Editing Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

{{Short description|English politician and lawyer (1605–1675)}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name                = The Lord Baltimore
| image               = Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore, by Gerard Soest (1670).jpg
| caption             = Portrait by [[Gerard Soest]], {{circa|1670}}.
| office              = Governor of Newfoundland (Avalon)
| term_start          = 1629
| term_end            = 1632
| monarch             = [[Charles I of England|Charles I]]
| constituency        = 
| majority            = 
| office2             = Proprietor of the [[Province of Maryland|Maryland colony]]
| term_start2         = 1632
| term_end2           = 1675
| predecessor2        = 
| successor2          = 
| constituency2       = 
| majority2           = 
| office3             = 
| term_start3         = 
| term_end3           = 
| predecessor3        = 
| successor3          = 
| constituency3       = 
| majority3           = 
| birth_date          = {{birth date|df=yes|1605|8|8}}
| birth_place         = [[Kent]], [[Kingdom of England|England]]<ref name=AFP/>
| death_date          = {{death date and age|df=yes|1675|11|30|1605|8|8}}
| death_place         = [[Middlesex]], England
| party               = 
| relations           = 
| spouse              = [[Anne Arundell]]
| alma_mater          = [[Trinity College, Oxford|Trinity College]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford]]
| children            = 9, including [[Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore|The 3rd Baron Baltimore]]
| parents             = [[George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore]]<br/>Anne Mynne
| residence           = 
| occupation          = [[Lawyer]]<br />Politician
}}

'''Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore''' (8 August 1605 – 30 November 1675) was an English politician and lawyer who was the first [[List of Proprietors of Maryland|proprietor of Maryland]]. Born in [[Kent]], England in 1605, he inherited the proprietorship of overseas colonies in [[Province of Avalon|Avalon]] ([[Newfoundland]]) (off the eastern coast of the [[North America]] continent), along with Maryland after the 1632 death of his father, [[George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore]] (1580–1632), for whom it had been originally intended in a vast land grant from King [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] (1600–1649, reigned 1625–1649). Young Calvert proceeded to establish and manage the [[Province of Maryland]] as a [[proprietary colony]] for [[Catholic Church in England and Wales|English Catholics]] from his [[English country house]] of [[Kiplin Hall]] in [[North Yorkshire]].

As a Catholic, he continued his father's legacy by promoting [[religious tolerance]] in the colony. He also was involved in the establishment of the [[Newfoundland Colony]] and the [[Province of Avalon]]. Maryland quickly became a haven for English Catholics in the [[Americas]], particularly due to rising [[religious persecution]] in England. Governing Maryland's affairs since its founding for 44 years, Calvert died in England in 1675. After his death, the [[Protestant Revolution (Maryland)|Protestant Revolution]] along the [[Chesapeake Bay]] ("Glorious Revolution") of 1689, matched events occurring overseas across the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in [[Europe]], overturning King [[James II of England|James II]] and the [[House of Stuart|Stuart royal dynasty]] of [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]], and ended [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] control (and temporarily that of the [[Calvert family]] and the [[Lords Baltimore]]) of the [[Province of Maryland]] colony (including the other original [[Thirteen Colonies]] along the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] of [[British America]]), and established Protestant supremacy.

==Early life and education==
Calvert was born on 8 August 1605 in [[Kent]], England, to [[George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore|George Calvert]], a young English lawyer and assistant to [[Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury|Lord Cecil]] (1563–1612), [[Secretary of State (England)|Secretary of State]] to [[James VI and I|King James I]], and was christened "Cecilius" in honour of his father's employer.<ref>Browne, p. 4</ref><ref>Fiske, John (1897), ''Old Virginia and Her Neighbors'', Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p. 255</ref> His mother, his father's wife, was Anne Mynne (or Mayne),<ref name="Richardson"/> and he was the first of several sons.  At the time, his father was under pressure to conform, and all ten children were baptised into the [[Church of England]].<ref name = "kxxxii">Krugler, John D. (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Lo5Bbf1AqYAC  English and Catholic: the Lords Baltimore in the Seventeenth Century]''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; {{ISBN|0-8018-7963-9}}, p. 32.</ref>

