Editing Canning Stock Route

{{Short description|Track in Western Australia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Australian English|date=June 2015}}
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Canning stock route plus settlements.jpg|420px|thumb|Map of the Canning Stock Route]] -->
{{Infobox Australian road
| type = track
| status                   = open<ref name="reopen" />
| road_name = Canning Stock Route
| road_name2 = CSR
| state = wa
| image = Lake Disappointment 0417.svg
| caption = Route relative to [[Kumpupintil Lake]]
| image_alt = Route of Canning Stock Route relative to Kumpupintil Lake
| location = Canning stock route.PNG
| loc_caption = The Canning Stock Route runs from [[Halls Creek, Western Australia|Halls Creek]] in the [[Kimberley (Western Australia)|Kimberley]] region of [[Western Australia]] to [[Wiluna, Western Australia|Wiluna]].
| location_alt = Map showing location of Canning Stock Route
| coordinates_a = {{coord |18|19|27.98|S|127|33|16.74|E |region:AU-WA_type:landmark_dim:50 |name=Canning Stock Route (Halls Creek terminus) |display=inline |format=dms}}
| coordinates_b = {{coord |26|35|52.916|S|120|13|26.055|E |region:AU-WA_type:landmark_dim:50 |name=Canning Stock Route (Wiluna terminus) |display=inline |format=dms}}
| length = 1850
| direction_a              = north east
| end_a = {{AUshield|N|1}} [[Great Northern Highway]] (National Highway&nbsp;1), [[Halls Creek, Western Australia|Halls Creek]]
| exits = {{plainlist|
* [[Tanami Road]] (Northern Territory State Route&nbsp;5)
* Jenkins Track and [[Wapet Road|Wapet Road (Kidson Track)]]
* [[Talawana Track]]
* Bridal Face Road
}}
| direction_b              = south west
| end_b = [[Goldfields Highway]], [[Wiluna, Western Australia|Wiluna]]
| est = 1910

| through = [[Billiluna (Mindibungu)]], [[Kunawarritji Community, Western Australia|Kunawarritji]], [[Kutkabubba Community|Kutkabubba]]
| restrictions = {{plainlist|
* Not maintained.
* Requires substantial planning.
* Requires convoy of well-equipped four-wheel-drive vehicles.
* Practical during cool season only.
}}
| permit = Permits required prior to travel. Virtually all of the Canning Stock Route traverses native title lands.<ref name="csr">{{cite web
|url=http://canningstockroute.net.au/
|title=Canning Stock Route Visitor Information
|date=2019
|access-date=18 March 2019
}}</ref>
| fuel = {{plainlist|
* [[Parnngurr Community]] near well 22.
* Fuel drop point near well 23.
* [[Kunawarritji Community, Western Australia|Kunawarritji Community]] near well 33.
}}
}}

The '''Canning Stock Route''' is a track that runs from [[Halls Creek, Western Australia|Halls Creek]] in the [[Kimberley (Western Australia)|Kimberley]] region of [[Western Australia]] to [[Wiluna, Western Australia|Wiluna]] in the [[Mid West (Western Australia)|mid-west region]]. With a total distance of around 1,850&nbsp;km (1,150&nbsp;mi) it is claimed to be the longest historic [[stock route]] in the world.

A 1928 Royal Commission into the price of beef in Western Australia led to the repair of the wells and the re-opening of the stock route. Around 20 droves took place between 1931 and 1959 when the final droving run was completed.

The Canning Stock Route is now a popular but challenging [[four-wheel drive]] trek typically taking 10 to 20 days to complete. A few adventurers have traversed the track on foot, by bicycle, motorcycle and in [[two-wheel drive]] vehicles.

There are two small settlements on the track where fuel and other supplies may be obtained; [[Kunawarritji Community, Western Australia|Kunawarritji]], approximately {{convert|1000|km}} north of [[Wiluna, Western Australia|Wiluna]], and [[Billiluna (Mindibungu)|Billiluna]], {{convert|173|km}} south of [[Halls Creek, Western Australia|Halls Creek]].

In March 2020, the route was closed to tourists due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Western Australia|COVID-19 pandemic]]. It was reopened on 14 June 2022.<ref name="reopen">{{cite web |url=https://permits.canningstockroute.net.au/resources/covid-19_202206.pdf |title=RE: Update on Kuju Wangka Permit (Canning Stock Route) |author=Kuju Wangka |date=14 June 2022 |access-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617094558/https://permits.canningstockroute.net.au/resources/covid-19_202206.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Canning Stock Route.jpg|180px|thumb|left|Roadside sign at the southern end of the Canning Stock Route, near [[Wiluna, Western Australia|Wiluna]]|alt=Yellow road sign in a wooded area. The title of the sign reads "Canning Stock Route". The body of the sign reads "This road is recommended for 4WD vehicles only. There is no water, fuel or services between Wiluna and Halls Creek, over 1900km in length. Motorists are advised to obtain adequate supplies and spares before venturing on this road"]]
In Western Australia at the beginning of the 20th century, east [[Kimberley region of Western Australia|Kimberley]] cattlemen were looking for a way to traverse the western deserts of Australia with their cattle as a way to break a west Kimberley monopoly that controlled the supply of [[beef]] to [[Perth]] and the [[Western Australian gold rush|goldfields]] in the south of the state. East Kimberley cattle were infested with [[Rhipicephalus microplus|Boophilus ticks]] infected with a malaria-like parasitic disease called [[Babesiosis]] and were prohibited from being transported to southern markets by sea due to a fear that the ticks would survive the journey and spread.<ref name="Tick">{{Cite web |url=http://www.diamantina-tour.com.au/outback_info/deserts/great_sandy_desert/canning_stock_route_history.html |title=History of the Canning Stock Route: Diamantina Touring Company |access-date=13 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216030735/http://www.diamantina-tour.com.au/outback_info/deserts/great_sandy_desert/canning_stock_route_history.html |archive-date=16 February 2011 }}</ref> This gave west Kimberley cattlemen a monopoly on the beef trade and resulted in high prices.<ref name="nmaMining">[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/yiwarra_kuju/of_mining_and_meat/ Of mining and meat: The story of the Canning Stock Route] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726081020/http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/yiwarra_kuju/of_mining_and_meat/ |date=26 July 2011 }}, [[National Museum of Australia]]. Retrieved 4 June 201.1</ref>

