Editing Cardiomyopathy

{{short description|Disease of the heart muscle}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name            = Cardiomyopathy
| image           = Idiopathic cardiomyopathy, gross pathology 20G0018 lores.jpg
| caption         = Opened [[left ventricle]] showing thickening, dilatation, and subendocardial [[fibrosis]] noticeable as increased whiteness of the [[endocardium|inside of the heart]].
| field           = [[Cardiology]]
| symptoms        = {{ubl|[[dyspnea|Shortness of breath]]|[[fatigue (medical)|Feeling tired]]|[[pedal edema|Swelling of the legs]]<ref name=NIH2016Sym/>}}
| complications   = {{ubl|[[Heart failure]]|[[Heart arrhythmia|Irregular heart beat]]|[[Sudden cardiac death]]<ref name=NIH2016Sym/><ref name=NIH2016Risk/>}}
| onset           =
| duration        =
| types           = {{ubl|[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]|[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]|[[Restrictive cardiomyopathy]]|[[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]]|[[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]]<ref name=NIH2016Type/>}}
| causes          = {{ubl|Unknown|[[genetics|Genetic]]|[[alcohol (drug)|Heavy alcohol use]]|[[Tobacco smoking]]|[[Heavy metals]]|[[Amyloidosis]]|Stress<ref name=NIH2016Type/><ref name=NIH2016Cau/>}}
| risks           =
| diagnosis       =
| differential    =
| prevention      =
| treatment       = Depends on type and symptoms<ref name=NIH2016Tx/>
| medication      =
| prognosis       =
| frequency       = 2.5 million with [[myocarditis]] (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/>
| deaths          = 354,000 with myocarditis (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>
}}
<!-- Definition and symptoms -->
'''Cardiomyopathy''' is a group of primary diseases of the [[heart muscle]].<ref name=NIH2016Sym/> Early on there may be few or no symptoms.<ref name=NIH2016Sym/> As the disease worsens, [[dyspnea|shortness of breath]], feeling [[fatigue (medical)|tired]], and [[pedal edema|swelling of the legs]] may occur, due to the onset of [[heart failure]].<ref name=NIH2016Sym/> An [[Heart arrhythmia|irregular heart beat]] and [[Syncope (medicine)|fainting]] may occur.<ref name="NIH2016Sym">{{Cite web |date=22 June 2016 |title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy? |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/signs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915080931/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/signs |archive-date=15 September 2016 |access-date=31 August 2016 |website=NHLBI}}</ref> Those affected are at an increased risk of [[sudden cardiac death]].<ref name="NIH2016Risk">{{Cite web |date=22 June 2016 |title=Who Is at Risk for Cardiomyopathy? |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/atrisk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816115709/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/atrisk |archive-date=16 August 2016 |access-date=31 August 2016 |website=NHLBI}}</ref>

<!-- Types -->
As of 2013, cardiomyopathies are defined as "disorders characterized by morphologically and functionally abnormal myocardium in the absence of any other disease that is sufficient, by itself, to cause the observed phenotype."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Harrison's principles of internal medicine |date=2022 |publisher=McGraw Hill |isbn=978-1-264-26850-4 |edition=21st |location=New York |pages=1954}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arbustini |first=Eloisa |last2=Narula |first2=Navneet |last3=Dec |first3=G. William |last4=Reddy |first4=K. Srinath |last5=Greenberg |first5=Barry |last6=Kushwaha |first6=Sudhir |last7=Marwick |first7=Thomas |last8=Pinney |first8=Sean |last9=Bellazzi |first9=Riccardo |last10=Favalli |first10=Valentina |last11=Kramer |first11=Christopher |last12=Roberts |first12=Robert |last13=Zoghbi |first13=William A. |last14=Bonow |first14=Robert |last15=Tavazzi |first15=Luigi |date=3 December 2013 |title=The MOGE(S) Classification for a Phenotype–Genotype Nomenclature of Cardiomyopathy |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735109713057252 |journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology |language=en |volume=62 |issue=22 |pages=2046–2072 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.1644 |pmid=24263073 |s2cid=43240625}}</ref> Types of cardiomyopathy include [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[restrictive cardiomyopathy]], [[arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]], and [[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]] (broken heart syndrome).<ref name=NIH2016Type/> In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the heart muscle enlarges and thickens.<ref name=NIH2016Type/> In dilated cardiomyopathy the [[Ventricle (heart)|ventricles]] enlarge and weaken.<ref name=NIH2016Type/> In restrictive cardiomyopathy the ventricle stiffens.<ref name="NIH2016Type">{{Cite web |date=22 June 2016 |title=Types of Cardiomyopathy |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/types |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728023515/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/types |archive-date=28 July 2016 |access-date=31 August 2016 |website=NHLBI}}</ref>

