Editing Castle in the Sky

{{Short description|1986 Japanese animated film by Hayao Miyazaki}}
{{About|the 1986 animated film||Castles in the Sky (disambiguation)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use American English |date=June 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name           = Castle in the Sky 
| native_name    = {{Infobox Japanese
 | kanji         = 天空の城ラピュタ
 | revhep        = Tenkū no Shiro Rapyuta}}
| image          = Castle in the Sky (1986).png
| alt            = The poster for Castle in the Sky, depicting Sheeta, her glowing necklace, and Pazu ready to catch her upon a ledge
| caption        = Theatrical release poster
| director       = [[Hayao Miyazaki]]
| writer         = Hayao Miyazaki
| starring       = {{ubl|[[Mayumi Tanaka]]|[[Keiko Yokozawa]]|Kotoe Hatsui|[[Minori Terada]]}}
| music          = [[Joe Hisaishi]]
| producer       = [[Isao Takahata]] 
| editing        = {{ubl|[[Takeshi Seyama]]|Yoshihiro Kasahara}}
| cinematography = Hirokata Takahashi
| studio         = [[Studio Ghibli]]
| distributor    = [[Toei Company|Toei]]
| released       = {{Film date|1986|8|2}} <!-- As per WP:FILMRELEASE, only the first and country of origin releases should be listed. -->
| runtime        = 124 minutes
| country        = Japan
| language       = Japanese
| budget         = {{JPY|500 million}} ({{USD|8 million}})
}}

{{Nihongo foot|'''''Castle in the Sky''''',|天空の城ラピュタ|Tenkū no Shiro Rapyuta|lead=yes|group=lower-alpha}} also known as '''''Laputa: Castle in the Sky''''', is a 1986 Japanese [[Anime|animated]] [[Fantasy film|fantasy]] [[adventure film]] written and directed by [[Hayao Miyazaki]]. It was produced by [[Isao Takahata]], animated by [[Studio Ghibli]], and distributed by [[Toei Company|Toei]]. The film stars the voices of [[Mayumi Tanaka]], [[Keiko Yokozawa]], Kotoe Hatsui, and [[Minori Terada]]. In the film, orphans Sheeta and Pazu are pursued by government agent Muska, the army, and a group of pirates. They seek Sheeta's crystal necklace, the key to accessing Laputa, a legendary flying castle hosting advanced technology.

''Castle in the Sky'' was the first film to be animated by Studio Ghibli. Its production team included many of Miyazaki's longtime collaborators, who would continue to work with the studio for the following three decades. The film was partly inspired by Miyazaki's trips to Wales, where he witnessed the aftermath of the [[1984–1985 United Kingdom miners' strike|1984–1985 coal miners' strike]]. The island of Laputa is used to highlight the theme of environmentalism, exploring the relationships between humanity, nature, and technology, a reflection of Miyazaki's ecological philosophy. The young protagonists also provide a unique perspective on the narrative, as a result of Miyazaki's desire to portray "the honesty and goodness of children in [his] work."<ref name="MN">{{harvnb|Miyazaki|2009|p=50}}, cited in {{harvnb|Napier|2018|p=93}}.</ref> Many aspects of the film's [[retrofuturistic]] style – the flying machines in particular – are influenced by nineteenth-century approaches, which has earned the film a reputation in the modern [[steampunk]] genre.

The film was released in Japanese theaters on August 2, 1986. It underperformed expectations at the box office, but later achieved commercial success through rereleases, earning over {{USD|157 million}} as of 2021. An English dub commissioned by [[Tokuma Shoten]] was distributed in North America by [[Streamline Pictures]], and another dub was produced by [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] in 1998, released internationally by [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment|Buena Vista]] in 2003. The film's score was composed by [[Joe Hisaishi]], who would become a close collaborator of Miyazaki's; Hisaishi also composed a reworked soundtrack for the 2003 English dub. The film was generally acclaimed by critics, though the English dubs received mixed reviews. It was well received by audiences, being voted as one of the [[List of films considered the best|greatest animated films]] in polls conducted by the [[Agency for Cultural Affairs]] and [[Oricon]]. The film also received several notable accolades, including the [[Ōfuji Noburō Award]] at the [[Mainichi Film Awards]] and the [[Anime Grand Prix]] from ''[[Animage]]''. ''Castle in the Sky'' has since earned "[[cult film|cult status]]",{{sfn|McCarthy|2002|p=97}} and has influenced several notable artists working in multiple media.

== Plot summary ==
<!--Per WP:FILMPLOT, plot summaries for feature films should be kept between 400 to 700 words! -->
An airship carrying Sheeta – an orphan girl abducted by government agent Muska – is attacked by air pirate Dola and her gang, who seek Sheeta's crystal necklace. Attempting to escape, Sheeta falls from the airship but is saved by the magic of the now-glowing crystal, which lowers her gently. Pazu, an orphan working as a mechanic in a 19th-century mining town, catches Sheeta and takes her to his home to recover. The next morning, Pazu shows Sheeta a picture his father took of Laputa, a mythical castle on a flying island, which Pazu now seeks. Dola's gang and Muska's soldiers shortly arrive looking for Sheeta. Pazu and Sheeta are chased through the town and fall into a mine shaft, but are saved again by the crystal. In the tunnels, they meet Uncle Pom, who shows them deposits of the glowing mineral Aetherium, the same material as Sheeta's crystal.

Sheeta reveals to Pazu that she has a secret name tying her to Laputa, proving the myth is real. The army captures and detains the two in a fortress. Muska shows Sheeta a dead robot that fell from the sky, bearing the same insignia as on Sheeta's crystal, and reveals she is the heiress to the Laputan throne. Muska releases Pazu in exchange for Sheeta guiding the army to Laputa. Returning home, Pazu is captured by Dola's gang, who prepare to take the crystal from the fortress. Pazu joins the gang in an attempt to save Sheeta. In the fortress, Sheeta recites an ancient phrase her mother taught her and inadvertently activates the crystal's magic, reanimating the robot. The robot protects Sheeta from the army and destroys the fortress with its weapons, but is destroyed in turn by the military airship ''Goliath''. In the chaos, Pazu and Dola rescue Sheeta. However, Sheeta's crystal is left behind, its magic still active, which allows Muska to use it to navigate to Laputa.

Sheeta, having seen the crystal's directions and being able to navigate to Laputa, helps Pazu convince Dola to take them there in exchange for temporarily joining her crew. That night, Sheeta and Pazu keep watch from the crow's nest as ''Goliath'' suddenly attacks Dola's airship. Dola detaches the crow's nest, which also functions as a glider attached to the ship with a line. Pazu spots a massive storm, wherein he believes his father saw Laputa. Dola attempts to steer into the clouds, but is halted by violent winds. ''Goliath'' destroys the airship, severing the line connecting it to the glider. Sheeta and Pazu pass through the turbulent lightning storm.

They land safely on Laputa, which they find deserted but for some fauna and one peaceful robot. The castle is in ruins, and a giant tree now grows out of the top of the island. The army arrives and begins looting the castle, having taken Dola's gang captive. Muska and his accomplices betray the army, destroying their communication systems, and take Sheeta into the castle's core. Pazu frees Dola's gang from their bindings and pursues Muska. The castle's core is the center of Laputa's ancient knowledge and weapons, which Muska activates using Sheeta's crystal, revealing to her that he is also a descendant of the Laputan royal line. Demonstrating Laputa's power by causing a massive explosion over the ocean and by destroying ''Goliath'', Muska plans to use Laputa to destroy humanity, believing them inferior to himself and Sheeta. A horrified Sheeta takes back the crystal and flees, but Muska intercepts her in Laputa's throne room.

Pazu reaches the throne room and bargains for a brief truce. Sheeta teaches Pazu another ancient phrase, the spell of destruction. The spell sends Muska falling to his death, with the giant tree shielding Sheeta and Pazu from Laputa's destruction. The rest of the castle – along with Dola's glider – is preserved by the giant tree, and the island rises into space. Sheeta, Pazu, and Dola's gang escape, and briefly reunite before flying away.

== Voice cast ==
{{Multiple image
| align     = right
| direction = vertical
| width     = 150
| image1    = Mayumi Tanaka 2023.jpg
| caption1  = [[Mayumi Tanaka]] ''(pictured in 2023)'', who voiced Pazu in the original Japanese version{{sfn|Nausicaa.net}}
| alt1      = Mayumi Tanaka holding a microphone and smiling
| image2    = Mark Hamill (2017).jpg
| caption2  = [[Mark Hamill]] ''(pictured in 2017)'' received critical praise for his performance of Muska in the 2003 English dub.{{sfn|Conrad|2003b}}
| alt2      = A portrait of Mark Hamill
}}

{{Plain row headers}}
{| class="wikitable plain-row-headers"
! scope="colgroup" colspan="2" |Character name
! scope="colgroup" colspan="3" |Voice actor{{sfn|Nausicaa.net}}
|-
! scope="col" width="20%" rowspan="2" | English
! scope="col" width="20%" rowspan="2" | Japanese
! scope="col" width="20%" rowspan="2" | Japanese<br>{{small|(1986)}}
! scope="colgroup" width="40%" colspan="2" | English
|-
! scope="col" width="20%" | {{small|Unknown / [[Tokuma Shoten|Tokuma]]<br>(1987){{efn|name=Streamline dub}} }}
! scope="col" width="20%" | {{small|[[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] / [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment|Buena Vista]]<br>(2003)}}
|-
! scope=row | Pazu
| {{Nihongo|2=パズー|3=Pazū}}|| [[Mayumi Tanaka]]|| [[Barbara Goodson]]{{sfn|Mr. Tim|2021}} || [[James Van Der Beek]]
|-
! scope=row rowspan="2" | Sheeta
| rowspan="2" | {{Nihongo|2=シータ|3=Shīta}} || rowspan="2" | [[Keiko Yokozawa]] || rowspan="2" | Louise Chambell || [[Anna Paquin]]
|-
| [[Debi Derryberry]] {{small|(young)}}
|-
! scope=row | Dola
| {{Nihongo|2=ドーラ|3=Dōra}}|| {{ill|lt=Kotoe Hatsui|初井言榮|ja}} || Rachel Vanowen || [[Cloris Leachman]]
|-
! scope=row | Muska
| {{Nihongo|2=ムスカ|3=Musuka}}|| [[Minori Terada]] || Jack Witte || [[Mark Hamill]]
|-
! scope=row | General
| {{Nihongo|2=将軍|3=Shōgun}}|| [[Ichirō Nagai]] || Mark Richards || [[Jim Cummings]]
|-
! scope=row | Uncle Pom
| {{Nihongo|2=ポムじい|3=Pomujī}}|| {{ill|lt=Fujio Tokita|常田富士男|ja}} || Fujio Tokita || [[Richard Dysart]]
|-
! scope=row | Mr. Duffi / Boss
| {{Nihongo|2=親方|3=Oyakata}}|| [[Hiroshi Ito (voice actor)|Hiroshi Ito]] || Charles Wilson || [[John Hostetter]]
|-
! scope=row | Charles
| {{Nihongo|2=シャルル|3=Sharuru}}|| {{ill|lt=Takuzō Kamiyama|神山卓三|ja}} || Bob Stuart || [[Mike McShane|Michael McShane]]
|-
! scope=row | Henri
| {{Nihongo|2=アンリ|3=Anri}}|| [[Sukekiyo Kameyama]] || [[Eddie Frierson]]{{sfn|Frierson}} || [[Andy Dick]]
|-
! scope=row | Louis
| {{Nihongo|2=ルイ|3=Rui}}|| [[Yoshito Yasuhara]] || rowspan=5 {{Unknown}} || [[Mandy Patinkin]]
|-
|-
! scope=row | Okami / Sheeta's mother
| {{Nihongo|2=おかみ|3=Okami}}|| [[Machiko Washio]] || [[Tress MacNeille]]
|-
! scope=row | Madge
| {{Nihongo|2=マッジ|3=Majji}}|| [[Tarako|Tarako Isono]] || [[Debi Derryberry]]
|-
! scope=row | Motro / Old Engineer
| {{Nihongo|2=老技師|3=Rōgishi}}|| [[Ryūji Saikachi]] || [[Eddie Frierson]]
|-
! scope=row | Train Operator 
| {{Nihongo|2=軽便鉄道の機関士|3=Keibentetsudō no kikanshi}}|| [[Tomomichi Nishimura]] || [[Matt K. Miller]]
|}