With east Kimberley cattlemen keen to find a way to get their cattle to market, and the [[Government of Western Australia]] keen for competition to bring prices down, a 1905 proposal of a stock route through the desert was taken seriously. James Isdell, an east Kimberley pastoralist and member of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly, proposed the stock route arguing that ticks would not survive in the dry desert climate on the trip south.<ref>Gard, Ronele, & Gard, Eric. ''Canning Stock Route: a traveller's guide'', Western Desert Guides, Wembley Downs, W.A, 2004: pp. 41–44.</ref><ref>Stanton, Jenny (editor). ''The Australian Geographic Book of the Canning Stock Route'', Australian Geographic Pty Ltd, Terry Hills, NSW, 1998 (revised edition): {{ISBN|1-86276-800-5}}.</ref>

===Surveying the route===

====Calvert and Carnegie expeditions====
The route, which crossed the territories of nine different Aboriginal [[Language family|language groups]],<ref name="Culture">{{cite web |date=May 2011 |work=Australian Stories |title=The Canning Stock Route |publisher=Australian Government |url=http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/canning-stock-route |access-date=28 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004181837/http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/canning-stock-route |archive-date=4 October 2011 }}</ref> had been explored previously in 1896 by the [[Calvert Expedition]] led by [[Lawrence Wells]] and again later that year by the Carnegie Expedition led by [[David Carnegie (explorer)|David Carnegie]]. Two members of the Calvert Expedition perished of thirst and the Carnegie Expedition suffered considerable hardships with camels dying after eating poisonous grass and a member of the party accidentally shooting himself dead. Carnegie investigated the possibility of a stock route and concluded that the route was "too barren and destitute of vegetation" and was impractical.

Wells and Carnegie both mistreated Aboriginals they encountered on their expeditions, including by tying them up and forcing them to find water. Carnegie is also believed to have fed them salt, and he was later publicly criticised for this. Evidence supports that [[Alfred Canning]] had read both the Calvert and Carnegie expedition accounts to find out about the country (both described the terrain as "extremely difficult") and the use of Aboriginal people to find water, an example Canning followed during his own expedition.<ref>''The Legacy of Alfred Canning'', Education at the [[National Museum of Australia]], Canberra, available at [http://www.nma.gov.au/education-kids/classroom_learning/units_of_work/yiwarra_kuju Yiwarra Kuju: The Canning Stock Route – Education Kit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202075342/http://www.nma.gov.au/education-kids/classroom_learning/units_of_work/yiwarra_kuju |date=2 February 2012 }}<br />Both Wells and Carnegie used ropes to tie Aboriginals up so that they could not escape. In Carnegie's case to help them find water and in Wells's case, for help in finding two lost members of their party. Carnegie also deprived his captives of water or fed them salt beef so that they would lead him to water more quickly and he was publicly criticised for this at the time.</ref><ref>''Canning Stock Route Royal Commission: Royal Commission to Inquire into the Treatment of Natives by the Canning Exploration Party 15 January – 5 February 1908'', edited by Phil Bianchi ''et al'', Hesperian Press, Carlisle, WA, 2010: pp. 138–140 (Q3418). {{ISBN|0-85905-059-9}}.</ref>

====Canning survey====
After it was determined that ticks could not survive a desert crossing, the government endorsed James Isdell's scheme and funded a survey to find a stock route that would cross the [[Great Sandy Desert]], the [[Little Sandy Desert]] and the [[Gibson Desert]].<ref name="Canning">''The History of the Canning Stock Route'', Education at the [[National Museum of Australia]], Canberra, available at [http://www.nma.gov.au/education-kids/classroom_learning/units_of_work/yiwarra_kuju Yiwarra Kuju: The Canning Stock Route – Education Kit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202075342/http://www.nma.gov.au/education-kids/classroom_learning/units_of_work/yiwarra_kuju |date=2 February 2012 }}</ref> [[Alfred Canning]], a surveyor with the Western Australian Department of Lands and Surveys, was appointed to survey the stock route.<ref name="Culture" />

Canning's task was to find a route through 1850 kilometres of desert, from [[Wiluna, Western Australia|Wiluna]] in the mid west to the Kimberley in the north. He needed to find significant water sources – enough for up to 800 head of cattle, a day's walk apart – where wells could be dug, and enough good grazing land to sustain this number of cattle during the journey south.<ref name="Canning" />

In 1906, with a team of 23 camels, two horses, and eight men, Canning surveyed the route completing the difficult journey from Wiluna to Halls Creek in less than six months. On 1 November 1906, shortly after arriving in Halls Creek, Canning sent a telegram to Perth stating that the finished route would "be about the best watered stock route in [the] Colony".<ref name="nmaMining" /> Canning was forced to delay his return journey because of an early wet season in the Kimberley that year. The survey party left Halls Creek in late January 1907 and arrived back in Wiluna in early July 1907. During the 14-month expedition, they had trekked about {{convert|4000|km|mi|abbr=on}}, relying on Aboriginal guides to help them find water.<ref>Ron Moon, [http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/the-canning-stock-route.htm "The Canning Stock Route", Australian Geographic] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430174937/http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/the-canning-stock-route.htm |date=30 April 2010 }}, AG Online, accessed online 1 August 2010</ref><ref>Ronele & Eric Gard, ''Canning Stock Route: A Traveller's Guide'' (3rd edition), Western Desert Guides (2009)</ref>

