Editing Cape Guardafui

{{Infobox settlement
| official_name      = Cape Guardafui
| other_name         = ''Aromata promontorium''
| native_name        = ''Gees Gardafuul''<br>''Capo Guardafui''
| nicknames          = ''Ras Asir''<br/>{{lang|ar|راس عسير}}
| settlement_type    = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)-->
| motto              = 
| image_skyline      = Cape Guardafui c. 1900-1910.jpg
| imagesize          = 
| image_caption      = Cape Guardafui c. 1900
| image_flag         = 
| flag_size          = 
| image_seal         = 
| seal_size          = 
| image_map          = Guardafui.jpeg
| mapsize            = 250px
| map_caption        = Cape Guardafui location
| pushpin_map        = 
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_mapsize    = 
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Somalia}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[States and regions of Somalia|Regional State]]
| subdivision_name1  = {{flag|Puntland}}
| subdivision_type2  = [[Administrative divisions of Somalia|Region]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Bari, Somalia|Bari]]
| government_footnotes = 
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| area_magnitude     = 
| unit_pref          = Metric
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| timezone           = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
| utc_offset         = +3
| timezone_DST       = 
| utc_offset_DST     = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|11|50|N|51|17|E}}
| elevation_footnotes = 
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| blank_name         = 
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| subdivision_type3  = [[Administrative divisions of Somalia|District]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Alula District|Alula]]
}}

'''Cape Guardafui'''<ref>({{langx|so|Gees Gardafuul, or Raas Caseyr, or Ras Asir}}, {{langx|ar|راس عسير}}, {{langx|it|Capo Guardafui}})</ref> is a [[headland]] in the federal state of [[Puntland]] in [[Somalia]]. Coextensive with Puntland's [[Gardafuul]] administrative province, it forms the geographical apex of the [[Horn of Africa]]. Its shore at 51°27'52"E is the second easternmost point on mainland Africa after [[Ras Hafun]]. The offshore oceanic strait [[Guardafui Channel]] (or ''Marinka Gardafuul'') is named after it.

==Location==
Cape Guardafui is located at {{Coord|11|49|N|51|15|E|}}, next to the Guardafui Channel. The [[archipelago]] of [[Socotra]] lies off the [[Cape (geography)|cape]] in the north of the Somali Sea.<ref name="Longhurst">{{cite book |first=Alan R. |last=Longhurst |title=Ecological Geography of the Sea |publisher=Academic Press |url={{google books|QdJZezzrCfQC|pages=297-298|plainurl=yes}} |location=Burlington, Massachusetts |date=2007 |edition=second |pages=297–298 |isbn=978-0-0804-6557-9 |access-date=April 28, 2015 }}</ref>

Fifteen [[League (unit)|leagues]] (45 miles) west of Guardafui is [[Ras Filuk]], a steep cliff jutting into the Gulf of Aden from flatland. The mountain is believed to correspond with the ancient ''Elephas Mons'' or ''Cape Elephant'' (''Ras Filuk'' in [[Arabic language|Arabic]]) described by [[Strabo]].<ref name="Tuckey">{{cite book |first=James Hingston, Commander, Royal Navy |author-link=James Hingston Tuckey |last=Tuckey |title=Maritime geography and statistics, or A description of the ocean and its coasts, maritime commerce, navigation, etc |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xVDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA30 |publisher=Printed for Black, Parry, and Co. |location=London |date=1815 |volume=III |page=30 |access-date=April 28, 2015 |archive-date=May 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522133429/https://books.google.com/books?id=8xVDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hamilton">{{cite book |last=Strabo |author-link=Strabo |title=The geography of Strabo: Literary translated, with notes |volume=74-76 of Bohn's classical library |series=translated by Hans Claude Hamilton & William Falconer |publisher=G. Bell & sons |date=1889 |page=200}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|Majeerteen Sultanate|Sultanate of Hobyo|Italian Somaliland}}
[[File:Shipwreck off Guardafui 1905.png|thumb|left|Shipwreck off Guardafui in 1905]]

Referred to as ''[[Aromata promontorium]]'' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Αρώματον ἄκρον) by the ancient [[Greeks]], Guardafui was described as early as the 1st century CE in the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', along with other flourishing commercial settlements on the northern Somali littoral.<ref name="Tuckey"/>

The name ''Guardafui'' originated during the late Middle Ages by sailors using the [[Mediterranean Lingua Franca]]: "guarda fui" in ancient Italian means "look and escape", as a reference to the danger of the cape.<ref>[https://biyokulule.com/Piratestan1.htm Piratestan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313052821/https://biyokulule.com/Piratestan1.htm |date=March 13, 2016 }}</ref>

