-date=November 28, 2017|work=[[News1]]}}</ref>

Topol's parents had been members of the [[Betar]] Zionist youth movement in [[Warsaw]].<ref name="Cashman Grapevine">{{cite web |last1=Cashman |first1=Greer Fay |title=Grapevine: Honors tarnished by omission |url=https://www.jpost.com/features/in-thespotlight/grapevine-honors-tarnished-by-omission-334131 |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=December 5, 2013 |access-date=March 9, 2023}}</ref> His father had [[Hasidic Jews|Hasidic]] roots, with a mother coming from a family of [[Ger (Hasidic dynasty)|Gerrer Hasidim]] and a father from [[Aleksander (Hasidic dynasty)|Aleksander Hasidim]].<ref name="Groweiss Mishpacha">{{cite web |last1=Groweiss |first1=Yisrael |title=Back to Tradition |url=https://mishpacha.com/back-to-tradition/ |website=[[Mishpacha]] |date=December 20, 2017 |access-date=March 9, 2023}}</ref>

Topol and his two younger sisters grew up in the South Tel Aviv working-class neighborhood of [[Florentin, Tel Aviv|Florentin]].<ref name="Buckard">{{cite web |last1=Buckard |first1=Christian |title=Chaim Topol, Schauspieler, Sänger, Maler, Schriftsteller |url=https://www.journal21.ch/artikel/chaim-topol-schauspieler-saenger-maler-schriftsteller |website=Journal21 |date=September 10, 2010 |access-date=March 9, 2023}}</ref> As a young child, although he wanted to become a commercial artist, his [[Primary school|elementary school]] teacher, the writer [[Yemima Avidar-Tchernovitz]], saw a theatrical side to him, and encouraged him to act in school plays and read stories to the class.<ref name=jp/>

At age 14 he began working as a printer at ''[[Davar]]'' newspaper while pursuing his high school studies at night.<ref name=jp/> He graduated at age 17 and moved to [[Kibbutz]] [[Geva]].<ref name=jp/> A year later, he enlisted in the [[Israel Defense Forces|Israeli army]] and became a member of the [[Nahal]] entertainment troupe, singing and acting in traveling shows.<ref name=jp/>{{sfn|Bial|2005|p=80}} He rose in rank to troupe commander.<ref name=jp/>

Twenty-three days after being discharged from military service on 2 October 1956, and two days after marrying Galia Finkelstein, a fellow Nahal troupe member, Topol was called up for [[Reserve duty (Israel)|reserve duty]] in the [[Suez Crisis|Sinai Campaign]].<ref name=jp/> He performed for soldiers stationed in the desert.

After the war, he and his wife settled in Kibbutz [[Mishmar David]], where Topol worked as a garage mechanic.<ref name=jp/> Topol assembled a kibbutz theatre company made up of friends from his Nahal troupe; the group toured four days a week, worked on their respective kibbutzim for two days a week, and had one day off.<ref name=jp/> The theatre company was in existence from early 1957 to the mid-1960s. Topol both sang and acted with the group, doing both "loudly".<ref name=jp/>

Topol and his wife Galia Finkelstein had three children: a son, Omer, and two daughters, Anat and Adi.<ref name=jp/> The couple resided in Galia's childhood home in Tel Aviv.<ref name=ap/> Topol's hobbies included sketching and sculpting.<ref name=jp/> Through Adi, his granddaughter [[Yali Topol Margalith]] is an actress.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/culture/article/skq5w5w4a|title=Chaim Topol 'wasn’t just my Grandpa, but the world's'|website=Ynet|date=31 May 2024|accessdate=20 April 2025|language=en}}</ref>

In June 2022, Topol's son, Omer, revealed that his father was suffering from [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 3, 2022 |title=עומר טופול: "אבא תמיד אמר לי, 'אם אגיע למצב כזה, תעזור לי למות'" |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/entertainment/article/s1lpcr7uq |access-date=June 5, 2022 |newspaper=Ynet |language=he |last1=בירנברג |first1=יואב }}</ref>

On 8 March 2023, Topol's family notified the press that he was near death and "living his final hours", and asked the public to respect the family's privacy.<ref>{{cite web |title=בנו של חיים טופול: "הוא בשעותיו האחרונות"|url=https://www.mako.co.il/culture-articles/Article-afed09c8651c681026.htm |website=Mako |date=March 8, 2023 |access-date=March 9, 2023}} {{in lang|he}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=השחקן חיים טופול הלך לעולמו בגיל 87 |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/entertainment/article/rJU3G5ORw |website=Ynet|date=March 9, 2023 |access-date=March 9, 2023|last1=בוקר |first1=רן }} {{in lang|he}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=חיים טופול, מגדולי השחקנים הישראלים וחתן פרס ישראל, מת בגיל 87 |url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/gallery/cinema/2023-03-09/ty-article/.premium/00000181-248b-df6a-a7c5-6cdbe94d0000 |newspaper=הארץ|access-date=March 9, 2023}} {{in lang|he}}</ref> He died overnight at the age of 87.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2023 |title=Chaim Topol, starred as Tevye in 'Fiddler on the Roof,' dies at 87 |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2023/3/9/23632014/chaim-topol-dead-israeli-actor-starred-fiddler-on-the-roof-as-tevye-obituary |access-date=March 9, 2023 |website=Chicago Sun-Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Actor, singer and Israel Prize laureate Chaim Topol dies at 87 |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/368466 |website=[[Arutz Sheva]] |access-date=March 8, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/mar/09/chaim-topol-dead-fiddler-on-the-roof-actor-dies-death-aged-87|title=Chaim Topol, Fiddler on the Roof actor, dies aged 87|first=Sian|last=Cain|date=March 9, 2023|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> The day before his burial at [[Kvutzat Shiller]] on March 10, a memorial was held at the [[Cameri Theater]] in Tel Aviv.

