Editing Chaïm Soutine

{{Short description|French, Jewish Belarusian painter (1893–1943)}}
{{Expand French|topic=cult|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox artist
| name             = Chaïm Soutine
| image            = Chaim Soutine with signature.jpg
| landscape        = yes
| caption          = Soutine (with signature)
| birth_name       = Chaim-Itzke Solomonovich Sutin (Хаим-Ицке Соломонович Сутин)
| birth_date       = {{Birth date|1893|01|13|df=y}}
| birth_place      = [[Smilavichy]], [[Minsk Governorate]], Russian&nbsp;Empire {{awrap|(now Belarus)}}
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|1943|08|09|1893|01|13|df=y}}
| death_place      = Paris, France
| nationality      = French
| field            = Painting
| training         = {{cslist|[[Vilnius Academy of Arts|Vilna Academy of Fine Arts]]|{{lang|fr|[[École des Beaux-Arts]]|italic=no}}|[[Fernand Cormon]]}}
| movement         = [[École de Paris]], [[Expressionism]]
| works            = 
| patrons          = {{cslist|[[Albert C. Barnes]]|[[Léopold Zborowski]]}}
| awards           = 
| education        = 
| signature        = Signature of Chaim Soutine.JPG
}}
'''Chaïm Soutine''' ({{IPA|fr|ʃaim sutin|lang}}; {{langx|ru|Хаим Соломонович Сутин|Khaim Solomonovich Sutin}}; {{langx|yi|חײם סוטין|Chaim Sutin}}; 13 January 1893 – 9 August 1943) was a [[France|French]] painter of [[Belarusian-Jewish]] origin of the [[School of Paris]], who made a major contribution to the [[Expressionist]] movement while living and working in [[Paris]].<ref>[http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=soutine&role=&nation=&prev_page=1&subjectid=500004801 Getty Research Institute: Union List of Artist Names Online]. Retrieved 20 June 2020.</ref>

Inspired by classic painting in the European tradition, exemplified by the works of [[Rembrandt]], [[Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin|Chardin]]<ref>Kleeblatt, 13</ref> and [[Gustave Courbet|Courbet]], Soutine developed an individual style more concerned with shape, color, and texture than representation, which served as a bridge between more traditional approaches and the developing form of [[Abstract Expressionism]].

==Early life==
{{multiple image
 | align     = right
 | direction = horizontal
 | header    =
 | header_align = left/right/center
 | header_background =
 | footer    =
 | footer_align = left/right/center
 | footer_background =
 | width     =
 | image1    = Amedeo Modigliani 036.jpg
 | width1    = 160
 | caption1  = [[Amedeo Modigliani]], ''Portrait of Soutine'', 1916
 | alt1      = A painting of a man
 | image2    = Amedeo Modigliani - Chaim Soutine (1917).jpg
 | width2    = 160
 | caption2  = [[Amedeo Modigliani]], ''Chaim Soutine'', 1917, [[National Gallery of Art]]
 | alt2      = A painting of a man
}}
Soutine was born '''Chaim-Iche Solomonovich Sutin''', in [[Smilavichy]] (Yiddish: סמילאָוויץ, romanized: Smilovitz) in the [[Minsk Governorate]] of the [[Russian Empire]] (present-day [[Belarus]]). He was [[Jewish]]<ref>[https://hyperallergic.com/459453/the-carcass-and-the-canvas-and-other-chaim-soutine-stories/  By Norman Kleeblatt, September 14, 2018, Hyperallergic]</ref> and the 10th of 11 children born to parents Zalman (also reported as Solomon and Salomon) Moiseevich Sutin (1858–1932) and Sarah Sutina (née Khlamovna) (died in 1938).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarah Sutina|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Sarah-Sutina/6000000002410224403|access-date=19 October 2020|website=geni_family_tree|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Salomon Sutin|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Salomon-Sutin/6000000002410274465|access-date=19 October 2020|website=geni_family_tree|language=en-US}}</ref> From 1910 to 1913 he studied in [[Vilnius]] at a small art Academy.<!--Not the Vilnius Academy of Arts, which was not in operation between 1860s and 1919.--><ref>Giraudon, Colette (2003). "Soutine, Chaïm". Grove Art Online.</ref> In 1913, with his friends [[Pinchus Kremegne]] and [[Michel Kikoine]], he emigrated to Paris, where he studied at the {{lang|fr|[[École des Beaux-Arts]]|italic=no}} under [[Fernand Cormon]]. He soon developed a highly personal vision and painting technique.

