Editing Cannabis edible

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Short description|Food item containing cannabis extract or cannabinoids}}
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{{redirect|Space cakes|the Alanis Morissette EP|Space Cakes}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Hash brownies|Hash browns}}
{{redirect|Magic cake|the French cake|Gâteau magique}}
{{redirect|Edibles|items that can be safely consumed|Edible}}
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{{Cannabis sidebar}}
A '''cannabis edible''', also known as a '''cannabis-infused food''' or simply an '''edible''', is a [[Food|food item]] (either homemade or produced commercially) that contains [[Comparison_of_phytocannabinoids#Decarboxylation Conversion Temperatures|decarboxylated cannabinoids]] (cannabinoid acids converted to their orally bioactive form) from [[cannabis extract]] as an [[active ingredient]].<ref name=":4">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Barrus DG, Capogrossi KL, Cates SC, Gourdet CK, Peiper NC, Novak SP, Lefever TW, Wiley JL |date=November 2016 |title=Tasty THC: Promises and Challenges of Cannabis Edibles |journal=Methods Report |volume=2016 |doi=10.3768/rtipress.2016.op.0035.1611 |pmc=5260817 |pmid=28127591}}</ref> Although ''edible'' may refer to either a food or a drink, a '''cannabis-infused drink''' may be referred to more specifically as a '''liquid edible''' or '''drinkable'''. Edibles are a way to consume cannabis.<ref name=":4" /> Unlike smoking, in which cannabinoids are inhaled into the lungs and pass rapidly into the bloodstream, peaking in about ten minutes and wearing off in a couple of hours, cannabis edibles may take hours to digest, and their effects may peak two to three hours after consumption and persist for around six hours. The food or drink used may affect both the timing and potency of the dose ingested.<ref name="Gaines">{{cite journal |last1=Gaines |first1=James |title=Building a better edible |journal=Knowable Magazine |date=26 May 2021 |doi=10.1146/knowable-052221-4 |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2021/building-a-better-edible |doi-access=free |access-date=28 February 2022 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227172948/https://knowablemagazine.org/article/food-environment/2021/building-a-better-edible |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|year=2019|title=7 Things You Need to Know about Edible Cannabis {{!}} Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction|url=https://www.ccsa.ca/7-things-you-need-know-about-edible-cannabis|access-date=2021-04-09|publisher=Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction|language=en|archive-date=9 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409231321/https://www.ccsa.ca/7-things-you-need-know-about-edible-cannabis|url-status=live}}</ref>

Most edibles contain a significant amount of [[THC]], which can induce a [[Effects of cannabis|wide range of effects]], including: heightened sensory perception, [[Relaxation (psychology)|relaxation]], [[Somnolence|sleepiness]], [[dizziness]], [[Xerostomia|dry mouth]], [[euphoria]], [[depersonalization]] and/or [[derealization]], [[hallucination]]s, [[paranoia]], and decreased or increased [[anxiety]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/what-are-marijuana-effects |title=What are marijuana effects? |website=DrugAbuse.gov |access-date=20 October 2017 |archive-date=5 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705225208/http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/what-are-marijuana-effects |url-status=live }}</ref> THC-dominant edibles are consumed for [[Recreational drug use|recreational]] and [[Medical cannabis|medical purposes]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/marijuana/index.ssf/2016/06/oregons_recreational_marijuana.html |title=Oregon's recreational marijuana market expands to edibles and extracts starting Thursday |vauthors=Crombie N |website=The Oregonian |date=2 June 2016 |access-date=20 October 2017 |archive-date=2 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602104151/http://www.oregonlive.com/marijuana/index.ssf/2016/06/oregons_recreational_marijuana.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Some edibles contain a negligible amount of THC and are instead dominant in other cannabinoids, most commonly [[cannabidiol]] (CBD).<ref name="cbdoil">{{cite web |url=http://hightimes.com/culture/uses-cbd-oil/ |title=10 Little-Known Uses for CBD Oil | vauthors = Terps T |website=HighTimes.com |date=12 June 2017 |access-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021003606/https://hightimes.com/culture/uses-cbd-oil/ |archive-date=21 October 2017 }}</ref> The main characteristic of cannabis edibles is that they take longer to affect users compared to smoked cannabis.<ref name=":10" />