==Singing and acting career==
Between 1960 and 1964, Topol performed with the [[Batzal Yarok]] ("Green Onion") satirical theatre company, which also toured Israel.<ref name=jp/>{{sfn|Kronish|Safirman|2003|p=215}} Other members of the group included [[Uri Zohar]], [[Nechama Hendel]], [[Zaharira Harifai]], [[Arik Einstein]], and [[Oded Kotler]].<ref name=Haifa/> In 1960, Topol co-founded the [[Haifa Theatre|Haifa Municipal Theatre]] with Yosef Milo, serving as assistant to the director and acting in plays by [[Shakespeare]], [[Eugène Ionesco|Ionesco]], and [[Brecht]].<ref name=jp/>{{sfn|Hartnoll|Found|1996}} In 1965 he performed in the [[Cameri Theatre]] in Tel Aviv.{{sfn|Hartnoll|Found|1996}}

{{Quote box
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 |salign=right
 |quote= Haim Topol, then a young man and of Ashkenazi heritage, plays the old Sephardic manipulator with such consummate skill that even aged immigrants from Morocco and Tunisia were convinced that he was one of them.
 |source=–Tom Tugend on Topol's portrayal of ''[[Sallah Shabati]]''<ref name=journal/>
}}
Topol's first film appearance was in the 1961 film ''[[I Like Mike (film)|I Like Mike]]'', followed by the 1963 Israeli film ''[[El Dorado (1963 film)|El Dorado]]''.<ref name=jp/><ref name=Haifa/> His breakthrough role came as the lead character in the 1964 film ''[[Sallah Shabati]]''.<ref name=toi>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/iconic-actor-chaim-topol-reflects-on-long-career/|title=Iconic actor Chaim Topol reflects on long career|first=Aron|last=Heller|date=April 21, 2015|access-date=August 21, 2018|work=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> Adapted for the screen by [[Ephraim Kishon]] from his original play, the social satire depicts the hardships of a [[Sephardic]] immigrant family in the rough conditions of [[ma'abarot]], immigrant absorption camps in Israel in the 1950s, satirizing "just about every pillar of Israeli society: the [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] establishment, the pedantic bureaucracy, corrupt political parties, rigid kibbutz ideologues and ... the [[Jewish National Fund]]'s tree-planting program".<ref name=journal>{{cite web |url= http://jewishjournal.com/old_stories/541/|title=Israeli Satire and Mystery|first=Tom|last=Tugend|date=November 13, 1997|access-date=November 26, 2017|work=[[The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles]]}}</ref><ref name=rivka>{{cite web|url=http://playstosee.com/chaim-topol-in-conversation-with-rivka-jacobson/|title=Chaim Topol in conversation with Rivka Jacobson|work=Plays to See|date=September 17, 2015|access-date=November 26, 2017|archive-date=April 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405055512/http://playstosee.com/chaim-topol-in-conversation-with-rivka-jacobson/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Topol, who was 29 during the filming,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9400EFDE1730E33ABC4B52DFB667838E679EDE|title='Sallah,' Comedy, Opens at Little Carnegie|first=A.H.|last=Weiler|date=October 13, 1965|access-date=November 26, 2017|work=The New York Times}}</ref> was familiar playing the role of the family patriarch, having performed skits from the play with his Nahal entertainment troupe during his army years.<ref name=jp/><ref name=Haifa/> He contributed his ideas to the part, playing the character as a more universal [[Mizrahi Jew]] instead of specifically a [[Yemenite Jews|Yemenite]], [[History of the Jews in Iraq|Iraqi]], or [[Moroccan Jews|Moroccan Jew]], and asking Kishon to change the character's first name from [[Saadia (given name)|Saadia]] (a recognizably Yemenite name) to Sallah (a more general Mizrahi name).<ref name=jp/>

The film won the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film]], and Topol won the 1964 [[San Francisco International Film Festival#Golden Gate Awards|Golden Gate Award]] for Best Actor at the [[San Francisco International Film Festival]] and the 1965 [[Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actor|Golden Globe for Most Promising Newcomer—Male]],<ref name=jp/>{{sfn|Kronish|Safirman|2003|p=215}}<ref name=Haifa/>{{sfn|Franks|2004|p=280}} alongside [[Harve Presnell]] and [[George Segal]]. ''[[Sallah Shabati]]'' was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]], losing to the Italian-language ''[[Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow]]''.<ref name=jp/>

