Editing Central Tibetan Administration

{{Short description|Tibetan government-in-exile based in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox geopolitical organization
| conventional_long_name = Central Tibetan Administration
| native_name            = {{Bo-textonly|བོད་མིའི་སྒྲིག་འཛུགས་}}
| linking_name           = Tibet
| status                 = [[Government-in-exile]]
| image_flag             = Flag of Tibet.svg
| alt_flag               = Flag of Tibet
| flag_border            = 
| symbol_type            = Emblem
| image_symbol           = Emblem of Tibet.svg
| alt_symbol             = Emblem of Tibet
| symbol_width           = 100px
| motto                  = {{Bo-textonly|བོད་གཞུང་དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང་ཕྱོགས་ལས་རྣམ་རྒྱལ}}
| englishmotto           = "Tibetan Government, Ganden Palace, Victorious in all Directions"
| anthem                 = བོད་རྒྱལ་ཁབ་ཆེན་པོའི་རྒྱལ་གླུ<br/>"[[Tibetan National Anthem]]"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Anthem of the Tibetans.ogg]]}}
| text_symbol_type       = 
| text_symbol            = 
| loctext                = 
| capital_exile          = [[McLeod Ganj]]
| membership_type        = 
| membership             = 
| admin_center_type      = Headquarters
| admin_center           = [[Dharamshala]], 176215 [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| languages_type         = Official languages
| languages              = [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]]
| religion               = [[Tibetan Buddhism]]
<!--- Since 2011, The Dalai Lama has no government function within the CTA. --->| leader_title1          = [[Sikyong]]
| government_type        = [[Presidential system|Presidential republic]]
| leader_name1           = [[Penpa Tsering]]
| leader_title2          = Speaker
| leader_name2           = [[Khenpo Sonam Tenphel]]
| legislature            = [[Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration]]
| established            = 29 May 2011
| established_date1      = March 1959
| established_event1     = [[17 Point Agreement]] repudiated
| established_date2      = 29 April 1959
| established_event2     = Re-establishment of the [[Kashag]] in exile
| established_event3     = [[Charter of the Tibetans In-Exile]]
| established_date3      = 14 June 1991
| official_website       = {{URL|http://tibet.net/}}
| area_magnitude         = 
| area_km2               = 
| area_sq_mi             = 
| area_footnote          = 
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| area_label2            = 
| area_dabodyalign       = 
| population_estimate    = 
| population_estimate_year = 
| population_density_km2 = 
| GDP_PPP                = 
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 
| GDP_PPP_year           = 
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = 
| GDP_nominal            = 
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| Gini                   = 
| Gini_ref               = 
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| HDI                    = 
| HDI_ref                = 
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| time_zone              = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset             = +5:30
| footnotes              = 
| demonym                = <!-- Tibetan -->
| area_rank              = 
| today                  = 
}}

The '''Central Tibetan Administration''' ({{bo|t=བོད་མིའི་སྒྲིག་འཛུགས་|w=Bod mi'i sgrig 'dzugs|s=Bömi Drikdzuk}}, {{IPA|bo|ˈpʰỳmìː ˈʈìʔt͡sùʔ}}, {{literally|Tibetan People's Exile Organization}})<ref name="CTA">{{cite web |url = http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=14 |title = Tibetan Government Official Website  |publisher = Central Tibetan Administration |access-date = 28 August 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100803041342/http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=14 |archive-date = 3 August 2010 }}</ref> is the [[government in exile|government-in-exile]] of [[Tibet]], based in [[Dharamshala]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tibet dying a 'slow death' under Chinese rule, says exiled leader |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/29/tibet-dying-a-slow-death-under-chinese-rule-says-exiled-leader |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> It comprises a [[Judiciary|judiciary branch]], a [[Legislature|legislative branch]], and an [[Executive (government)|executive branch]], and offers support and services to the Tibetan exile community.