Calvert entered [[Trinity College, Oxford|Trinity College]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], in 1621. His mother died the following year.<ref name = "kxxxii"/> In 1625, his father, George Calvert, was created the first [[Baron Baltimore]], of [[Drumlish|Baltimore]], [[County Longford]], in the [[peerage of Ireland]], which did not give him a seat in the English [[House of Lords]].<ref name="Richardson"/> He formally converted to [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] the same year, and it is likely that his children followed him; at least his sons did.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

In 1628, Cecil Calvert accompanied his father, along with most of his siblings and his stepmother, to the newly settled [[Colony of Newfoundland]]. The colony failed due to disease, extreme cold and attacks by the French, and the family returned to England.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

Cecil Calvert succeeded as the second Baron Baltimore upon his father's death in April 1632. On 8 August 1633, the new Lord Baltimore was [[called to the bar]] as a [[barrister]] from [[Gray's Inn]].<ref name="Richardson">Richardson, Douglas (2005). ''Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families'', p. 169. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company; {{ISBN|0-8063-1759-0}}.</ref>

==Settlement of the Maryland colony==
===Maryland Charter===
Lord Baltimore, as Cecil now was, received a Charter from [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]] for the new colony of [[Province of Maryland|Maryland]], to be named for the [[Queen Consort]], [[Henrietta Maria]] (wife of King Charles I). This was shortly after the death, in April 1632, of his father, George who had long sought the charter to found a colony in the mid-Atlantic area to serve as a refuge for English Roman Catholics. The original grant would have included the western shore of the [[Chesapeake Bay]] as far south as the [[Potomac River]] and the entirety of the eastern shore (later known as the [[Delmarva]] peninsula).{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

When [[the Crown]] realised that settlers from [[Colony and Dominion of Virginia|Virginia]] had already crossed the bay to begin settling the southern tip of their eastern shore, the grant was revised to include the eastern shore only as far south as a line drawn east from the mouth of the [[Potomac River]] (including the future State of [[Delaware]]). Once that alteration was made, the final charter was confirmed on 20 June 1632. This charter would be heavily contested by the 2nd Lord Baltimore's heirs and the Penn family in the [[Penn–Calvert Boundary Dispute]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Baltimore's fee for the Charter, which was legally a rental of the land from the King, was one-fifth of all gold and silver found and the delivery of two Native American arrows to the royal castle at [[Windsor Castle|Windsor]] every Easter.<ref>Browne, pp. 35–36</ref> The Charter established Maryland as a [[County palatine|palatinate]], giving Baltimore and his descendants rights nearly equal to those of an independent state, including the rights to wage war, collect taxes and establish a colonial [[nobility]].<ref>Browne, p. 36</ref> In questions of interpretation of rights, the Charter would be interpreted in favour of the proprietor.<ref>Browne, p. 37</ref>

Supporters in England of the [[Province of Virginia|Virginia colony]] opposed the Charter, as they had little interest in having a competing colony to the north.<ref name="B39">Browne, p. 39</ref> Rather than going to the colony himself, Baltimore stayed behind in England to deal with the political threat and sent his next younger brother [[Leonard Calvert|Leonard]] in his stead. He never travelled to Maryland.<ref name=B39/>

While the expedition was being prepared, Baltimore was busy in England defending the 1632 Charter from former members of the [[Virginia Company]]. They were trying to regain their original Charter, including the entirety of the new Maryland colony, which had previously been included within the domains described as a part of Virginia.<ref name="B43">Browne, p. 43</ref> They had informally tried to thwart the founding of another colony for years, but their first formal complaint was lodged with the "[[Board of Trade|Lords of Foreign Plantations]]" (Lords of Trade and Plantations) in July 1633.<ref name=B43/> The complaint claimed that Maryland had not truly been unsettled, as stated in its charter, because [[William Claiborne]] had previously run a trading station on [[Kent Island, Maryland|Kent Island]] in the middle of the [[Chesapeake Bay]] off the [[Eastern Shore (Maryland)|eastern shore]].<ref name=B43/> It also claimed that the Charter was so broad as to constitute a violation of the liberties of the colony's subjects. At this point, there were few Marylanders yet in residence.<ref>Browne, pp. 43–44</ref>

===''Ark'' and ''Dove''===
[[File:Maryland Dove.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.2|Modern reconstruction of ''[[Maryland Dove|Dove]]'', one of the two ships that carried settlers to plant Lord Baltimore's first settlement in Maryland in 1634.]]