==Early life and arrival in Paris==

=== La Ruche and Montparnasse ===
{{See also|School of Paris}}

For a time, he and his friends lived at [[La Ruche (residence)|La Ruche]], a residence for struggling artists in [[Montparnasse]] in Paris.  Since 1900, the Montparnasse district, popularized by Apollinaire, had supplanted [[Montmartre]] as the epicenter of an intellectual and artistic life in Paris. It was the meeting place of writers, painters, sculptors, and actors, often struggling financially, who exchanged and created art and literature whilst sitting and chatting in cafes.<ref>Parmi ceux que fréquentaient le plus les artistes du temps subsistent toujours ''[[La Closerie des Lilas]], [[Le Dôme (brasserie)|Le Dôme]], [[La Rotonde (brasserie)|La Rotonde]]''. (FR)</ref>

La Ruche — whose rotunda stands on Dantzig Passage in the [[15th arrondissement of Paris|15th arrondissement]], not far from Montparnasse, a cosmopolitan commune where painters and sculptors from all over, many from Eastern Europe — rented small studios at a low cost. There, Soutine encountered, among others, [[Alexander Archipenko|Archipenko]], [[Ossip Zadkine|Zadkine]], [[Constantin Brâncuși|Brancusi]], [[Jacques Chapiro|Chapiro]], [[Moïse Kisling|Kisling]], [[Elisabeth Epstein|Epstein]], [[Marc Chagall|Chagall]], [[Nina Niss-Goldman]], [[Chana Orloff]], as well as Lipchitz who introduced [[Amedeo Modigliani|Amadeo Modigliani]] to Soutine.<ref>{{harvsp|Tuchman|Dunow|Perls|2001|p=78}}.</ref>

The two became friends. Modigliani painted Soutine's portrait several times, most famously in 1917, on a door of an apartment belonging to [[Léopold Zborowski]], who was their art dealer.<ref>Kleeblatt et al., 101</ref> Until he acquired his own studio, he slept and worked at various places, specifically at Krémègne and Kikoïne's, fellow Jewish painters of the [[School of Paris|School of Pairs]]. His poverty was such he even slept in stairways and on benches.<ref name="CP1">{{harvsp|Parisot|2005|p=204}}.</ref>

Upon his arrival in Paris, Soutine eagerly immersed himself in his exploration of the French capital. "In a filthy hole like Smilovitchi," he claimed, where, he also said, they are unaware of the existence of a piano, "one cannot imagine that there are cities like Paris, or music like that of Bach." As soon as he has a few pennies in his pocket, he would spend them in order to "immerse himself" in music at Colonne or Lamoureux concerts, with a preference for Baroque music.<ref>{{harvsp|Nicoïdski|1993|p=55}}.</ref> He haunted the galleries of the [[Louvre]], either hugging the walls or jumping at the slightest approach, and contemplated for hours his favorite painters: "If he loves [[Jean Fouquet|Fouquet]], [[Raphael]], [[Jean Siméon Chardin|Chardin]], and [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres|Ingres]], it is especially in the works of [[Francisco Goya|Goya]] and [[Gustave Courbet|Courbet]], and more than any other, in those of [[Rembrandt]], that Soutine recognizes himself." Chana Orloff recounted that, seized by a "respectful fear" in front of a Rembrandt, he could also go into ecstasy and exclaim, "It's so beautiful that it drives me mad!".<ref name="aa">{{harvsp|Breton|2007|p=34}}.</ref>

Soutine took French lessons, often in the back of [[Café de la Rotonde|La Rotonde]], managed at the time by Victor Libion. Libion, who acted as a sort of artists' patron, allowed artists to warm up from the cold in La Rotonde and discuss for hours without requiring them to make additional purchases. After learning French, Soutine — an avid reader of Russian novels — also began to enthusiastically read and immerse himself in French literature, reading [[Honoré de Balzac|Balzac]], [[Charles Baudelaire|Baudelaire]], and [[Arthur Rimbaud|Rimbaud]], and later, [[Michel de Montaigne|Montaigne]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-04 |title=Chaim SOUTINE |url=https://ecoledeparis.org/chaim-soutine/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Bureau d’art Ecole de Paris |language=en-US}}</ref>

Zborowski supported Soutine through World War I, taking the struggling artist with him to [[Nice]] to escape the possible [[German invasion of France|German invasion of Paris]].