The [[14th Dalai Lama]] formally rescinded the 1951 [[17 Point Agreement]] with China in early March 1959, as he was escaping Tibet for India. On 29 April 1959, the 14th Dalai Lama in exile re-established the [[Kashag]], which was abolished a month earlier by the [[Government of China|Government of the People's Republic of China]] on 28 March 1959.<ref>https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/jcws.2006.8.3.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129054317/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/jcws.2006.8.3.pdf |date=29 January 2017 }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=18 March 2016|script-title=zh:外交部：中方从来不承认所谓的西藏"流亡政府"|trans-title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs: China has never recognized the so-called "government in exile" in Tibet|url=http://www.tibet.cn/wap/news/focus/1458278498557.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929044336/http://www.tibet.cn/wap/news/focus/1458278498557.shtml|archive-date=29 September 2017|access-date=1 March 2020|script-work=zh:中国西藏网|language=zh-s}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> He later became permanent head of the Tibetan Administration and the executive functions for Tibetans-in-exile. On 11 February 1991, Tibet became a founding member of the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]] (UNPO) at a ceremony held at the [[Peace Palace]] in [[The Hague]], Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unpo.org/members.php |title=Members |publisher=UNPO |access-date=27 November 2011 |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202114558/https://unpo.org/members.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the Dalai Lama decided no longer to assume administrative authority, the Charter of Tibetans in Exile was updated in May 2011 to repeal all articles relating to his political duties.

The [[Tibetan diaspora]] and [[refugee]]s support the Central Tibetan Administration by voting for members of its parliament, the [[Sikyong]], and by making annual financial contributions through the use of the [[Green Book (Tibetan document)|Green Book]]. The Central Tibetan Administration also receives international support from other organizations and individuals. The Central Tibetan Administration authors reports, press releases, and administers a network of schools and other cultural activities for [[Refugees in India#Legal refugees|Tibetans in India]].

== Position on Status of Tibet ==
{| class="infobox" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="clear:right; width:360px; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:85%; background:#eee;"
| colspan="6" |<div>
[[File:Tibet-claims.jpg|360x360px|Cultural/historical, (highlighted) depicted with various competing territorial claims]]
{|
| style="height:15px; width:10px; background:#ff4040;" |&nbsp;
| style="width:10px; background:#ff9f40;" |&nbsp;
| style="width:10px; background:#ffff40;" |&nbsp;
|Greater Tibet as claimed by Tibetan exile groups
|}
</div>
|}
In 1963, the [[14th Dalai Lama]] promulgated the Constitution of Tibet, and he became permanent [[head of state]] of Tibet.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=etOVRV2Lr6oC&pg=PA53|isbn = 978-7-80113-298-7|script-title=zh:十四世达赖喇嘛|year = 1977|publisher = 五洲传播出版社}}</ref> In 1974, the 14th Dalai Lama rejected calls for Tibetan independence,<ref name="auto">{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/longform/dalai-lama-60-year-exile/|title=The Dalai Lama Has Been the Face of Buddhism for 60 Years. China Wants to Change That|magazine=Time}}</ref> and he became permanent head of the Tibetan Administration and the executive functions for Tibetans-in-exile in 1991. In 2005, the 14th Dalai Lama emphasized that Tibet is a part of China, and Tibetan culture and Buddhism are part of Chinese culture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-03-15 |title=Dalai Lama: "Tibet is a Part of the People's Republic of China" |url=https://www.cecc.gov/publications/commission-analysis/dalai-lama-tibet-is-a-part-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=Congressional-Executive Commission on China |quote=This is the message I wish to deliver to China. I am not in favor of separation. Tibet is a part of the People's Republic of China. It is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Tibetan culture and Buddhism are part of Chinese culture. Many young Chinese like Tibetan culture as a tradition of China.}}</ref> In March 2011, at 71 years of age, he decided not to assume any political and administrative authority, the Charter of Tibetans in Exile was updated immediately in May 2011, and all articles related to regents were also repealed. In 2017, the 14th Dalai Lama restated that Tibet does not seek independence from China but seeks development.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tibet-wants-to-stay-with-china-seeks-development-dalai-lama/articleshow/61767198.cms?from=mdr|title=Tibet wants to stay with China, seeks development: Dalai Lama|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