<!-- Causes -->
In many cases, the cause cannot be determined.<ref name=NIH2016Cau/> Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is usually [[Heredity|inherited]], whereas dilated cardiomyopathy is inherited in about one third of cases.<ref name=NIH2016Cau/> Dilated cardiomyopathy may also result from [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]], [[heavy metals]], [[coronary artery disease]], [[cocaine]] use, and [[viral infections]].<ref name=NIH2016Cau/> Restrictive cardiomyopathy may be caused by [[amyloidosis]], [[hemochromatosis]], and some [[cancer treatment]]s.<ref name="NIH2016Cau">{{Cite web |date=22 June 2016 |title=What Causes Cardiomyopathy? |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/causes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915092001/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/causes |archive-date=15 September 2016 |access-date=31 August 2016 |website=NHLBI}}</ref> [[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy|Broken heart syndrome]] is caused by extreme emotional or physical stress.<ref name=NIH2016Type/>

<!-- Treatment and epidemiology -->
Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy and the severity of symptoms.<ref name=NIH2016Tx/> Treatments may include lifestyle changes, medications, or surgery.<ref name=NIH2016Tx/> Surgery may include a [[ventricular assist device]] or [[heart transplant]].<ref name="NIH2016Tx">{{Cite web |date=22 June 2016 |title=How Is Cardiomyopathy Treated? |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/treatment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915082544/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/treatment |archive-date=15 September 2016 |access-date=31 August 2016 |website=NHLBI}}</ref> In 2015 cardiomyopathy and [[myocarditis]] affected 2.5 million people.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{Cite journal |last=((GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators)) |date=8 October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1545–1602 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 |pmc=5055577 |pmid=27733282}}</ref> Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy affects about 1 in 500 people while dilated cardiomyopathy affects 1 in 2,500.<ref name=NIH2016Type/><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjaOUqf9LEQC&pg=PA148 |title=Practical Cardiovascular Pathology |date=2010 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-1-60547-841-8 |page=148 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914000626/https://books.google.ca/books?id=ZjaOUqf9LEQC&pg=PA148 |archive-date=14 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> They resulted in 354,000 deaths up from 294,000 in 1990.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal |last=((GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators)) |date=8 October 2016 |title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10053 |pages=1459–1544 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1 |pmc=5388903 |pmid=27733281}}</ref><ref name="GDB2013">{{Cite journal |last=((GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators)) |date=17 December 2014 |title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 |journal=Lancet |volume=385 |issue=9963 |pages=117–71 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 |pmc=4340604 |pmid=25530442}}</ref> Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia is more common in young people.<ref name=NIH2016Risk/>

==Signs and symptoms==
[[File:Ventricular fibrillation.png|thumb|upright=1.3|The arrhythmia, [[ventricular fibrillation]], seen on an ECG]]
The presentation of cardiomyopathy is:{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
* Shortness of breath or trouble breathing, especially with physical exertion
* Fatigue
* Swelling in the ankles, feet, legs, abdomen and veins in the neck
* Dizziness
* Lightheadedness
* Fainting during physical activity
* Arrhythmias (abnormal heartbeats)
* Chest pain, especially after physical exertion or heavy meals
* Heart murmurs (unusual sounds associated with heartbeats)