Canning had always planned to rely on Aboriginal guides to help him find water and had taken neck chains and handcuffs supplied to him by the Wiluna police to make sure local "guides" stayed as long as he needed them.<ref name="Canning" /><ref>''Canning Stock Route Royal Commission: Royal Commission to Inquire into the Treatment of Natives by the Canning Exploration Party 15 January – 5 February 1908'', edited by Phil Bianchi ''et al'', Hesperian Press, Carlisle, WA, 2010: p. 126 (Q3126).</ref> In order to gain assistance in locating water along the route, Canning captured several [[Martu (Indigenous Australian)|Martu]] men, chained them by the neck and forced them to lead his party to native water sources ([[Soakage|soaks]]).<ref>Knowledge of the locations of soaks was essential to survival in the desert and subsequently Aboriginals, who knew soaks had been misused by Europeans in the past, were reluctant to reveal their locations. Canning's 23 camels are known to have destroyed several soaks due to drinking them dry. A mob of cattle on the Canning route required more than {{convert|110000|L|gal|abbr=off}} of water a day.</ref> As many soaks were sacred, the Martu may have misdirected the explorers away from these, resulting in the eventual stock route winding more than would otherwise have been necessary.

===Royal Commission into treatment of Aboriginal people===
After the Canning survey party returned to Perth, Canning's use of Aboriginal guides came under scrutiny. The expedition's cook, Edward Blake, accused Canning of mistreating many of the Aboriginal people they met during the survey expedition. Blake objected to the use of chains and criticised the "party's 'immoral' pursuit of Aboriginal women, the theft and 'unfair' trade of Aboriginal property and the destruction of native waters". Blake was concerned that the planned wells would prevent Aboriginal people accessing water.<ref name="nmaMethods">[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/yiwarra_kuju/questionable_methods/ Questionable methods – Of mining and meat: The story of the Canning Stock Route] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322004152/http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/yiwarra_kuju/questionable_methods/ |date=22 March 2011 }}, [[National Museum of Australia]]. Retrieved 4 June 2011 </ref><ref>Report of Royal Commission to Inquire into the Treatment of Natives by the Canning Exploration Party, included in ''Canning Stock Route Royal Commission: Royal Commission to Inquire into the Treatment of Natives by the Canning Exploration Party 15 January – 5 February 1908'', edited by Phil Bianchi ''et al'', Hesperian Press, Carlisle, WA, 2010: pp. 309–10.</ref>
 
Blake's complaints led to a [[Royal Commission]] into the treatment of natives by the Canning exploration party.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article28837712 |title=Treatment of Natives. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |location=Perth |date=1 February 1908 |access-date=18 January 2013 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

Blake was unable to prove many of his claims, but Canning did admit to the use of chains.<ref name="Culture" /> Kimberley explorer and the first [[Premier of Western Australia]], [[John Forrest]], dismissed Canning's actions by claiming that all explorers behaved in this manner. Despite condemning the use of chains, the Royal Commission accepted the survey party's actions as "reasonable" and Canning and his men were exonerated of all charges, including "immorality with native women" and stealing property.<ref name="Culture"/> The Royal Commission approved the immediate commencement of the stock route's construction. Canning was appointed to lead the construction party.<ref>Report of Royal Commission to Inquire into the Treatment of Natives by the Canning Exploration Party, included in ''Canning Stock Route Royal Commission: Royal Commission to Inquire into the Treatment of Natives by the Canning Exploration Party 15 January – 5 February 1908'', edited by Phil Bianchi ''et al'', Hesperian Press, Carlisle, WA, 2010: pp. 309–336.</ref>

===Construction===
Canning left Perth in March 1908, along with 30 men, 70 camels, four wagons, 100 tonnes of food and equipment and 267 goats (for milk and meat), and travelled the route again to commence the construction of well heads and water troughs at the 54 water sources identified by his earlier expedition. He arrived back in Wiluna in April 1910 having completed the last of 48 wells and bringing the total cost of the route to £22000 (2010: A$2.6 million).<ref name="Tick"/>

Thirty-seven of the wells were built on or near existing Aboriginal waters and were constructed in the European tradition, which made many of them inaccessible to Aboriginal people. Pulling the heavy buckets up from the bottom of the wells required the strength of three men or use of a camel. Consequently, many Aboriginal people were injured or died while trying to access the water, either falling in and drowning or breaking bones on the windlass handle. In reprisal, buckets were cut off or timber set on fire, and by 1917 Aboriginal people had vandalised or dismantled approximately half of the wells in a bid to reclaim access to the water or to prevent drovers from using the wells.<ref name="Culture" /><ref>WA State Records Office File 1917/1424: ''The Condition of Wells and Natives along the Canning Stock Route''.</ref> Canning's party had constructed the wells with the forced help of one of the Aboriginal peoples whose land the route traversed, the [[Martu (Indigenous Australian)|Martu]].

Canning produced a detailed map of the stock route, Plan of Wiluna–Kimberley stock route exploration (showing positions of wells constructed 1908–9 and 10) on which he also recorded his observations of the land and water sources along the route. The map has become a symbol of Australia's pioneering history.<ref name="nmaMining" />

===Using the stock route===

====First droving runs====
Commercial droving along the stock route began in 1910. The first few droves were of small groups of horses – the first started out with 42 horses of which only nine survived the journey.<ref name="Culture" />

The first mob of [[Ox|bullocks]] to attempt to use the stock route set out in January 1911; however, the party of three [[Drover (Australian)|drovers]], George Shoesmith, James Thompson and an Aboriginal stockman who was known as "Chinaman", were killed by Aboriginals at Well 37. Thomas Cole discovered their bodies later in 1911 during his successful drove along the stock route. In September 1911, Sergeant R.H. Pilmer led a police "punitive expedition" to find the culprits and ensure the stock route remained open.<ref>Pilmer, quoted in the ''East Murchison News'' on 22 September 1911: "I can assure you that it is the intention of the authorities that Canning's track shall be a main highway to the Nor-'West and that that route shall be entirely cleared of all obstacles likely to be a menace to those using that route."</ref> The police made no arrests, but the expedition was considered a success after Pilmer acknowledged killing at least 10 Aboriginals.<ref>[http://www.hesperianpress.com/index.php/booklist/2011-06-16-12-23-53/n-titles/247-northern-patrol R.H. Pilmer. ''Northern patrol: an Australian saga'', edited and annotated by Cathie Clement and Peter Bridge, Hesperian Press, WA, 1996]</ref>