In 1966, Topol made his [[English language|English-language]] film debut as Abou Ibn Kaqden in the [[Mickey Marcus]] biopic ''[[Cast a Giant Shadow]]''.<ref name=ap/>

===Tevye the Dairyman===
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Topol came to greatest prominence in his portrayal of [[Tevye|Tevye the Dairyman]] on stage and screen. He first played the lead role in the Israeli production of the musical ''[[Fiddler on the Roof]]'' in 1966,<ref name=Haifa/> replacing [[Shmuel Rodensky]] for 10 weeks when Rodensky fell ill.<ref name=jp/> [[Harold Prince]], producer of the original ''Fiddler on the Roof'' that opened on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] in 1964, had seen Topol in ''Sallah Shabati'' and called him to audition for the role of the fifty-something Tevye in a new production scheduled to open at [[Her Majesty's Theatre]] in [[London]] on February 16, 1967.{{sfn|Isenberg|2014|p=86}} Not yet fluent in English, Topol memorized the score from listening to the original Broadway [[Cast recording|cast album]] and practiced the lyrics with a British native.{{sfn|Isenberg|2014|p=86}}

When Topol arrived at the audition, Prince was surprised that this 30-year-old man had played Shabati, a character in his sixties.<ref name=jp/> Topol explained, "A good actor can play an old man, a sad face, a happy man. Makeup is not an obstacle".<ref name=jp/> Topol also surprised the producers with his familiarity with the staging, since he had already acted in the Israeli production, and was hired.<ref name=jp/>{{sfn|Isenberg|2014|p=87}} He spent six months in London learning his part [[phonetically]] with vocal coach [[Cicely Berry]].{{sfn|Isenberg|2014|p=87}} [[Jerome Robbins]], director and choreographer of the 1964 Broadway show who came over to direct the London production, "re-directed" the character of Tevye for Topol and helped the actor deliver a less caricatured performance.{{sfn|Lawrence|2001|p=248}}{{sfn|Isenberg|2014|p=88}} Topol's performance received positive reviews.{{sfn|Isenberg|2014|p=88}}

A few months after the opening, Topol was called up for reserve duty in the [[Six-Day War]] and returned to Israel. He was assigned to an army entertainment troupe on the [[Golan Heights]].{{sfn|Isenberg|2014|p=88}} Afterward he returned to the London production, appearing in a total of 430 performances.{{sfn|Isenberg|2014|p=89}}

It was during the London run that he began being known by his last name only, as the English producers were unable to pronounce the [[voiceless uvular fricative]] consonant [[Heth#Hebrew Ḥet|Ḥet]] at the beginning of his first name, [[Haim|Chaim]], instead calling him "Shame".<ref name=jp/>

{{Quote box
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 |source=–[[Norman Jewison]], 2011{{sfn|Isenberg|2014|p=103}}
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In casting the 1971 [[Fiddler on the Roof (film)|film version]] of ''Fiddler on the Roof'', director [[Norman Jewison]] and his production team sought an actor other than [[Zero Mostel]] for the lead role. This decision was a controversial one, as Mostel had made the role famous in the long-running Broadway musical and wanted to star in the film.{{sfn|Isenberg|2014|pp=103–104}} But Jewison and his team felt Mostel would eclipse the character with his larger-than-life personality.{{sfn|Bial|2005|p=78}}{{sfn|Isenberg|2014|p=102}}{{sfn|Vogel|2003|p=289}} Jewison flew to London in February 1968 to see Topol perform as Tevye during his last week with the London production, and chose him over [[Danny Kaye]], [[Herschel Bernardi]], [[Rod Steiger]], [[Danny Thomas]], [[Walter Matthau]], [[Richard Burton]], and [[Frank Sinatra]], who had also expressed interest in the part.<ref name=jp/>{{sfn|Isenberg|2014|p=102}}{{sfn|Bial|2005|pp=78–79}}

Then 36 years old, Topol was made to look 20 years older and {{convert|30|lb}} heavier with makeup and costuming.{{sfn|Bonfante|1971|p=90}} As in his role as Shabati, Topol used the technique of "locking his muscles" to convincingly play an older character.<ref name=jp/>{{sfn|Isenberg|2014|pp=87–88}} He later explained:

<blockquote>As a young man, I had to make sure that I didn't break the illusion for the audience. You have to tame yourself. I'm now someone who is supposed to be 50, 60 years old. I cannot jump. I cannot suddenly be young. You produce a certain sound [in your voice] that is not young.<ref name=jp/></blockquote>

