Editing Château of Blois

{{Short description|French Renaissance style château}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{more footnotes|date=April 2015}}
[[File:Loire Cher Blois1 tango7174.jpg|300px|thumb|upright=2|Interior façades in Classic, Renaissance, and Gothic styles (from left to right)]]
[[File:Charles-Caïus Renoux, Chateau de Elois.jpg|thumb|300px|Château de Blois, lithograph by C. Molle from a drawing by [[Charles-Caïus Renoux]]]]
The '''Royal Château of Blois''' ({{langx|fr|Château Royal de Blois|link=no}}, {{IPA|fr|ʃɑto ʁwajal də blwa|pron}}) is a [[château]] located in the city center of [[Blois]], [[Loir-et-Cher]], in the [[Loire Valley]], France. In addition to having been the residence of the [[Counts of Blois]] and some French kings, [[Joan of Arc]] also went there by 1429 to be blessed by the [[Archbishop of Reims]] before departing with her army to drive against the [[Kingdom of England|English]], who conquered [[Orléans]] the previous year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://manuelcohen.photoshelter.com/image/I0000mhLWA3F41m8|title=Painting of Joan of Arc, Chateau de Blois, Loire Valley, Centre, France {{!}} Manuel Cohen|website=manuelcohen.photoshelter.com|access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref>

The château effectively controlled the [[County of Blois]] up to 1397, then the [[Duchy of Orléans]], and the [[Kingdom of France]] between 1498 and 1544. It comprises several buildings, whose construction began in the 13th century and ended in the 17th century. Four different architectural styles are represented within the rectangular edifice, including: some remainings of the 13th-century medieval fortress, the Louis XII [[Gothic architecture|Gothic-style]] wing, the Francis I [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance-style]] wing, and the Gaston of Orléans [[Classical architecture|Classical-style]] wing.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://en.chateaudeblois.fr/2194-four-architectural-styles.htm|title=Four architectural styles|last=[Anglais]|first=Site Château de Blois|website=en.chateaudeblois.fr|language=en|access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref> In total, there are 564 rooms, including 100 bedrooms with a [[fireplace]] in each, and 75 staircases (although only 23 were used frequently).

The Musée des Beaux-Arts de Blois (Museum of Fine Arts of Blois), located in the Louis XII wing, presents collections of painting, sculpture, and decorative arts (including numerous tapestries) dating from the 16th to the 19th century. It was created in 1850.

==History==
[[File:Blois16.jpg|thumb|left|Interior of the Estates General Room]]

===Counts of Blois===
In 854, the Blois [[castle]], known as ''Blisum castrum'', was attacked by [[Viking]] cheftain [[Hastein]]. In the 10th and 11th centuries,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Chateau de Blois: Simple Guide|last=Kucera|first=Miroslav|date=25 July 2013|pages=224–236}}</ref> the [[Counts of Blois]], who also owned [[Chartres]] and [[Champagne (province)|Champagne]], joined together to rebuild the fortress. [[Theobald I, Count of Blois|Count Theobald I]] raised a so-called "big tower" and by the end of the 12th century, the Counts' contributions were finished by building the St-Sauveur [[Collegiate Church]].<ref name=":1" />

The "Estates General Room" (''{{Lang|fr|Salle des États Généraux}}'' in French), built in the beginning of the 13th century, is one of the oldest [[Manorialism|seignoral]] rooms preserved in France, and is also the largest remaining civilian [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] room of the country.<ref name=":0" /> This room was used as a court of justice by the Counts of Blois and again in 1576 and 1588 during sessions of the [[Estates General (France)|Estates General]].

===Transition to the House of Orléans===
The medieval castle was given in 1397 to [[Louis I, Duke of Orléans]], brother of [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]]. After Louis' assassination, his widow, [[Valentina Visconti, Duchess of Orléans|Valentina Visconti]], retired to the Blois Castle. It was later inherited by their son, [[Charles, Duke of Orléans|Charles d'Orléans]] the poet, who was captured at [[Battle of Agincourt|Agincourt]] and imprisoned in England.<ref name=":1" /> After 25 years as a hostage in England, Charles d'Orleans returned to his beloved Blois and partly helped rebuild the château as a more commodious dwelling.<ref name=":1" /> It became the favourite royal residence and the kingdom's political capital under Charles' son, when Count Louis II became King [[Louis XII]] of France in 1498.