On 7 September 1911 it was reported that the first mob of cattle to traverse the entire length of the stock route had successfully arrived in Wiluna. The cattle had apparently gained condition on the long drove.<ref>[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article33397013 ''Kalgoorlie Western Argus'', 12 September 1911], accessed 30 December 2010.</ref>

The stock route was closed at some time prior to 1925. In 1925 the [[Billiluna Station|Billiluna Pastoral Company]] requested that it be reopened. The state government refused saying that it had fallen into disrepair from disuse as a result of stockmen being attacked by Aboriginals. The government claimed it would cost £5,625 and take six months to repair and refused to consider the expenditure at that time.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78441223 |title=Canning Stock Route cannot be re-opened |newspaper=[[The Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|The Daily News]] |volume=XLIV |issue=15,720 |location=Western Australia |date=11 September 1925 |access-date=4 March 2017 |page=12 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

Despite police protection, drovers were afraid to use the track and it was rarely used for almost 20 years. Between 1911 and 1931, only eight mobs of cattle were driven along the Canning Stock Route.<ref name="Culture"/>

====Reopening of the stock route====
A 1928 Royal Commission into the price of beef in Western Australia led to the re-opening of the stock route. In 1929, William Snell was commissioned to repair the wells and found that the only wells undamaged were the ones that Aboriginal people could use. Snell criticised the construction of Canning's wells because they were difficult for Aboriginal people to use safely, and he put the destruction of the wells down to the anger and frustration people felt at being unable to access traditional water sources.<ref name="nmaReopening">[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/yiwarra_kuju/reopening/ Re-opening the stock route 1929-31 – Of mining and meat: The story of the Canning Stock Route] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322004242/http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/yiwarra_kuju/reopening/ |date=22 March 2011 }}, [[National Museum of Australia]], accessed 4 June 2010</ref> Snell personally committed to making the wells more accessible to Aboriginal people:<blockquote>Natives cannot draw water from the Canning Stock Route wells. It takes three strong white men to land a bucket of water. It is beyond the natives power to land a bucket. They let go the handle [and] some times escape with their life but get an arm and head broken in the attempt to get away. To heal the wounds so severely inflicted and [as] a safeguard against the natives destroying the wells again I equipped the wells ... so that the native can draw water from the wells without destroying them.—William Snell<ref>State Records Office WA, File 64/30: "Miscellaneous information requested by Aborigines Dept re condition of natives along the Canning Stock Route".</ref></blockquote>

Snell started work on the refurbishment of the wells, fitting some with ladders for easier access, but he abandoned the work after well 35.  Reports vary that he either ran out of materials or the desert became too much for him.

In 1930, Alfred Canning (then aged 70) was commissioned to complete the work. While Snell had encountered no hostility, Canning had trouble with the Aboriginals from the start but successfully completed the commission in 1931.<ref name="Canning"/><ref>John Slee, [http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A070563b.htm Canning, "Alfred Wernam (1860–1936)"], ''Australian Dictionary of Biography'', Online Edition, Australian National University, accessed online 28 December 2006, ISSN 1833-7538</ref>

With these improvements, the route was used on a more regular basis although in total, it would only be used around 20 times between 1931 and 1959 when the last droving run was completed.<ref>"Last mob of cattle to travel down the Canning Stock Route – left well 51 on 9 June 1959, arrived at Wiluna on 13 August 1959", ''Post & rail'', March 1994, p. 9.</ref> None of the larger [[Station (Australian agriculture)|station]] owners used the track as it was found that only 600 head of cattle could be supported at a time, which was 200 less than was estimated when first completed. As Carnegie had accurately reported in 1896, the track was impractical for cattle drives.<ref name="Culture"/><ref name="Canning"/>

During the [[World War II|Second World War]] the track was upgraded at considerable expense in case it was needed for an evacuation of the north if Australia was invaded. Including horse drives there were only 37 recorded drives between 1910 and the last run in 1959.<ref name="Tick"/>

==Traverses==
[[File:CSR JakubPostrzygacz.JPG|thumb|Jakub Postrzygacz with his special fat-bike on the Canning Stock Route near Kumpupintil Lake|alt=Photograph of Jakub Postrzygacz with his special [[fatbike]] on the Canning Stock Route near Kumpupintil Lake]]
In the 1950s horses became scarce in the Kimberley as widespread losses were caused by  "[[Crotalaria|walkabout poison]]".<ref>[http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/Anim_Dis/843.pdf Walkabout (Kimberley Horse) Disease] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319041935/http://www.nt.gov.au/d/Content/File/p/Anim_Dis/843.pdf |date=19 March 2011 }}</ref> This led to the stock route being used to drove horses north from around the [[Norseman, Western Australia|Norseman]] area where they were sold to the stations.  Wally Dowling, a drover who had made nine droves along the stock route took what was probably the last group of horses northwards along the route in September 1951.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48989228 |title=Brumbies For Kimberleys; A Long Trek. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |location=Perth |date=7 September 1951 |access-date=31 December 2010 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
In 1968 the entire length of the track was driven for the first time by surveyors Russell Wenholz and David Chudleigh, and Noel Kealley.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

In 1972, before the route was regularly negotiated in [[four-wheel drive]]s, ambitious attempts to complete it on foot took place. A New Zealander, Murray Rankin, and two English brothers, John and Peter Waterfall, fashioned homemade trolleys from bicycle wheels and metal tubing, and began their attempt starting from Wiluna in early June 1972. First John and then Peter turned back, but Rankin continued to [[Kumpupintil Lake]], then called Lake Disappointment, before being forced to abandon the attempt. The remains of one of their trolleys lie {{convert|19|km}} north of well 15.