==Causes==

Cardiomyopathies can be of [[Genetic disorder|genetic]] (familial) or non-genetic (acquired) origin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bakalakos |first=Athanasios |last2=Ritsatos |first2=Konstantinos |last3=Anastasakis |first3=Aris |date=2018-09-01 |title=Current perspectives on the diagnosis and management of dilated cardiomyopathy Beyond heart failure: a Cardiomyopathy Clinic Doctor's point of view |journal=Hellenic Journal of Cardiology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=254–261 |doi=10.1016/j.hjc.2018.05.008 |issn=1109-9666 |pmid=29807197 |s2cid=44146977 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Genetic cardiomyopathies usually are caused by [[sarcomere]] or [[Cytoskeleton|cytoskeletal]] diseases, neuromuscular disorders, inborn errors of metabolism, malformation syndromes and sometimes are unidentified.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rath |first=Anika |last2=Weintraub |first2=Robert |date=2021-07-23 |title=Overview of Cardiomyopathies in Childhood |journal=Frontiers in Pediatrics |volume=9 |page=708732 |doi=10.3389/fped.2021.708732 |issn=2296-2360 |pmc=8342800 |pmid=34368032 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorla |first=Sudheer |last2=Raja |first2=Kishore |last3=Garg |first3=Ashish |last4=Barbouth |first4=Deborah |last5=Rusconi |first5=Paolo |date=December 2018 |title=Infantile Onset Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Secondary to PRKAG2 Gene Mutation is Associated with Poor Prognosis |journal=Journal of Pediatric Genetics |language=en |volume=07 |issue=4 |pages=180–184 |doi=10.1055/s-0038-1657763 |issn=2146-4596 |pmc=6234042 |pmid=30430036}}</ref> Non-genetic cardiomyopathies can have definitive causes such as viral infections, myocarditis and others.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Law |first=Michelle L. |last2=Cohen |first2=Houda |last3=Martin |first3=Ashley A. |last4=Angulski |first4=Addeli Bez Batti |last5=Metzger |first5=Joseph M. |date=February 2020 |title=Dysregulation of Calcium Handling in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-Associated Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Mechanisms and Experimental Therapeutic Strategies |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |page=520 |doi=10.3390/jcm9020520 |issn=2077-0383 |pmc=7074327 |pmid=32075145 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cimiotti |first=Diana |last2=Budde |first2=Heidi |last3=Hassoun |first3=Roua |last4=Jaquet |first4=Kornelia |date=2021-01-08 |title=Genetic Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: Causes and Consequences—An Integrative Approach |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |page=558 |doi=10.3390/ijms22020558 |issn=1422-0067 |pmc=7827163 |pmid=33429969 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Cardiomyopathies are either confined to the heart or are part of a generalized systemic disorder, both often leading to cardiovascular death or progressive heart failure-related disability. Other diseases that cause heart muscle dysfunction are excluded, such as [[coronary artery disease]], [[hypertension]], or abnormalities of the [[heart valves]].<ref name="Harrison">{{Cite book |last=Lakdawala |first=NK |title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine |last2=Stevenson |first2=LW |last3=Loscalzo |first3=J |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-07-180215-4 |editor-last=Kasper |editor-first=DL |edition=19th |page=1553 |chapter=Chapter 287 |editor-last2=Fauci |editor-first2=AS |editor-last3=Hauser |editor-first3=SL |editor-last4=Longo |editor-first4=DL |editor-last5=Jameson |editor-first5=JL |editor-last6=Loscalzo |editor-first6=J}}</ref> Often, the underlying cause remains unknown, but in many cases the cause may be identifiable.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Pathophysiology of heart disease: a collaborative project of medical students and faculty |date=2011 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |isbn=978-1-60547-723-7 |editor-last=Lilly, Leonard S. |edition=5th |location=Baltimore, MD |oclc=649701807}}</ref> Alcoholism, for example, has been identified as a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, as has drug toxicity, and certain infections (including [[Hepatitis C]]).<ref name="AdamNicholson2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Adam A, Nicholson C, Owens L |year=2008 |title=Alcoholic dilated cardiomyopathy. |journal=Nurs Stand |type=Review |volume=22 |issue=38 |pages=42–7 |doi=10.7748/ns2008.05.22.38.42.c6565 |pmid=18578120}}</ref><ref name="WestphalRigopoulos2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Westphal JG, Rigopoulos AG, Bakogiannis C, Ludwig SE, Mavrogeni S, Bigalke B et al. |year=2017 |title=The MOGE(S) classification for cardiomyopathies: current status and future outlook. |journal=Heart Fail Rev |type=Review |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=743–752 |doi=10.1007/s10741-017-9641-4 |pmid=28721466 |s2cid=36117047}}</ref><ref name="DomontCacoub2016">{{Cite journal |last=Domont F, Cacoub P |year=2016 |title=Chronic hepatitis C virus infection, a new cardiovascular risk factor? |url=http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01274679/document |journal=Liver Int |type=Review |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=621–7 |doi=10.1111/liv.13064 |pmid=26763484 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Untreated [[celiac disease]] can cause cardiomyopathies, which can completely reverse with a timely diagnosis.<ref name="CiaccioLewis2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ciaccio EJ, Lewis SK, Biviano AB, Iyer V, Garan H, Green PH |year=2017 |title=Cardiovascular involvement in celiac disease. |journal=World J Cardiol |type=Review |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=652–666 |doi=10.4330/wjc.v9.i8.652 |pmc=5583538 |pmid=28932354 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In addition to acquired causes, molecular biology and genetics have given rise to the recognition of various genetic causes.<ref name="WestphalRigopoulos2017" /><ref name="SimpsonRutland2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Simpson S, Rutland P, Rutland CS |year=2017 |title=Genomic Insights into Cardiomyopathies: A Comparative Cross-Species Review. |journal=Vet Sci |type=Review |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=19 |doi=10.3390/vetsci4010019 |pmc=5606618 |pmid=29056678 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