Foods and beverages made from non-psychoactive cannabis products are known as [[hemp foods]].<ref name="Bouloc2013">{{cite book|vauthors=Bouloc P|title=Hemp: Industrial Production and Uses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RX4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA229|date=16 September 2013|publisher=CABI|isbn=978-1-84593-793-5|pages=229–|access-date=22 June 2018|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420194904/https://books.google.com/books?id=2RX4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA229|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
=== Eastern ===
[[File:Bhang eaters before two huts (6124556163).jpg|thumb|[[Bhang]] eaters from India c. 1790. Bhang is an edible preparation of [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] native to the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It has been used in food and drink as early as 1000 BC by [[Hindu]]s in [[ancient India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/httpmunchies-vice-comarticlesthe-bhang-lassi-is-how-hindus-drink-themselves-high-for-shiva/ |title=The Bhang Lassi Is How Hindus Drink Themselves High for Shiva |vauthors=Staelens S |website=Vice (magazine) |date=10 March 2015 |access-date=10 August 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811011827/https://munchies.vice.com/en_us/article/kbx94a/httpmunchies-vice-comarticlesthe-bhang-lassi-is-how-hindus-drink-themselves-high-for-shiva |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
The earliest mention of cannabis-infused food was as far back as 2000 B.C. in [[Indian subcontinent|India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Cannabis in India {{!}} Psychology Today|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/the-teenage-mind/201106/history-cannabis-in-india|access-date=2021-06-23|website=www.psychologytoday.com|language=en}}</ref> Known as one of the oldest cannabis traditions, [[Bhang]] – a cannabis infused drink made with yogurt, nuts, spices, rose water – is an official drink of [[Holi]], highly celebrated and revered festivals celebrated by the people of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] community in India revering [[Shiva]] or [[Kali]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Significance of Holi – Importance Cultural And Social Significance of Holi|url=https://www.holifestival.org/significance-of-holi.html|access-date=2021-04-09|website=holifestival.org|archive-date=29 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329073340/https://www.holifestival.org/significance-of-holi.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Bhang Lassi Is How Hindus Drink Themselves High for Shiva|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/httpmunchies-vice-comarticlesthe-bhang-lassi-is-how-hindus-drink-themselves-high-for-shiva/|access-date=2021-04-09|website=Vice (magazine)|date=10 March 2015 |language=en|archive-date=9 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409232636/https://www.vice.com/en/article/kbx94a/httpmunchies-vice-comarticlesthe-bhang-lassi-is-how-hindus-drink-themselves-high-for-shiva|url-status=live}}</ref> The oil-solubility of cannabis extracts was also known to [[History of India|ancient Indians]], with [[Sanskrit]] recipes requiring cannabis to be [[Sautéing|sautéed]] in [[ghee]] before mixing it with other ingredients.<ref name="Gottlieb">{{cite book | title = Cooking with Cannabis: The Most Effective Methods of Preparing Food and Drink with Marijuana, Hashish, and Hash Oil | vauthors = Gottlieb A | publisher = Ronin Publishing | year = 1993 | isbn = 0-914171-55-0 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/artscienceofcook00gott }}</ref>{{rp|7}}<ref name="Drake018">{{cite book | title = The Marijuana Food Handbook | vauthors = Drake B | page = [https://archive.org/details/marijuanafood0000drak/page/18 18] | publisher = Ronin Publishing | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-914171-99-2 | url = https://archive.org/details/marijuanafood0000drak/page/18 }}</ref>

[[Majoun]] (cannabis jam) is another early type of edible first created by the nomadic [[Berbers|Berber tribes]] of North Africa sometime around the 11th century.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book| vauthors = Bowles P, Caponi-Tabery G |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-e73_OaS0uQC&pg=PA62 |title=Conversations with Paul Bowles|date=1993|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-0-87805-650-7|language=en}}</ref> The traditional Majoun recipe calls for cannabis extract, [[datura]] seeds, honey, nuts, kif (a mixture of [[kief]]), and sometimes dates and figs.<ref name=":6" />