In 1973 Rankin tried again, this time starting from Old Halls Creek with Englishman John Foulsham. This time they had professionally built trolleys with motor-cycle wheels. The walk began on 1 June. Soon after reaching Godfrey's Tank they were unable to pull the trolleys over the high sand hills. They left them and walked on to Lake Tobin and there abandoned the attempt and returned to Halls Creek.

Three years later, in 1976, Rankin achieved his ambition to walk the stock route. After driving the route in a Land Rover and establishing food depots along the way, he set out from Halls Creek on 12 July 1976 with three other bushwalkers, Ralph Barraclough, Kathy Burman and Rex Shaw. Barraclough turned back after becoming ill, but the others completed the journey in just under three months.<ref name="grimwade">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ashadocs.org/aha/16/16_04_Grimwade.pdf |title=Gordon Grimwade, ''The Canning Stock Route: Desert stock route to outback tourism'', Australasian Historical Archaeology, 16, 1998 |access-date=28 June 2011 |archive-date=26 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626133650/http://www.ashadocs.org/aha/16/16_04_Grimwade.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <!--Note the article  referred to in (27) is 
inaccurate on the first two attempts. See Weekend News Perth 8 July 1972 "Fools the Outback Will Tell" and Sunday Times 10 June 1973 "Walkers have a good chance of making it". A fuller account is in Perth Bushwalkers Club 40 Years 1969/2009 Edited by Jenny Young and published by Perth Bushwalkers Club pages 18–25-->

In 1974, the first motorcycle crossing from Wiluna to Billiluna was achieved by Paul Allardyce, Colin Fitzgerald and Andy Bowman. They had air support flown by John Fitzgerald and Phil Schubert.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.canningwalker.com/recent-adventure-history-1968-today |title=Canning Stock Route Cyclists, Walkers and Other Notable Achievements |website=Canning Walker |access-date=6 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806102053/http://www.canningwalker.com/recent-adventure-history-1968-today |archive-date=6 August 2017 }}</ref>

In 1977, the first commercial tour completed the drive.<ref name="grimwade" />

During the 1980s fuel dumps were created and adventurous travellers became interested in the history of the track and the challenge to drive it.

In 1985, a [[Dune buggy|Beach Buggy]] driven by Gordon Hayes, became the first two-wheel drive vehicle to complete the CSR under its own power. A support crew carried the fuel.<ref name="A Traveller pg 148">Canning Stock Route – A Traveller's Guide by Eric and Ronele Gard pg 148</ref>

In 1991, a [[Citroën 2CV]], driven by Rupert Backford and Mathew Rawlings, completed the CSR with a support crew towing the car over many of the dunes.<ref name="A Traveller pg 148"/>

In 1993 long-distance walker Drew Kettle walked the route.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/record=b2000471~S2 |title=Potter, Rosie.(1994) Drew Kettle – profile of long distance walker – just walked the Canning Stock Route. Nugget News, Vol. 6 no. 6, (Aug/Sept 1993), pp. 26–27 |access-date=10 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308192503/http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/record=b2000471~S2 |archive-date=8 March 2012 }}</ref>

In 1997 Robin Rishworth cycled,<ref>''Kalgoorlie Miner'' (23 July 1997). "Cyclist Does What Can't Be Done".</ref><ref>[http://www.sefwdc.org.au/pasttrips/canning/canning.htm Trip Gunbarrel Highway, Canning Stock Route, July – August 1997: Southern Explorers 4WD Club] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20140403220653/http://www.sefwdc.org.au/pasttrips/canning/canning.htm |date=3 April 2014 }}</ref> with the aid of food drops, in just less than 27 days, and is considered to be the first modern day solo cyclist.

In 2004 [[Kate Leeming]], as part of a longer trek, completed the route with the aid of a support vehicle.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/record=b2276750~S2 |title=''Cyclist conquers Canning Stock Route''. Kate Leeming thought to be the first woman to successfully cycle the stock route.''Broome advertiser'', 28 Oct. 2004, p.8 |access-date=10 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308192456/http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/record=b2276750~S2 |archive-date=8 March 2012 }}</ref>

In 2005 Jakub Postrzygacz became the first person to traverse the entire track without either support or the use of food drops, travelling alone by [[fatbike]] for 33 days. With large tyres and a single-wheel [[bicycle trailer|trailer]], he carried all his food with him and replenished his water at wells.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wildworks.co.nz/csr/home.php |title=Canning Stock Route Adventure: Jakub Postrzygacz |access-date=23 January 2012 |archive-date=4 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204045649/http://wildworks.co.nz/csr/home.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2016 Sam Mitchell towed an array of solar panels behind his fatbike. This was the first time a solar powered vehicle traversed the complete length of the route.<ref>[https://rideonmagazine.com.au/ebiking-the-outback/ Ride On Magazine (online), posted 21 April 2017, Peter Foot interviews Sam Mitchell]</ref>

==Present==

===Tourism===
[[Image:LittleSandyDesert CanningStockRoute.jpg|thumb|right|Canning Stock Route four-wheel drive track crossing the Little Sandy Desert]]
The Canning Stock route is considered one of the world's great four-wheel drive adventures. Apart from keeping the track open, the route is not maintained. Some wells have been restored but others are in ruins and unusable. While quite a few travellers successfully make the trip, it still requires substantial planning and a convoy of well-equipped four-wheel drives or equivalent vehicles, and is only practical during the cooler months. Fuel drops typically need to be organised in advance and the {{convert|1850|km|mi|adj=on}} trip will take two to three weeks.<ref name="Tick"/> Fuel is now available at [[Kunawarritji Community, Western Australia|Kunawarritji Community]] near well 33 and [[Parnngurr Community]] near well 22.