A more clinical categorization of cardiomyopathy as 'hypertrophied', 'dilated', or 'restrictive',<ref name="FusterHurst2004">{{Cite book |last=Valentin Fuster |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eWQAJDrVV7gC&pg=PA1884 |title=Hurst's the heart |last2=John Willis Hurst |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-07-143225-2 |page=1884 |access-date=11 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527075031/http://books.google.com/books?id=eWQAJDrVV7gC&pg=PA1884 |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> has become difficult to maintain because some of the conditions could fulfill more than one of those three categories at any particular stage of their development.<ref name="pmid35772124">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Llamas-Esperón GA, Llamas-Delgado G |date=2022 |title=Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Proposal for a new classification |journal=Arch Cardiol Mex |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=377–389 |doi=10.24875/ACM.21000301 |pmc=9262289 |pmid=35772124}}</ref>

The current [[American Heart Association]] (AHA) definition divides cardiomyopathies into primary, which affect the heart alone, and secondary, which are the result of illness affecting other parts of the body. These categories are further broken down into subgroups which incorporate new genetic and molecular biology knowledge.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=McCartan C, Maso R, Jayasinghe SR, Griffiths LR |date=2012 |title=Cardiomyopathy Classification: Ongoing Debate in the Genomics Era |journal=Biochem Res Int |volume=2012 |page=796926 |doi=10.1155/2012/796926 |pmc=3423823 |pmid=22924131 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Mechanism==
The pathophysiology of cardiomyopathies is better understood at the cellular level with advances in molecular techniques. Mutant proteins can disturb cardiac function in the contractile apparatus (or mechanosensitive complexes). Cardiomyocyte alterations and their persistent responses at the cellular level cause changes that are correlated with sudden cardiac death and other cardiac problems.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harvey |first=Pamela A. |last2=Leinwand |first2=Leslie A. |date=2011-08-08 |title=Cellular mechanisms of cardiomyopathy |journal=The Journal of Cell Biology |volume=194 |issue=3 |pages=355–365 |doi=10.1083/jcb.201101100 |issn=0021-9525 |pmc=3153638 |pmid=21825071}}</ref>