== Funding ==
The funding of the Central Tibetan Administration comes mostly from private donations collected with the help of organisations like the [[Tibet Fund]], revenue from the [[Green Book (Tibetan document)|Green Book]] (the "Tibetan in exile passport")<ref>{{Cite book|last=McConnell|first=Fiona|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wkE1CAAAQBAJ|title=Rehearsing the State: The Political Practices of the Tibetan Government-in-Exile|date=2016-03-07|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-66123-9|page=138|language=en}}</ref> and aid from governments like India and the US.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Namgyal|first1=Tsewang|title=Central Tibetan Administration's Financial Viability|url=http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=33499|access-date=27 September 2017|agency=Phayul|date=28 May 2013|archive-date=27 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927113832/http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=33499|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Central Tibetan Administration|title=Department of Finance|url=http://tibet.net/department/finance/|website=Central Tibetan Administration|date=30 June 2011 |access-date=27 September 2017}}</ref>

The annual revenue of the Central Tibetan Administration is officially 22 million (measured in US dollars), with the biggest shares going to political activity ($7 million), and administration ($4.5 million).{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} However, according to [[Michael Backman]], these sums are "remarkably low" for what the organisation claims to do, and it probably receives millions more in donations. The CTA does not acknowledge such donations or their sources.<ref name="backman">{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/business/behind-dalai-lamas-holy-cloak/2007/05/22/1179601410290.html|title=Behind Dalai Lama's holy cloak|first=Michael|last=Backman|date=23 March 2007|access-date=20 November 2010|newspaper=[[The Age]]}}</ref>

According to a Chinese source, between 1964 and 1968, the U.S. provided 1.735 million dollars to the Dalai Lama's group each year.<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hans|url=http://gb.cri.cn/12764/2008/04/11/2945@2016740.htm|script-title=zh:美印出资养活达赖集团 – 世界新闻报 – 国际在线|website=gb.CRI.cn|access-date=1 October 2017|quote={{lang|zh-Hans-CN|美国政府的一份解密文件显示，1964至1968年，美国给予达赖集团的财政拨款每年达173.5万美元，其中包括给达赖喇嘛个人津贴18万美元}}|trans-quote=A declassified document from the U.S. government shows that from 1964 to 1968, the U.S. financial allocation to the Dalai Group amounted to $1.735 million per year, including a personal allowance of $180,000 to the Dalai Lama.|archive-date=8 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708042656/http://gb.cri.cn/12764/2008/04/11/2945@2016740.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In October 1998, The Dalai Lama's administration stated that it had received US$1.7 million a year during the 1960s from the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=1998-10-02|title=World News Briefs; Dalai Lama Group Says It Got Money From C.I.A.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|agency=The Associated Press|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/02/world/world-news-briefs-dalai-lama-group-says-it-got-money-from-cia.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=2021-08-06|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In 2002, the Tibetan Policy Act of 2002 was passed in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2003|title=Tibetan Policy Act of 2002|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rpt/20699.htm|url-status=live|access-date=1 October 2017|website=2001-2009.State.gov|publisher=US Department of State, Archives|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205111418/http://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rpt/20699.htm |archive-date=5 February 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. government intends to withdraw aid to exiled Tibetans (美政府拟撤销对流亡藏人援助 ) |url=http://news.dwnews.com/china/news/2017-05-31/59817805.html |website=news.dwnews.com |language=zh|date=31 May 2017 }}</ref> In 2016, the [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) awarded a grant of US$23 million to CTA.<ref>{{cite web|last=Samten|first=Tenzin|date=5 October 2016|title=Grant Funding for the Tibetan Exile Community Thanks to USAID|url=http://www.contactmagazine.net/october-2016/grant-funding-tibetan-exile-community-thanks-usaid/|url-status=live|access-date=1 October 2017|website=ContactMagazine.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202091338/http://www.contactmagazine.net/october-2016/grant-funding-tibetan-exile-community-thanks-usaid/ |archive-date=2 February 2017 }}</ref>