== The Interwar period ==
After the war [[Paul Guillaume]], a highly influential art dealer, began to champion Soutine's work.  In 1923, in a showing arranged by Guillaume, the prominent American collector [[Albert C. Barnes]], bought 60 of Soutine's paintings on the spot.  Soutine, who had been virtually penniless in his years in Paris, immediately took the money, ran into the street, hailed a Paris taxi, and ordered the driver to take him to Nice, on the [[French Riviera]], more than 400 miles away.

=== Céret ===
Soutine lived for several years in [[Le Midi]], initially between [[Vence]] and [[Cagnes-sur-Mer]]; he then abandoned the French Riviera for the [[Pyrénées-Orientales]] in 1919, specifically for [[Céret]]. Regardless of his frequent trips to Paris—particularly in October 1919 to obtain his identity card, mandatory for foreigners—he changed residences and studios several times.<ref>Nicoïdski 1993, <abbr>p.</abbr> 114–115.</ref> One of his places of residence was the Maison Laverny, 5 rue de l'hôpital (rue Pierre Rameil). There Soutine was nicknamed by the locals as "el pintre brut" ("the dirty painter"), due to his miserable living conditions on allowances from Zborowski.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chaïm Soutine|url=http://www.musee-ceret.com/mam/artiste.php?artiste=375|website=Musée d'art moderne de Ceret}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

During a visit to Le Midi, Zborowski wrote to a friend regarding Soutine: "He gets up at three in the morning, walks twenty kilometers loaded with canvases and colors to find a site he likes, and goes back to bed forgetting to eat. But he unfastens his canvas and, having spread it on the one from the day before, he falls asleep next to it" Soutine indeed only owned one canvas. The locals took pity at times and at times sympathized with the painter. Soutine painted portraits of the locals, in his works alluding to certain famous series such as those of men in prayer or pastry chefs and café boys, whom he represented facing forward, their working hands often disproportionately depicted. Between 1920 and 1922, he painted around 200 canvases there.<ref>{{harvsp|Nicoïdski|1993|p=128}}.</ref><ref>''Connaissance des Arts'', « Repères chronologiques », SFPA, hors-série No.&nbsp;341, 2007, {{p.|34}}.</ref><ref>{{harvsp|Renault|2012|p=64}}.</ref>

Although Soutine eventually grew to dislike the place and the works he created there, this period is generally considered a key stage in the evolution of his art. Soutine's art at the period is no longer hesitant; here, he "inject[ed] his own emotions into the subjects and figures of his paintings."<ref name="Jover 2007">Jover 2007, <abbr>p.</abbr> 20.</ref> Especially, he imparted extreme deformations to the landscapes, carrying them away in a "rotary movement" already perceived by Waldemar-George in still lifes:<ref name="Br45">{{harvsp|Breton|2007|p=45}}.</ref> under the pressure of internal forces that seem to compress them, the forms spring forth twisting, and the masses rise "as if caught in a maelstrom" as described by Jover.<ref name="Jover 2007"/>

==== Carcass paintings ====
Soutine once horrified his neighbors by keeping an animal carcass in his studio so that he could paint it (''Carcass of Beef''). The stench drove them to send for the police, whom Soutine promptly lectured on the relative importance of art over hygiene. There is a story that [[Marc Chagall]] saw the blood from the carcass leak out onto the corridor outside Soutine's room, and rushed out screaming, "Someone has killed Soutine."<ref>{{cite book|title=Chagall - Love and Exile|first=Jackie|last= Wullschlager|publisher=Allen Lane|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7139-9652-4|page=154}}</ref> Soutine painted 10 works in this series, which have since become his most well-known. His carcass paintings such as ''[[The Flayed Ox]]'' were inspired by [[Rembrandt]]'s still life of the same subject, ''[[Slaughtered Ox]]'',  which he discovered while studying the [[Old Masters]] in the [[Louvre]].