The Kuju Wangka committee of the Yanunijarra Aboriginal Corporation closed the Canning Stock Route to tourists in March 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic. They reopened it on 14 June 2022.<ref name="reopen" />

==Aboriginal perspective==
The history of the Canning Stock Route has been well documented from the colonial perspective – accounts of European explorers, drovers, prospectors and law enforcers – but increasingly the [[Aboriginal Australian|Aboriginal]] history of the track is also being recognised,<ref>Rebecca Courtney, [http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/artists-tales-of-the-canning-stock-route-on-exhibition.htm "Canning Stock Route: Indigenous story", Australian Geographic] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100802094825/http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/artists-tales-of-the-canning-stock-route-on-exhibition.htm |date=2 August 2010 }}, AG Online, accessed online 1 August 2010</ref> and Aboriginal people are keen to have their story told.<ref>Clifford Brooks, Wiluna, 2006, quoted in Carty, J. "Drawing a Line in the Sand: the Canning Stock Route and Contemporary Art", in ''Yiwarra Kuju: the Canning Stock Route'', National Museum of Australia Press, Canberra, 2010. p. 30.</ref>
{{blockquote |text=We wanna tell you fellas 'bout things been happening in the past that hasn't been recorded, what old people had in their head. No pencil and paper. The white man history has been told and it's today in the book. But our history is not there properly. We've got to tell 'em through our paintings. |author=Clifford Brooks, Wiluna, 2006 }}
  
Archaeologists now believe that the [[Western Desert cultural bloc|Western Desert]] has been occupied for around 30,000 years.<ref>"Ngurra kuju walyja: Country one family – People of the desert", Education at the National Museum of Australia, Canberra, accessed 12 June 2011 at [http://www.nma.gov.au/education-kids/classroom_learning/units_of_work/yiwarra_kuju Yiwarra Kuju: The Canning Stock Route – Education Kit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202075342/http://www.nma.gov.au/education-kids/classroom_learning/units_of_work/yiwarra_kuju |date=2 February 2012 }}</ref> For Aboriginal people, the history of the stock route is therefore part of a much older story. They have recorded this story, including the changes brought about by the construction of the stock route, through oral and artistic traditions.<ref name="nmaReopening" />

The building of the stock route impacted on the cultural and social life of the more than 15 Aboriginal language groups that have a "cultural, familial or historical connection to the route and its custodians, or to sites along the major Dreaming tracks or [[songline]]s".<ref>[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/yiwarra_kuju/stories_recorded_in_paint/ Stories recorded in pain – Listening to Country: The inseparable links between family and Dreaming on the "Canning Stock Road"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321213033/http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/yiwarra_kuju/stories_recorded_in_paint/ |date=21 March 2011 }}, an essay by Monique La Fontaine, [[National Museum of Australia]], accessed 12 June 2011</ref> Some Dreaming tracks exist within the Country<ref>[http://australianmuseum.net.au/Glossary-Indigenous-Australia-terms Australia Museum: Glossary of Indigenous Australia Terms]</ref> of a single language group, but others cross the territory of many groups and the major Dreaming tracks often mark the territorial boundaries of the Countries they cross. The stock route, and the people and stock it brought with it, inevitably interrupted traditional patterns of movement and [[connection to Country]].

While many Aboriginal people made a determined effort to avoid contact with the people the stock route brought into their Country, the route became a path out of the desert for others. At different times, and for different reasons, people moved away to the outskirts of towns, to pastoral stations and church missions. Many found work with the drovers using the stock route and successful droves relied on the skill of these Aboriginal stockmen and women. Others left looking for more reliable sources of food and water, especially in times of drought, while some were drawn to the changes taking place around the edges of the desert or motivated by a desire to join family already living elsewhere.<ref>[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/yiwarra_kuju/droving_time Yiwarra Kuju: Droving time] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321212744/http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/yiwarra_kuju/droving_time/ |date=21 March 2011 }}, [[National Museum of Australia]]. Accessed 12 June 2011.</ref><ref name="nmaMovement">''Walyja: Family – Movement of People'', Education at the National Museum of Australia, Canberra, accessed 12 June 2011 at [http://www.nma.gov.au/education-kids/classroom_learning/units_of_work/yiwarra_kuju Yiwarra Kuju: The Canning Stock Route – Education Kit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202075342/http://www.nma.gov.au/education-kids/classroom_learning/units_of_work/yiwarra_kuju |date=2 February 2012 }}</ref>

===Rock art project===
There are a large number of Aboriginal rock paintings and carvings along the stock route. As more and more people visit the area each year, custodians of the Western Desert have become concerned about the protection and management of Aboriginal sites along the route. In 2007, researchers from the Australian National University began a project to draw up the first comprehensive plan of management for the entire Canning Stock Route.<ref>[http://info.anu.edu.au/mac/Newsletters_and_Journals/ANU_Reporter/095PP_2008/_02PP_Autumn/_canning.asp Road to somewhere, ANU Reporter, Autumn 2008]</ref> The project aimed to develop a series of modules to inform detailed guides and signs for visitors, while also protecting sites that have special significance for Indigenous peoples.<ref>[http://rsh.anu.edu.au/rockart/index.php/associated-projects Canning Stock Route Project: Rock art and Jukurrpa (ARC Linkage)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407213942/http://rsh.anu.edu.au/rockart/index.php/associated-projects |date=7 April 2011 }} Rock Art Research Centre, [[Australian National University]].</ref><ref>[http://csr.anu.edu.au Canning Stock Route Rock art and Jukurrpa: cultural heritage and environmental management] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409114317/http://csr.anu.edu.au/ |date=9 April 2011 }}</ref>