== Development ==

=== Beginnings of Studio Ghibli ===
{{Further information|Studio Ghibli#History|The Story of Yanagawa's Canals#Production{{!}}''The Story of Yanagawa's Canals'' § Production}}

Following the commercial success of Miyazaki's previous film, ''[[Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film)|Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind]]'' (1984), Miyazaki was eager to begin work on an old-fashioned adventure film that would be a "pleasure" to watch.{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=86}} His first proposal for an animated feature film was based on a research trip to [[Yanagawa, Fukuoka|Yanagawa]], tentatively titled "''Blue Mountains''".{{sfn|Miyazaki|2016|pp=8–9}} The film was never produced, but it inspired Miyazaki's longtime collaborator [[Isao Takahata]] to create ''[[The Story of Yanagawa's Canals]]'' (1987), a documentary on the environmental effects of industry on the local waterways.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|pp=68–69}} As Miyazaki was financing the project in large part through his personal office,{{sfn|Denison|2018|pp=33–34}} ''[[Animage]]'' editor [[Toshio Suzuki (producer)|Toshio Suzuki]] recommended that he direct another film to recover the expense, to which Miyazaki immediately agreed. He quickly developed a concept for the film based on an idea he had in elementary school. In 2014, Suzuki reflected on the events, saying "If Takahata had made his movie on schedule, [''Castle in the Sky''] wouldn't have been born."{{sfn|Stimson|2014}}

On June 15, 1985, Miyazaki and Takahata founded Studio Ghibli, with support from Suzuki and his publishing company [[Tokuma Shoten]]. Miyazaki chose the name himself,{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=110}} referencing both the Arabic term for a warm wind from the [[Sahara]], as well as the [[Caproni Ca.309|Caproni Ca.309 ''Ghibli'']], an aircraft used by the Italian military during the [[Second World War]].{{sfnm|1a1=Lioi|1y=2010|2a1=Ishida|2y=2014|3a1=Napier|3y=2018|3p=91}} The intent behind the creation of the studio was to "blow a whirlwind" into a stagnating Japanese animation industry by creating original, high-quality feature films.{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=91}} In a speech at the 1995 [[Annecy International Animation Film Festival]], Suzuki said "The idea was to dedicate full energy into each piece of work with sufficient budget and time, never compromising on the quality or content."{{sfn|Suzuki|1996}}

=== Trips to Wales ===

{{Multiple image
| align     = right
| direction = vertical
| width     = 200
| image1    = Caer 2.jpg
| alt1      = An ancient stone castle
| image2    = Big Pit National Coal Museum, Blaenavon, Wales June 12, 2015 (49526156446).jpg
| alt2      = A collection of brick-and-mortar structures on a grassy hillside
| footer    = [[Caerphilly Castle]] ''(top)'' and [[Big Pit National Coal Museum|Big Pit Mine]] ''(bottom)'' in southern Wales. Miyazaki drew inspiration from the region for the film.{{sfn|Miyazaki|2016|p=97}}
}}

Miyazaki first visited [[Wales]] on a research trip in 1985, when ''Castle in the Sky'' was in the early stages of production. He decided to take inspiration from the architecture of the region, and as a result, some of the structures seen in the film resemble Welsh mining towns.{{sfn|Miyazaki|2016|p=97}} Miyazaki also witnessed the aftermath of the [[UK miners' strike (1984–85)|coal miners' strike]]. Their ultimate failure to preserve the industry left a lasting impact on Miyazaki, who viewed the event as an attack by those in power on the miners' way of life and the hard-working spirit of the people.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=110}} His experiences are reflected in several supporting characters in the film, who despite laboring through poverty in the mines, enthusiastically protect the protagonists from multiple aggressors. [[Susan J. Napier]] argues that this depiction reveals Miyazaki's yearning for a simpler way of life, and a desire to create a story based on optimism.{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=91}} Animation scholar [[Helen McCarthy]] writes "It seems that ''Castle in the Sky'' also contains echoes of the struggle of the Welsh people for nationhood and freedom."{{sfn|McCarthy|2002|p=96}} Miyazaki would visit Wales once more in 1986, ahead of the release of the film. In 2005, he told ''[[The Guardian]]'' "I admired those men, I admired the way they battled to save their way of life, just as the coal miners in Japan did. Many people of my generation see the miners as a symbol; a dying breed of fighting men. Now they are gone."{{sfn|Brooks|2005}}

=== Production ===

Certain special effects from the film use a combination of [[Traditional animation#Cels|cel]] and film techniques.{{sfn|Miyazaki|2016|p=36}} Takahata, who produced the film, insisted that the highest quality be maintained in spite of the production expense. Napier argues that the production of ''Castle in the Sky'' "established a new industry standard".{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=91}} Miyazaki stated in the original project proposal that {{nowrap|"[''Castle in the Sky'']}} is a project to bring animation back to its roots."{{sfn|Miyazaki|2009|p=253}}

Many of Miyazaki's old colleagues as well as much of the production crew of ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind'' were employed once again to work on ''Castle in the Sky'' at Studio Ghibli's inception.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=110}} The film had a reported production budget of {{JPY|500 million}},{{efn|Equivalent to {{JPY|{{Format price|{{Inflation|JP|500000000|1997}}}}}} in {{Inflation/year|JP}}{{sfn|''Rateinflation.com''}} }} equivalent to {{US$|8 million}} in 2023.{{sfn|Harding|2020}} Several animation studios such as [[Doga Kobo]] and [[Oh! Production]] provided support for the [[Inbetweening|in-between animation]].{{sfn|Nausicaa.net}}

== Themes ==

=== Roles of nature and technology ===

''Castle in the Sky'' contains a strong theme of [[environmentalism]], questioning humanity's relationship with nature and the role of technology.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|pp=20–21}} McCarthy interprets the giant tree of Laputa as a "metaphor for the reviving and life-giving power of nature."{{sfn|McCarthy|2002|p=98}} However, in contrast with the more optimistic conclusions of Miyazaki's previous works, Napier notes that the film ends with an "unsettling view" of the castle flying away, suggesting that humanity may not deserve to exist in the natural world.{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=94}} Literary scholar Anthony Lioi interprets Laputa as an ecological [[utopia]] that demonstrates the peace that can be established between nature and advanced technology, but also serves as a criticism of modernity when "[the] peace is shattered by human violence."{{sfn|Lioi|2010}} Lioi notes that this outlook differs from dominant Western ideas, eschewing the extremes of [[capitalism]] and [[industrialism]], as well as radical environmentalism and [[conservationism]].{{sfn|Lioi|2010}}

[[File:Laputa Castle in the Sky, screencap 2.jpg |thumb|While Laputa's giant tree is seen as a metaphor for the restorative capability of the natural world, its underside is a symbol of the immorality of modernity.{{sfn|Lioi|2010}} |alt=The flying castle Laputa, with the giant tree on top and weapons system underneath]]

Critics note the philosophical ambiguity of the castle; while Laputa initially appears to be an ideal union of nature and technology, it is later revealed to have a much harsher and more oppressive underside;{{sfn|McCarthy|2002|p=98}} Napier writes that Laputa is "deeply paradoxical".{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=98}} Laputa itself takes direct inspiration from the [[Laputa|island of the same name]] from ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'' (1726),{{sfnm|1a1=Miyazaki|1y=2009|1p=252|2a1=Napier|2y=2018|2p=88}} and film scholar Cristina Cardia claims that, like its namesake, the island is introduced with benign intentions but is ultimately "exploited for perverse ends, in this case war."{{sfn|Cardia|2018|p=14}} Lioi argues that Laputa is used as a means to comment on the ethics of contemporary culture,{{sfn|Lioi|2010}} based on Ildney Cavalcanti's observation that such a utopia also "must contain an overtly dystopian element, such that the implicit critique in utopian discourse becomes explicit."<ref>{{harvnb|Cavalcanti|2004}}, cited in {{harvnb|Lioi|2010}}.</ref> However, he interprets the ultimate destruction of the castle's weapons as a demonstration that "violence is not the heart of the city", and that the dystopic elements of modernity can be healed.{{sfn|Lioi|2010}}

The film also presents an ambiguous view on the usage of technology.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=21}} The robots from Laputa provide an example of this view, as they are introduced in the film as a violent force capable of extreme destruction. However, when the protagonists next meet a robot, it is entirely peaceful, tending to the gardens and fauna on Laputa.{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=95}} Lioi argues that the robots, as a representation of Laputan technology, are caretakers by default and only become destructive in response to human brutality.{{sfn|Lioi|2010}} McCarthy argues that "this is not a comment on technology but on man's inability to use it wisely."{{sfn|McCarthy|2002|p=95}} Odell and Le Blanc conclude that "technology{{nbsp}}... is not necessarily a bad thing, but we must consider how it's used and to what extent."{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=21}} The duality of nature and technology is further explored in Miyazaki's later film ''[[Princess Mononoke]]'' (1997).{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=21}}