Soutine produced the majority of his works from 1920 to 1929. From 1930 to 1935, the interior designer [[Madeleine Castaing]] and her husband welcomed him to their summer home, the mansion of [[Lèves]], becoming his [[patron]]s, so that Soutine could hold his first exhibition in [[Chicago]] in 1935. He seldom showed his works, but he did take part in the important exhibition ''The Origins and Development of International Independent Art'' held at the [[Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume]] in 1937 in Paris, where he was at last hailed as a great painter.

==== Between Paris and Le Midi ====
By 1926, five of Soutine's paintings were sold at Drouot for amounts ranging from 10,000 to 22,000 francs.<ref name="CG1">{{harvsp|Giraudon|2012|p=35}}.</ref> However, this did not prevent him from boycotting the opening in June 1927 of the first exhibition of his works by Henri Bing in Bing's gallery on Rue La Boétie.<ref>{{harvsp|Breton|2007|p=50}}.</ref> On the other hand, he reportedly eagerly accepted the opportunity to create set designs for a ballet by Diaghilev—a project that never materialized due to the sudden death of the impresario in 1929.

==German invasion==
Soon afterwards France was invaded by German troops. As a Jew, Soutine had to escape from the French capital and hide to avoid arrest by the [[Gestapo]]. From the beginning of 1941, he moved from one place to another and was sometimes forced to seek shelter in forests, sleeping outdoors. Leaving his companion Marie-Berthe Aurenche's home on Littré Street, he sought refuge on Rue des Plants, where she had friends, the painter [[Marcel Laloë]] and his wife. Fearing denunciation by their caretaker, they later assisted in the couple's escape, with fake documents, to a village in [[Indre-et-Loire]], [[Champigny-sur-Veude]]. Expelled from several inns where their untidiness or Marie-Berthe's outbursts were criticized, the couple eventually found a house for rent on the way to [[Chinon]], where friends discreetly visited them.

There, despite intense stomach pains that soon forced him to subsist solely on porridge, the painter resumed his work, supplied with canvases and colors by the painter Marcel Laloë.<ref name="OR10">{{harvsp|Renault|2012|pp=140–141}}.</ref> The landscapes from the years 1941–1942 seem to have abandoned warm tones, such as the ''Landscape of Champigny''. ''The Big Tree'' painted in Richelieu strained Soutine's relationship with the Castaings as he reduced the canvas size before delivering it to them.<ref>{{harvsp|Renault|2012|p=142}}.</ref> However, he also tackled new and lighter subjects like ''The Pigs'' or ''The Return from School after the Storm''. He also created portraits of children and more serene maternity scenes.<ref name="MJ4">{{harvsp|Jover|2007|p=32}}.</ref>

==Illness and death==
Suffering from a stomach ulcer and bleeding badly, Soutine left a safe hiding place for Paris for emergency surgery, which failed to save his life.  On 9 August 1943, he died of a perforated ulcer. He was interred in [[Cimetière du Montparnasse]], Paris.

==Legacy==
[[File:Chaim Soutine EVA.jpg|thumb|''Eva'']]
In February 2006, an oil painting of his controversial and iconic series ''Le Bœuf Écorché'' (1924) sold for a record £7.8 million ($13.8 million) to an anonymous buyer at a Christie's auction held in London—after it was estimated to fetch £4.8 million. In February 2007, a 1921 portrait of an unidentified man with a red scarf (''L'Homme au Foulard Rouge'') sold for $17.2 million—a new record—at Sotheby's London auction house.

One of the beef paintings, known as ''Le bœuf'', circa 1923, was sold for $1 million in 2004 and resold six months later for twice that price to the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. Heirs of the first seller sued to have the painting returned, claiming the price was unfairly low, and a complex settlement in 2009 required the painting to be transferred to them.<ref>{{cite web | author=Mitchell Martin |title=Soutine Suit Settled Over Bargain Beef |url=http://blouinartinfo.com/news/story/274126/soutine-suit-settled-over-bargain-beef/|work=ArtInfo |date=1 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919162632/http://blouinartinfo.com/news/story/274126/soutine-suit-settled-over-bargain-beef/ |archive-date=19 September 2018 }}</ref> In May 2015, ''Le Bœuf'' achieved a record price for the artist of $28,165,000 at the Christie's curated auction ''Looking forward to the past''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chaim Soutine (1893-1943) Le Bœuf |url=https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-5895984}}</ref>