=== Western ===
[[File:Alice B. Toklas, by Carl Van Vechten - 1949.jpg|thumb|Modern interest in edibles is attributed to [[Alice B. Toklas]] and [[The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook|her eponymous 1954 cookbook]].]]
The first mention of edibles in Europe appeared in a cookbook titled ''[[De honesta voluptate et valetudine]]'', which translates to "On Honorable Pleasure and Health" written by [[Bartolomeo Platina]] in 1465.<ref>{{Cite web|vauthors=Lightner J|date=16 May 2013|title=Honorable Pleasure|url=https://www.edibleseattle.com/uncategorized/honorable-pleasure/|access-date=2021-04-09|website=Edible Seattle|language=en-US|archive-date=9 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409232636/https://www.edibleseattle.com/uncategorized/honorable-pleasure/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first cannabis edible recipe appeared in the United States in the early 1960s in a cookbook called ''[[The Alice B. Toklas Cook Book]]'' written by [[Alice B. Toklas]].<ref name=":7" /> The recipe is called "Hashish Fudge" and was actually contributed by Alice's good friend, [[Brion Gysin]].<ref name=":7" /> Although it was omitted from the first American editions, Toklas' name and her "brownies" became synonymous with cannabis in the growing [[Counterculture of the 1960s|1960s counterculture]].<ref name=":7">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/food-matters/go-ask-alice-the-history-of-toklas-8217-legendary-hashish-fudge/|title=Go Ask Alice: The History of Toklas' Legendary Hashish Fudge|vauthors=Eplatt L|date=20 April 2015|work=[[Scientific American]]|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=20 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520215219/http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/food-matters/go-ask-alice-the-history-of-toklas-8217-legendary-hashish-fudge/|url-status=live}}</ref> Since then, many more [[cannabis cookbook]]s have been published.

In some U.S. states that have legalized cannabis, edibles have experienced a dramatic rise in sales.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thedailymeal.com/news/eat/edible-marijuana-sales-continue-rise-gummies-and-mints-topping-sales/022217 |title=Edible Marijuana Sales Continue to Rise, With Gummies and Mints Topping Sales |vauthors=Lacsamana P |website=TheDailyMeal.com |date=22 February 2017 |access-date=10 August 2017 |archive-date=23 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223063232/http://www.thedailymeal.com/news/eat/edible-marijuana-sales-continue-rise-gummies-and-mints-topping-sales/022217 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since edibles often look like regular candy, they can be mistakenly eaten by children. Between 2009 and 2015 after cannabis was legalised in Colorado, there was a five-fold increase in the number of children under 10 who were treated in hospital or poison center for exposure to cannabis. Edibles were implicated in over half of these. Variations in dosage and delay in onset of effects (leading to taking of additional doses) also can cause overdose especially in children and inexperienced users.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theweek.com/articles/662621/rise-legal-weed-america |title=The rise of legal weed in America |website=The Week |date=26 November 2016 |access-date=10 August 2017 |archive-date=27 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127091910/http://theweek.com/articles/662621/rise-legal-weed-america |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://theconversation.com/edible-marijuana-what-we-need-to-know-70898 |title=Edible marijuana: What we need to know |website=TheConversation.com |date=March 2017 |access-date=20 October 2017 |archive-date=1 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301045243/http://theconversation.com/edible-marijuana-what-we-need-to-know-70898 |url-status=live }}</ref> Calls to [[Poison control center|poison control]] have dramatically increased since 2008 due to dogs ingesting edibles.<ref>{{cite web |vauthors=Mahadevan T |url=https://www.complex.com/life/2019/01/people-keep-calling-poison-control-after-their-dogs-eat-edibles |title=People Keep Calling Poison Control After Their Dogs Eat Edibles |publisher=Complex |date=25 February 2019 |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=30 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130162511/https://www.complex.com/life/2019/01/people-keep-calling-poison-control-after-their-dogs-eat-edibles |url-status=live }}</ref> In Canada, cannabis-infused food products were legalized in October 2018, but regulatory restrictions and reduced consumer interest may inhibit innovation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/cannabis-edibles-study-dalhousie-university-sylvain-charlebois-1.5128514|title=Canadians' enthusiasm wanes for legal pot and edibles, study finds|vauthors=Davie E|publisher=CBC News|date=9 May 2019|access-date=11 May 2019|archive-date=11 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511054044/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/cannabis-edibles-study-dalhousie-university-sylvain-charlebois-1.5128514|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "Watts_2018">{{Cite web| vauthors = Watts M, Austin M, Newell S, Putyra M |date=18 December 2018|title=Canada first G7 country to legalize retail cannabis|url=https://www.osler.com/en/resources/regulations/2018/canada-first-g7-country-to-legalize-retail-cannabis#:~:text=Rare%20is%20the%20moment%20when,recreational%20or%20adult%2Duse%20cannabis.|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-09|website=Osler|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409233339/https://www.osler.com/en/resources/regulations/2018/canada-first-g7-country-to-legalize-retail-cannabis |archive-date=2021-04-09 }}</ref>

==Chemistry==
{{for|thermo-chemical conversion temperatures of cannabinoid acids to their orally bioactive form|Comparison_of_phytocannabinoids#Decarboxylation Conversion Temperatures}}
{{See|Cannabinoid|Cannabis (drug)|Tetrahydrocannabinol|Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid}}