=== Innocence of children ===

Like many other films by Miyazaki, ''Castle in the Sky'' features young children as protagonists.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=22}} Miyazaki values the portrayal of children as good-hearted, confident in their own agency, and resilient and upbeat in response to adversity.{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=92}} He criticized reviewers of his television series ''[[Future Boy Conan]]'' (1978) who described the titular character as "too much of a goody-two-shoes", admitting he was tempted to retort "So you want to see 'bad characters', you fool?"<ref>{{harvnb|Miyazaki|2009|p=295}}, cited in {{harvnb|Napier|2018|p=92}}.</ref> Film critics [[Colin Odell and Michelle Le Blanc]] argue that creating a film with younger protagonists generates perspectives that an adult would not perceive, saying "the children in Ghibli's films are a liberating force that allows anything to be possible."{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=23}}

The lack of parental oversight of the protagonists is an element Miyazaki feels to be important in promoting children's independence. The protagonists of his films are, like Sheeta and Pazu, often orphaned, or in some way parted from their parents.{{sfn|Napier|2018|pp=92–93}} Miyazaki believes that "one of the essential elements of most classical children's literature is that the children in the stories actually fend for themselves."<ref>{{harvnb|Miyazaki|2009|p=341}}, cited in {{harvnb|Napier|2018|p=92}}.</ref> The presence of parents, in his opinion, would stifle the children's autonomy.{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=93}} The limitations that children have in their abilities are also explored in the film; for example, Pazu comes close to forsaking Sheeta and his quest for Laputa.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=111}} Additionally, unlike Miyazaki's previous works, the protagonists do not succeed at convincing the antagonists of their wrongdoing, which offers a more pessimistic view on children's ability to educate others.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=111}}

Napier proposes that Miyazaki's insistence on showing the freedom of children in ''Castle in the Sky'' can be credited to the influence of ''[[Panda and the Magic Serpent]]'' (1958).{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=93}} Miyazaki first watched the film at age 17, and it moved him to pursue a career in animation.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=4}} At a lecture given in 1982 at [[Waseda University]], he said "When I saw ''Panda and the Magic Serpent'', it was as if the scales fell from my eyes; I realized that I should depict the honesty and goodness of children in my work." He considers this a focal point in his endeavors.<ref name="MN" /> The theme of innocence is explored further in Miyazaki's succeeding film ''[[My Neighbor Totoro]]'' (1988).{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=105}}

== Style ==

Miyazaki's affinity for flight is repeatedly displayed in ''Castle in the Sky'', a motif that continues throughout the feature films of his career.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=22}} A variety of fictional flying machines appear across the film, including the island of Laputa, the airships, and the pirates' [[ornithopters]]; Sheeta's crystal also allows her to float through the air.{{sfnm|1a1=Odell|1a2=Le Blanc|1y=2009|1p=65|2a1=Napier|2y=2018|2p=90}} However, many of the other flying machines in the film are [[retrofuturistic]], influenced by nineteenth-century stylistic approaches.{{sfnm|1a1=Lioi|1y=2010|2a1=Napier|2y=2018|2p=89}} Additionally, Miyazaki was inspired by the literature of [[Jules Verne]] and [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] when considering the style of the film.{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=89}}

Another stylistic trait that Miyazaki drew from nineteenth-century influences is the depiction of machines that "still possess the inherent warmth of handcrafted things."<ref>{{harvnb|Miyazaki|2009|p=254}}, cited in {{harvnb|VanderMeer|Chambers|2012|p=182}}.</ref> Literary scholars [[Jeff VanderMeer]] and S. J. Chambers argue that Pazu's enthusiasm to build and work with flying machines gives the film's airships "a realistic physicality."{{sfn|VanderMeer|Chambers|2012|p=183}} Commenting on the [[mecha anime]] popular at the time, Miyazaki expressed his hatred for shows that glorified machines without portraying the characters struggling to build or maintain them.{{sfn|Miyazaki|2009|p=20}} Animation scholar [[Thomas Lamarre]] argues that the film provides an "alternative to our received technologies" and thus a critique of more contemporary technologies and society's perception of them.{{sfn|Lamarre|2002|p=356}}

Boyes felt that many of these elements subsequently influenced the [[steampunk]] genre.{{sfn|Boyes|2020}} Napier writes that Verne's impact on the film's style was instrumental in evoking imagined nostalgia for a time when "machines were still fun", in Miyazaki's words.{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=89–90}} While the other machines are presented as joyful, Laputa's underside is used exclusively as an instrument of destruction.{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=90}} Miyazaki stated that, as a child, he was attracted to the design and power of military planes, a view that has since been replaced with revulsion for the indiscriminate acts of violence that the machines have been used for.{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=20}} Miyazaki further explores the beauty of flying machines as well as their innate destructive potential in his later film ''[[The Wind Rises]]'' (2013).{{sfn|Napier|2018|pp=250, 258}}

== Release ==

{{Multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 150
| image1            = HayaoMiyazakiCCJuly09.jpg
| caption1          = [[Hayao Miyazaki]] ''(pictured in 2009)'', the director
| alt1              = Hayao Miyazaki holding a microphone and laughing
| image2            = Isao Takahata (cropped).jpg
| caption2          = [[Isao Takahata]] ''(pictured in 2014)'', the producer
| alt2              = Isao Takahata holding a microphone
}}

The film was released in Japan on August 2, 1986, by [[Toei Company|Toei]].{{sfn|Miyazaki|2009|p=444}} At the Japanese box office, the film sold about 775,000 tickets,{{sfn|Suzuki|1996}} somewhat lower than the performance of ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind''.{{sfn|Odell|Le Blanc|2009|p=67}} Miyazaki and Suzuki expressed their disappointment with the film's box office figures.{{sfnm|1a1=Denison|1y=2018|1p=43|2a1=Napier|2y=2018|2p=91}} The film was promoted with a [[tie-in]] fruit soda brand which animation scholar [[Rayna Denison]] described as an "economic failure".{{sfn|Denison|2018|p=43}}

The film later earned a significant additional amount through rereleases;{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=91}} {{as of|2021|lc=yes}}, it has grossed approximately {{US$|157 million}} in box office, [[home video]], and [[soundtrack]] sales.{{sfn|''Wonderland''|2021}} In the United Kingdom, it was 2019's eighth-best-selling foreign language film on home video, below five other Studio Ghibli films.{{sfn|BFI|2020|p=94}} The film has sold approximately 1.1{{nbsp}}million tickets in Europe as of 2023.{{sfn|Lumiere}} Multiple international theatrical rescreenings between 2003 and 2023 have earned the film approximately {{US$|6.2 million}}.{{sfn|Box Office Mojo}}

=== English dubs ===

The first English dub of ''Castle in the Sky'' was produced by an unknown party,{{efn|name=Streamline dub|The company responsible for producing the 1987 dub of ''Castle in the Sky'' is as yet undetermined. This dub is sometimes referred to as the "Streamline dub", which led to a misconception that it was produced by [[Streamline Pictures]] themselves.{{sfnm|1a1=Clements|1a2=McCarthy|1y=2015|1p=121|2a1=Patten|2y=2015}} Others attribute the dub to a company called "Magnum".{{sfn|Wyse|2020}} However, the dub was commissioned by [[Tokuma Shoten]] and licensed to Streamline for distribution in North America,{{sfn|Clements|McCarthy|2015|p=121}} and Streamline representative [[Fred Patten]] reports that it was originally produced for [[Japan Airlines]] as on-board entertainment on international flights.{{sfn|Toyama}} According to Streamline co-founder [[Carl Macek]], Tokuma Shoten had outsourced its production to an unnamed company in Hollywood.{{sfn|Macek|2014|loc=48:49–49:17}} }} and was first screened in Hong Kong on June 26, 1987.{{sfn|Nausicaa.net}} It was licensed between 1989 and 1991 by the then-new [[Streamline Pictures]] for distribution in North American markets.{{sfn|Patten|2015}} An edited version of this dub briefly aired on UK television.{{efn|name=ITV airing|The 1987 dub was aired by [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] in some regions of the eastern UK. This airing was altered from the original, with some scenes being cut,{{sfn|Toyama}} and the film being listed on programs as ''Laputa: The Flying Island''.{{sfn|Smithies|1988}} }} In addition to distribution rights, Streamline would go on to dub two other Studio Ghibli films in-house: ''My Neighbor Totoro'' and ''[[Kiki's Delivery Service]]'' (1989).{{sfn|Bertoli|2017}}

The English dub produced by [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] was recorded in 1998 and planned for release on video in 1999, but the release was postponed after ''Princess Mononoke'' did not perform well in North American theaters.{{sfn|Wyse|2020}} The film premiered at the [[New York International Children's Film Festival]] on February 2, 2000.{{sfn|Nausicaa.net}} It was released on home video in North America on April 15, 2003, alongside a rerelease of ''Kiki's Delivery Service'' and ''[[Spirited Away]]'' (2001).{{sfn|Conrad|2003a}} Due to the possible confusion of the title with the Spanish phrase {{lang|es|la puta}} – literally 'the whore' – the film was released as simply ''Castle in the Sky'' in North America.{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=115}} The film was released by [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment|Buena Vista]] on [[Blu-ray]] in North America on May 22, 2012.{{sfn|Green|2012}} [[Shout! Factory]] and [[GKIDS]] re-issued the film on Blu-ray and DVD on October 31, 2017.{{sfn|Giardina|2017}} Both the original Japanese version and the 2003 English dub were made available for [[Streaming media|streaming]] when the rights to Studio Ghibli's filmography were acquired by [[Netflix]] in 2020.{{sfn|Andrew|2023}}

== Music ==

{{Infobox album
| name       = Castle in the Sky
| type       = soundtrack
| artist     = [[Joe Hisaishi]]
| released   = August 25, 1986
| genre      = {{plainlist|
* [[Anime music]]
* [[Film score]]
}}
| length     = 39:17
| label      = [[Tokuma Shoten]]
| producer   = [[Joe Hisaishi]]
| prev_title = Arion
| prev_year  = 1985
| next_title = Curved Music
| next_year  = 1986
}}

[[File:Joe Hisaishi 2011.jpg |thumb |upright=0.7 |[[Joe Hisaishi]] ''(pictured in 2011)'', the composer |alt=Joe Hisaishi on stage at a concert]]

As with ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind'', [[Joe Hisaishi]] composed the score for ''Castle in the Sky''.{{sfn|Hisaishi}} Miyazaki and Hisaishi went on to become close collaborators, and Hisaishi has since provided the music for all of Miyazaki's feature films.{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=71}} Three months before the film's theatrical release, the [[image album]] – a collection of demos and musical sketches that serve as a precursor to the finished score – was published by Tokuma on compact disc. A third version of the soundtrack, rearranged for full [[symphony orchestra]] and recorded by the Tokyo City Philharmonic<!-- Do not confuse with Tokyo Philharmonic! -->, released in 1987 on [[compact disc]].{{sfn|Hisaishi}}