===King Louis XII===
[[Image:Blois LouisXII interior.jpg|right|thumb|The interior of the [[Louis XII]] wing, with the chapel to the right]]

At the beginning of the 16th century, King Louis XII initiated a reconstruction of the entrance of the main block and the creation of an Italian garden in terraced [[parterre]]s where Victor Hugo Square stands today.

This wing, of red brick and grey stone, forms the main entrance to a proper château onwards, and features a statue of the mounted king above the entrance. Although the style is principally Gothic, as the profiles of mouldings, the lobed arches and the pinnacles attest, there are elements of [[Renaissance architecture]] present, such as a small chandelier.

===King Francis I===
When [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] became king in 1515, his wife [[Claude of France|Queen Claude]] had him refurbish Blois with the intention of moving from the [[Château d'Amboise]] to [[Blois]].<ref name=":1" /> Francis initiated the construction of a new wing and created one of the period's most important libraries in the castle.<ref name="Anglais">{{Cite web|url=http://en.chateaudeblois.fr/2369-illustrious-historical-figures.htm|title=Illustrious historical figures|last=[Anglais]|first=Site Château de Blois|website=en.chateaudeblois.fr|language=en|access-date=1 October 2018}}</ref> After the death of his wife in 1524, he spent very little time at Blois and the massive library was moved to the royal [[Palace of Fontainebleau]]. It is this library that formed the royal library and the backbone of the {{lang|fr|[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]|italic=no}}.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="180">
File:Blois1900.jpg|The rear of the [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] wing, facing over central Blois in the 1890s
File:ChateaudeBloisFacadedesLoges.jpg|The rear of the wing in 2007
File:Blois Château de Blois Innenhof Francois-I-Flügel 3.jpg|The château's most renowned feature, the spiral staircase in the Francis I wing
</gallery>

Since King Louis XII was very committed in the [[Italian Wars]], which imported the [[Renaissance]] movement into Blois, this wing's architecture and ornamentation are marked by Italian influence. In the middle, there is the monumental spiral staircase, covered with fine bas-relief sculptures and looking out onto the château's central court. These monumental staircases served as a draft for those of the [[Château de Chambord]], built a few years later. Behind this wing is the "Lodges Façade" ({{Lang|fr|Façade des Loges}} in French), characterised by a series of disconnected niches.

===King Henry III===
Driven from [[Paris]] during the [[French Wars of Religion]], King [[Henry III of France|Henry III]] took refuge in Blois, and summoned Estates General meetings there in 1576 and 1588. On 23 December 1588, the King's arch-enemy since the [[Day of the Barricades]], [[Henry I, Duke of Guise]], was assassinated. The following day, the Duke's brother, [[Louis II, Cardinal of Guise]] was also murdered within the château.<ref name="en.chateaudeblois.fr">{{Cite web|url=http://en.chateaudeblois.fr/2370-the-historic-periods.htm|title=The historic periods|last=[Anglais]|first=Site Château de Blois|website=en.chateaudeblois.fr|language=en|access-date=1 October 2018}}</ref>
[[Image:SchlossBloisSchlafzimmerdesKoenigs.jpg|thumb|The "''King's Chamber''" with King Henry IV's ''H'' in the floor tiles]]
[[Image:ChateauBloisChambredeSecrets.jpg|thumb|right|The "''Chamber of Secrets''", allegedly believed to be [[Catherine de' Medici]]'s secret hiding place for poisons]]

===King Henry IV===
After this, the castle was occupied by King [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]], the first [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] monarch. On Henry's death in 1610, it became the place of exile for his widow, [[Marie de' Medici]], when she was expelled from the court of her son, King [[Louis XIII]].<ref name="Anglais"/>

===Duke Gaston of Orléans===
In 1626, King Louis XIII gave the [[County of Blois|county]] and the Château of Blois to his brother and heir, [[Gaston, Duke of Orléans]] as a wedding gift. In 1634, Gaston embarked on building a completely new wing to the château.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://en.chateaudeblois.fr/2194-four-architectural-styles.htm|title=Four architectural styles|last=[Anglais]|first=Site Château de Blois|website=en.chateaudeblois.fr|language=en|access-date=1 October 2018}}</ref> The task of developing this new castle was given to [[François Mansart]].<ref name=":3" /> The rear of the courtyard is where Mansart began this ambitious building project with a main dwelling house. This house should have been the first building in a large-scale reconstruction project.<ref name=":3" /> The project was stopped in 1638 when Gaston's nephew was born, the future [[Louis XIV]].<ref name=":3" /> With Louis XIV's birth, Gaston was no longer the heir and no longer eligible for financing.