== Effects ==
Ingesting cannabis may produce effects that last longer and can be more intense than inhaling cannabis.<ref name="Gaines"/><ref name=":10" /> Different edible formats of cannabinoids may affect the rate of cannabinoid digestion and metabolism, which vary among people.<ref name="Gaines"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=House|first=Hemp|title=How Long Does CBD Oil Take to Work for Anxiety?|url=https://hemphousenc.com/blog/f/how-long-does-cbd-oil-take-to-work-for-anxiety|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Hemp House|language=en-PK|archive-date=16 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016151851/https://hemphousenc.com/blog/f/how-long-does-cbd-oil-take-to-work-for-anxiety|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Huestis2005">{{cite book | vauthors = Huestis MA | title = Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the plant cannabinoids, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol | chapter = Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of the Plant Cannabinoids, Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannibinol, Cannabidiol and Cannabinol | series = Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology | volume = 168 | issue = 168 | pages = 657–90 |year = 2005 | pmid = 16596792 | doi = 10.1007/3-540-26573-2_23 | isbn = 3-540-22565-X }}</ref> Generally, edible cannabis products are digested more slowly than occurs for [[aerosol]] products.<ref name="Huestis2005" /> Oral administration generally leads to two peaks of concentration, due to [[enterohepatic circulation]].<ref name="Huestis2005" /> Common [[side effect]]s of ingesting edibles include increased appetite, dry mouth, and bloodshot eyes.

=== Possible health effects ===
Cannabis edibles contain both [[Delta-9-THC|delta 9 THC]], which is responsible for the psychotropic properties of feeling relaxed and euphoric, and [[Cannabidiol|CBD]], which may have effects without the psychoactive properties.<ref name=":02">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ciccone CD | title = Medical Marijuana: Just the Beginning of a Long, Strange Trip? | journal = Physical Therapy | volume = 97 | issue = 2 | pages = 239–248 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 27660328 | doi = 10.2522/ptj.20160367 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Such effects may include [[Analgesic|analgesia]], decreased [[inflammation]], decreased [[spasticity]], and anti-seizure effects.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fasinu PS, Phillips S, ElSohly MA, Walker LA | title = Current Status and Prospects for Cannabidiol Preparations as New Therapeutic Agents | journal = Pharmacotherapy | volume = 36 | issue = 7 | pages = 781–96 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 27285147 | doi = 10.1002/phar.1780 | s2cid = 4880700 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Cannabis edibles with CBD can decrease symptoms of psychosis and anxiety.<ref name=":02" /> Edible oils, tinctures, pills, and gummies have been prescribed to people with cancer to potentially improve poor appetite, pain, or weight loss.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Maida V, Daeninck PJ | title = A user's guide to cannabinoid therapies in oncology | journal = Current Oncology | volume = 23 | issue = 6 | pages = 398–406 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 28050136 | pmc = 5176373 | doi = 10.3747/co.23.3487 }}</ref> Cannabis edibles may be effective for [[muscle spasm]]s and pain.<ref name = "Borgelt_2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Borgelt LM, Franson KL, Nussbaum AM, Wang GS | title = The pharmacologic and clinical effects of medical cannabis | journal = Pharmacotherapy | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 195–209 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23386598 | doi = 10.1002/phar.1187 | s2cid = 8503107 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== Possible side effects ===
Some users of cannabis have reported adverse effects, such as [[confusion]], [[hallucination]]s, [[panic attack]]s, [[paranoia]], and intense psychotic effects.<ref name=":02" /> Cannabis may cause short-term impairments in cognition, memory, alertness, coordination, and balance which can increase risk of falls, especially in older people, and make driving a car dangerous.<ref name=":02" />