In the early 19th century, [[Somali people|Somali]] seamen barred entry to their ports along the coast, while engaging in trade with [[Aden]] and [[Mocha, Yemen|Mocha]] in adjacent [[Yemen]] using their own vessels.<ref name="Tuckey"/>

Due to the frequency of shipwrecks in the treacherous seas near Cape Guardafui, the British signed an agreement with sultan [[Osman Mahamuud]] of the [[Majeerteen Sultanate]], which controlled much of the northeastern Somali seaboard during the 19th century. The agreement stipulated that the British would pay annual subsidies to protect shipwrecked British crews and guard wrecks against plunder. The agreement, however, remained unratified, as the British feared that doing so would "give other powers a precedent for making agreements with the Somalis, who seemed ready to enter into relations with all comers."<ref name="Laitin">{{cite book |first=David D. |last=Laitin |title=Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LR8A4tEYZUAC&pg=PA71 |publisher=University Of Chicago Press |date=1977 |page=71 |isbn=978-0-2264-6791-7 |access-date=2015-04-28 |archive-date=2024-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522133429/https://books.google.com/books?id=LR8A4tEYZUAC&pg=PA71#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Suldaan|Sultan]] [[Yusuf Ali Kenadid]] of the [[Sultanate of Hobyo]], which also controlled a portion of the coast, later granted concessions to an Aden-based French hotel proprietor and a former [[French Army]] officer to construct a [[lighthouse]] in Cape Guardafui. Capital for the project was raised by a firm in [[Marseille]], but the deal subsequently fell through.<ref name="NAS">{{cite book |last=Committee on Northeast African Studies |title=Northeast African Studies |volume=3 |publisher=Michigan State University Press |date=1981 |page=50}}</ref>

===Lighthouse "Francesco Crispi"===
[[File:Guardafui Lighthouse 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Lighthouse]] 
Britain ceded to Italy sovereignty over the disputed region where Cape Guardafui is located in 1894. Starting in 1899, the Italians undertook detailed studies and surveys to build a lighthouse and the first concrete project came out in 1904. Italy wanted the construction and maintenance costs of the future lighthouse to be shared by the maritime powers which would benefit most from the new lighthouse but Britain, which suspected that Italy also intended to build a coaling station that would compete with Aden, finally refused to contribute.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-04-06|title=Un faro torinese contro i pirati africani|url=https://www.lastampa.it/torino/2014/04/06/news/un-faro-torinese-contro-i-pirati-africani-1.35763179|access-date=2021-11-09|website=lastampa.it|language=it-IT|archive-date=2021-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109190540/https://www.lastampa.it/torino/2014/04/06/news/un-faro-torinese-contro-i-pirati-africani-1.35763179|url-status=live}}</ref>

Thus, it is only in the early 1920s that the authorities of [[Italian Somaliland]] finally made good on their promise to build a lighthouse. The first one, inaugurated in April 1924 as the Francesco Crispi Lighthouse, was a simple, functional metal-framed lighthouse built atop the headland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://farofrancescocrispicapeguardafui.wordpress.com/2014/01/29/1924-il-primo-faro-a-capo-guardafui/|title=1924 – Il primo faro a capo Guardafui nella Somalia Italiana|date=29 January 2014|access-date=7 July 2015|archive-date=24 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024122825/https://farofrancescocrispicapeguardafui.wordpress.com/2014/01/29/1924-il-primo-faro-a-capo-guardafui/|url-status=live}}</ref> Simultaneously, a wireless station to monitor maritime traffic, which had been built in the nearby village of [[Tohen]], was activated.

A large-scale rebellion against Italian rule in that part of Italian Somaliland was underway at the time and troops guarding the new lighthouse and the wireless station repelled two attacks by several hundred rebels in November 1925 and January 1926.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://farofrancescocrispicapeguardafui.wordpress.com/2014/10/05/caduti-in-somalia-per-la-difesa-del-faro-francesco-crispi/|title = Caduti in Somalia per la difesa del faro Francesco Crispi|date = 5 October 2014|access-date = 9 July 2015|archive-date = 14 July 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150714192416/https://farofrancescocrispicapeguardafui.wordpress.com/2014/10/05/caduti-in-somalia-per-la-difesa-del-faro-francesco-crispi/|url-status = live}}</ref>  
[[File:Guardafui Plaque.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Lighthouse "Francesco Crispi" dedication plaque]]

The lighthouse had suffered some damages during the attacks and this was one of the reasons that prompted the authorities to build a stronger, stone and reinforced concrete lighthouse, which was inaugurated in 1930. The striking new lighthouse was built in the shape of an Italian fascist "Fascio littorio". The lighthouse, which is no longer in use, still has the huge stone axe blade characteristic of [[fascist symbolism]].