For the English dub produced by Disney in 1998, Hisaishi was called upon to rewrite the soundtrack to be more suitable for audiences in America. The new soundtrack was recorded by the [[Seattle Symphony]] and featured in the 2003 English dub released by Buena Vista.{{sfn|Nausicaa.net|1999}} Hisaishi was advised by Disney staff that non-Japanese audiences prefer comparatively more music in films. As a result, the American soundtrack is much longer, while the original Japanese version featured just an hour of music for a film exceeding two hours in length. Though Hisaishi felt that American film scores used an overly simplistic compositional approach, he commented "But when I redid the music of ''Laputa'' this way, I learned a lot."{{sfn|''Keyboard''|1999}}

The credits sequence of the film features an original vocal song titled "Carrying You" performed by [[Azumi Inoue]], with music by Hisaishi and lyrics by Miyazaki. The song was released in 1988 as a compact disc single, featuring an additional chorus version performed by the Suginami Children's Choir.{{sfn|Oricon|2018}}

{| class="wikitable plain-row-headers sortable"
|+ Music releases for ''Castle in the Sky''{{hairspace}}{{sfn|Hisaishi}}
! scope="col" | Release&nbsp;date
! scope="col" | English title
! scope="col" | Japanese title 
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes 
|-
| {{dts|May 25, 1986}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|Laputa Image|''Laputa: Castle in the Sky Image Album ~The Girl Who Fell From the Sky~''}}
| {{lang|ja|天空の城ラピュタ イメージアルバム 〜空から降ってきた少女〜}}
|
|-
| {{dts|August 25, 1986}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|Laputa Soundtrack|''Laputa: Castle in the Sky Soundtrack ~The Mystery of the Levitation Stone~''}}
| {{lang|ja|天空の城ラピュタ サウンドトラック 〜飛行石の謎〜}}
|
|-
| {{dts|January 25, 1987}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|Laputa Symphony|''Laputa: Castle in the Sky Symphony Version ~Huge Tree~''}}
| {{lang|ja|天空の城ラピュタ シンフォニー編 〜大樹〜}}
|
|-
| {{dts|March 25, 1988}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|Carrying|"Carrying You"}}
| {{lang|ja|君をのせて}}
|Azumi Inoue single
|-
| {{dts|February 25, 1989}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|Laputa Drama|''Laputa: Castle in the Sky Drama Version ~Revive the Light!~''}}
| {{lang|ja|天空の城ラピュタ ドラマ編 〜光よ甦れ!〜}}
|
|-
| {{dts|November 25, 1989}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|Laputa Hi-Tech|''Laputa: Castle in the Sky Hi-Tech Series''}}
| {{lang|ja|天空の城ラピュタ ハイテックシリーズ}}
|
|-
| {{dts|October 2, 2002}}
! scope="row" | {{sort|Laputa USA|''Laputa: Castle in the Sky USA Version Soundtrack''}}
| {{lang|ja|〜天空の城ラピュタ USA ヴァージョンサウンドトラック〜}}
| The extended soundtrack written for the 2003 English dub
|}

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===

''Castle in the Sky'' has been generally acclaimed by film critics in the years since its release. In 2001, ''Animage'' ranked ''Castle in the Sky'' 44th in their list of top 100 anime.{{sfn|Anime News Network|2001}} Animation critic and writer [[Raz Greenberg]] calls ''Castle in the Sky'' "one of the greatest adventure films ever made",{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=117}} and critic Manabu Murase names it "quite possibly the most entertaining anime that Miyazaki ever made".<ref>{{harvnb|Murase|2004|p=82}}, cited in {{harvnb|Napier|2018|p=86}}.</ref> On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds an approval rate of 96% from 28 critics, with an average rating of 7.6 out of 10. The site's critic consensus reads, "With a storytelling palette as rich and brilliant as its animation, ''Castle in the Sky'' thrillingly encapsulates Studio Ghibli's unique strengths."{{sfn|Rotten Tomatoes}} At [[Metacritic]], the film has a weighted average score of 78 out of 100 based on seven critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".{{sfn|Metacritic}}

While multiple reviewers felt that the film's two-hour runtime would turn audiences away,{{sfnm|1a1=Hicks|1y=1989|2a1=James|2y=1989|3a1=Rea|3y=1989|4a1=Sabulis|4y=1989}} ''[[The New York Times]]''{{'s}} [[Caryn James]] commenting that it is "liable to strain patiences of adults and the attention spans of children",{{sfn|James|1989}} others argued that the film had the appeal to keep audiences entertained.{{sfnm|1a1=Harrington|1y=1989|2a1=Lawson|2y=1989|3a1=Upchurch|3y=1989|4a1=Conrad|4y=2003b}} ''[[IGN]]''{{'s}} Jeremy Conrad felt the characters are "so likable that you never get bored, you always want to see what adventure is next for them".{{sfn|Conrad|2003b}} Reviewers were split over the 1987 English dub,{{sfnm|1a1=James|1y=1989|2a1=Lawson|2y=1989|3a1=Lyman|3y=1989|4a1=Sabulis|4y=1989}} with the ''[[Dayton Daily News]]''{{'s}} Terry Lawson calling it "the film's weakest element",{{sfn|Lawson|1989}} while ''[[The Cincinnati Post]]''{{'s}} David Lyman felt the dubbing into English had been done "superbly".{{sfn|Lyman|1989}} The 2003 dub similarly received mixed reviews, with ''[[The A.V. Club]]''{{'s}} Tasha Robinson calling Disney's recordings "almost comically bland",{{sfn|Robinson|2003}} and Conrad expressing his appreciation for [[Anna Paquin]] as Sheeta and [[Mark Hamill]]'s performance as Muska.{{sfn|Conrad|2003b}} Many critics also praised the animation,{{sfnm|1a1=Garrett|1y=1989|2a1=James|2y=1989|3a1=Lawson|3y=1989|4a1=Rea|4y=1989|5a1=Sabulis|5y=1989|6a1=Upchurch|6y=1989}} the ''[[Asheville Times]]''{{'s}} Tom Sabulis considering it "state-of-the-art"{{sfn|Sabulis|1989}} and ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]''{{'s}} Steven Rea naming it "masterful".{{sfn|Rea|1989}} However, some felt the motions lacked fluidity,{{sfnm|1a1=Keyser|1y=1989|2a1=Lyman|2y=1989|3a1=Shulgasser|3y=1989}} with Lyman describing it as "stiff-limbed".{{sfn|Lyman|1989}}

Most reviewers highlighted the imaginative capacity that Miyazaki displays in the film.{{sfnm|1a1=Harrington|1y=1989|2a1=Hicks|2y=1989|3a1=James|3y=1989|4a1=Keyser|4y=1989|5a1=Conrad|5y=2003b}} ''[[Slant Magazine|Slant]]''{{'s}} Chuck Bowen noted the subtle details included in the film, which he felt lends it "texture and originality".{{sfn|Bowen|2010}} A review in the ''Weekly Asahi'' highlighted the film's dynamism, favorably comparing its flying sequences with ''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter Pan]]'' (1953).<ref>{{harvnb|''Weekly Asahi''|1986}}, cited in {{harvnb|Studio Ghibli|1996|p=118}}.</ref> Several reviewers praised the use of color, which made the film "a joy to watch" according to James.{{sfnm|1a1=James|1y=1989|2a1=Harrington|2y=1989|3a1=Robinson|3y=2003}} A reviewer for ''City Road'' noted that the film could present themes that were critical of modern society while still maintaining a "warm and caring" view of humanity.<ref>{{harvnb|''City Road''|1986}}, cited in {{harvnb|Studio Ghibli|1996|p=118}}.</ref> Several reviewers noted the film's strong ecological theme, with ''[[The Washington Post]]''{{'s}} Richard Harrington appreciating the "moral duality" of Laputa's technology,<ref>{{harvnb|''Shūkan Bunshun''|1986}}, cited in {{harvnb|Studio Ghibli|1996|p=117}}; {{harvnb|Harrington|1989}}; {{harvnb|Bowen|2010}}.</ref> and the ''Asahi Journal''{{'s}} Yomota Inuhiko praising the depiction of Laputa as a utopia which gradually developed dystopic elements.<ref>{{harvnb|Inuhiko|1986}}, cited in {{harvnb|Studio Ghibli|1996|p=118}}.</ref> Critics and scholars also noted the film's connections to Miyazaki's previous works; Greenberg felt that the film is "deeply rooted within Miyazaki's filmography of the two decades that preceded it",{{sfn|Greenberg|2018|p=111}} and Denison called it a "compendium of Miyazaki's previous interests as an animator".{{sfn|Denison|2018|p=37}}

=== Audience response ===

<!-- ''Castle in the Sky'' was the second-place winner in the Reader's Choice award category hosted by ''Animage'' in 1986.{{subst:cn}} -->In a 2006 poll by Japan's [[Agency for Cultural Affairs]] conducted at the 2006 [[Japan Media Arts Festival]], the film was rated the third-best animation of all time, after ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind'' and ''[[Neon Genesis Evangelion]]'' (1995).{{sfn|Agency for Cultural Affairs|2007}} In a 2008 audience poll conducted by [[Oricon]] in Japan, ''Castle in the Sky'' was voted the best animation of all time.{{sfn|Oricon|2008}}

=== Accolades ===

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ {{sronly|Accolades received by Castle in the Sky}}
! scope="col" | Award / Publication
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" | Recipient(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Refh}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Animage]]''
| [[Anime Grand Prix]]
| {{Won}}
| ''Castle in the Sky''
| align="center" | {{sfn|''Animage''|1987}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''{{ill|Eiga Geijutsu|ja|映画芸術}}''
| Movie Art
| {{Won}}
| ''Castle in the Sky''
| align="center" | {{sfn|Nausicaa.net}}
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2" | ''[[Kinema Junpo]]''
| Best Ten
| data-sort-value="Won 8" {{Draw|Eighth Place}}
| ''Castle in the Sky''
| align="center" | {{sfn|''Cinema 1987''}}
|-
| Readers' Choice
| data-sort-value="Won 2" {{Runner up}}
| ''Castle in the Sky''
| align="center" | {{sfn|Nausicaa.net}}
|-
! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2" | [[Mainichi Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ōfuji Noburō Award]]
| rowspan="2" {{Won}}
| data-sort-value="Miyazaki, Hayao" | [[Hayao Miyazaki]]
| align="center" rowspan="2" | {{sfn|''Mainichi Shimbun''}}
|-
| [[Tokuma Shoten]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Osaka Film Festival]]
| Best Ten
| data-sort-value="Won 1" {{Won}}
| ''Castle in the Sky''
| align="center" | {{sfn|Nausicaa.net}}
|}