In 2017, U.S. president [[Donald Trump]] proposed to stop aid to the CTA in 2018.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2017-05-26|title=Trump administration makes 'tough choices,' proposes zero aid to Tibetans; wants other countries to follow suit-World News|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/trump-administration-makes-tough-choices-proposes-zero-aid-to-tibetans-wants-other-countries-to-follow-suit-3482781.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-06|work=Firstpost|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526060728/http://www.firstpost.com/world/trump-administration-makes-tough-choices-proposes-zero-aid-to-tibetans-wants-other-countries-to-follow-suit-3482781.html |archive-date=26 May 2017 }}</ref> Trump's proposal was criticised heavily by members of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] like [[Nancy Pelosi]],<ref name=":1" /> and co-chair of the bipartisan [[Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission]], [[Jim McGovern (U.S. politician)|Jim McGovern]].<ref>{{cite news|date=2 May 2017|title=McGovern: America Must Stand Up for Human Rights in Tibet|work=JimMcGovern|url=https://mcgovern.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=397016|access-date=27 September 2017}}</ref> In February 2020, at the annual [[National Prayer Breakfast]], Pelosi prayed as Trump attended; "Let us pray for the Panchen Lama and all the Tibetan Buddhists in prison in China or missing for following their faith".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-07|title=Tibet's disappeared Panchen Lama remembered in US National Prayer Breakfast|url=https://www.tibetanreview.net/tibets-disappeared-panchen-lama-remembered-in-us-national-prayer-breakfast/|access-date=2021-08-06|website=Tibetan Review|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Headquarters ==
[[File:Tibetan Library Dharamsala.jpg|thumb|262x262px|Library of Tibetan Works and Archives in 2010]]

The Central Tibetan Administration is headquartered in [[McLeod Ganj]], [[Dharamshala]], India.

The CTA attends to the welfare of the Tibetan exile community in India, who number around 100,000. It runs schools, health services, cultural activities and economic development projects for the Tibetan community. As of 2003, more than 1,000 refugees still arrive each year from China,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3f51f90821.html|title=India: Information on Tibetan Refugees and Settlements|publisher=United States Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services|date=30 May 2003|id=IND03002.ZNY|via=Refworld|access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref> usually via [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite web|date=31 May 2004|title=Dangerous Crossing: Conditions Impacting the Flight of Tibetan Refugees // 2003 Update|url=http://www.savetibet.org/documents/pdfs/2003RefugeeReport.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613165802/http://savetibet.org/documents/pdfs/2003RefugeeReport.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2008|publisher=The International Campaign for Tibet}}</ref>

=== Green Book ===
{{main|Green Book (Tibetan document)}}

Tibetans living outside Tibet can apply at a Central Tibetan Administration office in their country of residence for a personal document called the ''[[Green Book (Tibetan document)|Green Book]]'', which serves as a receipt book for the person's "voluntary contributions" to the CTA and the evidence of their claims for "Tibetan citizenship".<ref name="gb">{{cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/45f1470c2.html|title=China: The 'Green Book' issued to Tibetans; how it is obtained and maintained, and whether holders enjoy rights equivalent to Indian citizenship (April 2006)|date=28 April 2006|type=Responses to Information Requests (RIRs)|publisher=[[Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada]]|id=CHN101133.E|access-date=3 June 2019|via=Refworld}}</ref>

For this purpose, CTA defines a Tibetan as "any person born in Tibet, or any person with one parent who was born in Tibet." As Tibetan refugees often lack documents attesting to their place of birth, the eligibility is usually established by an interview.<ref name="gb" />

=== Blue Book ===
The Blue Book or Tibetan Solidarity Partnership is a project by Central Tibetan Administration, in which the CTA issues any supporter of Tibet who is of age 18 years or more a Blue Book. This initiative enables supporters of Tibet worldwide to make financial contributions to help the administration in supporting educational, cultural, developmental and humanitarian activities related to Tibetan children and refugees. The book is issued at various CTA offices worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tibet.net/support-tibet/blue-book-frequently-asked-questions/|title=Blue Book: Frequently Asked Questions (Updated 2020)|website=Central Tibetan Administration|date=30 September 2011 }}</ref>