This wing makes up the rear wall of the court, directly opposite the Louis XII wing. The central section is composed of three horizontal layers where the superposition of Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders can be seen.<ref name=":3" />

By the time of the [[French Revolution]], the immense castle had been neglected for more than 130 years. The contents, many of its statues, royal emblems and coats of arms of the palace were removed. In a state of near-total disrepair, the Château of Blois was scheduled to be demolished but was given a reprieve as a military barracks.<ref name="en.chateaudeblois.fr"/>

===Preservation as a monument===
In 1840, the initiative of [[Prosper Mérimée]] placed the château on the list of historical monuments.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://en.chateaudeblois.fr/2436-rehabilitation.htm|title=Rehabilitation|last=[Anglais]|first=Site Château de Blois|website=en.chateaudeblois.fr|language=en|access-date=20 September 2018}}</ref> This allowed state funds to be used in the preservation.<ref name=":2" /> It was restored under the direction of the architect  [[Félix Duban]].<ref name=":1" /> 

The château is maintained and owned by the town of Blois and has been opened to the public as a museum and tourist attraction. On view for visitors are the supposed poison cabinets of Catherine de' Medici. Most likely this room, the "Chamber of Secrets", had a much more banal purpose: exhibiting precious objects for guests.<ref name=":2" />

== People linked to the Château ==
===People born in the Château===
The following individuals were born inside the Château:
* [[Charles, Duke of Brittany|Charles of Blois]] (in 1319);
* [[Louis XII]] (in 1462), King of France between 1498 and 1515;
* [[Marguerite Louise d'Orléans]] (in 1645), daughter of [[Gaston, Duke of Orléans]].
===People who died in the Château===
The following individuals died within the château:
* [[Anne of Brittany]] (in 1514), last Duchess of [[Brittany]], married Louis XII in 1499;
* [[Claude of France]] (in 1524), daughter of King Louis XII and Queen Anne of Brittany, married [[Francis I of France|Francis I]];
* [[Henry I, Duke of Guise|Henry I of Guise]] (in 1588), 3rd Duke of Guise, assassinated after his participation to the [[Day of the Barricades]];
* [[Louis II, Cardinal of Guise|Louis II of Guise]] (in 1588), Duke of Guise's brother;
* [[Catherine de' Medici]] (in 1589), wife of King [[Henry II of France|Henry II]], was exiled in Blois by her son, King [[Henry III of France|Henry III]];
* Gaston, Duke of Orléans (in 1660), son of King [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]] and last [[Count of Blois]].

==See also==
*[[Châteaux of the Loire Valley]]
*[[Gardens of the French Renaissance]]
*[[List of castles in France]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Château de Blois}}
* [http://www.chateaudeblois.fr/?lang=en Château de Blois] - official site
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130929204121/http://www.france.fr/en/art-and-culture/chateau-de-blois Château de Blois] - The official website of France (in English)
* A gallery of over 100 high resolutions images of the Chateau de Blois taken in 2009 [https://www.flickr.com/photos/stephenbove/sets/72157619615264508/]
* High-resolution 360° Panoramas of [https://mcid.mcah.columbia.edu/art-atlas/panoramas-world-architecture/ch%C3%A2teau-de-blois Château de Blois | Art Atlas]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Chateau De Blois}}
[[Category:1638 establishments in France]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1638]]
[[Category:Châteaux of the Loire Valley|Blois]]
[[Category:Royal residences in France|Blois]]
[[Category:Ancien Régime French architecture]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in Centre-Val de Loire]]
[[Category:Châteaux in Loir-et-Cher|Blois]]
[[Category:Loire Valley]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in France]]
[[Category:Museums in Loir-et-Cher]]
[[Category:Double spiral staircases]]
[[Category:Blois]]
[[Category:Joan of Arc]]
[[Category:Francis I of France]]
[[Category:Henry III of France]]
[[Category:Louis XII]]