== Legacy ==

[[File:John Lasseter 2002.jpg |thumb |upright=0.7 |[[John Lasseter]] ''(pictured in 2002)'' has called ''Castle in the Sky'' one of his favorite films.{{sfn|Goodman|2011}} |alt=A portrait of John Lassetter]]

''Castle in the Sky'' is considered by some scholars and writers to be an important work in the modern steampunk and [[dieselpunk]] styles.{{sfnm|1a1=VanderMeer|1a2=Chambers|1y=2012|1p=190|2a1=Greenberg|2y=2018|2p=116|3a1=Boyes|3y=2020}} Along with ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind'', Philip Boyes of ''[[Eurogamer]]'' considers ''Castle in the Sky'' a major contributor to the genres' popularity in Japan, introducing audiences to stylistic features such as airships which were otherwise mostly prevalent in Europe.{{sfn|Boyes|2020}} According to McCarthy, "its mix of epic action-adventure and techno-ecological theme has since earned [''Castle in the Sky''] cult status."{{sfn|McCarthy|2002|p=97}}

Several notable artists in the [[anime]] and [[manga]] industries have cited ''Castle in the Sky'' as a major influence on their works. ''[[Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water]]'' (1990), by ''Neon Genesis Evangelion'' director [[Hideaki Anno]], is noted for its similarities in premise with ''Castle in the Sky''. Anno had previously worked with Miyazaki on the production of ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind'', and has stated that ''Nadia'' was based in part on one of Miyazaki's concepts.{{sfn|Bricken|2022}} ''[[D.Gray-man]]'' (2004) author [[Katsura Hoshino]] was moved to pursue a career in animation after watching the film, ultimately becoming a manga artist.{{sfn|Shueisha|2018}} ''[[Ghost in the Shell]]'' (1995) director [[Mamoru Oshii]]{{sfn|McCarthy|2002|p=111}} and ''[[Your Name]]'' (2016) director [[Makoto Shinkai]] named ''Castle in the Sky'' among their favorite animations.{{sfn|Rose|2016}} Additionally, VanderMeer and Chambers argue that ''Castle in the Sky'' forms the stylistic foundation for several of Miyazaki's later films, including ''[[Porco Rosso]]'' (1992) and ''[[Howl's Moving Castle (film)|Howl's Moving Castle]]'' (2004).{{sfn|VanderMeer|Chambers|2012|p=183}}

[[John Lasseter]], former [[chief creative officer]] at [[Pixar]] and [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Disney Animation]], often cited Miyazaki and his works to be his "greatest inspiration".{{sfn|Frater|2014}} When asked about some of his favorite films, Lasseter expressed his admiration for ''Castle in the Sky''.{{sfn|Goodman|2011}} Lasseter has worked with Miyazaki on the English dubs of several of his films, and notes this as an influence on his work with his colleagues. At a speech delivered at the 2014 [[Tokyo International Film Festival]], Lasseter said "Whenever we get stuck at Pixar or Disney, I put on a Miyazaki film sequence or two, just to get us inspired again."{{sfn|Brzeski|2014}} Napier argues that [[WALL-E (character)|the protagonist]] of Pixar's ''[[WALL-E]]'' (2008), a robot left to care for a world abandoned by humans, "may have its roots in ''Laputa''{{'s}} nurturing robot."{{sfn|Napier|2018|p=96}} The creators of ''[[The Wild Robot]]''{{nbsp}}(2024) also cited the film as an influence on their work.{{sfn|Piña|2024}}

''Castle in the Sky'' has influenced numerous video games, particularly [[Japanese video games|in Japan]], with its success leading to a wave of steampunk video games.{{sfn|Boyes|2020}} Game designer [[Hironobu Sakaguchi]] cited ''Castle in the Sky'' as an inspiration behind his ''[[Final Fantasy]]'' video game series, particularly citing it as an influence on the series' airships.{{sfn|Rogers|2006}} According to Boyes, ''Castle in the Sky'' also influenced the airships in the ''[[Mario (franchise)|Mario]]'' and ''[[Civilization (series)|Civilization]]'' franchises.{{sfn|Boyes|2020}} The Iron Golem from ''[[Minecraft]]'' (2011) takes inspiration from the robots in the film.{{sfn|Stone|2017}} Several games from ''[[The Legend of Zelda]]'' series are noted to have been influenced by ''Castle in the Sky'', particularly ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom|Tears of the Kingdom]]'' (2023), which features a flying castle and several thematic parallels with the film.{{sfn|Rowe|2023}}

On December 9, 2011, during an airing of ''Castle in the Sky'' on Japanese television, fans posting to [[Twitter]] set a new record for the platform by causing a peak of 25,088 tweets per second.{{sfn|Savov|2011}} The record was later surpassed during another airing on August 2, 2013, with a figure of 143,199 per second.{{sfnm|1a1=Twitter Engineering|1y=2013|2a1=Rosen|2y=2013}}

== Notes ==

{{notelist}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===

{{reflist|30em}}

=== Book and journal sources ===

{{refbegin|30em}}
* <!-- Cardia 2018 --> {{cite journal | last=Cardia | first=Cristina | title=Altri mondi: città invisibili e castelli erranti tra le nuvole |trans-title=Other worlds: invisible cities and moving castles in the clouds | journal=Medea | volume=4 | date=2018-12-21 | doi=10.13125/medea-3480 | language=it |doi-access=free |issn=2421-5821}}
* <!-- Cavalcanti 2004 --> {{Cite book |title=Dark Horizons: Science Fiction and the Dystopian Imagination |last=Cavalcanti |first=Ildney |chapter=The writing of utopia and the feminist critical dystopia: Suzy McKee Charnas's holdfast series |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-4159-6614-6 |editor-last=Baccolini |editor-first=Raffaella |editor-last2=Moylan |editor-first2=Tom |editor-link2=Tom Moylan |pages=47–69}}
* <!-- Clements & McCarthy 2015 --> {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Clements |first1=Jonathan |author-link1=Jonathan Clements |last2=McCarthy |first2=Helen |author-link2=Helen McCarthy |title=The Anime Encyclopedia: A Century of Japanese Animation |edition=3rd |year=2015 |orig-year=2006 |publisher=[[Stone Bridge Press]] |isbn=978-1-6117-2018-1 |title-link=The Anime Encyclopedia}}
* <!-- Denison 2018 --> {{cite journal | last=Denison | first=Rayna |author-link=Rayna Denison | title=Before Ghibli was Ghibli: Analysing the historical discourses surrounding Hayao Miyazaki's ''Castle in the Sky'' (1986) | journal=East Asian Journal of Popular Culture | volume=4 | issue=1 | date=2018-04-01 | issn=2051-7084 | doi=10.1386/eapc.4.1.31_1 | pages=31–46 |doi-access=free}}
* <!-- Greenberg 2018 --> {{Cite book |title=Hayao Miyazaki: Exploring the Early Work of Japan's Greatest Animator |last=Greenberg |first=Raz |author-link=Raz Greenberg |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-5013-3594-5 |url=https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/monograph?docid=b-9781501335976&st=hayao+miyazaki }}
* <!-- Lamarre 2002 --> {{cite journal | last=Lamarre | first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Lamarre | title=From animation to anime: drawing movements and moving drawings | journal=Japan Forum | volume=14 | issue=2 | date=2002 | issn=0955-5803 | doi=10.1080/09555800220136400 | pages=329–367}}
* <!-- Lioi 2010 --> {{cite journal |last1=Lioi |first1=Anthony |title=The city ascends: ''Laputa: Castle in the Sky'' as critical ecotopia |journal=Imagetext |date=2010 |volume=5 |issue=2 |url=https://imagetextjournal.com/the-city-ascends-laputa-castle-in-the-sky-as-critical-ecotopia/ |access-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-date=June 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624200253/http://imagetext.english.ufl.edu/imagetext/archives/v5_2/lioi |url-status=live |issn=1549-6732}}
* <!-- McCarthy 2002 --> {{cite book |last=McCarthy |first=Helen |author-link=Helen McCarthy |year=2002 |orig-year=1999 |title=Hayao Miyazaki: Master of Japanese Animation |title-link=Hayao Miyazaki: Master of Japanese Animation |publisher=[[Stone Bridge Press]] |isbn=978-1-8806-5641-9}}
* <!-- Miyazaki 2009 --> {{Cite book |last=Miyazaki |first=Hayao |author-link=Hayao Miyazaki |title=Starting Point: 1979–1996 |title-link=Starting Point: 1979–1996 |publisher=[[Viz Media]] |year=2009 |orig-year=1996 |translator-last1=Cary |translator-first1=Beth |translator-last2=Schodt |translator-first2=Frederik L. |translator-link2=Frederik L. Schodt |isbn=978-1-4215-6104-2}}
* <!-- Miyazaki 2016 --> {{Cite book |title=The Art of Castle in the Sky |last=Miyazaki |first=Hayao |author-link=Hayao Miyazaki |year=2016 |publisher=[[Viz Media]] |isbn=978-1-4215-8272-6}}
* <!-- Murase 2004 --> {{Cite book |script-title=ja:宮崎駿の「深み」へ |trans-title=Hayao Miyazaki to the Depths |language=ja |last=Murase |first=Manabu |publisher=[[Heibonsha]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-4-5828-5243-1}}
* <!-- Napier 2018 --> {{Cite book |title=Miyazakiworld: A Life in Art |title-link=Miyazakiworld |last=Napier |first=Susan J. |author-link=Susan J. Napier |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-3002-2685-0}}
* <!-- Odell & Le Blanc 2009 --> {{Cite book |title=Studio Ghibli: The Films of Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata |last1=Odell |first1=Colin |last2=Le Blanc |first2=Michelle |author1-link=Michelle Le Blanc and Colin Odell |author2-link=Michelle Le Blanc and Colin Odell |publisher=Kamera |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-84243-279-2}}
* <!-- Studio Ghibli 1996 --> {{cite book |author=[[Studio Ghibli]] |script-title=ja:スタジオジブリ作品関連資料集 |trans-title=Archives of Studio Ghibli Vol. 1 |language=ja |date=1996 |publisher=[[Tokuma Shoten]] |isbn=978-4-1986-0525-4 <!-- |ref={{harvid|Studio Ghibli|1996}} -->}}
* <!-- VanderMeer & Chambers 2012 --> {{cite book |last1=VanderMeer |first1=Jeff |authorlink1=Jeff VanderMeer |last2=Chambers |first2=S.J. |title=The Steampunk Bible: An Illustrated Guide to World of Imaginary Airships, Corsets and Goggles, Mad Scientists, and Strange Literature |date=2012 |publisher=[[Abrams Books]] |isbn=978-1-6131-2166-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xp12RPAYgrIC&pg=PT184 |url-access=limited}}
{{refend}}