Overdoses may occur because the dosage of THC in edibles is impossible to determine without specialized lab equipment and it varies from product to product.<ref name = "Borgelt_2013" /> Some or all legalized U.S. states require packaged edibles to have dosage on the label;<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lewis B, Fleeger T, Judge B, Riley B, Jones JS |title=Acute toxicity associated with cannabis edibles following decriminalization of marijuana in Michigan|volume=46|year=2021|pages=732–735|journal=[[American Journal of Emergency Medicine]]|doi=10.1016/j.ajem.2020.09.077|pmid=33036859|s2cid=222257151|quote=all [legalized] states require labeling}}</ref> for instance California AB266 requires labeling to include "THC and other cannabinoid amount in milligrams per serving, servings per package, and the THC and other cannabinoid amount in milligrams for the package total",<ref>{{citation|title=Edible marijuana labeling and packaging|journal=[[Clinical Pediatrics]]|year=2018|volume=57|number=2|pages=227–230|author1=Tsutaoka, Araya-Rodriguez |author2=Durrani |doi=10.1177/0009922817691824|pmid=28952346|s2cid=43148336}}</ref><ref>[https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB266 California AB266, section 19347] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125073740/https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB266 |date=25 January 2022 }}, California Legislature official website. Retrieved 21 April 2022</ref> and states have required the recall of incorrectly labeled products.<ref>{{citation|title=Weed edibles recalled for being too strong|newspaper=[[Westword]]|location=Denver|date=11 February 2021|last=Mitchell|first=Thomas|url=https://www.westword.com/marijuana/incredibles-chocolate-bars-recalled-over-mislabeling-potency-11897839|access-date=21 April 2022|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028213612/https://www.westword.com/marijuana/incredibles-chocolate-bars-recalled-over-mislabeling-potency-11897839|url-status=live}}</ref> Overdoses can cause behavioral impairments, such as [[paranoia]], impaired mobility, and [[nausea]].<ref name="Borgelt_2013" /> Other risks, as a result of regular long-term cannabis use, include harmful effects to brain development, heart function, memory and cognition, and psychiatric health.<ref name="Borgelt_2013" />

Long-term recreational marijuana use can cause cognitive impairments and also lead to [[cannabis use disorder]] (CUD).<ref name=":02" /> Symptoms of CUD include lack of motivation, decreased concentration, and loss of interest in other activities, tolerance, and dependence.<ref name=":02" />

== Types ==
=== Edible infusions ===
==== Food ====
[[File:Three space brownies.jpg|thumb|Three hash cakes made with cannabis. Such cakes are often referred to as "space cakes".]]
[[File:Sativa cannabis gummies.jpg|thumb|THC infused [[Gummy|gummies]] suitable for [[sublingual administration]]. These are 5 milligrams each.]]

The important base to all food edibles is that it has fat that has been infused with THC.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|vauthors=Lindsey N|date=3 June 2018|title=The Best Types of Edibles|url=https://hightimes.com/edibles/best-types-edibles/|access-date=2021-04-10|website=hightimes.com|language=en-US|archive-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618203939/https://hightimes.com/edibles/best-types-edibles/|url-status=live}}</ref> In other words, any food that contains butter, oil, milk, or any fatty substance can be turned into an edible.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|vauthors=Rossi J|date=7 March 2020|title=5 Types of Edibles and How They Affect You|url=https://getheally.com/patients/news/five-types-of-edibles-and-how-they-affect-you|access-date=2021-04-10|website=Heally|language=en-US|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410001204/https://getheally.com/patients/news/five-types-of-edibles-and-how-they-affect-you|url-status=live}}</ref> Examples of cannabis-infused foods include baked goods, candy, potato chips, and more.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> One may not be able to distinguish between regular baked goods and those containing cannabinoids. A mild grassy or cannabis flavor might be detectable if sufficient cannabis quantities are used.<ref name=Gottlieb/>{{rp|7}}

[[Dawamesc]] is a cannabis edible found in Algeria and some other Arab countries, made of cannabis tops combined with: "sugar, orange juice, cinnamon, cloves, cardamom, nutmeg, musk, pistachios, and pine nuts."<ref name="Regan2012">{{cite book|author=Ciaran Regan|title=Intoxicating Minds: How Drugs Work|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz9bGD0GToUC&pg=PT134|date=19 June 2012|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-53311-9|pages=134–}}</ref>

[[Happy pizza]] is a style of [[pizza]] in [[Cambodia]] which includes cannabis-infused ingredients and has enough [[Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]] for psychoactive effects.<ref>{{cite news|title=SURFACING: SIHANOUKVILLE; In Cambodia, the 'Next Phuket'?|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 9, 2006|quote=Along the touristy strip of sand known as Serendipity [in Sihanoukville], several restaurants brazenly advertise "happy" pizza and "happy" pancakes, seasoned with a certain illicit herb.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= Sex, Love and Money in Cambodia: Professional Girlfriends and Transactional Relationships|first=Heidi |last=Hoefinger|isbn=978-0415629348|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|page=87|quote=One can indulge in the various "happy pizza" restaurants along the [Phnom Penh] riverside, which serve a variety of dishes with marijuana cooked right into them.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Travel – Cambodia: Tamed, Transformed Phnom Penh; Lawlessness fades, hotels rise in city rich with sights; recalling the Killing Fields|last=Barta|first=Patrick|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=November 8, 2008 |page=W10 |quote=Today, Phnom Penh still has plenty of rough edges and crime. At certain places, visitors can still order "happy pizza," or pizza with marijuana topping.}}</ref><ref>{{citation|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|title=Phnom Penh's Happy Pizza Left Me High and Dry|first=Max |last=Winkler|date=September 29, 2017|url= https://www.vice.com/en/article/phnom-penhs-happy-pizza-left-me-high-and-dry/}}</ref>

Cannabis-infused [[Chocolate brownie|brownie]]s contain [[cocoa solids]] which forms a [[List of polysubstance combinations|polysubstance combination]].