The first expedition consisted of two ships that had formerly belonged to Baltimore's father George, ''[[The Ark (ship)|Ark]]'' and ''[[Maryland Dove|Dove]]''.<ref name="B40">Browne, Page 40</ref> Both ships departed from [[Gravesend, Kent]] with 128 settlers on board, but were intercepted and forced to return to port by the [[Royal Navy]] so that the settlers would take an oath of allegiance to the King as required by law. They then sailed to the [[Isle of Wight]] in October 1632 to pick up more settlers.<ref name="B40" /> There, two Jesuit priests (including [[Andrew White (missionary)|Father Andrew White]]) and nearly 200 more settlers boarded before the ships set out across the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>Browne, p.  45</ref>

Baltimore sent detailed instructions for the governance of the colony. He directed his brother to seek information about those who had tried to thwart the colony and to contact William Claiborne to determine his intentions for the trading station on [[Kent Island, Maryland|Kent Island]].<ref name="Browne4657">Browne, pp. 46–57</ref> He also emphasised the importance of religious toleration among the colonists, who numbered nearly equally Catholic and Protestant.<ref name="Browne4657" />

[[File:Leonard Calvert, by Jacob Van Oost I or II (1640).jpg|thumb|[[Leonard Calvert]], Lord Baltimore's younger brother and the first governor of the [[Province of Maryland|Maryland colony]].]]

With these last instructions, the expedition crossed the Atlantic and sailed through [[Cape Charles (headland)]] and [[Cape Henry]] into the large harbour and lower bay called [[Hampton Roads]] at the entrance to the [[Chesapeake Bay]] and the mouth of the [[James River]]. After meeting with the Virginians at their colony and capital of [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]], they continued up the Bay to the [[Potomac River]], then further upstream and landed on 25 March 1634 at [[Blakistone Island Light|Blakistone Island]] (later called [[St. Clement's Island State Park|St. Clement's Island]]). There they erected a cross and celebrated their first Mass with Father White. Several days later, they returned downstream and founded the first settlement at [[St. Mary's City, Maryland|St. Mary's City]] (in the future [[St. Mary's County, Maryland|St. Mary's County]]), on 27 March 1634, on land purchased from the native [[Yaocomico]] tribe, a branch of the [[Piscataway Indian Nation and Tayac Territory|Piscataway]] Indians.<ref>Browne, pp. 59–62</ref>

From England, Baltimore tried to manage the political relations with the Crown and other parts of government. Claiborne, the trader on Kent Island, resisted the new settlement and conducted some naval skirmishes against it.<ref>Browne, pp. 62–64</ref>

Calvert attempted to stay closely involved in the governance of the colony, though he never visited it. During his long tenure, he governed through deputies: the first was his younger brother [[Leonard Calvert]] (1606–1647),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msa.md.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/000100/000198/html/198bio.html |title=Leonard Calvert ''MSA SC 3520-198'' |publisher=Maryland State Archives |date=7 March 2003}}</ref> and the last was his only son [[Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore|Charles]].

==Crisis before and during the English Civil War==
{{main|Battle of the Severn}}
The enterprise took place in the context of serious unrest in England. In 1629, [[Charles I of England and Scotland|King Charles I]] had dissolved [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] and governed for the next eleven years without consultation from any representative body.<ref name=B39/> [[William Laud]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], and his [[Star Chamber]] campaigned against both [[Puritans]] and Catholics.<ref name=B39/> As a result, the Puritans and [[Separatists]] began to emigrate to New England in [[Plymouth Colony]] and [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]. Catholics began to see Maryland as a possible English-speaking place of refuge.<ref name=B39/>

Lord Baltimore, a [[Catholic]], struggled to maintain possession of Maryland during the [[English Civil War]] by trying to convince Parliament of his loyalty; he appointed a [[Protestant]], [[William Stone (Maryland governor)|William Stone]], as his governor. It is accepted he did this exclusively to maintain possession of the colony during the civil war, as his loyalties were with King Charles.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