=== Reviews and news sources ===

{{refbegin|30em}}
* <!-- Anime News Network 2001 --> {{cite news |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2001-01-15/animage-top-100-anime-listing |title=''Animage'' top 100 anime listing |date=January 15, 2001 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]] |access-date=March 10, 2013 |archive-date=April 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415220509/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2001-01-15/animage-top-100-anime-listing |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Anime News Network|2001}} }}
* <!-- Andrew 2023 --> {{Cite news |title=Studio Ghibli films are coming to Netflix, but not in North America or Japan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/20/business/studio-ghibli-netflix-trnd/index.html |last=Andrew |first=Scottie |date=January 20, 2023 |access-date=May 22, 2023 |publisher=[[CNN Business]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121203645/https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/20/business/studio-ghibli-netflix-trnd/index.html |archive-date=January 21, 2020 |url-status=live}}
* <!-- Bertoli 2017 --> {{Cite web |url=https://kotaku.com/a-tale-of-two-totoro-1795625161 |title=A tale of two Totoro |date=June 4, 2017 |access-date=June 20, 2023 |website=[[Kotaku]] |last=Bertoli |first=Ben |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606234354/https://kotaku.com/a-tale-of-two-totoro-1795625161 |archive-date=June 6, 2017 |url-status=live }}
* <!-- Bowen 2010 --> {{Cite news |title=Review: Hayao Miyazaki's ''Castle in the Sky'' on Disney DVD |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/dvd/castle-in-the-sky/ |last=Bowen |first=Chuck |date=March 4, 2010 |access-date=August 6, 2023 |work=[[Slant Magazine|Slant]] |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810092147/https://www.slantmagazine.com/dvd/castle-in-the-sky/ |url-status=live }}
* <!-- Boyes 2020 --> {{cite news |last1=Boyes |first1=Philip |title=Hot air and high winds: a love letter to the fantasy airship |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-02-08-hot-air-and-high-winds-a-love-letter-to-the-fantasy-airship |access-date=April 18, 2020 |work=[[Eurogamer]] |date=February 8, 2020 |archive-date=May 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509234743/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-02-08-hot-air-and-high-winds-a-love-letter-to-the-fantasy-airship |url-status=live }}
* <!-- Bricken 2022 --> {{Cite news |title=''Evangelion'' creator Hideaki Anno's first TV series ''Nadia'' comes to 4K |url=https://gizmodo.com/evangelion-hideaki-anno-director-nadia-secret-of-blue-w-1848818184 |last=Bricken |first=Rob |date=April 22, 2022 |access-date=August 10, 2023 |work=[[Gizmodo]] |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731013024/https://gizmodo.com/evangelion-hideaki-anno-director-nadia-secret-of-blue-w-1848818184 |url-status=live }}
* <!-- Brooks 2005 --> {{cite news |last=Brooks |first=Xan |title=A god among animators |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=September 14, 2005 |url=http://film.guardian.co.uk/interview/interviewpages/0,6737,1569689,00.html |access-date=December 30, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625111513/http://film.guardian.co.uk/interview/interviewpages/0,6737,1569689,00.html |archive-date=June 25, 2008 |url-status=live }}
* <!-- Brzeski 2014 --> {{Cite news |title=John Lasseter pays emotional tribute to Hayao Miyazaki at Tokyo Film Festival |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/john-lasseter-pays-emotional-tribute-743635/ |last=Brzeski |first=Patrick |date=October 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615045655/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/john-lasseter-pays-emotional-tribute-743635/ |archive-date=June 15, 2021 |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url-status=live }}
* <!-- ''City Road'' 1986 --> {{cite news |script-title=ja:待望の新作「天空の城ラピ ュタ」遂にお目見得。 |trans-title=The long-awaited new work ''Laputa: Castle in the Sky'' is finally here |language=ja |work=City Road |date=August 1986 |ref={{harvid|City Road|1986}} }}
* <!-- Conrad 2003a --> {{cite web |last1=Conrad |first1=Jeremy |date=March 14, 2003a |title=''Spirited Away''{{hair space}} |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2003/03/14/spirited-away |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=June 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409215418/http://www.ign.com/articles/2003/03/14/spirited-away |archive-date=April 9, 2016 |url-status=live}}
* <!-- Conrad 2003b --> {{Cite news |last=Conrad |first=Jeremy |date=March 27, 2003b |title=''Castle in the Sky''{{hair space}} |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2003/03/27/castle-in-the-sky-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415150206/https://www.ign.com/articles/2003/03/27/castle-in-the-sky-2 |archive-date=April 15, 2023 |access-date=July 12, 2023 |work=[[IGN]] |url-status=live}}
* <!-- Frater 2014 --> {{Cite news |title=John Lasseter hails Hayao Miyazaki, Japan, and the joy of juxtaposition |url=https://variety.com/2014/artisans/news/john-lasseter-hails-hayao-miyazaki-japan-and-the-joy-of-juxtaposition-1201338264/ |last=Frater |first=Patrick |date=October 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026120152/http://variety.com/2014/artisans/news/john-lasseter-hails-hayao-miyazaki-japan-and-the-joy-of-juxtaposition-1201338264/ |archive-date=October 26, 2014 |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url-status=live }}
* <!-- Garrett 1989 --> {{cite news |url=https://newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-castle-in-the-skyclass/65024112/ |title=Adventures on the far side of the clouds |last=Garrett |first=Robert |date=1989-06-18 |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |page=35 |access-date=2024-04-02 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}
* <!-- Giardina 2017 --> {{cite web |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/gkids-studio-ghibli-ink-home-entertainment-deal-1021746 |title=Gkids, Studio Ghibli ink home entertainment deal |last=Giardina |first=Carolyn |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=July 17, 2017 |access-date=July 17, 2017 |archive-date=August 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803090028/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/gkids-studio-ghibli-ink-home-entertainment-deal-1021746 |url-status=live }}
* <!-- Green 2012 --> {{Cite news |title=Disney announces Blu-ray details for ''Arrietty'' and next batch of Studio Ghibli features |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2012/4/14/disney-announces-blu-ray-details-for-arrietty-and-next-batch-of-studio-ghibli-features |last=Green |first=Scott |date=April 14, 2012 |access-date=August 11, 2023 |publisher=[[Crunchyroll]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811092516/https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2012/4/14/disney-announces-blu-ray-details-for-arrietty-and-next-batch-of-studio-ghibli-features |archive-date=August 11, 2023 |url-status=live }}
* <!-- Harding 2020 --> {{cite web |last1=Harding |first1=Daryl |title=''Akira'' anime film producer corrects 30-year fact on how much the groundbreaking film cost to make |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2020/06/08-1/akira-anime-film-producer-corrects-30-year-fact-on-how-much-the-groundbreaking-film-cost-to-make |publisher=[[Crunchyroll]] |date=June 8, 2020 |access-date=June 8, 2020 |language=en-us |archive-date=June 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610144842/https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2020/06/08-1/akira-anime-film-producer-corrects-30-year-fact-on-how-much-the-groundbreaking-film-cost-to-make |url-status=live }}
* <!-- Harrington 1989 --> {{Cite news |title=''Laputa: Castle in the Sky''{{hair space}} |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/laputacastleintheskynrharrington_a0aac9.htm |last=Harrington |first=Richard |date=September 2, 1989 |access-date=August 6, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=January 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102232440/http://www.newizv.ru/culture/2005-08-19/30150-ni-be-ni-me-ni-anime.html |url-status=live }}
* <!-- Hicks 1989 --> {{Cite news |title=Film review: ''Laputa: Castle in the Sky''{{hair space}} |url=https://www.deseret.com/1989/12/16/20087943/film-review-laputa-castle-in-the-sky |last=Hicks |first=Chris |date=December 16, 1989 |access-date=August 31, 2023 |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703025429/https://www.deseret.com/1989/12/16/20087943/film-review-laputa-castle-in-the-sky |work=[[Deseret News]] }}
* <!-- Inuhiko 1986 --> {{cite news |title=Animation |language=ja |last=Inuhiko |first=Yomoto |work=Asahi Journal |page=35 |date=1986-08-29}}
* <!-- Ishida 2014 --> {{cite web |url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/people/AJ201403050070 |title=Miyazaki's ''The Wind Rises'' pays homage to Italian aircraft designer |date=March 5, 2014 |access-date=September 13, 2015 |author-last=Ishida |author-first=Hiroshi |work=[[The Asahi Shimbun]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703025209/http://ajw.asahi.com:80/article/behind_news/people/AJ201403050070 |archive-date=July 3, 2015 }}