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For his performance, Topol won the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy|Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy]],{{sfn|Franks|2004|p=283}} the [[Sant Jordi Award]] for Best Performance in a Foreign Film,<ref name=greer>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Culture/Grapevine-Between-the-Negev-and-the-Galilee-396472|title=Grapevine: Between the Negev and the Galilee|first=Greer Fay|last=Cashman|date=April 7, 2015|work=The [[Jerusalem Post]]|access-date=August 22, 2018}}</ref> and the 1972 [[David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actor]], sharing the latter with [[Elizabeth Taylor]].<ref name=Haifa>{{cite web |url=http://bogcms.haifa.ac.il/images/stories/honor_2014/Chaim_Topol.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421143424/http://bogcms.haifa.ac.il/images/stories/honor_2014/Chaim_Topol.pdf |archive-date=April 21, 2015 |url-status=live|title=University of Haifa|date=May 27, 2014|access-date=November 24, 2017|publisher=[[University of Haifa]] Board of Governors}}</ref> He was also nominated for the 1971 [[Academy Award for Best Actor]], losing to [[Gene Hackman]] in ''[[The French Connection (film)|The French Connection]]''.<ref name=ap/><ref name=toi/>

In 1983 Topol reprised the role of Tevye in a revival of ''Fiddler on the Roof'' on the [[West End theatre|West End]] in London.{{sfn|Isenberg|2014|p=89}} In 1989, he played the role in a 30-city U.S. touring production.<ref name=theater>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/18/theater/theater-sunrise-sunset.html|title=THEATER; Sunrise, Sunset|first=Richard F.|last=Shepard|date=November 18, 1990|access-date=November 23, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> As he was by then the approximate age of the character, he commented, "I didn't have to spend the energy playing the age".<ref name=theater/> In 1990–1991, he again starred as Tevye in a [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] revival of ''Fiddler'' at the [[Gershwin Theatre]].<ref name=theater/>{{sfn|Dietz|2016|p=33}} In that production [[Rosalind Harris]], who had played eldest daughter Tzeitel in the film, played Tevye's wife Golde opposite Topol. In 1991, he was nominated for a [[Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical]],{{sfn|Dietz|2016|p=34}} losing to [[Jonathan Pryce]] in ''[[Miss Saigon]]''. Topol again played Tevye in a 1994 London revival,{{sfn|Isenberg|2014|p=89}} which became a touring production. In that production, the role of one of his daughters was played by his daughter, Adi Topol Margalith.<ref name=jp/>{{sfn|Isenberg|2014|p=142}}

Topol reprised the role of Tevye for a 1997–1998 touring production in Israel, as well as a 1998 show at the [[Regent Theatre, Melbourne|Regent Theatre]] in [[Melbourne]].<ref name=list/> In September 2005 he returned to Australia for a ''Fiddler on the Roof'' revival at the [[Capitol Theatre, Sydney|Capitol Theatre]] in [[Sydney]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.theage.com.au/news/arts/topols-model-role/2005/08/23/1124562863587.html|title=Topol's Model Role|first=Monica|last=Nye|date=August 24, 2005|access-date=November 26, 2017|work=[[The Age]]}}</ref> followed by an April 2006 production at the [[Lyric Theatre, Brisbane|Lyric Theatre]] in [[Brisbane]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Munro-Wallis |first=Nigel |date=April 7, 2006 |title=Fiddler on the Roof |url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/reviews/2006/04/07/1611265.htm |access-date=November 26, 2017 |work=[[ABC Radio Brisbane]]}}</ref> and a June 2006 production at [[Her Majesty's Theatre, Melbourne|Her Majesty's Theatre]] in Melbourne.<ref name=list>{{cite web|url= https://www.ausstage.edu.au/pages/contributor/400539|title=Chaim Topol|publisher=AusStage|year=2017|access-date=November 26, 2017}}</ref> In May 2007, he starred in a production at the [[Civic Theatre (Auckland)|Auckland Civic Theatre]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0705/S00206/topol-auckland-has-in-its-midst-a-champion.htm|title= Topol – Auckland Has In Its Midst A Champion|first=Selwyn|last=Manning|date=May 10, 2007|access-date=November 26, 2017|work=[[Scoop (website)|Scoop News]]}}</ref>

In 2009, Topol began a farewell tour of ''Fiddler on the Roof'' as Tevye, opening in [[Wilmington, Delaware]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sierra |first1=Gabrielle |title=FIDDLER ON THE ROOF Opens National Tour In Providence 2/10 |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/FIDDLER-ON-THE-ROOF-Opens-National-Tour-In-Providence-210-20090123 |website=Broadway World |access-date=March 9, 2023}}</ref> He was forced to withdraw from the tour in [[Boston]] owing to a shoulder injury, and was replaced by [[Theodore Bikel]] and [[Harvey Fierstein]], both of whom had portrayed Tevye on Broadway.<ref name=jp/> Topol estimated that he performed the role more than 3,500 times.<ref name=jp/><ref name=toi/><ref name=ap/>

In 2014, he appeared in ''Raising the Roof'', a 50th-anniversary tribute to ''Fiddler'' at New York City's Town Hall produced by [[National Yiddish Theatre]].<ref name=hetrick/> The evening featured [[Chita Rivera]], [[Joshua Bell]], [[Sheldon Harnick]], [[Andrea Martin]], [[Jerry Zaks]], and more, and was co-directed by Gary John La Rosa and [[Erik Liberman]].<ref name=hetrick>{{cite web|last=Hetrick|first=Adam|date=June 2, 2014|title=Chita Rivera, Karen Ziemba and More Join Fiddler on the Roof at Town Hall|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/chita-rivera-karen-ziemba-and-more-join-fiddler-on-the-roof-at-town-hall-com-219034|access-date=October 8, 2020|website=Playbill|language=en}}</ref>