==Religious toleration==
[[File:Large Broadside on the Maryland Toleration Act.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Maryland Toleration Act]], passed in 1649.]]
On 21 April 1649, Maryland passed the [[Maryland Toleration Act]], also known as the "Act Concerning Religion", mandating [[religious tolerance]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67346353 |title=Encyclopedia of American civil liberties |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |editor-first1=Paul |editor-last1=Finkelman |isbn=0-415-94342-6 |location=New York |oclc=67346353}}</ref> for Trinitarian Christians only (those who profess faith in the "[[Holy Trinity]]" – Father, Son and Holy Spirit, excluding [[Nontrinitarian]] faiths). Passed on 21 September 1649 by the [[Maryland General Assembly|General Assembly]] of the Maryland colony, it was the first law establishing religious tolerance in the British North American colonies. The [[Calvert family]] sought enactment of the law to protect Catholic settlers and [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|Nonconformist]] Protestants who did not conform to the established [[Church of England]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} However, this act was repealed shortly after its passage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American colonies – The Carolinas and Georgia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/American-colonies/The-Carolinas-and-Georgia |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref>

==Baltimore's colony in Newfoundland==

Lord Baltimore's family also had title to [[Ferryland]] and the [[Province of Avalon]] in [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]]. [[George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore]] administered the colony between 1629 and 1632, when he left for the [[Colony of Virginia]] and later visited the northern reaches along the [[Chesapeake Bay]] (which included the future Maryland). In 1637, however, [[Sir David Kirke]] acquired a charter giving Cecil the title to the entire island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], superseding the charter granted to his father George. The 2nd Lord Baltimore fought against the new Charter. Although, in 1661, he gained official recognition of the old Charter of Avalon, he never attempted to retake the Avalon colony. Sir George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, cited the huge expense of fighting the French privateer de la Rade as one of the reasons for abandoning the Colony of Avalon in 1629.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nationaltrustcanada.ca/online-stories/the-colony-of-avalon-shares-stories-of-canada-from-long-before-the-country-we-now-know-existed | title=The Colony of Avalon Shares Stories of Canada from Before the Country We Now Know Existed |first1=Sonja |last1=Kruitwagen |date=1 May 2020 |website=National Trust for Canada }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/exploration/war-and-settlement.php | title=The Effects of War on Early Settlement |website=Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/exploration/calvert-avalon-colony.php | title=Sir George Calvert and the Colony of Avalon  |website=Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage  }}</ref>

==Marriage and family==

[[File:Charlescalvert 800.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Cecil's son and heir, [[Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore|Charles, 3rd Baron Baltimore]].]]

He married [[Anne Arundell]], ''[[Reichsgräfin]] von Wardour'', daughter of [[Thomas Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Worthington|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ww4GDAAAQBAJ&q=reichsgraf+wardour&pg=PA225|title=British and Irish Experiences and Impressions of Central Europe, c.1560–1688|date=15 April 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-17215-4|language=en}}</ref> in 1627 or 1628. They had nine children. Of the nine, only three, including [[Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore|Charles, 3rd Baron Baltimore]], survived to adulthood. Later, her name became the inspiration for the naming of one of the earliest counties to be "erected" (founded), namely [[Anne Arundel County, Maryland]].<ref name="AFP">[http://www.msa.md.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc3500/sc3520/000100/000191/html/191bio.html Archives of Maryland (Biographical Series) Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Lord Baltimore (1605–1675)] Retrieved February 2011</ref> Anne's father built Hook Manor, a [[English country house|country house]] near [[Semley]], Wiltshire for her in 1637 and gave the house (which still stands) to the couple in 1639.<ref>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1146052|desc=Hook Manor|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>

Cecil, 2nd Lord Baltimore, died in [[Middlesex]], England, on 30 November 1675.<ref name=AFP/> He was succeeded by his son and heir, Charles.

==Death and burial==
He died in England on 30 November 1675, aged 70 years. Parish records state that he is buried at [[St. Giles-in-the-Fields]] Church, London, UK,<ref>[http://stgilesonline.org/history/historic-links/ St Giles-in-the-Fields Church Website Section: Global Connections] Retrieved September 2013</ref> though the exact location of his grave is unknown.<ref>"[https://www.baltimoresun.com/1996/05/11/md-memorial-to-calvert-in-england-fulfills-request-made-35-years-ago/ Md. memorial to Calvert in England fulfills request made 35 years ago]" ''Baltimore Sun'' 11 May 1996</ref>