* <!-- James 1989 --> {{Cite news |title=Animated adventure fantasy from Japan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/18/movies/review-film-animated-adventure-fantasy-from-japan.html |last=James |first=Caryn |authorlink=Caryn James |date=August 18, 1989 |access-date=August 6, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=October 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016152055/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/18/movies/review-film-animated-adventure-fantasy-from-japan.html |url-status=live }}
* <!-- Keyser 1989 --> {{cite news |url=http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/laputa/impressionsold.html#4 |title=Child's fantasy ''Laputa'' is an eyeful for all ages |last=Keyser |first=Lucy |date=1989-09-04 |work=[[The Washington Times]] |page=D3 |access-date=2024-04-02 |via=[[Nausicaa.net]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313230855/http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/laputa/impressionsold.html#4 |archive-date=2024-03-13 |url-status=live}}<!-- Original paper is behind archive paywall. -->
* <!-- Lawson 1989 --> {{cite news |url=https://newspapers.com/article/dayton-daily-news-castle-in-the-sky-198/71531444/ |title=Remarkable animation takes us to ''Castle in the Sky''{{hair space}} |last=Lawson |first=Terry |date=1989-09-02 |work=[[Dayton Daily News]] |page=4 |access-date=2024-04-02 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}
* <!-- Lyman 1989 --> {{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-cincinnati-post-laputa-offers-fanc/145516738/ |title=''Laputa'' offers fanciful epic |last=Lyman |first=David |date=1989-08-18 |access-date=2024-04-16 |work=[[The Cincinnati Post]] |page=23 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}
* <!-- Oricon 2008 --> {{cite news |script-title=ja:面白かったアニメ映画、宮崎作品が人気 |url=http://life.oricon.co.jp/news/080502.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506094052/http://life.oricon.co.jp/news/080502.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 6, 2008 |access-date=May 6, 2008 |publisher=[[Oricon]] |date=May 1, 2008 |language=ja |trans-title=Interesting anime movies, Miyazaki's works are popular |ref={{harvid|Oricon|2008}} }}
* <!-- Piña 2024 --> {{cite news |last=Piña |first=Vanessa |date=2024-11-03 |title='We are also big fans of Miyazaki: ''The Wild Robot'' director reveals the Studio Ghibli film that inspired the hit animated movie of 2024 |url=https://screenrant.com/wild-robot-roz-inspiration-miyazaki-ghibli-laputa-castle-in-sky-soldier/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |work=[[Screen Rant]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120024444/https://screenrant.com/wild-robot-roz-inspiration-miyazaki-ghibli-laputa-castle-in-sky-soldier/ |archive-date=2024-11-20 |url-status=live }}
* <!-- Rea 1989 --> {{cite news |url=https://newspapers.com/article/the-philadelphia-inquirer-castle-in-the/65023987/ |title=Good and evil clash in a Japanese cartoon |last=Rea |first=Steven |date=1989-03-31 |work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] |page=90 |access-date=2024-04-02 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}
* <!-- Robinson 2003 --> {{Cite news |title=''Castle in the Sky'' (DVD) |url=https://www.avclub.com/castle-in-the-sky-dvd-1798198458 |last=Robinson |first=Tasha |date=April 22, 2003 |access-date=August 6, 2023 |work=[[The A.V. Club]] |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810092120/https://www.avclub.com/castle-in-the-sky-dvd-1798198458 |url-status=live }}
* <!-- Rose 2016 --> {{Cite news |title=Makoto Shinkai: could the anime director be cinema's 'new Miyazaki'? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/nov/09/makoto-shinkai-director-anime-your-name |last=Rose |first=Steve |date=November 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109090234/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/nov/09/makoto-shinkai-director-anime-your-name |archive-date=November 9, 2016 |access-date=July 4, 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]] |url-status=live }}
* <!-- Rosen 2013 --> {{Cite news |title=Crazy world record for tweets per second set because of... an anime movie |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/08/crazy-world-record-for-tweets-per-second-set-because-of-an-anime-movie/278841/ |last=Rosen |first=Rebecca |date=August 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824180042/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/08/crazy-world-record-for-tweets-per-second-set-because-of-an-anime-movie/278841/ |archive-date=August 24, 2013 |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=[[The Atlantic]] |url-status=live }}
* <!-- Rowe 2023 --> {{Cite news |title=''Tears of the Kingdom'' doubles down on ''Breath of the Wild''{{'s}} best inspiration |url=https://www.inverse.com/gaming/zelda-tears-kingdom-studio-ghibli |last=Rowe |first=Willa |date=May 16, 2023 |access-date=August 9, 2023 |work=[[Inverse (website)|Inverse]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810225124/https://www.inverse.com/gaming/zelda-tears-kingdom-studio-ghibli |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |url-status=live }}
* <!-- Sabulis 1989 --> {{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-asheville-times-laputa-inspired-b/145516819/ |title=''Laputa'' inspired, but boring |last=Sabulis |first=Tom |date=1989-08-30 |access-date=2024-04-16 |work=[[Asheville Times]] |page=25 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}
* <!-- Savov 2011 --> {{Cite news |title=25,088 tweets per second is the new single-topic record, set by ''Castle in the Sky'' anime screening |url=https://www.theverge.com/2011/12/14/2635123/tweets-per-second-record-castle-in-the-sky |last=Savov |first=Vlad |date=December 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107192203/https://www.theverge.com/2011/12/14/2635123/tweets-per-second-record-castle-in-the-sky |archive-date=January 7, 2012 |access-date=July 26, 2023 |publisher=[[CNET]] |url-status=live }}
* <!-- ''Shūkan Bunshun'' 1986 --> {{cite news |script-title=ja:宮崎駿『風の谷のナウシカ』から二年ぶりの新作 |trans-title=Hayao Miyazaki: his first new work in two years since ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind'' |language=ja |work=[[Shūkan Bunshun]] |date=1986-07-17 |ref={{harvid|Shūkan Bunshun|1986}} }}
* <!-- Shulgasser 1989 --> {{cite news |title=Gulliver, meet Godzilla |last=Shulgasser |first=Barbara |url=https://newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner-castle-in-the/65024047/ |date=1989-10-11 |work=[[San Francisco Examiner]] |page=56 |access-date=2024-04-02 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}
* <!-- Smithies 1988 --> {{Cite news |title=Saturday television guide |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian-saturday-television-guide/131007511/ |last=Smithies |first=Sandy |date=December 31, 1988 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901004936/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-guardian-saturday-television-guide/131007511/ |archive-date=September 1, 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]] |url-status=live |via=[[Newspapers.com]] }}
* <!-- Stimson 2014 --> {{Cite news |title=Ghibli's Suzuki reveals circumstances behind ''Laputa''{{'s}} production |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2014-09-24/ghibli-suzuki-reveals-circumstances-behind-laputa-production/.79131 |last=Stimson |first=Eric |date=September 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927003415/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2014-09-24/ghibli-suzuki-reveals-circumstances-behind-laputa-production/.79131 |archive-date=September 27, 2014 |access-date=July 4, 2023 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]] |url-status=live }}
* <!-- Upchurch 1989 --> {{cite news |url=http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/laputa/impressionsold.html#13 |title=Animated feature is fine fantasy |last=Upchurch |first=Michael |work=[[The Seattle Times]] |date=1989-06-16 |location=Section G |access-date=2024-04-02 |via=[[Nausicaa.net]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313230855/http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/laputa/impressionsold.html#13 |archive-date=2024-03-13 |url-status=live}}<!-- Original paper is behind archive paywall. -->
* <!-- ''Weekly Asahi'' 1986 --> {{cite news |script-title=ja:世の中を鋭い目でみつめ生きとし生ける者を愛す |trans-title=Look at the world with keen eyes and love all living things |language=ja |work=Weekly Asahi |date=1986-08-15 |ref={{harvid|Weekly Asahi|1986}} }}
* <!-- ''Wonderland'' 2021 --> {{cite magazine |title=Hayao Miyazaki announces his return to Studio Ghibli |magazine=[[Wonderland (magazine)|Wonderland]] |date=November 25, 2021 |url=https://www.wonderlandmagazine.com/2021/11/25/studio-ghibil-hayao-miyazaki/ |access-date=April 10, 2022 |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127062154/https://www.wonderlandmagazine.com/2021/11/25/studio-ghibil-hayao-miyazaki/ |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Wonderland|2021}} }}
* <!-- Wyse 2020 --> {{Cite web |url=https://screenrant.com/studio-ghibli-castle-in-the-sky-english-version-changes |title=Studio Ghibli: 10 ways ''Castle in the Sky'' changed in the English version |date=May 12, 2020 |access-date=March 12, 2023 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |last=Wyse |first=Alex |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528005949/https://screenrant.com/studio-ghibli-castle-in-the-sky-english-version-changes/ |archive-date=May 28, 2020 |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