===The Canning Stock Route Project===
The Canning Stock Route has a strong connection to the story of Aboriginal art in the Western Desert.<ref name="nmaDrawing">[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/yiwarra_kuju/drawing_a_line/ Drawing a line in the sand: The Canning Stock Route and contemporary art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726080202/http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/yiwarra_kuju/drawing_a_line/ |date=26 July 2011 }}, [[National Museum of Australia]]</ref> When droving along the stock route led to many family groups dispersing to the edges of the desert, communities were established in missions, towns, stations and settlements, and it was here that contemporary painting movements flourished.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/yiwarra_kuju/stories_recorded_in_paint/ |title=Stories recorded in paint: Listening to Country, National Museum of Australia |access-date=28 June 2011 |archive-date=21 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321213033/http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/yiwarra_kuju/stories_recorded_in_paint/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
In 2006, Western Australian independent cultural organisation [[Form (arts organisation)|Form]] instigated a contemporary arts and cultural initiative to "explore the complex history of the Canning Stock Route through the prism of contemporary Aboriginal art".<ref>[http://www.form.net.au/aboriginal-development/canning-stock-route-project/history FORM: Canning Stock Route Project, History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227184812/https://www.form.net.au/aboriginal-development/canning-stock-route-project/history |date=27 February 2011 }}, accessed 4 June 2011</ref> Partnerships among nine art centres and communities with direct connections to the stock route region were set up. The project involved several years of research by Form in collaboration with Aboriginal artists and their art centres and organisations.<ref name="form">[http://www.form.net.au/aboriginal-development/canning-stock-route-project FORM: Canning Stock Route Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925171531/http://www.form.net.au/aboriginal-development/canning-stock-route-project |date=25 September 2011 }}, accessed 4 June 2011</ref>
 
A major part of the project's program of bush work was a six-week, {{convert|1850|km|adj=on}} desert journey from Wiluna to Billiluna. During this trip, and in follow-up workshops and other trips, 80 artists created a collection of paintings, contemporary cultural objects and documentary material.<ref>[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/yiwarra_kuju/museum/ Yiwarra Kuju: From the Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919022144/http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/yiwarra_kuju/museum/ |date=19 September 2011 }}, [[National Museum of Australia]], accessed 4 June 2011</ref>

The historical and artistic value of the project was recognised in 2008 when the [[National Museum of Australia]] decided to acquire the entire Canning Stock Route Project collection.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nma.gov.au/media/media_releases_index/museum_acquires_canning_stock_route_collection/ |title="National Museum acquires Canning Stock Route Collection", National Museum of Australia media release, 19 March 2009 |access-date=28 June 2011 |archive-date=2 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110402143240/http://www.nma.gov.au/media/media_releases_index/museum_acquires_canning_stock_route_collection/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The language groups identified during the project,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.canningstockrouteproject.com/history/story-aboriginal-guides/|title=Story, Aboriginal Guides|access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref> as being crossed by the stock route, or adjacent to it are identified as:
(from the south)

:[[Kiyajarra]]<ref>{{Citation | author1=Klokeid, T. J. (Terry Jack) | title=Language elicitation, stories and music from the Pilbara (KLOKEID_T01) | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/193252737 | access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref>
:[[Putijarra]]<ref>{{Citation | author1=James, Diana, (film director,) | author2=Macdonald, Caro, (filmmaker,) | author3=Martu Media | author4=Australian Research Council, (sponsoring body) | title=Living in the desert : welcome to Putijarra country | publication-date=2011 | publisher=Martu Media and Australian National University | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/217995324 | access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref>
:[[Kartujarra]]<ref>{{Citation | author1=Burgman, Albert | title=Kartujarra dictionary and topical finder lists 2005 | publication-date=2005 | publisher=Wangka Maya Pilbara Aboriginal Language Centre | edition=Draft | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/152093271 | access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref>
:[[Manyjilyjarra]]
:[[Warnman people|Warnman]]
:[[Wangkajunga]]
:[[Nyangajarra]]<ref>{{Citation | author1=Davenport, Sue | title=Going back on our footprints.(Desmond Taylor's oral history project with Martu family from Western Desert) | journal=Australian Aboriginal Studies | publication-date=2003-09-22 | publisher=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies | volume=2003 | issue=2 | pages=102 | issn=0729-4352}}</ref>
:[[Walmajarri|Juwaliny]]
:[[Walmajarri]]
:[[Kukatja (Western Australia)|Kukatja]]
:[[Djaru]]<ref>{{Citation | author1=Tsunoda, Tasaku | title=Fieldnotes on Djaru (Jaru), Wanyjira, Nyininy, Malngin, Ngardi, Mudburra and Gidja; A Tentative Word List of Malngin, Wanyjirra and Ngardi | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/228852547 | access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref>

===The Canning Stock Route Collection===
The [[National Museum of Australia]] acquired a significant collection of artworks and other material collected by the 60 artists who travelled along the Canning Stock Route on a six-week return to country trip in 2007 as part of the Canning Stock Route Project.<ref name="form" /> The Canning Stock Route collection includes over 100 works of art, 120 oral histories, historical research, social and cultural data, artists' biographies, 20,000 photographs and over 200 hours of film footage.<ref>[https://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/yiwarra-kuju-canning-stock-route/artworks/ Canning Stock Route collection], [[National Museum of Australia]], accessed 4 June 2011</ref>