===Other stage and film roles===
[[File:Chaim Topol as Sallah Shabati, drawing by Chaim Topol.JPG|thumb|200px|Topol's sketch of himself as ''[[Sallah Shabati]]'']]

In 1976, Topol played the lead role of the baker, Amiable, in the new musical ''[[The Baker's Wife]]'', but was fired after eight months by producer [[David Merrick]]. In her autobiography, [[Patti LuPone]], his co-star in the production, claimed that Topol had behaved unprofessionally on stage and had a strained relationship with her off-stage.{{sfn|LuPone|2010|pp=84–86}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=McNulty |first1=Charles |title=Book review: 'Patti LuPone: A Memoir' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-oct-07-la-et-1007-book-20101007-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times |date=October 7, 2010 |access-date=March 9, 2023}}</ref> The show's composer, [[Stephen Schwartz (composer)|Stephen Schwartz]], claimed that Topol's behavior greatly disturbed the cast and directors and resulted in the production not reaching Broadway as planned.{{sfn|De Giere|2008|p=121ff}} In 1988, Topol starred in the title role in ''Ziegfeld'' at the [[London Palladium]].{{sfn|Hartnoll|Found|1996}} He returned to the London stage in 2008 in the role of Honoré, played by [[Maurice Chevalier]] in the 1958 film ''[[Gigi (1958 film)|Gigi]]''.<ref name=jp/>

Topol appeared in more than 30 films in Israel and abroad.<ref name=ap/> Among his notable English-language appearances are the title role in ''[[Galileo (1975 film)|Galileo]]'' (1975), [[Dr. Hans Zarkov]] in ''[[Flash Gordon (film)|Flash Gordon]]'' (1980),{{sfn|Smith|Lavington|2002|p=171}} and [[List of James Bond allies#Film allies|Milos Columbo]] in the James Bond film ''[[For Your Eyes Only (film)|For Your Eyes Only]]'' (1981).{{sfn|Smith|Lavington|2002|p=171}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/18146/For-Your-Eyes-Only/cast|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615212854/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/18146/For-Your-Eyes-Only/cast|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 15, 2013|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2013|title=For Your Eyes Only}}</ref> He was said to be Israel's "only internationally-recognized entertainer" from the 1960s through to the 1980s.<ref name=jp/>

In Israel, Topol acted in and produced dozens of films and television series.<ref name=Haifa/> As a voice artist, he dubbed the voice of [[Bagheera]] in the Hebrew-language versions of ''[[The Jungle Book (1967 film)|The Jungle Book]]'' and the [[The Jungle Book 2|2003 sequel]] as well as [[Rubeus Hagrid]] in the first two films of the [[Harry Potter (film series)|''Harry Potter'' film series]].<ref name=ap/><ref name=toi/> He was also a playwright and screenwriter.<ref name=rivka/>
  
Topol was featured on two [[BBC One]] programmes , the six-part series ''Topol's Israel'' (1985) and earlier ''It's Topol'' (1968).{{sfn|Kronish|Safirman|2003|p=215}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pebblemill.org/blog/topols-israel/|title=From Minefields to Massada|first=Peter |last=Hercombe|year=1984|newspaper=[[Pebble Mill Studios|Pebble Mill News]]}}</ref> A [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]-language documentary of his life, ''Chaim Topol – Life as a Film'', aired on Israel's [[Channel 1 (Israel)|Channel 1]] in 2011, featuring interviews with his longtime actor friends in Israel and abroad.<ref name=news/>

===Musical recordings===
A [[baritone]],<ref name=news/> Topol recorded several singles and albums, including film soundtracks, children's songs, and Israeli war songs. His albums include ''Topol With Roger Webb And His Orchestra - Topol '68'' (1967), ''Topol Sings Israeli Freedom Songs'' (1967), ''War Songs By Topol'' (1968), and ''Topol's Israel'' (1984). He appeared on the soundtrack album for the film production of ''[[Fiddler on the Roof (film)|Fiddler on the Roof]]'' (1971) and  the London cast album (1967).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thayer |first=Caroline |title=Chaim Topol, 'Fiddler on the Roof' star, dead at 87 |url=https://news.yahoo.com/chaim-topol-fiddler-roof-star-165058126.html |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/965958799 |title=The International Who's Who 2008 |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-85743-415-6 |edition=71st |location=London |pages=2201 |oclc=965958799}}</ref>