==== Drink ====
{{also|Hemp beer|hemp milk}}
{{multiple image
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}}
A cannabis-infused drink is a drink infused with THC and can be as potent as a cannabis-infused food.<ref name=":0" />

In U.S. states that have legalized cannabis for recreational use, drinks were about 4% of the cannabis market in 2014 but had fallen to around 1.5% of the market in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|vauthors=Borchardt D|title=Marijuana Drinks Not Causing a Buzz|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/debraborchardt/2016/06/29/marijuana-drinks-not-causing-a-buzz/|work=Forbes|date=29 June 2016|language=en|access-date=21 October 2017|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814211842/https://www.forbes.com/sites/debraborchardt/2016/06/29/marijuana-drinks-not-causing-a-buzz/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/business-marijuana-soda/story?id=12786089|title=Company Introduces Marijuana Soda|date=29 January 2011|website=ABC News|access-date=2017-07-28|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201082228/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/business-marijuana-soda/story?id=12786089|url-status=live}}</ref> Cannabis infused drinks can come in the form of coffee, tea, soda, and alcohol.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

List:
* [[Bhang]]
* [[Cannabis tea]]
* [[Maltos-Cannabis]]
* [[Pabst Blue Ribbon THC-infused seltzer]]

===== Tincture =====
{{further|Tincture of cannabis}}

According to the [[European Medicines Agency|European Medicines Agency (EMA)]] cannabis tinctures (''tincturea'') are a type of liquid cannabis extract obtained using [[ethanol]], [[water]], [[glycerol]], [[propylene glycol]] and [[fatty oils]] as extraction solvents, depending on the type of tincture (and also on the solvent used) it can have a specific mass/volume ratio or a specific [[therapeutic agents]] content.<ref name="hmpc161753">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/other/compilation-terms-definitions-cannabis-derived-medicinal-products_en.pdf |title=Compilation of terms and definitions for Cannabis-derived medicinal products |date=2021-09-22 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=[[European Medicines Agency]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614221426/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/other/compilation-terms-definitions-cannabis-derived-medicinal-products_en.pdf |archive-date=2023-06-14 |url-status=live |archive-format=PDF}}</ref> Tinctures are potent, alcohol-based cannabis extracts.<ref name=":1" /> The solubility of [[THC]] in ethanol is greater than 1 g/mL.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/medicines/access/controlled-substances/Section1.THC.Chemistry.pdf|title=Archived copy|access-date=6 December 2021|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112012233/https://www.who.int/medicines/access/controlled-substances/Section1.THC.Chemistry.pdf}}</ref> They are considered edibles as they are meant to be absorbed through the mouth and tongue.<ref name=":1" /> Tinctures are generally placed under the tongue using a dropper to allow it to be absorbed into the bloodstream.<ref name=":1" /> Tinctures can be added to any food or drink and provides more control over the cannabis dosage compared to cannabis-infused foods or drinks.<ref name=":1" />

==== Dissolvable cannabinoid powder ====
Dissolvable cannabinoid powder is tasteless and odorless, and may elicit effects typical of oral cannabis products.<ref name=":1" /> Powders are water-soluble and can be mixed into foods and drinks.<ref name=":1" /> Unlike traditional edibles which can take some 90 minutes to take effect, cannabinoid powder may produce effects within 20 minutes due to solubility and uptake of the powder constituents via the digestive tract, allowing rapid effects, especially of THC.

==== CBD edibles ====
[[Cannabidiol]] (CBD) edibles are non-psychoactive and non-intoxicating, and contain varying amounts of THC, according to the manufacturer.<ref name=":1" /> These edibles provide the effects of cannabis without the psychoactive response to THC.<ref name=":1" />

====Capsule====
Cannabis [[Capsule (pharmacy)|capsules]] are considered edibles as they are also metabolized in the [[Gastrointestinal tract|gut]].<ref name=":0" /> Capsules can contain either THC or CBD and are an easier, more convenient way of administering products.