[[Roald Dahl]] placed him as a character in his 1952 short story "[[Skin (short story)|Skin]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roalddahlfans.com/shortstories/skin.php|title=Skin|date=30 November 2015}}</ref>

[[Jewish Museum (Manhattan)|The Jewish Museum in New York]] has presented major exhibitions of Soutine's work in ''An Expressionist in Paris: The Paintings of Chaim Soutine''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thejewishmuseum.org/exhibitions/an-expressionist-in-paris-the-paintings-of-chaim-soutine|title=An Expressionist in Paris: The Paintings of Chaim Soutine|website=The Jewish Museum|access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref> (1998) and ''Chaim Soutine: Flesh'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thejewishmuseum.org/exhibitions/chaim-soutine-flesh|title=Chaim Soutine: Flesh|website=The Jewish Museum|access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref>

In 2020, Soutine's painting ''Eva'' became a symbol of pro-democracy protests in Belarus.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2020|title=Eva. How Most Expensive Painting In Belarus Became Symbol Of Protest|url=https://belarusfeed.com/eva-chaim-soutine-symbol-protest-belarus/|access-date=1 March 2021|website=BelarusFeed|language=en-US|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808062807/https://belarusfeed.com/eva-chaim-soutine-symbol-protest-belarus/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=29 June 2020|title=How Eva, a $1.8 million Portrait, Became a Symbol of Protest|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-29/a-portrait-called-eva-is-belarus-strongman-s-top-election-threat|access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref>

== Artistic style ==
"Expression is in the touch" declared Soutine, meaning expression is found in the movement in the rhythm and the passion applied by the pencil against the surface of the canvas.<ref name=":0">Esti Dunow et Maurice Tuchman, «  », ''Catalogue de l'exposition « Chaïm Soutine, l'ordre du chaos »'', Hazan, 2012</ref> It is said Soutine rapidly moved from linear and rigid drawing of his still life in order to discover "his true element, the touch of color and its sinuous bending".<ref>Marie-Madeleine Massé, Paris, Gallimard, 2012, 48 <abbr>p.</abbr>, ill. en coul. <small>(<nowiki>ISBN 9782070138715</nowiki>)</small></ref><ref name=":0" />

==Gallery==

'''Portraits and figures'''
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:1918, Soutine, Self Portrait.jpg|''Self Portrait'' (1918) oil on canvas, 21.5 × 18 in., Henry and Rose Pearlman Collection, on long-term loan to the Princeton University Art Museum
File:Musée Calvet Soutine Chaïm L'Idiot.jpg|''The Idiot'' (c. 1920) oil on canvas, 36.2 × 25.5 in., Calvet Museum, Avignon
File:Farm Girl (1922) oil on canvas, 31.5 x 17.5 in., collection unknown.jpg|''Farm Girl'' (1922) oil on canvas, 31.5 × 17.5 in., Nagoya City Art Museum, Nagoya
File:Chaïm Soutine - Le Petit Pâtissier.jpg|''The Little Pastry Chef'' (1922–23) oil on canvas, 73 × 54&nbsp;cm, [[Musée de l'Orangerie]], Paris
File:Chaïm Soutine - Woman in Pink - 27-1992 - Saint Louis Art Museum.jpg|''Woman in Pink'' (c. 1924) oil on canvas, 73 × 54.3&nbsp;cm., Saint Louis Art Museum
File:Portrait Of A Man With A Felt Hat (1924) oil on canvas, 36 x 28 in., collection unknown.jpg|''Portrait Of A Man With A Felt Hat'' (1924) oil on canvas, 36 × 28 in., collection unknown
File:Soutine-2014-16.jpg|''The Floor Waiter (Le Garçon d'étage)'' (1927) Collection [[Musée de l'Orangerie]], Paris
File:Young Girl with a Doll (1926–1927) oil on canvas, 25.5 × 19.5 in., Museum of Fine Arts, Houston.jpg|Young Girl with a Doll (1926–1927) oil on canvas, 25.5 × 19.5 in., Museum of Fine Arts, Houston
File:Portrait of Madeleine Castaing.jpg|''Portrait of Madeleine Castaing'' (c. 1929) oil on canvas, 100 × 73&nbsp;cm., Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
File:Female Nude (1933) oil on canvas, 18 x 10.5 in., collection unknown.jpg|''Female Nude'' (1933) oil on canvas, 18 × 10.5 in., collection unknown
File:Chaim Soutine.jpg|''Female Nude'' (1936) oil on canvas, 65 × 55&nbsp;cm., collection unknown
File:La cocinera (Mujer de azul) - Chaïm Soutine.png|''The Cook (Women in Blue)'' (c. 1935) oil on canvas, [[Museo Botero]]
File:Chaïm Soutine's painting - Èmile Lejeune's portrait.jpg|''Portrait d'homme'' (Èmile Lejeune) (1922–1923), Musée de l'Orangerie 
</gallery>
'''Still Lifes'''
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">