== Internal structure ==
[[File:SamdhongRinpoche.jpg|thumb|left|The former chairman of the Cabinet of the CTA, [[Samdhong Rinpoche]], addresses a fundraising dinner in Sydney, Australia, February 2006]]
[[File:Penpa Tsering - Sikyong.jpg|thumb|[[Penpa Tsering]], current [[Sikyong]] of the CTA]]
[[File:2013西藏流亡政府(藏人行政中央)財政部長拜會臺灣國會(立法院) TIBETAN Minister of Finance visited TAIWANESE Congress.jpg|thumb|Finance Kalon [[Tsering Dhondup]] (front row, second from left) visited the [[Republic of China in Taiwan]]'s [[Legislative Yuan]] in 2013]]

{{anchor|Charter of the Tibetans In-Exile}}The Central Tibetan Administration currently operates under the "Charter of the Tibetans In-Exile", adopted in 1991, amended in 2011.<ref name="CharterOfTibet">{{cite web|last=|title=Constitution: Charter of the Tibetans in Exile|url=http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127164356/http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=15|archive-date=27 January 2010|access-date=3 February 2010|publisher=Central Tibetan Administration}}</ref> Executive authority is vested in the [[Sikyong]], an office formerly held by [[Lobsang Sangay]], who was elected in 2011. The Sikyong is supported by a cabinet of Kalons responsible for specific portfolios. Legislative authority is vested in the [[Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration]].

The Central Tibetan Administration's Department of Finance is made of seven departments and several special offices. Until 2003, it operated 24 businesses, including publishing, hotels, and [[handicraft]]s distribution companies.

On 29 April 1959, the Dalai Lama re-established the [[Kashag]]. In 1963, he promulgated Constitution of Tibet, and he became permanent [[head of state]] of Tibet. In 1974, he rejected calls for Tibetan independence,<ref name="auto"/> and he became permanent head of the Tibetan Administration and the executive functions for Tibetans-in-exile in 1991. On 10 March 2011, at 71 years of age, he decided not to assume any political and administrative authority, the Charter of Tibetans in Exile was updated immediately in May 2011, and all articles related to regents were also repealed, and position Sikyong was created.

=== Kashag ===
Notable past members of the Cabinet include [[Gyalo Thondup]], the Dalai Lama's eldest brother, who served as Chairman of the Cabinet and as Kalon of Security, and [[Jetsun Pema (Tibet)|Jetsun Pema]], the Dalai Lama's younger sister, who served variously as Kalon of Health and of Education.<ref name="backman" /> [[Lobsang Nyandak|Lobsang Nyandak Zayul]] who served as a representative of the 14th Dalai Lama in the Americas<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lim|first=Louisa|date=21 February 2012|title=Protests, Self-Immolation Signs Of A Desperate Tibet|url=https://www.npr.org/2012/02/21/147170229/protests-self-immolation-signs-of-a-desperate-tibet|access-date=13 March 2020|website=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref> and a multiple cabinet member.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Halper|first1=Lezlee Brown|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v0lRBAAAQBAJ&q=https://tibet.net+%22lobsang+nyandak%22+%22health%22+finance%22&pg=PA346|title=Tibet: An Unfinished Story|last2=Halper|first2=Stefan A.|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-936836-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tibet.net/finance-kalon-speaks-on-the-financial-status-of-the-central-tibetan-administration/|title=Finance Kalon speaks on the financial status of the Central Tibetan Administration|date=6 October 2005|website=Central Tibetan Administration|language=en-US|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tibet.net/eu-sidesteps-human-rights-to-promote-trade-says-kalon-lobsang-nyandak/|title=EU Sidesteps Human Rights to Promote Trade, Says Kalon Lobsang Nyandak|date=28 July 2005|website=Central Tibetan Administration|language=en-US|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> He currently serves as president of [[Tibet Fund|The Tibet Fund]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harford.edu/about/news/2019/08/president-of-the-tibet-fund-and-representative-of-the-dalai-lama-to-speak-at-hcc-on-september-12.aspx|title=Harford Community College|website=www.harford.edu|access-date=13 March 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807090349/http://www.harford.edu/about/news/2019/08/president-of-the-tibet-fund-and-representative-of-the-dalai-lama-to-speak-at-hcc-on-september-12.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Penpa Tsering]] – Sikyong
* [[Ven Karma Gelek Yuthok]] – Kalon of Religion & Culture
* [[Sonam Topgyal Khorlatsang]] – Kalon of Home
* [[Karma Yeshi]] – Kalon of Finance
* [[Dr. Pema Yangchen]] – Kalon of Education
* [[Phagpa Tsering Labrang]] – Kalon of Security
* [[Lobsang Sangay]] – Kalon of Information & International Relations
* [[Choekyong Wangchuk]] – Kalon of Health