=== Ingredients ===
[[File:Hemp extract fine.jpg|thumb|One form of [[hash oil]]]]
[[File:Cannabutter.jpg|thumb|Making cannabutter]]

==== Oil ====
{{main|Hash oil}}
[[Hash oil|Cannabis oil]], or canna-oil, is a product that combines oil with THC. This combination is achieved through a process of infusion, where the THC is extracted from the flowers or concentrates and then added to the oil.{{cn|date=April 2023}} The resulting product is a liquid that can be consumed orally, used as a cooking ingredient, or applied topically. Coconut oil is a commonly used oil for infusion, but other options are olive, avocado, and walnut oil.{{cn|date=April 2023}}

==== Butter ====
Cannabis butter, or cannabutter, is unsalted butter blended with cannabis and water. Cleaned and dried buds are [[steeping|steeped]] in melted butter or oil in preparation for consumption.<ref name="carter">{{cite news|vauthors=Carter N|date=20 April 2018|title=Happy 4/20! Celebrate with homemade canna-butter|work=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/food/dailydish/la-fo-co-pot-butter-recipe-tips-20180420-story.html|access-date=18 November 2019|archive-date=12 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212193319/https://www.latimes.com/food/dailydish/la-fo-co-pot-butter-recipe-tips-20180420-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Cannabutter can be added to any baking recipe.

== Safety ==
=== Physical ===
The adverse effects on health are most important when it is used in excessive quantities or with heavy frequency. A study funded by the [[National Institute on Drug Abuse]] entitled "Tasty THC: Promises and Challenges of Cannabis Edibles" found that heavy, long-term cannabis use appeared to worsen brain development, and psychiatric and heart health.<ref name=":4" /> On the other hand, the study also discovered that cannabis edibles did not appear to affect pulmonary function nor increase risk for cancer which is one reason people choose cannabis edibles over smoking cannabis.<ref name=":4" /> The study concedes that over-consuming cannabis is not lethal; to date, there has never been a death related to the actual toxicity of cannabis.<ref name=":4" /> However, there has been one death involving cannabis edibles.<ref name=":4" />

A safety concern with regards to cannabis edibles is overconsumption which is usually caused by the delayed effects of ingested cannabis.<ref name=":4" /> Because users do not feel the effects of cannabis edibles immediately, users may eat more to compensate and end up consuming too much THC.<ref name=":4" /> As a result, cannabis edibles as such have caused the most healthcare visits as compared to other forms of cannabis consumption.<ref name=":4" /> (Additionally, the amount of THC in any individual product may be highly variable.)  <ref name=":4" /> Additionally people can have very different responses to the same amount of THC with 2.5&nbsp;mg being enough for some people to begin to feel effects whilst, for others, 50&nbsp;mg is required.<ref name=":4" /> Thus typical advice for newcomers is to "start low and go slow" in order to gauge the over-all initial effects, with 5–10 mg being one neophyte range.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cannabis.net/blog/how-to/the-dos-and-donts-of-consuming-thc-gummies | title=The Dos and Don'ts of Consuming THC Gummies }}</ref>

=== Psychological ===
High concentrations of THC have been shown to cause [[hallucination]]s, delusions, and anxiety in some people; for most, these symptoms only last as long as that person is intoxicated, but some people can be affected for several days.<ref name=":4" /> Cannabis use has been connected with increased use of other drugs, although this connection has never been shown to be causal.<ref name=":4" />