Cardiomyopathies are generally varied individually. Different factors can cause cardiomyopathies in adults as well as children. For example, dilated cardiomyopathy in adults is associated with ischemic cardiomyopathy, hypertension, valvular diseases, and genetics. In children, neuromuscular diseases such as Becker muscular dystrophy or X-linked genetic disorder, are directly linked with cardiomyopathies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braunwald |first=Eugene |date=2017-09-15 |title=Cardiomyopathies: An Overview |journal=Circulation Research |volume=121 |issue=7 |pages=711–721 |doi=10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311812 |issn=1524-4571 |pmid=28912178 |s2cid=36384619 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Diagnosis==
[[file:SinusRhythmLabels.svg|thumb|175 px|Normal sinus rhythm on EKG]]
Among the diagnostic procedures done to determine a cardiomyopathy are:<ref name="ref2">{{Cite web |title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy? - NHLBI, NIH |url=https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/signs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728023343/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cm/signs |archive-date=28 July 2016 |access-date=25 July 2016 |website=nhlbi.nih.gov}}</ref>
* Physical exam
* Family history
* [[Blood test]]
* [[ECG]]
* [[Echocardiogram]]
* Stress test
* [[Genetic testing]]

===Classification===
[[File:Tipet e kardiomiopative.png|300px|thumb|Structural categories of cardiomyopathy]]
[[File:HCM＿HE.jpg|thumb|Stained microscopic section of heart muscle in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
Cardiomyopathies can be classified using different criteria:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vinay |first=Kumar |title=Robbins Basic Pathology |publisher=Elsevier |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4377-1781-5 |page=396}}</ref>
* Primary/intrinsic cardiomyopathies<ref name="AMA">{{Cite journal |last=Maron |first=Barry J. |last2=Towbin |first2=Jeffrey A. |last3=Thiene |first3=Gaetano |last4=Antzelevitch |first4=Charles |last5=Corrado |first5=Domenico |last6=Arnett |first6=Donna |last7=Moss |first7=Arthur J. |last8=Seidman |first8=Christine E. |last9=Young |first9=James B. |date=11 April 2006 |title=Contemporary Definitions and Classification of the Cardiomyopathies |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/113/14/1807 |url-status=live |journal=Circulation |language=en |volume=113 |issue=14 |pages=1807–1816 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287 |issn=0009-7322 |pmid=16567565 |s2cid=6660623 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820130306/http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/113/14/1807 |archive-date=20 August 2016 |access-date=1 August 2016}}</ref>
** Congenital
*** [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] (HCM)
*** [[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy]] (ARVC)
*** [[Noncompaction cardiomyopathy|Left ventricular noncompaction]]
*** Ion [[Channelopathies]] like the [[Long QT syndrome]] and the very rare [[Short QT syndrome]]
*** [[Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]]
** Mixed
*** [[Dilated cardiomyopathy]] (DCM)
*** [[Restrictive cardiomyopathy]] (RCM)
*** [[Brugada syndrome]]
** Acquired
*** [[Stress cardiomyopathy]]
*** [[Myocarditis]], [[inflammation]] of and injury to heart tissue due in part to its infiltration by [[lymphocytes]] and [[monocytes]]<ref name="pmid25858537">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Séguéla PE, Iriart X, Acar P, Montaudon M, Roudaut R, Thambo JB |year=2015 |title=Eosinophilic cardiac disease: Molecular, clinical and imaging aspects |journal=Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases |volume=108 |issue=4 |pages=258–68 |doi=10.1016/j.acvd.2015.01.006 |pmid=25858537 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid27166925">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rose NR |year=2016 |title=Viral myocarditis |journal=Current Opinion in Rheumatology |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=383–9 |doi=10.1097/BOR.0000000000000303 |pmc=4948180 |pmid=27166925}}</ref>
*** [[Eosinophilic myocarditis]], [[inflammation]] of and injury to heart tissue due in part to its infiltration by [[eosinophils]]<ref name="pmid25858537" />
*** [[Ischemic cardiomyopathy]] (''not formally included in the classification, due to ischemic cardiomyopathy being a direct result of another cardiac problem'')<ref name="AMA" />
* Secondary/extrinsic cardiomyopathies<ref name="AMA" />
** Metabolic/storage
*** [[Fabry disease|Fabry's disease]]
*** [[Hemochromatosis]]
** Endomyocardial
*** [[Endomyocardial fibrosis]]
*** [[Hypereosinophilic syndrome]]
** Endocrine
*** [[Diabetes mellitus]]
*** [[Hyperthyroidism]]
*** [[Acromegaly]]
** Cardiofacial
*** [[Noonan syndrome]]
** Neuromuscular
*** [[Muscular dystrophy]]
*** [[Friedreich's ataxia]]
** Other
*** Obesity-associated cardiomyopathy<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lipshultz |first=Steven E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9GZkyP5NYPwC |title=Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome: Comprehensive Clinical Review and Related Health Issues |last2=Messiah |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Miller |first3=Tracie L. |date=2012-04-05 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4471-2365-1 |page=200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529024647/https://books.google.com/books?id=9GZkyP5NYPwC |archive-date=29 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Treatment==
Treatment may include suggestion of lifestyle changes to better manage the condition. Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy and condition of disease, but may include medication (conservative treatment) or iatrogenic/implanted [[artificial pacemaker|pacemakers]] for slow heart rates, [[Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator|defibrillators]] for those prone to fatal heart rhythms, [[ventricular assist device]]s (VADs) for severe heart failure, or [[catheter ablation]] for recurring dysrhythmias that cannot be eliminated by medication or mechanical cardioversion. The goal of treatment is often symptom relief, and some patients may eventually require a [[heart transplant]].<ref name=ref2/>