==Mossad missions==
After Topol's death, the family revealed that he had been involved in [[Mossad]] missions in the 1960s and 1970s. They said he went on unexplained trips abroad while equipped with a miniature state-of-the-art camera and tape recorder, and that he was in regular contact with Mossad officer [[Peter Malkin]], who came on visits to the family home through the backyard in disguise.<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/late-actor-chaim-topol-was-involved-in-mossad-missions-relatives-say/ Late actor Chaim Topol was involved in Mossad missions, relatives say]</ref> On several occasions, Topol carried out wiretapping and other operations with Malkin, using his international acclaim to divert attention from Malkin.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-04-13/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/revealed-chaim-topols-secret-life-as-a-mossad-agent/00000187-7acb-d484-adef-facf860c0000 Revealed: Chaim Topol’s Secret Life as a Mossad Agent], [[Haaretz]]</ref>

==Literary and art career==
[[File:Shimon Peres by Chaim Topol.JPG|right|thumb|150px|[[Shimon Peres]] by Topol]]

His autobiography, ''Topol by Topol'', was published in London by Weindenfel and Nicholson (1981).{{sfn|Kronish|Safirman|2003|p=215}}<ref name=list/> He also authored ''To Life!'' (1994) and ''Topol's Treasury of Jewish Humor, Wit and Wisdom'' (1995).<ref name=list/>

Topol illustrated approximately 25 books in both Hebrew and English.<ref name=Haifa/> He also produced drawings of Israeli national figures. His sketches of [[President of Israel|Israeli presidents]] were reproduced in a 2013 stamp series issued by the [[Postage stamps and postal history of Israel|Israel Philatelic Federation]],<ref name=Haifa/> as was his self-portrait as Tevye for 2014 [[commemorative stamp]] marking the 50th anniversary of the Broadway debut of ''Fiddler on the Roof''.<ref name=pri>{{cite web |url= https://www.pri.org/stories/2015-07-13/chaim-topol-still-fiddling-after-all-these-years|title=Chaim Topol is still fiddling after all these years|first=Daniel|last=Estrin|date=July 13, 2015|access-date=November 25, 2017|work=[[Public Radio International]]}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
In 1967, Topol founded Variety Israel, an organization serving children with special needs.<ref name=Haifa/><ref name=ynet/> He was also a co-founder and chairman of the board of [[Jordan River Village]], a vacation village for Arab and Jewish children with life-threatening illnesses, which opened in 2012.<ref name=Haifa/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://forward.com/articles/174320/chaim-topol-is-more-than-tevye-for-sick-jewish-and/|title=Chaim Topol Is More Than Tevye for Sick Jewish and Arab Children|first=Paul|last=Alster|date=April 7, 2013|access-date=November 25, 2017|work=[[The Forward]]}}</ref> It was inspired by [[Paul Newman]]'s [[Hole in the Wall Gang Camp]].<ref name="Barnes HR">{{cite web |last1=Barnes |first1=Mike |title=Chaim Topol, Tevye the Milkman in 'Fiddler on the Roof,' Dies at 87 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/chaim-topol-dead-tevye-milkman-fiddler-on-the-roof-1235346582/ |website=Hollywood Reporter |date=March 9, 2023 |access-date=March 9, 2023}}</ref> The village is operated almost entirely by volunteers. Topol described it as the project he was "most connected to."<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-03-09/ty-article/.premium/chaim-topol-known-worldwide-for-his-role-in-fiddler-on-the-roof-dies-at-87/00000186-c1b4-db8c-a1be-d5f6ac390000 Chaim Topol, Known Worldwide for His Role in 'Fiddler on the Roof,' Dies at 87], [[Haaretz]]</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
[[File:Recipients of Kinor David 1964.jpg|right|thumb|Topol (centre row, far right) and other winners of the [[Kinor David]] award in arts and entertainment, 1964]]

Topol was a recipient of Israel's [[Kinor David]] award in arts and entertainment in 1964.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gpophotoheb.gov.il/fotoweb/Grid.fwx?search=D508-133.jpg#Preview1|title=D508-133.jpg |publisher=[[The National Photo Collection (Israel)|The National Photo Collection]]|year=2018|access-date=September 25, 2018}}</ref> He received a Best Actor award from the [[San Sebastián International Film Festival]] for his performance in the 1972 film ''[[Follow Me! (1972 film)|Follow Me!]]''<ref name=Haifa/> In 2008, he was named an Outstanding Member of the [[Israel Festival]] for his contribution to Israeli culture.<ref name=Haifa/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3545217,00.html|title=חיים טופול יקיר פסטיבל ישראל|language=he|trans-title=Chaim Topol is a Notable of the Israel Festival|first=Merav|last=Yudelovitch|date=May 19, 2008|access-date=December 6, 2017|work=[[Ynet]]}}</ref>

In 2014, the [[University of Haifa]] conferred upon Topol an [[honorary degree]] in recognition of his 50 years of activity in Israel's cultural and public life.<ref name=Haifa/> In 2015, he received the [[Israel Prize]] for lifetime achievement.<ref name=ynet>{{cite news |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4642812,00.html|title=Chaim Topol wins Israel Prize for lifetime achievement|date=March 31, 2015|access-date=November 24, 2017|work=[[Ynetnews]]}}</ref><ref name=ap>{{cite news |url= https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/features/1.652691|title= Iconic Israeli actor Chaim Topol reflects upon his long career|agency=Associated Press|date=April 21, 2015|access-date=November 24, 2017|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref>