One of the key aims of the Canning Stock Route Project was the development of a travelling exhibition. The National Museum of Australia committed to assisting Form to develop an exhibition.<ref>FORM: Canning Stock Route Project Prospectus, accessed 4 June 2011 from [http://www.form.net.au/aboriginal-development/canning-stock-route-project/vision FORM: Canning Stock Route Project – Vision] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227185237/https://www.form.net.au/aboriginal-development/canning-stock-route-project/vision |date=27 February 2011 }}</ref> ''Yiwarra Kuju (One Road) – The Canning Stock Route'', a joint initiative between the National Museum of Australia and Form, was held at the museum from July 2010 to January 2011. The exhibition used works of art and stories to tell the story of the stock route's impact on Aboriginal people from an Aboriginal perspective.<ref>[http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/yiwarra_kuju/ Yiwarra Kuju – The Canning Stock Route] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612034855/http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/yiwarra_kuju/ |date=12 June 2011 }}, [[National Museum of Australia]], accessed 4 June 2011.</ref> When it closed in January 2011, ''Yiwarra Kuju – The Canning Stock Route'' had been the most successful exhibition in the history of the Museum, with over 120,000 visitors.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nma.gov.au/media/media_releases_by_year/2011/national_museum_exhibition_sets_new_record |title=National Museum exhibition sets new record, 27 January 2011 |access-date=20 December 2011 |archive-date=16 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216150928/http://www.nma.gov.au/media/media_releases_by_year/2011/national_museum_exhibition_sets_new_record |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Journey distances ==
The nearest capital city to the [[Wiluna, Western Australia|Wiluna]] starting point of the route is [[Perth]], {{convert|958|km|mi|abbr=on}} south west of Wiluna by road.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Australia_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Wiluna%20(Western%20Australia)&toplace=Perth%20(Western%20Australia)&fromlat=-26.6&tolat=-31.9333333&fromlng=120.2166667&tolng=115.8333333|title = Distance between Wiluna%20(Western%20Australia) and Perth%20(Western%20Australia) (Australia)}}</ref> Then to return to Perth via sealed roads from [[Halls Creek, Western Australia|Halls Creek]] it is {{convert|2857|km|mi|abbr=on}};<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Australia_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Halls%20Creek%20(Western%20Australia)&toplace=Perth%20(Western%20Australia)&fromlat=-18.2666667&tolat=-31.9333333&fromlng=127.7666667&tolng=115.8333333|title=Distance between Halls%20Creek%20(Western%20Australia) and Perth%20(Western%20Australia) (Australia)}}</ref> including the Canning route this gives a total driving distance of {{convert|5665|km|mi|abbr=on}}.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Australian roads}}
*[[Highways in Australia]]
*[[List of highways in Western Australia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Bianchi, Phil. ''"Work Completed, Canning." A comprehensive history of the Canning Stock Route''. Perth, Hesperian Press, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-85905-549-9}}.
* Bianchi, Phil et al. (editors). ''Canning Stock Route Royal Commission. Royal Commission to Inquire into the Treatment of Natives by the Canning Exploration Party 15 January – 5 February 1908.'' Perth, Hesperian Press, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-85905-059-3}}.
* Gard Eric & Ronele, ''Canning Stock Route: A Traveller's Guide'' (3rd edition), Western Desert Guides (2009)
* Hill, Len. ''Droving with Ben Taylor. Up and down the Canning Stock Route in 1946''. Perth, Hesperian Press, 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-85905-472-0}}.
* Stanton, Jenny (editor). ''The Australian Geographic book of the Canning Stock Route'', Terry Hills, NSW: Australian Geographic Pty Ltd, 1998. Rev. ed. {{ISBN|1-86276-800-5}}
* Deckert, John. (Author). Canning Stock Route map by Westprint. Includes history, features and guidance for travellers. {{ISBN|0-646-18223-4}}.
* Dwyer, Andrew (Author) ''"Outback Recipes and Stories from the Campfire"'' Miegunyah Press {{ISBN|978-0-522-85380-3}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/pls/portal30/docs/FOLDER/IKMP/PW/VP/barrier_crawford.pdf | title = History of the State Vermin Barrier Fences (Formerly known as Rabbit Proof Fences) | author = JS Crawford | year = 1901 | work = agric.wa.gov.au | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005509/http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/pls/portal30/docs/FOLDER/IKMP/PW/VP/barrier_crawford.pdf | archive-date = 27 September 2007}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Eleanor |title=The Beckoning West: the story of H.S. Trotman and the Canning stock route |publisher=St. George Books |location= Perth, Western Australia |year=1985 }}
* Carnegie, David W. ''Spinifex and Sand: A Narrative of Five Years' Pioneering and Exploration in Western Australia'', C. Arthur Pearson, London, 1891 [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/4975/4975-h/4975-h.htm ''Spinifex and Sand'': Project Gutenberg EBook, 2004]

==External links==
*[https://www.canningstockroute.net.au/ Official website]
*[https://www.exploroz.com/treks/Canning-Stock-Route Canning Stock Route on ExplorOz]
*[http://www.abc.net.au/local/audio/2010/03/11/2842928.htm "Off the beaten track": Interview with Landgate's Ken Leighton, ABC North West WA, 11 March 2010]
*[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/result?q=canning+stock+route Digitised newspapers and other resources relating to the Canning Stock Route, National Library of Australia]
*[http://www.ashadocs.org/aha/16/16_04_Grimwade.pdf Grimwade, Gordon. "The Canning Stock Route: Desert stock route to outback tourism", Australasian Historical Archaeology, vol. 16, 1998, pp. 70–79] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626133650/http://www.ashadocs.org/aha/16/16_04_Grimwade.pdf |date=26 June 2023 }}
*[http://www.nma.gov.au/audio/detail/walyja-family-and-art-history-in-the-canning-stock-route-collection "Walyja: family and art history in the Canning Stock Route Collection", talk by John Carty at the National Museum of Australia, 22 September 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612203402/http://www.nma.gov.au/audio/detail/walyja-family-and-art-history-in-the-canning-stock-route-collection |date=12 June 2011 }}
*[http://wildworks.co.nz/csr/ Canning Stock Route by bike] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060116082101/http://www.wildworks.co.nz/csr/ |date=16 January 2006 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212856/http://www.canningwalker.com/ Canning Stock Route Walkers, Cyclists, Hitch Hikers and 2WD]
{{Road infrastructure in Western Australia}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Canning Stock Route| ]]
[[Category:Droving roads]]
[[Category:Great Sandy Desert]]
[[Category:Mid West (Western Australia)]]
[[Category:1910 establishments in Australia]]
[[Category:Tracks in remote areas of Western Australia]]