A plaque commemorating Cecil Calvert was placed in St. Giles's in 1996 by the [[Governor of Maryland]]. However, genealogists for Kiplin Hall state, "A number of the early Calverts were buried at St Giles in the Fields, [[Charing Cross Road]], London. We cannot yet be certain whether Cecil is one of them."<ref>[http://www.kiplinhall.co.uk/genealogy/np21.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322014151/http://www.kiplinhall.co.uk/genealogy/np21.htm|date=22 March 2017}} Note for: Cecil Calvert – 2nd Baron Baltimore, 8 August 1605 – 30 November 1675 Kiplin Hall Website Retrieved July 2015</ref> This is possibly due to poor record keeping of Catholic burials<ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/catholics/] National Archives UK retrieved July 2015</ref> or numerous outbreaks of disease that overwhelmed burial staff and led to confusion in parish registers.<ref>Harding, Vanessa (1993). [http://www.history.ac.uk/cmh/epiharding.html "Burial of the plague dead in early modern London"] (Centre for Metropolitan History Working Papers Series, No. 1, 1993).</ref>

==Legacy and honours==

===Maryland===
[[File:Flag of Maryland.svg|thumb|300px|In 1904, the arms were adopted as the official state [[Flag of Maryland]]. It is the only US state flag to be based on British and Irish [[heraldry]].<ref>Several versions to represent the Colony and the State had been used since the grant to the Second Lord Baltimore. For more information see: ''[[Flag of Maryland]]''.</ref><ref>State of Maryland (Chapter 48, Acts of 1904, effective 9 March 1904)</ref>]]
[[File:Maryland tercentenary half dollar commemorative obverse.jpg|thumb|The 2nd Baron Baltimore is portrayed on the 1934 [[Maryland Tercentenary half dollar]], designed by [[Hans Schuler]]]]
Numerous place names honour the [[Baron Baltimore|Barons Baltimore]], including the counties of [[Baltimore County, Maryland|Baltimore]], [[Calvert County, Maryland|Calvert]], [[Cecil County, Maryland|Cecil]], [[Charles County, Maryland|Charles]], and [[Frederick County, Maryland|Frederick]].

Cities which include variations of the Calvert and Lord Baltimore's name
* [[Baltimore|City of Baltimore]]
* [[Leonardtown, Maryland|Leonardtown]]
* [[St. Leonard, Maryland|St. Leonard]]
* [[Calvert Cliffs State Park|Calvert Cliffs]]
* [[Anne Arundel County, Maryland|Anne Arundel County]] (Anne Arundel's original spelling of her name is preserved in the name of the county's heritage organisation – "Ann Arundell County Historical Society")[http://www.aachs.org/]

Street names
* Cecil Avenue
* Calvert Street
* [[Maryland Route 139|Charles Street]] in Baltimore
* Calvert Street in [[Brooklyn, Baltimore|Brooklyn]] neighbourhood of South Baltimore
* Calvert Street in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]
* Baltimore Avenue in [[Ocean City, Maryland]]
* Baltimore Street in [[Cumberland, Maryland]]
* Baltimore Street in [[La Plata, Maryland]]
* Baltimore-Annapolis Boulevard ([[Maryland Route 648]])
* [[Baltimore–Washington Parkway]]
* Lord Baltimore Drive in [[Owings, Maryland]]
* Lord Cecil Drive in [[Owings, Maryland]]

A 1908 statue of Cecil, Lord Baltimore, by sculptor [[Albert Weinert]], for which [[Francis X. Bushman]] served as sculptor's model,<ref>[https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1996-03-22-1996082046-story.html State to mark 362nd birthday at statue steeped in local lore Lord Baltimore's likeness based on Hollywood actor] ''Baltimore Sun'', 22 March 1996</ref> stands on the steps at the west entrance of the [[Baltimore City Circuit Courthouses|Circuit Courthouse of Baltimore City]] (built 1896–1900 – renamed the Clarence M. Mitchell Jr. Courthouse in the 1980s) facing [[St. Paul Street-Calvert Street|Saint Paul Street]] and a small Court Plaza with a fountain. It is the site of annual "[[Maryland Day]]" (25 March) ceremonies which continue inside the elaborate lobby and ceremonial courtrooms.

[[Harford County, Maryland|Harford County]] is named for [[Henry Harford]], the illegitimate son of [[Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore]]. Although precluded by his birth status from inheriting the [[British peerage|peerage]], he inherited the Lord Proprietorship, only to lose it later during the [[American Revolution]].