File:Soutine, La Table, c. 1919.jpg|''The Table'' (c. 1923) oil on canvas, 35.8 x 39.3 in., Musée de l'Orangerie, Paris
File:Still Life with Rayfish MET DT4177.jpg|''Still Life with Rayfish'' (c. 1924) oil on canvas, 32 × 39.5 in., Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
File:Soutine-2014-08.jpg|''Still life with Pheasant'' (c. 1924) oil on canvas, dimensions unknown, Musée de l'Orangerie, Paris
File:Chicken Hung Before a Brick Wall by Chaim Soutine.jpg|''Chicken Hung Before a Brick Wall'' (1925) oil on canvas, dimensions unknown, Kunstmuseum Bern, Switzerland
File:Soutine-2014-06.jpg|''The Plucked Chicken'' (c. 1925), oil on canvas, dimensions unknown, Musée de l'Orangerie, Paris
File:Hanging Turkey by Chaim Soutine, c. 1925, oil on millboard.jpg|''Hanging Turkey'' (c. 1925) oil on millboard, dimensions unknown,
File:Carcass of Beef by Chaim Soutine, c. 1925, Albright-Knox Art Gallery.jpg|''Carcass of Beef'' (c. 1925), oil on canvas, 53 × 32 in., Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York
</gallery>