==Settlements==
{{See also|Tibetan diaspora#In India|Refugees in India#Tibetan refugees}}
The Central Tibetan Administration, together with the Indian government, has constructed more than 45 "settlements" in India for Tibetan refugees as of 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3102744/tibetan-sff-soldier-killed-india-china-border-told-family-we-are |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |title= Tibetan SFF soldier killed on India-China border told family: 'we are finally fighting our enemy' |first=Kunal |last=Punohit |date=24 September 2020 |access-date=24 September 2020 |quote=Choglamsar, one of more than 45 "settlements" – special colonies for Tibetan refugees – constructed by the Central Tibetan Authority (CTA), the Tibetan government-in-exile and Indian authorities.}}</ref> The establishment of the Tibetan Re-settlement and Rehabilitation (TRR) settlements began in 1966,<ref name="Pulman"/>{{rp|120, 127–131}} with the TRR settlements in [[South India]], [[Darjeeling]], and [[Sikkim]] becoming officially "protected areas" and requiring special entry permits for entry.<ref name="Pulman"/>{{rp|120}}

==Media activities==
 
A 1978 study by [[Melvyn Goldstein]] and a 1983 study by Lynn Pulman on Tibetan communities-in-exile in southern India argue that the CTA adopted a stance of preserving an "idea of return" and fostering the development of an intense feeling of Tibetan cultural and political nationalism among Tibetans" in order to remain a necessary part of the communities.<ref name="Goldstein">{{cite book |chapter=Ethnogenesis and resource competition among Tibetan refugees in South India: A new face to the Indo-Tibetan interface |first= Melvyn C. |last= Goldstein |author-link=Melvyn Goldstein |title= Himalayan Anthropology: The Indo-Tibetan Interface |editor-first=James F. |editor-last= Fisher |pages=395–420 |year=1978 |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]]}}</ref>{{rp|408–410}}<ref name="Pulman">{{Cite journal |url = http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/kailash/pdf/kailash_10_0102_04.pdf |title=Tibetans in Karnataka|first=Lynn |last=Pulman |journal=[[Kailash: A Journal of Himalayan Studies|Kailash]] |volume=10 |number=1–2 |year=1983 |pages=119–171}}</ref>{{rp|158–159}} They state that this was accomplished through the creation of the [[Tibetan Uprising Day]] holiday, a [[Tibetan National Anthem]], and the CTA control over local Tibetan-language media that promotes the idea of Chinese endeavours to "eradicate the Tibetan race".<ref name="Goldstein"/>{{rp|410–417}}<ref name="Pulman"/>{{rp|159–161}} From the 1990s onwards, the CTA used Hollywood films in addition to local media to emphasise the Tibetan exile struggle, secure the loyalty of Tibetans both in exile and in Tibet, promote Tibetan nationalism, and foster the CTA's legitimacy to act in the name of the entire Tibetan nation.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Tibetan Government-in-Exile: Politics at Large |first=Stephanie |last=Römer |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2008 |pages=150–152}}</ref>