In 2015, Chaim Topol was honoured by the Chief Rabbi of Ukraine, Rabbi [[Moshe Reuven Azman]] and the Ukrainian Jewish Community. Topol's portrayal of Tevye in Fiddler on the Roof led to the inspiration for the [[Anatevka Refugee Village]] which was named in commemoration of the fictional village.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.officeofchiefrabbi.org/post/ukraine-jewish-community-remembers-chaim-topol |website=Office of Chief Rabbi |title=Ukraine Jewish Community Remembers Chaim Topol |access-date=March 13, 2023 |archive-date=March 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313043101/https://www.officeofchiefrabbi.org/post/ukraine-jewish-community-remembers-chaim-topol |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Legacy==
Shortly after Topol's death, President [[Isaac Herzog]] issued a statement honouring "one of the most prominent Israeli stage artists, a gifted actor who conquered many stages in Israel and overseas, filled the cinema screens with his presence and, above all, deeply entered our hearts". Prime minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] stated "his wide smile, warm voice, and unique sense of humour made him a folk hero who won the hearts of the people" and former prime minister [[Yair Lapid]] remarked "He and his smile will continue to accompany Israeli culture, his rich legacy will forever remain a part of Israel".<ref>{{cite news |title=Fiddler on the Roof actor Chaim Topol passes away at 87|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/culture/article/hjzxcbd1h|newspaper=Ynetnews|date=March 9, 2023 |access-date=March 9, 2023|last1=Zaga |first1=Bar }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1961
|''[[I Like Mike (film)|I Like Mike]]'' 
|Mikha
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|1962
|''Etz O Palestina'' (''The True Story of Palestine'')
|Narrator
|-
|1963
|''[[El Dorado (1963 film)|El Dorado]]''
|Benny Sherman
|Credited as Haim Topol
|-
|1964
| ''[[Sallah Shabati]]''
|Sallah Shabati
|Credited as Haym Topol.<br>[[Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actor|Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Male]]<br>[[San Francisco International Film Festival|San Francisco International Film Festival Award for Best Actor]]
|-
|1966
|''[[Cast a Giant Shadow]]'' 
|Abou Ibn Kader
|
|-
|1967
| ''[[Ervinka]]'' 
|Ervinka
|Credited as Haim Topol. Also co-producer.
|-
|rowspan="2"|1968
| ''Kol Mamzer Melekh'' (''[[Every Bastard a King]]'')
|
| rowspan="2" |Co-producer
|-
|''Ha-Shehuna Shelanu'' (''Fish, Football, and Girls'')
| 
|-
|rowspan="2"|1969
|''[[Before Winter Comes]]'' 
|Janovic
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|''[[A Talent for Loving (film)|A Talent for Loving]]'' 
|General Molina
|-
|1970
| ''[[Nikki: Wild Dog of the North]]'' 
|Narrator
|Hebrew dub
|-
|rowspan="3"|1971
| ''[[Fiddler on the Roof (film)|Fiddler on the Roof]]''
|[[Tevye]] 
|[[David di Donatello]] Award for Best Foreign Actor<br>[[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy]]<br>[[Sant Jordi Award]] for Best Performance in a Foreign Film<br>Nominated – [[Academy Award for Best Actor]]
|-
|'' The Going Up of David Lev''
|Chaim
|TV movie
|-
|''Hatarnegol'' (''The Boys Will Never Believe It''; ''The Rooster'')
|Gadi Zur
|Also co-producer
|-
|1972
|''[[Follow Me! (film)|Follow Me!]]''
|Julian Cristoforou
|[[San Sebastián International Film Festival]] award for Best Actor
|-
|1975
|''[[Galileo (1975 film)|Galileo]]'' 
|[[Galileo Galilei]]
|
|-
|1979
|''[[The House on Garibaldi Street]]''
|Michael
|TV movie
|-
|1980
|''[[Flash Gordon (film)|Flash Gordon]]'' 
|Dr. [[Hans Zarkov]]
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|1981
|''[[For Your Eyes Only (film)|For Your Eyes Only]]'' 
|[[List of James Bond allies in For Your Eyes Only|Milos Columbo]]
|-
|1983
| ''[[The Winds of War (miniseries)|The Winds of War]]'' 
|Berel Jastrow
|TV miniseries
|-
|1985
| ''Roman Behemshechim'' (''Again, Forever'')
|Effi Avidar
|
|-
|1987
| ''[[Queenie (miniseries)|Queenie]]'' 
|Dimitri Goldner
|TV movie
|-
|rowspan="2"|1988
|''[[Tales of the Unexpected (TV series)|Tales of the Unexpected]]''
|Professor Max Kelada
|Episode: ''[[List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes#Season 9 (1987–1988)|Mr. Know-All]]''
|-
|''[[The Jungle Book (1967 film)|The Jungle Book]]'' 
|[[Bagheera]]
|Hebrew dub
|-
|1988–1989
|''[[War and Remembrance (miniseries)|War and Remembrance]]''
|Berel Jastrow
|TV miniseries, 11 episodes
|-
|1993
| ''[[SeaQuest DSV]]''
|Dr. Rafik Hassan
|Episode: ''Treasure of the Mind''
|-
|rowspan="2"|1998
|''[[Left Luggage (film)|Left Luggage]]'' 
|Mr. Apfelschnitt
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|''Time Elevator''
|Shalem
|-
|2000
|'' Inside For Your Eyes Only''
|
| rowspan="2" |Documentary
|-
|rowspan="2"|2001
|'' Fiddler on the Roof: 30 Years of Tradition''
|
|-
|''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)|Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'' 