A stone lighthouse and [[radio station]] were eventually built in the headland,<ref name="Collier">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Collier's Encyclopedia: With Bibliography and Index |publisher=P.F. Collier & Son Corporation |location=New York |volume=9 |date=1957 |page=405}}</ref> with the former named after [[Francesco Crispi]] in 1930.<ref name="Bowditch">{{cite book |last=Bowditch |first=Nathaniel |author-link=Nathaniel Bowditch |title=American Practical Navigator: An Epitome of Navigation and Nautical Astronomy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK0wLyI8lV8C&pg=PA352 |year=1939 |page=352 |access-date=2015-04-28 |archive-date=2024-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522133321/https://books.google.com/books?id=EK0wLyI8lV8C&pg=PA352 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The lighthouse has an original "Fascio littorio" exterior stone as a decoration, that is typical of [[fascist architecture]] promoted by [[Benito Mussolini]]. Italian authorities have requested a study to declare the lighthouse an "historical monument" of Somalia and a proposed World Heritage Site.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://farofrancescocrispicapeguardafui.wordpress.com/page/3/ |title=Faro Francesco Crispi |access-date=2015-08-31 |archive-date=2015-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714150757/https://farofrancescocrispicapeguardafui.wordpress.com/page/3/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Demography==
Ras Asir holds resonance among [[Somalis]], it represents the tip of the African continent. Many nomads that traverse here are also fisherman due to the abundance of fish off its shores.<ref>Jennings, Todd. "Controlling access in the absence of a central government: the Somali dilemma." Ocean YB 15 (2001): 403.</ref>  With the usage of binoculars, the vessels that traverse the [[Guardafui Channel]] can sometimes be seen.<ref>Westberg, Andreas Bruvik. "Anti-piracy in a sea of predation: the interaction of navies, fishermen and pirates off the coast of Somalia." ''Journal of the Indian Ocean Region'' 12.2 (2016): 209–226.</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Akseli Gallen-Kallela - Cape Guardafui (Indian Ocean, by Cape Guardafui).png|thumb|Cape Guardafui as painted by [[Akseli Gallen-Kallela]] in 1909 on his ship voyage to [[Kenya]]]]
Six miles south of Ras Asir there are [[mimosa tree]]s with water streams called Wadi Tuhom. The offshore [[Guardafui Channel]] connects the [[Gulf of Aden]] with the Somali Sea.<ref>Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Pilot: Comprising the Suez Canal, the Gulfs of Suez and Akaba, the Red Sea and Strait of Bab El Mandeb, the Gulf of Aden with Sokotra and Adjacent Islands, and the Southeast Coast of Arabia to Ras Al Hadd, pp. 613–616, Hydrographic Office, 1922</ref> A sighting of Ras Asir represents a milestone for passing vessels, due to a sharp westerly change in direction and a changing contrast between the hazardous currents to Ras Asir's east, and the comparatively calm seas to its north, especially during the south-west monsoon.<ref>Sailing directions for the Bay of Bengal: Point Calimere to Laem Pak Phra and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, p 105</ref> On April 8, 2013, the Puntland government announced the creation of a new region coextensive with Cape Guardafui named ''Gardafuu''. Carved out of the [[Bari, Somalia|Bari]] region, it consists of four districts ([[Baargaal]], [[Bereeda]], [[Alula, Somalia|Alula]], and [[Gumbah]])<ref>See the list of regions and districts of Puntland in the article "Akhriso soohdimaha Degmooyinka iyo Gobolada Puntland ee ay gudbisay xukuumadda Deni", Puntlandes.com, 16 Oct. 2022, [https://www.puntlandes.com/?p=93194 here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409205905/https://www.puntlandes.com/?p=93194 |date=2024-04-09 }}.</ref> and has its capital at [[Alula, Somalia|Alula]]. It has the longest coastline of Puntlands 9 regions (on both the Indian Ocean and Gulf of Aden).

==See also==
*[[Maritime history of Somalia]]
*[[Geography of Somalia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Somalia topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Guardafui Channel]]
[[Category:Headlands of Somalia|Guardafui]]
[[Category:Bari, Somalia]]