'''Landscapes'''
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">

File:1920, Soutine, Chemin de la Fontaine des Tins at Céret.jpg|''Chemin de la Fontaine des Tins at [[Céret]]'', c. 1920, Henry and Rose Pearlman Collection on long-term loan to the Princeton University Art Museum
File:Soutine - Chemin Fontaine Fils à Céret (1920).jpg|''Chemin de la Fontaine Fils à Céret'' (1920) details unknown
File:View of Ceret, by Chaim Soutine, Russian active in France, c. 1921-1922, oil on canvas - Princeton University Art Museum - DSC06974.jpg|''View of Céret'' (c. 1921–22) oil on canvas, Henry and Rose Pearlman Foundation on long-term loan to the Princeton University Art Museum
File:1922, Soutine, Steeple of Saint-Pierre at Céret.jpg|''Steeple of Saint-Pierre at Céret'', c. 1922, Henry and Rose Pearlman Foundation on long-term loan to the Princeton University Art Museum
File:'Landscape with Figures-Céret' by Chaïm Soutine, 1922, High Museum of Art.JPG|''Landscape with Figures-Céret'' (1922) oil on canvas, dimensions unknown, High Museum of Art, Atlanta
File:View of Cagnes MET DT4178.jpg|View of Cagnes (c. 1924 –25) oil on canvas, 23.7 × 28.8 in., Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
File:Return From School (c.1939) oil on canvas, 18 x 19.75 in., The Phillips Collcetion, Washington, D. C.jpg|''Return From School After the Storm'' (c. 1939) oil on canvas, 18 × 19.75 in., The Phillips Collection, Washington, D. C.
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[School of Paris|School Of Paris]]
* [[Amedeo Modigliani]]
* [[Marc Chagall]]
* [[Yitzhak Frenkel|Isaac Frenkel Frenel]]
* [[Jules Pascin]]
* [[Michel Kikoine]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal |first=Jean-Jacques |last=Breton |title=Soutine ou le lyrisme désespéré |journal=L'Estampille/L'Objet d'Art |number=34 (Special issue) |publisher=Faton |date=2007 |isbn=9782878441819 }}
* {{cite book |first=Colette |last=Giraudon |chapter=Soutine, ses marchands, ses mécènes |title=Catalogue de l'exposition " Chaïm Soutine, l'ordre du chaos " |publisher=Hazan |date=2012 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Jover |first=Manuel |author-link=Manuel Jover |title=Matières sensibles |journal=Connaissance des Arts |number=341 (special issue) |publisher=SFPA |date=2007 }}
* {{cite book |last=Kleeblatt |first=Norman L. |author2=Kenneth E. Silver |title=An Expressionist in Paris: The Paintings of Chaim Soutine |year=1998 |publisher=Prestel |location=New York City |isbn=3-7913-1932-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/expressionistinp0000klee }}
* {{cite book |last=Mullin |first=Rick  |title=Soutine: A Poem |year=2012 |publisher=[[Dos Madres Press]] |location=Loveland, Ohio |isbn= 978-1-933675-68-8}}
* {{cite book |first=Clarisse |last=Nicoïdski |title=Soutine ou la profanation |location=Paris |publisher=[[Jean-Claude Lattès]] |date=1993 |isbn=2-7096-1214-3 }}
* {{cite book |first=Olivier |last=Renault |title=Rouge Soutine |location=Paris |publisher=La Table Ronde |series=La Petite vermillon |date=2012 |isbn=9782710369868 }}
* {{cite book |first=Christian |last=Parisot |title=Modigliani |location=Paris |publisher=Folio |series=Folio biographies |date=2005 |isbn=9782070306954 |pages=203–206 and 308}}
* Tuchman, Maurice; ''[https://archive.org/details/chaimsoutine189300sout_ Chaim Soutine (1893–1943) ]'', Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1968
* Tuchman, Maurice; Esti Dunow (1993) ''Chaim Soutine (1893–1943): catalogue raisonné''. Köln: Benedikt Taschen Verlag.
* {{cite book |first1=Maurice |last1=Tuchman |first2=Esti |last2=Dunow |first3=Klaus |last3=Perls |title=Soutine. Catalogue raisonné |location=[[Cologne]] |publisher=[[Taschen]] |date=2001 |ISBN=9783822816295 }}
* ''Chaïm Soutine and his Contemporaries: from Russia to Paris'', Ben Uri Gallery and Museum, 2012, {{ISBN|978 0900 157 400}}
* Soutine: The power and the fury of an eccentric genius by Stanley Meisler [http://www.stanleymeisler.com/smithsonian/smithsonian-1988-11-soutine.html]
* Ifkovic, Ed. Soutine in Exile: A Novel. Createspace, 2017.
* ''Chaïm Soutine'', documentary film by Valérie Firla, written by Valérie Firla and Murielle Levy, 52 min, Les Productions du Golem, Ed. Réunion des musées nationaux, broadcast in France in 2008 [https://www.lesproductionsdugolem.com/chaim-soutine-english/].

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.benuricollection.org.uk/intermediate.php?artistid=376 An artwork by Chaïm Soutine] at the [https://benuri.org/ Ben Uri] site
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120206213925/http://mushecht.haifa.ac.il/hecht/art/Artist-Collection-eng.aspx?id=35 Hecht Museum]
* [http://www.mystudios.com/gallery/modigliani/chaim.html Amedeo Modigliani, "Chaim Soutine" (1917)]
* [http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/paintings/chaim-soutine-le-buf-5895984-details.aspx?from=salesummary&intObjectID=5895984&sid=bdd954e2-e175-4140-86b0-a8396f92547a New record price for Soutine Painting]
* [https://thejewishmuseum.org/exhibitions/chaim-soutine-flesh Chaim Soutine: Flesh]
* [http://www.soutine-smilovichi.by/ Chaim Soutine Museum - Smilovichy]
* [https://ingeveb.org/texts-and-translations/life-of-soutine The Yiddish Life of Chaim Soutine (1893-1943): New Materials]
{{École de Paris}}{{Authority control (arts)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soutine, Chaim}}
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Chervyen district]]
[[Category:People from Igumensky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Belarusian Jews]]
[[Category:Jews from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to France]]
[[Category:French people of Belarusian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Belarusian painters]]
[[Category:Russian painters]]
[[Category:French Expressionist painters]]
[[Category:20th-century French painters]]
[[Category:20th-century French male artists]]
[[Category:French male painters]]
[[Category:Jewish painters]]
[[Category:French modern painters]]
[[Category:School of Paris]]
[[Category:Jewish School of Paris]]
[[Category:Deaths from ulcers]]
[[Category:Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery]]