=== Other sources ===

{{refbegin|30em}}
* <!-- Agency for Cultural Affairs 2007 --> {{cite web |script-title=ja:日本のメディア芸術100選 |trans-title=Top 100 Japanese Animations |publisher=[[Agency for Cultural Affairs]] |year=2007 |url=http://plaza.bunka.go.jp/hundred/bumon_anime.html |access-date=March 15, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210224349/http://plaza.bunka.go.jp/hundred/bumon_anime.html |archive-date=February 10, 2007 |language=ja |ref={{harvid|Agency for Cultural Affairs|2007}} }}
* <!-- ''Animage'' 1987 --> {{Cite web |url=http://animage.jp/old/gp/gp_1987.html |script-title=ja:第9回アニメグランプリ |trans-title=9th Anime Grand Prix |date=June 1987 |access-date=June 20, 2023 |work=[[Animage]] |archive-date=October 19, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019174520/http://animage.jp/old/gp/gp_1987.html |language=ja |ref={{harvid|Animage|1987}} }}
* <!-- Box Office Mojo --> {{cite web |title=''Castle in the Sky''{{hair space}} |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0092067/ |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=August 9, 2023 |ref={{harvid|Box Office Mojo}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815152741/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0092067 |archive-date=August 15, 2023 |url-status=live }}
* <!-- BFI 2020 --> {{Cite book |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/industry-data-insights/statistical-yearbook |title=BFI Statistical Yearbook 2020 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] (BFI) |year=2020 |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-date=April 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427094931/https://www.bfi.org.uk/industry-data-insights/statistical-yearbook |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|BFI|2020}} }}
* <!-- Cinema 1987 --> {{Cite web |script-title=ja:1986 年度キネマ旬報ベストテン |url=https://cinema1987.org/home/best10/3/1986.html |access-date=June 20, 2023 |website=Cinema 1987 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609044629/https://cinema1987.org/home/best10/3/1986.html |archive-date=June 9, 2017 |language=ja |trans-title=1986 ''Kinema Junpo'' Best Ten |ref={{harvid|Cinema 1987}} }}
* <!-- Frierson --> {{cite web |title=Animation |last1=Frierson |first1=Eddie |author-link=Eddie Frierson |website=Eddie Frierson's Website |url=https://eddiefrierson.com/index.php/animation/ |access-date=March 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128191959/https://eddiefrierson.com/index.php/animation/ |archive-date=2022-11-28 |url-status=live}}
* <!-- Goodman 2011 --> {{Cite news |title=Pixar's John Lasseter answers your questions |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/pixars-john-lasseter-answers-your-questions/index.html |last=Goodman |first=Stephanie |date=November 1, 2011 |access-date=July 5, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=July 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706014937/https://archive.nytimes.com/artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/01/pixars-john-lasseter-answers-your-questions/index.html |url-status=live }}
* <!-- Hisaishi --> {{cite web |last=Hisaishi |first=Joe |authorlink=Joe Hisaishi |title=Discography |url=http://joehisaishi.com/discography.php |website=Joe Hisaishi Official Site |access-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-date=June 4, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604184310/http://joehisaishi.com/discography.php?cat=soundtrack |url-status=dead |language=ja }}
* <!-- ''Keyboard'' 1999 --> {{cite magazine |title=久石譲 |trans-title=Joe Hisaishi |date=August 1999 |magazine=[[Keyboard (magazine)|Keyboard]] |issue=8 |pages=30–39 |issn=1344-6371 |ref={{harvid|Keyboard|1999}} }}
* <!-- Lumiere --> {{cite web |title=''Tenkū no Shiro Laputa'' |url=https://lumiere.obs.coe.int/movie/20840 |publisher=[[Lumiere (database)|Lumiere]] |access-date=August 9, 2023 |archive-date=April 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410061113/https://lumiere.obs.coe.int/movie/20840 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Lumiere}} }}
* <!-- Macek 2014 --> {{cite interview |last=Macek |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Macek |interviewer-last1=Bertschy |interviewer-first1=Zac |interviewer-last2=Sevakis |interviewer-first2=Justin |title=ANNCast classic: Macek training  |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/anncast/2014-01-09 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]] |date=January 9, 2014 |access-date=January 11, 2014 |quote=We didn't dub it. Streamline didn't dub it. And I told the people at Tokuma Shoten that I thought the dubbing was marginal on ''Laputa'' and I thought that it could be better if they had {{nowrap|a–}} their product could be better if they had a better dubbing{{nbsp}}... It was paid for by Tokuma Shoten, but they just picked some company out in the middle of Hollywood to do it. They just phone-booked the guy. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110221759/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/anncast/2014-01-09 |archive-date=January 10, 2014 |url-status=live }}
* <!-- ''Mainichi Shimbun'' --> {{Cite web |url=http://mainichi.jp/mfa/history/041.html |script-title=ja:毎日映画コンクール |access-date=June 20, 2023 |website=[[Mainichi Shimbun]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109194933/http://mainichi.jp/mfa/history/041.html |archive-date=January 9, 2018 |url-status=live |language=ja |trans-title=41st Mainichi Film Awards |ref={{harvid|Mainichi Shimbun}} }}
* <!-- Metacritic --> {{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/castle-in-the-sky |title=''Castle in the Sky'' reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=August 6, 2023 |ref={{harvid|Metacritic}} |archive-date=June 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625110213/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/castle-in-the-sky |url-status=live }}
* <!-- Mr. Tim 2021 --> {{cite video |publisher=Mr. Tim |title=Mr. Tim's Interviews – Barbara Goodson |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZWWyHANQqE |via=[[YouTube]] |date=June 9, 2021 |access-date=December 2, 2023 |time=22:19 |quote=Yeah, Pazu. Friends were watching it – ''Castle in the Sky''{{nbsp}}... and I said 'Yeah, I'm in this.' |archive-date=December 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202155233/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LZWWyHANQqE&t=1343s |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Mr. Tim|2021}} }}
* <!-- Nausicaa.net 1999 --> {{Cite web |url=http://www.nausicaa.net/wiki/Laputa:_Castle_in_the_Sky_(Rescoring_Interview) |title=''Laputa: Castle in the Sky'' – Rescoring interview |date=July 14, 1999 |access-date=March 11, 2023 |publisher=[[Nausicaa.net]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102185436/http://www.nausicaa.net/wiki/Laputa:_Castle_in_the_Sky_(Rescoring_Interview) |archive-date=November 2, 2020 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Nausicaa.net|1999}} }}
* <!-- Nausicaa.net --> {{cite web |title=''Laputa: Castle in the Sky'' – Credits and figures |url=http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/laputa/credits.html |publisher=[[Nausicaa.net]] |access-date=August 9, 2023 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408150428/http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/laputa/credits.html |archive-date=April 8, 2016 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Nausicaa.net}} }}
* <!-- Oricon 2018 --> {{cite web |script-title=ja:君をのせて |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/193043/products/4810/1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228083132/https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/193043/products/4810/1/ |archive-date=December 28, 2018 |access-date=December 27, 2018 |publisher=[[Oricon]] |language=ja |trans-title=Carrying You |ref={{harvid|Oricon|2018}} }}
* <!-- Patten 2015 --> {{Cite web |first=Fred |last=Patten |authorlink=Fred Patten |url=https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/streamline-pictures-part-1 |title=Streamline Pictures – part 1 |date=April 19, 2015 |access-date=March 12, 2023 |website=Cartoon Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420045523/https://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/streamline-pictures-part-1/ |archive-date=April 20, 2015 |url-status=live }}
* <!-- Rogers 2006 --> {{cite magazine |last=Rogers |first=Tim |authorlink=Tim Rogers (writer) |date=March 27, 2006 |url=http://www.edge-online.com/features/defense-final-fantasy-xii |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130831220204/http://www.edge-online.com/features/defense-final-fantasy-xii/2/ |archive-date=August 31, 2013 |url-status=dead |title=In defense of ''Final Fantasy XII''{{hair space}} |magazine=[[Edge (magazine)|Edge]] |quote=Okay, so the Chocobos – big, yellow riding birds – were actually stolen from Hayao Miyazaki's movie ''Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind'', and Hironobu Sakaguchi freely admitted that way back when.  He also admits that the airships were inspired by ''Laputa'', also directed by Miyazaki. |page=2 |access-date=January 26, 2014 }}
* <!-- ''Rateinflation.com'' --> {{cite web |title=Japanese consumer price index: 1970 to 2025 |url=https://www.rateinflation.com/consumer-price-index/japan-historical-cpi/ |work=Rateinflation.com |access-date=2025-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118214125/https://www.rateinflation.com/consumer-price-index/japan-historical-cpi/ |archive-date=2025-01-18 |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Rateinflation.com}} }}
* <!-- Rotten Tomatoes --> {{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/castle_in_the_sky_1989 |title=''Castle in the Sky''{{hair space}} |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=August 6, 2023 |ref={{harvid|Rotten Tomatoes}} |archive-date=August 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823141645/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/castle_in_the_sky_1989 |url-status=live }}
* <!-- Shueisha 2018 --> {{cite web |url=http://jumpsq.shueisha.co.jp:80/contents/m_int_hoshino/index.html |title=Mangaka interview 01 |language=ja |publisher=[[Shueisha]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315091947/http://jumpsq.shueisha.co.jp/contents/m_int_hoshino/index.html |archive-date=March 15, 2010 |access-date=April 14, 2018 |url-status=dead |ref={{harvid|Shueisha|2018}} }}
* <!-- Stone 2017 --> {{Cite web |last=Stone |first=Tom |date=February 27, 2017 |title=Meet the Iron Golem |url=https://www.minecraft.net/en-us/article/meet-iron-golem |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501154007/https://www.minecraft.net/en-us/article/meet-iron-golem |archive-date=May 1, 2023 |access-date=May 17, 2023 |publisher=[[Mojang Studios]]}}
* <!-- Suzuki 1996 --> {{Cite web |url=http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/ghibli/history/history1e.html |title=The ten years of Studio Ghibli |date=February 1996 |access-date=July 4, 2023 |publisher=[[Nausicaa.net]] |last=Suzuki |first=Toshio |authorlink=Toshio Suzuki (producer) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991021230705/http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/ghibli/history/history1e.html |archive-date=October 21, 1999 |url-status=live }}
* <!-- Toyama --> {{Cite web |url=http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/laputa/faq.html |title=''Laputa: Castle in the Sky'' – Frequently asked questions |last=Toyama |first=Ryoko |access-date=May 24, 2023 |publisher=[[Nausicaa.net]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230182441/http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/laputa/faq.html |archive-date=December 30, 2006 |url-status=live }}
* <!-- Twitter Engineering 2013 --> {{Cite web |url=https://blog.twitter.com/engineering/en_us/a/2013/new-tweets-per-second-record-and-how |title=New Tweets per second record, and how! |date=August 16, 2013 |access-date=March 4, 2023 |publisher=[[Twitter, Inc.|Twitter Engineering]] |archive-date=August 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822102815/https://blog.twitter.com/2013/new-tweets-per-second-record-and-how |url-status=live |ref={{harvid|Twitter Engineering|2013}} }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==

{{refbegin|30em}}
* <!-- Bartolomei, Ippolito, & Mezzino 2023 --> {{cite journal | last=Bartolomei | first=Cristiana | last2=Ippolito | first2=Alfonso | last3=Mezzino | first3=Davide | title=Representation of landscape and ecological vision in Miyazaki's filmography | journal=[[Sustainability (journal)|Sustainability]] | volume=15 | issue=20 | date=2023-10-22 | issn=2071-1050 | doi=10.3390/su152015132 | doi-access=free | page=15132| hdl=11585/945939 | hdl-access=free }}
* <!-- Denison 2023 --> {{cite book |last=Denison |first=Rayna |author-link=Rayna Denison |date=2023 |title=Studio Ghibli: An Industrial History |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-3-031-16843-7}}
* <!-- Johnson 2007 --> {{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Rebecca |title=''Kawaii'' and ''kirei'': navigating the identities of women in ''Laputa: Castle in the Sky'' by Hayao Miyazaki and ''Ghost in the Shell'' by Mamoru Oshii |url=http://www.rhizomes.net/issue14/johnson/johnson.html |access-date=2024-04-14 |journal=Rhizomes |volume=14 |date=2007 |issn=1555-9998}}
* <!-- Kanō 2006 --> {{Cite book |script-title=ja:宮崎駿全書 |title-link=The Complete Hayao Miyazaki |last=Kanō |first=Seiji |author-link=Seiji Kanō |publisher=Film Art |year=2006 |language=ja |trans-title=The Complete Hayao Miyazaki |isbn=978-4-8459-0687-1}}
* <!-- Lamarre 2009 --> {{cite book | last=Lamarre | first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Lamarre | title=The Anime Machine: A Media Theory of Animation |title-link=The Anime Machine | publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]] | date=2009 | isbn=978-0-8166-5155-9}}
* <!-- Pan 2020 --> {{cite journal | last=Pan | first=Yuan | title=Human–nature relationships in East Asian animated films | journal=[[Societies (journal)|Societies]] | volume=10 | issue=2 | date=2020-04-15 | issn=2075-4698 | doi=10.3390/soc10020035 | doi-access=free | page=35}}
* <!-- Roll 2021 --> {{Cite book |title=Speculations of War: Essays on Conflict in Science Fiction, Fantasy and Utopian Literature |last=Roll |first=Erin M. |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-4766-7279-3 |pages=58–79 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=mEsgEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA58 |editor-last=Magid |editor-first=Annette M. |chapter=Clouds over the valley: images of war and peace in the films of Hayao Miyazaki}}
* <!-- Yoshioka 2018 --> {{cite journal |last=Yoshioka |first=Shiro |title=Toshio's movie castle: a historical overview of Studio Ghibli's collaboration and promotional strategies |journal=[[East Asian Journal of Popular Culture]] |volume=4 |issue=1 |date=2018-04-01 |issn=2051-7084 |doi=10.1386/eapc.4.1.15_1 |doi-access=free |pages=15–29}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links
 |1=''Castle in the Sky'' |display= |auto= |collapsible= |position= |style=
 |wikt=no |c=Category:Laputa: Castle in the Sky |n=no |q=no |s=no |b=no |v=no
 |voy=no |species=no |d=Q498577 |m=no |mw=no
}}

* {{Official website|https://www.ghibli.jp/works/laputa}}
* {{IMDb title|0092067|Castle in the Sky}}
* {{Anime News Network|movie|481}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|castle_in_the_sky_1989}}
* {{Metacritic film|title=Castle in the Sky}}
* [http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/laputa ''Laputa: Castle in the Sky''] at [[Nausicaa.net]]
* [http://www.jmdb.ne.jp/1986/dj002100.htm 天空の城ラピュタ (''Tenkū no Shiro Rapyuta'')] at the [[Japanese Movie Database]] (Japanese)

{{Hayao Miyazaki}}
{{Studio Ghibli}}
{{Anime Grand Prix}}
{{Ōfuji Noburō Award}}
{{Portalbar|Anime and manga|Film|Japan|Speculative fiction|Studio Ghibli|Fantasy}}
{{Authority control}}

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