=== Children ===
Many edible cannabis products are packaged in a way which could appeal to children (gummies, etc.), though laws requiring a minimum age to purchase recreational cannabis are universal in jurisdictions that have fully legalized its use, similar to age restrictions on alcohol. As with alcohol and prescription medicines, care should be taken to prevent children from having access to the product, as cannabis edibles have been the main cause of a number of health care visits relating to accidental cannabis consumption by children.<ref name=":4" />  In 2022, the US [[National Poison Data System]] reported about 6,000 people calling for help after children under the age of 13 ate cannabis edibles, compared to 1,800 calls for [[Cannabidiol|CBD]] and 2,000 for dried marijuana.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gummin |first1=David D. |last2=Mowry |first2=James B. |last3=Beuhler |first3=Michael C. |last4=Spyker |first4=Daniel A. |last5=Rivers |first5=Laura J. |last6=Feldman |first6=Ryan |last7=Brown |first7=Kaitlyn |last8=Pham |first8=Nathaniel P. T. |last9=Bronstein |first9=Alvin C. |last10=DesLauriers |first10=Carol |date=October 2023 |title=2022 Annual Report of the National Poison Data System (NPDS) from America's Poison Centers: 40th Annual Report |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38084513/ |journal=Clinical Toxicology |volume=61 |issue=10 |pages=717–939 |doi=10.1080/15563650.2023.2268981 |issn=1556-9519 |pmid=38084513}}</ref>  Children under the age of 5 who ate cannabis edibles is the largest source of marijuana-related calls to poison centers (36% of calls about marijuana product exposures in 2021).<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Gummin |first1=David D. |last2=Mowry |first2=James B. |last3=Beuhler |first3=Michael C. |last4=Spyker |first4=Daniel A. |last5=Rivers |first5=Laura J. |last6=Feldman |first6=Ryan |last7=Brown |first7=Kaitlyn |last8=Nathaniel |first8=P. T. Pham |last9=Bronstein |first9=Alvin C. |last10=Weber |first10=Julie A. |date=December 2022 |title=2021 Annual Report of the National Poison Data System© (NPDS) from America's Poison Centers: 39th Annual Report |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36602072/ |journal=Clinical Toxicology |volume=60 |issue=12 |pages=1381–1643 |doi=10.1080/15563650.2022.2132768 |issn=1556-9519 |pmid=36602072}}</ref>   Although 65% of calls about a child under 13 who had consumed edibles ultimately involved no or only minor effects, almost 3% involved a child who was experiencing life-threatening symptoms or a similar major effect from consumption of the edibles.<ref name=":3" /> About 60% of these calls resulted in medical evaluation, and 20% resulted in [[hospitalization]].<ref name=":3" />

[[Cannabis intoxication]] in children under 10 is primarily due to unintentional intoxication through cannabis edibles, such as a child eating what appears to be candy.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=Neta |last2=Mathew |first2=Mathew |last3=Brent |first3=Jeffrey |last4=Wax |first4=Paul |last5=Davis |first5=Adrienne L. |last6=Obilom |first6=Cherie |last7=Burns |first7=Michele M. |last8=Canning |first8=Joshua |last9=Baumgartner |first9=Kevin |last10=Koons |first10=Andrew L. |last11=Wiegand |first11=Timothy J. |last12=Judge |first12=Bryan |last13=Hoyte |first13=Christopher |last14=Chenoweth |first14=James A. |last15=Froberg |first15=Blake |date=August 2023 |title=Severe outcomes following pediatric cannabis intoxication: a prospective cohort study of an international toxicology surveillance registry |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37603042 |journal=Clinical Toxicology |volume=61 |issue=8 |pages=591–598 |doi=10.1080/15563650.2023.2238121 |issn=1556-9519 |pmid=37603042}}</ref>  In such cases, it is typically the only drug consumed by the child, and is much more likely to result in hospitalization than in teenagers.<ref name=":2" />  {{As of|2023}}, many children have needed care in an [[intensive care unit]], including [[Tracheal intubation|intubation]].<ref name=":2" />  Although deaths and other serious outcomes are "rarely reported",<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=A Gaudet |first1=Lindsay |last2=Hogue |first2=Kaitlin |last3=Scott |first3=Shannon D. |last4=Hartling |first4=Lisa |last5=Elliott |first5=Sarah A. |date=March 2024 |title=Acute pediatric cannabis intoxication: A scoping review |journal=Journal of Child Health Care: For Professionals Working with Children in the Hospital and Community |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=196–214 |doi=10.1177/13674935221099158 |issn=1741-2889 |pmc=10882949 |pmid=35532228}}</ref> at least one child has died from eating THC gummies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kika |first=Thomas |date=2022-10-24 |title=Are THC gummies toxic to kids? Mother charged after child dies |url=https://www.newsweek.com/are-thc-gummies-toxic-kids-mother-charged-after-child-dies-1754301 |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Carey |first1=Julie |last2=Cook |first2=Gina |date=2023-06-12 |title=Virginia mother pleads guilty in 4-year-old son's death from THC gummies |url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/virginia-mother-pleads-guilty-in-4-year-old-sons-death-from-thc-gummies/3365697/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=NBC4 Washington |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Cannabis|Drink|Food}}
* [[Brownie Mary]]
* [[Chef Ra]]
* [[Mushroom edible]]
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Cookbook|Magic Brownie}}
*[https://www.sfchronicle.com/food/article/Beyond-brownies-Cannabis-chefs-elevate-edibles-13291212.php Beyond brownies: Cannabis chefs elevate edibles recipes]. San Francisco Chronicle. 2018-10-09.

{{Cannabis}}

[[Category:Cannabis foods| ]]
[[Category:Cannabis culture]]