|rowspan="2"|[[Rubeus Hagrid]]
|rowspan="3"|Hebrew dub
|-
|2002
|''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)|Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' 
|-
|2003
|''[[The Jungle Book 2]]'' 
|Bagheera
|-
|2019
|''[[Fiddler: A Miracle of Miracles]]''
|
|Documentary
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | '''Sources:'''{{sfn|Kronish|Safirman|2003|p=215}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Cinema of Israel]]
* [[Culture of Israel]]
* [[Theater of Israel]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/actingjewishnego0000bial|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/actingjewishnego0000bial/page/78 78]|title=Acting Jewish: Negotiating Ethnicity on the American Stage & Screen|first=Henry|last=Bial|year=2005|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=047206908X}} 
* {{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA90 |title=Topol: Fiddler on the Screen|first=Jordan|last=Bonfante|magazine=[[Life (magazine)|LIFE]]|date=December 3, 1971|volume=71|issue=23}}
* {{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w-IHAQAAMAAJ|chapter=The Baker's Wife: Mixed Ingredients|title=Defying Gravity: The Creative Career of Stephen Schwartz, from Godspell to Wicked|first=Carol |last=De Giere|year=2008|publisher=Applause Theatre & Cinema Books|isbn=978-1557837455}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPLaDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 |title= The Complete Book of 1990s Broadway Musicals|first=Dan|last=Dietz|year=2016|publisher= Rowman & Littlefield |isbn= 978-1442272149}} 
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCUTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA280 |title=Entertainment Awards: A Music, Cinema, Theatre and Broadcasting Guide, 1928 through 2003|edition=3rd|first=Don|last=Franks|year=2004|publisher=McFarland|isbn=0786417986}}
* {{cite book|title=The Concise Oxford Companion to the Theatre|edition=2nd|year=1996|first1=Phyllis|last1=Hartnoll|first2=Peter|last2=Found|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780192825742|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/conciseoxfordcom0000unse}}
* {{cite journal |last=Holt |first=Patricia |date=December 7, 2010 |url=https://holtuncensored.com/patti-lupone-a-showbiz-memoir-to-remember/ |title=Patti LuPone: A ShowBiz Memoir to Remember |journal=[[Holtuncensored.com]]}}
* {{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=y7xzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88 |title= Tradition!: The Highly Improbable, Ultimately Triumphant Broadway-to-Hollywood Story of Fiddler on the Roof, the World's Most Beloved Musical|first=Barbara|last=Isenberg|year=2014|publisher= St. Martin's Press|isbn= 978-1466862524}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNwtNHJl-2IC&pg=PT248|title= Dance with Demons: The Life of Jerome Robbins|first=Greg|last=Lawrence|year=2001|publisher=Penguin|isbn= 1101204060}} 
* {{cite book |last1=Kronish |first1=Amy |first2=Costel |last2=Safirman|year=2003|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BJsktgkY9boC&pg=PA215 |title=Israeli Film: A Reference Guide|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0313321442}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3JSLygBREoC&pg=PA84 |title=Patti LuPone: A Memoir|first=Patti|last=LuPone|author-link=Patti Lupone|year=2010|publisher=Crown/Archetype|isbn=978-0307460752}} 
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/leonardmaltin00malt|url-access=registration|title=Leonard Maltin's Movie Encyclopedia|editor-first=Leonard|editor-last=Maltin|editor-link=Leonard Maltin|year=1994|publisher=Dutton|isbn=9780525936350}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffi00mona |url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffi00mona/page/537 537]|title=The Encyclopedia of Film|editor-first=James|editor-last=Monaco|year=1991|publisher=Perigee Books|isbn=0399516042}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bondfilms0000smit|url-access=registration|title=Bond Films|first1= Jim|last1=Smith|first2=Stephen |last2=Lavington|year=2002|publisher=Virgin|isbn= 0753507099}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xGBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA289|title=Hollywood Musicals Nominated for Best Picture|first=Frederick G.|last=Vogel|publisher=McFarland|year=2003|isbn=0786443421}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|0867694}}
* {{IBDB name|24361}}
* {{Tcmdb name|1509146{{!}}0|Chaim Topol}}
* {{discogs artist|Topol}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Chaim Topol
| list =
{{David di Donatello for Best Foreign Actor}}
{{GoldenGlobeAwardBestActorMotionPictureMusicalComedy 1961-1980}}
{{Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year Actor}}
{{Silver Shell for Best Actor}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Topol, Chaim}}
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