[[Acoramidis]] (Attruby) was approved for medical use in the United States in November 2024, to treat adults with cardiomyopathy of wild-type or variant (hereditary) transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis (ATTR-CM) to reduce death and hospitalization related to heart problems.<ref name="FDA 20241125">{{cite web | title=FDA approves drug for heart disorder caused by transthyretin-mediated | website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration | date=1 October 2024 | url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/news-events-human-drugs/fda-approves-drug-heart-disorder-caused-transthyretin-mediated-amyloidosis | access-date=27 November 2024}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Basic Research in Cardiology]]'' (journal)
* [[Fibrosing cardiomyopathy]] (disease in great apes)
* [[Myopathy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last=Boudina |first=Sihem |last2=Abel |first2=Evan Dale |date=1 March 2010 |title=Diabetic cardiomyopathy, causes and effects |journal=Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=31–39 |doi=10.1007/s11154-010-9131-7 |issn=1389-9155 |pmc=2914514 |pmid=20180026}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Marian |first=A. J. |last2=Roberts |first2=Robert |date=1 April 2001 |title=The Molecular Genetic Basis for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy |journal=Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=655–670 |doi=10.1006/jmcc.2001.1340 |issn=0022-2828 |pmc=2901497 |pmid=11273720}}
* {{Cite book |last=Acton |first=Q. Ashton |title=Advances in Heart Research and Application: 2013 Edition |publisher=Scholarly Editions |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4816-8280-0}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Towbin |first=JA |date=2014 |title=Inherited cardiomyopathies. |journal=Circulation Journal |volume=78 |issue=10 |pages=2347–56 |doi=10.1253/circj.cj-14-0893 |issn=1347-4820 |pmc=4467885 |pmid=25186923}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Maron |first=Barry J. |last2=Udelson |first2=James E. |last3=Bonow |first3=Robert O. |last4=Nishimura |first4=Rick A. |last5=Ackerman |first5=Michael J. |last6=Estes |first6=N. A. Mark |last7=Cooper |first7=Leslie T. |last8=Link |first8=Mark S. |last9=Maron |first9=Martin S. |date=1 December 2015 |title=Eligibility and Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 3: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy and Other Cardiomyopathies, and Myocarditis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology |journal=Circulation |volume=132 |issue=22 |pages=e273–280 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000239 |issn=1524-4539 |pmid=26621644 |s2cid=207639288}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}	
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Scholia|topic}}

{{Medical resources
|  DiseasesDB      = 2137
|  ICD10           = {{ICD10|I25.5}}, {{ICD10|I42}}, {{ICD10|I43}}
|  ICD9            = {{ICD9|425}}
|  ICDO            =
|  OMIM            =
|  MedlinePlus     = 001105
|  eMedicineSubj   =
|  eMedicineTopic  =
|  MeshID          = D009202
}}
{{Circulatory system pathology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cardiomyopathy| ]]
[[Category:Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate]]
[[Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate]]