The [[Flag of Maryland]] uses the arms of the Cecil's along with the Calvert (father's family) black and gold [[Variation of the field#Barry, Paly, Bendy|paly]] (6 vertical bars), with a [[Division of the field|bend dexter]] [[counterchanged]], and the Crossland (mother's family) red and white [[bottony]] (tre-foiled) [[Tincture (heraldry)#Counterchanging and countercolouring|counterchanged]] cross. The flag first flew on 11 October 1880, in Baltimore by the newly reorganised [[Maryland National Guard]] (state militia) at a parade marking the 150th anniversary of the founding of Baltimore Town (1729–1730). It also flew on 25 October 1888, at [[Gettysburg National Battlefield|Gettysburg Battlefield]] for ceremonies dedicating monuments to the Maryland regiments of the [[Army of the Potomac]] and of the [[Confederate States Army]]. During the Civil War, the black and gold chevrons were used as a symbol on uniforms and flags by the Northern (Union) Maryland soldiers and units and the bottony cross from the Crosslands by the Southern (Confederate) regiments from Maryland. The later reunification of the two squares of the colonial seal and proprietary family's coat-of-arms in the increased use of a "Maryland Flag" in the late 19th and early 20th centuries symbolised the post-war reconciliation of the two sides of the bitterly divided border state. Officially, it was adopted as the State flag in 1904.<ref name="maryland">''Maryland Manual Online: A Guide to Maryland Government'', Maryland State Archives, 30 October 2012. [http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/html/symbols/flag.html ''Maryland at a Glance: State Symbols''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322234710/http://www.msa.md.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/html/symbols/flag.html |date=22 March 2010}}.</ref>

The Great [[Seal of Maryland]], which was stolen in 1645, was replaced by a similar seal by Cecil. The seal features the Calvert arms and motto, which is still used in the Government of Maryland.

===Newfoundland===
*On the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland is the settlement of [[Calvert, Newfoundland and Labrador|Calvert]]
*Baltimore School is in nearby [[Ferryland, Newfoundland and Labrador|Ferryland]].

==Coat of arms==

[[File:Coat of Arms of Cecil Calvert, Baron Baltimore.svg|thumb|The Arms of the Barons Baltimore which were granted to the 2nd Baron. The arms were designed by the [[College of Arms]] in London.]]
The black and gold quarters were the arms of the Calverts themselves, while the red and silver were for the Crosslands, the family of the 1st Baron's mother, Alice.<ref name="maryland" />

'''Shield:'''
* Quarterly, 1st and 4th Paly of six Or and Sable a bend counterchanged (Calvert), 
* 2nd and 3rd Quarterly Argent and Gules over all a cross bottony counterchanged (Crosslands).

'''Crest:'''  Out of a ducal coronet 2 pennants flying, the dexter Or, the sinister Sable

'''Supporters:'''  Two leopards guardant Proper

'''Motto:''' (Italian), ''Fatti maschii, parole femine'', meaning, "Manly deeds, womanly words."

The coat was the inspiration for the naming of the [[Baltimore oriole]] bird, whose orange and black feathers resembled Lord Baltimore's coat of arms. The bird in turn inspired the name of the [[Baltimore Orioles]] baseball team.

==See also==
*[[Baron Baltimore]]
*[[Colonial families of Maryland]]
*[[List of colonial governors of Maryland]]
*[[Province of Maryland]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* Browne, William Hand (1890). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9kwOAAAAIAAJ&dq=george+calvert+baltimore&pg=RA3-PA24 George Calvert and Cecilius Calvert: Barons Baltimore of Baltimore]''. New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company.
* Krugler, John D. (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Lo5Bbf1AqYAC English and Catholic: The Lords Baltimore in the 17th Century]''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. {{ISBN|0-8018-7963-9}}

==External links==
{{AmCyc Poster|Calvert (Lord Baltimore)|Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore}}{{Wikiquote}}
*[http://www.lib.umd.edu/binaries/content/assets/public/special/projects/riversdale/calvertfamilytree.pdf Calvert Family Tree] (accessed 10 July 2013)

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[[Category:1605 births]]
[[Category:1675 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century English nobility]]
[[Category:English Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:People from colonial Maryland]]
[[Category:Calvert family|Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore]]
[[Category:Governors of Newfoundland Colony]]
[[Category:Barons Baltimore]]
[[Category:St. Mary's City, Maryland]]