== Foreign relations ==
The Central Tibetan Authority is not recognised as a sovereign government by any country, but it receives financial aid from governments and international organisations for its welfare work among the Tibetan exile community in India.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2020-01-21 |title=US Congress sanctions $9 million fund for strengthening CTA and Tibetan community in exile |url=https://tibet.net/us-congress-sanctions-new-19-million-fund-for-diaspora-tibetan-communities/ |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=Central Tibetan Administration |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tibet Fund » Links |url=https://tibetfund.org/links/ |access-date=2023-03-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===United States===
In 1991, United States President [[George H. W. Bush]] signed a Congressional Act that explicitly called Tibet "an occupied country", and identified the Dalai Lama and his administration as "Tibet's true representatives".<ref>Goldstein, Melvyn C., The Snow Lion and the Dragon, University of California Press, 1997, p. 119</ref>

In October 1998 the Dalai Lama's administration issued a statement acknowledging the Dalai Lama Group received US$1.7 million a year during the 1960s from the U.S. government through the [[Central Intelligence Agency]],<ref name=":0" /> used to train volunteers, run guerrilla operations against the Chinese, and used to open offices and for international lobbying. A guerrilla force was reportedly trained at [[Camp Hale]] in Colorado.<ref>{{cite book |last = Conboy |first = Kenneth |title = The CIA's Secret War in Tibet |year=2002 |publisher = Univ. Press of Kansas |location = Lawrence, Kansas |isbn = 978-0-7006-1159-1 |pages = 85, 106–116, 135–138, 153–154, 193–194 |author2 = Morrison, James}}</ref>

During his administration, United States President [[Barack Obama]] supported Middle Way Policy of the Central Tibetan Administration<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tibet.net/his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-and-former-us-president-barack-obama-meet-in-delhi-call-for-action-for-world-peace/|title=His Holiness the Dalai Lama and Former US President Barack Obama meet in Delhi, call for action for World Peace|author=Staff Reporter|access-date=11 September 2020|archive-date=3 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103052936/https://tibet.net/his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-and-former-us-president-barack-obama-meet-in-delhi-call-for-action-for-world-peace/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and met with the Dalai Lama four times,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tibetexpress.net/1051/his-holiness-arrives-in-washington-for-annual-national-prayer-breakfast/|title=His Holiness arrives in Washington for annual National Prayer Breakfast|first=Tenzin|last=Gaphel|date=4 February 2015}}</ref> including at the 2015 annual National Prayer Breakfast.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jackson|first=David|date=5 February 2015|title=Obama praises Dalai Lama at prayer breakfast|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2015/02/05/obama-national-prayer-breakfast-dalai-lama/22914569/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-06|website=USA TODAY|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206005552/http://www.usatoday.com:80/story/news/politics/2015/02/05/obama-national-prayer-breakfast-dalai-lama/22914569/ |archive-date=6 February 2015 }}</ref>

In 2021, the [[Biden Administration]] pledged its support for the CTA, to which a representative expressed gratitude.<ref name="rfa">{{cite web |title=Biden Administration Promises Continued US Support For Tibet |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/support-02032021190444.html |website=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|China|Asia|Taiwan|Politics}}
* [[2021 Central Tibetan Administration general election]]
* [[Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission]] – defunct body in the [[Taiwan|Republic of China]].
* [[Mainland Affairs Council]]
* [[Ganden Phodrang]]
* [[Inner Mongolian People's Party]]
* [[Chushi Gangdruk]]
* [[Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration]]
* [[Simla Accord (1914)|Simla Treaty]]

== Footnotes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |first=Stephanie |last = Roemer |year = 2008 |title = The Tibetan Government-in-Exile |series = Routledge Advances in South Asian Studies |place = Abingdon, Oxon |publisher = Routledge |isbn = 978-0-415-58612-2 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://tibet.net/ Central Tibetan Administration]
* [http://www.tibetsociety.com/ Tibet Society]

{{Clear}}
{{Tibet related articles}}
{{Central Tibetan Administration}}
{{UNPO}}
{{Tibetan Diaspora}}
{{Authority control}}

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